. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession and/or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Diaporthe perjuncta (GenBank NG_059064.1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). . Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession and/or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Diaporthe perjuncta (GenBank NG_059064.1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). 
Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) of 21 002 trees resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the LSU sequence alignment (45 sequences including outgroup; 784 aligned positions; 310 unique site patterns) using MrBayes v. 3.2.7a . Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families, orders and classes are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Z73326.1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). . Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Xylaria hypoxylon (GenBank AY544648.1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). . Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession and/or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Ramularia endophylla (GenBank AY490776.2) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). 
Notes -Phacidiella alsophilae is related to P. podocarpi (conidia 1-septate, (7-) 8 -10(-12) × (2 -)2.5 (-3) μm; Crous et al. 2014 ), although they are morphologically distinct. Because the type species of Phacidiella, P. salicina (conidia aseptate, on twigs of Salix viminalis, Finland), is presently not known from culture, the phylogenetic relationships between species in the genus remains unresolved. Phacidiella alsophilae and P. podocarpi are thus tentatively retained in Phacidiella.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Phacidiella podocarpi (strain CBS 138904, GenBank NR_137934.1; Identities = 558/614 (91 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), Fitzroyomyces cyperi (strain CBS 143170, GenBank MG386047.1; Identities = 626/729 (86 %), 18 gaps (2 %)), and Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum (voucher MFLU 18-0695b, Gen-Bank MK499349.1; Identities = 626/731 (86 %), 22 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence were Phacidiella podocarpi (strain CBS 138904, GenBank NG_058118.1; Identities = 904/930 (97 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), Stictis radiata (voucher Palice (ESS 21520), GenBank AY300864.1; Identities = 754/783 (96 %), no gaps), and Carestiella socia (strain GG2437a, GenBank AY661682.1; Identities = 793/826 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). (Crous) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB835394.
Basionym. Phacidiella eucalypti Crous, Fungal Diversity 25: 30. 2007. Description & Illustration - Crous et al. (2019b) . Typus . South AfricA, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch Mountain, on Eucalyptus sp., 10 Jan. 2006, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-19768, cultures ex-type CBS 120255 = CPC 12745, CPC 12746, 12747 ; ITS-LSU sequence GenBank EF110617.1).
Notes -The genus Hormodochis was resurrected by Crous et al. (2020a) to accommodate taxa with erumpent, globose pycni dial conidiomata with aseptate conidia, arranged in cylindrical chains, olivaceous brown, smooth, subcylindrical to somewhat doliiform, with truncate ends. Morphologically and phylogene tically, Phacidiella eucalypti is better accommodated in Hormodochis than Phacidiella, as the latter has hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980) . Another genus to consider with subhyaline conidia is Trullula, which differs in mode of conidiogenesis and conidium morphology (see Crous et al. 2020a ).
Notes -Poaceascoma was introduced by Phookamsak et al. (2015) to accommodate a genus of saprobic ascomycetes on Poaceae with setose ascomata and filiform ascospores. Although P. filiforme lacks setae, its spirally twisted, filiform ascospores are a good fit for the genus.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the ITS sequence had distant, partial hits to Poaceascoma taiwanense (strain MFLUCC 18-0083, GenBank MG831569.1; Identities = 269/299 (90 %), 6 gaps (2 %)), Setoseptoria phragmitis (strain CBS 114966, GenBank KF251250.1; Identities = 346/388 (89 %), 8 gaps (2 %)), and Setoseptoria englandensis (strain MFLUCC 17-0778, GenBank MG828963.1; Identities = 342/383 (89 %), 9 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Poaceascoma aquaticum (strain MFLUCC 14-0048, GenBank NG_059596.1; Identities = 864/872 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Poaceascoma halophilum (strain MFLUCC 15-0949, GenBank MF615399.1; Identities = 854/864 (99 %) , 3 gaps (0 %)), and Poaceascoma taiwanense (strain MFLUCC 18-0083, GenBank MG831567.1; Identities = 837/849 (99 %) , no gaps). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Poaceascoma aquaticum (strain MFLUCC 14-0048, GenBank KT373846.1; Identities = 798/875 (91 %), no gaps), Poaceascoma helicoides (strain MFLUCC 11-0136, GenBank KP998460.1; Identities = 728/833 (87 %), no gaps), and Wettsteinina lacustris (strain AFTOL-ID 1592 = CBS 618.86, GenBank DQ677972.1; Identities = 741/889 (83 %), 5 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Darksidea zeta (strain CBS 135640, GenBank KP184191.1; Identities = 324/407 (80 %), 24 gaps (5 %)), Darksidea beta (strain CBS 135637, GenBank KP184189.1; Identities = 323/406 (80 %), 25 gaps (6 %)), and Darksidea gamma (strain CBS 135633, GenBank KP184187.1; Identities = 315/396 (80 %), 25 gaps (6 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Pleurophoma acaciae (strain CPC 29188, GenBank KY173612.1; Identities = 520/649 (80 %), 35 gaps (5 %)), Crassiclypeus aquaticus (strain KH 185, GenBank LC312616.1; Identities = 425/539 (79 %), 32 gaps (5 %)), and Flabellascoma minimum (strain KT 2040, GenBank LC312620.1; Identities = 424/540 (79 %), 36 gaps (6 %)).
Associated with brown leaf spots. Conidiomata (on Podocarpus leaves and on SNA), black, round, flattened, acervular, 300-400 μm diam; wall of several layers of brown textura epidermoidea, splitting open all along outer margin, appearing saucer-shaped on leaf. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from basal layers of stroma, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, annellidic, 5 -10 × 2.5 -3 μm. Conidia fusoid, slightly curved, smooth-walled, guttulate, pale brown, unequally 4-euseptate; basal cell obconic with truncate hilum, hyaline; median cells pale brown; apical cell obtuse, hyaline. Apical cell 2.5 -4 μm long; second cell 2.5 -4 μm long; third cell 4 -5 μm long; fourth cell 12-14 μm long; basal cell 3-4 μm long; conidia (22 -)24 -25(-27) × (2.5 -)3 μm; apical appendage filiform, flexuous, unbranched, excentric, 7-10 μm long; basal appendage filiform, flexuous, unbranched, excentric, 6 -7 μm long.
Culture characteristics -Colonies spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface smoke grey, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface pale olivaceous grey. Notes -Seimatosporium and allied genera have recently been revised (Bonthond et al. 2018 , Liu et al. 2019 , with 23 genera being accepted in Sporocadaceae. Nothoseiridium podocarpi is allied to Seiridium (5-septate, appendaged conidia) and Nonappendiculata (3-septate, non-appendaged conidia), but is distinct in having 4-septate, fusoid conidia with unbranched, excentric apical and basal appendages. Nothoseiridium is further characterised by forming submerged acervuli Nothoseiridium podocarpi Crous, sp. nov. that break through the epidermis with a saucer-like appearance, being associated with prominent leaf spots. It is not possible to distinguish Nothoseiridium from Seiridium based on LSU sequence data.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Seimatosporium lichenicola (as Discostroma fuscellum; strain GSAA-0182, GenBank JF320818.1; Identities = 542/571 (95 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Sporocadus rosarum (as Seimatosporium pseudorosarum; strain MFLUCC 14-0466, GenBank KT284775.1; Identities = 561/592 (95 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Seimatosporium lichenicola (strain CBS 160.25, Gen-Bank MH854829.1; Identities = 561/592 (95 %), 6 gaps (1 %)) and Millesimomyces rhoicissi (strain CPC 35297, GenBank NR_166350.1; Identities = 566/598 (95 %), 12 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Seiridium unicorne (strain CBS 320.51, GenBank MH868398.1; Identities = 870/ 870 (100 %), no gaps), Seiridium pseudocardinale (strain CBS 122613, GenBank MH554206.1; Identities = 834/834 (100 %), no gaps), and Seiridium phylicae (strain CPC 19962, GenBank NG_042759.1; Identities = 870/871 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Seiridium cardinale (strain CPC 23791, GenBank LT853119.1; Identities = 721/838 (86 %), no gaps), Seiridium unicorne (strain CBS 143873, GenBank MK058478.1; Identities = 636/741 (86 %), no gaps), and Seiridium aquaticum (voucher MFLU 18-1627, GenBank MN156531.1; Identities = 642/748 (86 %) , no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Seiridium marginatum (strain CBS 140403, GenBank LT853199.1; Identities = 344/417 (82 %), 30 gaps (7 %)), Seiridium papillatum (strain CBS 340.97, GenBank LT853200.1; Identities = 332/404 (82 %), 22 gaps (5 %)), and Seiridium podocarpi (strain CBS 137995, GenBank LT853198.1; Identities = 331/403 (82 %), 31 gaps (7 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Seiridium cupressi (strain CBS 224.55, GenBank LT853230.1; Identities = 652/791 (82 %), 46 gaps (5 %)), Seiridium papillatum (strain CBS 340.97, GenBank LT853250.1; Identities = 636/771 (82 %), 31 gaps (4 %)), and Seiridium podocarpi (strain CBS 137995, Gen-Bank LT853248.1; Identities = 638/777 (82 %), 39 gaps (5 %)).
Associated with prominent brown leaf spots. Conidiomata pycnidial, grey-brown, 200 -300 μm diam, with central ostiole. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, intermingled among paraphyses, 0 -2-septate, 20 -35 × 5 -7 μm, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, doliiform to ampulliform, 7-10 × 3-4 μm. Paraphyses intermingled among conidiophores, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, aseptate, 3-4(-6) μm diam, up to 30 μm long, with age becoming multiseptate and with intercalary conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, guttulate, doliiform to ampulliform, 7-10 × 3-4 μm, phialidic, with minute periclinal thickening. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical to fusoid to irregular, straight to somewhat curved, apex subobtuse, base truncate, (9 -) Notes -Coleophoma includes species that are plant pathogenic or saprobic, occurring on a wide range of plant hosts (Crous et al. 2019b (Crous et al. , 2020b . The genus was revised by , and shown to reside in the Dermateaceae (Leotiomycetes), with morphologically similar taxa also clustering in Dothideomycetes.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Coleophoma parafusiformis (strain CBS 132692, GenBank NR_154807.1; Identities = 525/550 (95 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Coleophoma ericicola ( (2 %)).
The first of two equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylo genetic analysis of the Coleophoma ITS/actA/tef1/tub2 alignment (24 strains including the outgroup; 1 324 characters including alignment gaps analysed: 766 constant, 126 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 432 parsimonyinformative). PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003 ) was used to analyse the data. The novel species was added to the alignment of , where also the GenBank accession numbers of the reference sequences can be found. The tree was rooted to two strains of Davidhawksworthia ilicicola and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Parsimony bootstrap support values higher than 70 % are shown at the nodes (PBS/NJBS) and the novel species is highlighted in bold. Type status is indicated in superscript. Branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. Tree statistics: TL = 1 501, CI = 0.640, RI = 0.745, RC = 0.477. The alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (Submission ID S26166). 
Notes -The genus Chalara as circumscribed by Nag Raj & Kendrick (1976) is polyphyletic and awaits revision. Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi is phylogenetically allied to the type species of Hamatocanthoscypha, H. laricionis (Svrček 1977) , and placed in this genus based on DNA similarity. Several species of 'Chalara' have been described from Podocarpus, namely C. brevipes (conidia (6 -) 8.9(-12) × 1.5 -2 µm), C. novaezelandiae (conidia (5-)6.4(-8) × 1-1.5 µm), C. cylindrosperma (conidia (5.5 -)11(-17) × (1.5 -)1.9 (-2.5) µm), C. fusidioides (conidia (4.5 -)7.7(-12) × (1.5 -)2.1(-3.5) µm), C. acuaria (conidia (12-)16(-20) × (2-)2.7(-3.5) µm) and C. bicolor (conidia 7-septate, (45-)50-60(-71) × 5.5-6 µm) (Nag Raj & Kendrick 1975) . Of these, H. podocarpi is most similar to C. brevipes, but can be distinguished in having smaller conidiogenous cells, and conidiophores that are aggregated in clusters.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to numerous sequences wrongly labelled as 'Infundichalara microchona' (e.g., strain KRP75-5, GenBank HM036588.1; Identities = 531/537 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Chalara holubovae ( Myrmecridium phragmiticola Crous & Akulov, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Phragmites from which it was isolated.
Classification -Myrmecridiaceae, Myrmecridiales, Sordariomycetes.
On SNA: Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2 -3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores unbranched, erect, straight, medium brown, thick-walled, 2-4-septate, up to 70 µm tall, 3 -3.5 µm diam; basal cell 4 -6 µm diam. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, 25 -35 µm long, pale brown, forming a rachis with pimple-shaped denticles less than 1 µm long and 0.5 µm diam; slightly thickened. Conidia solitary, aseptate, pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, with or without a wing-like gelatinous sheath, ellipsoid to fusoid, (7-)8 -9 × (2.5 -)3 µm; hilum unthickened nor darkened, 0.5 µm diam.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with mo derate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface isabelline, reverse hazel. On PDA surface and reverse greyish sepia. On OA surface isabelline. Notes - Arzanlou et al. (2007) established the genus Myrmecridium to accommodate taxa with hyaline mycelium, pigmented, solitary conidiophores with pimple-like denticles, and 0 -1-septate, ellipsoid conidia with a mucoid sheath. Myrmecridium phragmiticola should be compared to M. phragmites (Phragmites australis, Netherlands), which has 0 -1-septate conidia, (6.5-)7-8(-9) × (2.5-)3(-3.5) μm (Crous et al. 2011 Etymology. Name refers to the closure or lockdown experienced in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth to finely roughened, 2 -3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous, mostly reduced to a terminal conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical to slightly clavate, 8 -10 × 3 -4 µm, proliferating via single apical blastic locus, and remaining attached to acropetal chain of conidia that remain attached to one another via narrow isthmus. Conidia brown, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, granular, ellipsoid to obovoid, (7-)8-9(-11) × (4-)5-6(-7) µm; conidia remaining attached in chains of 8 -12 propagules, disarticulating at maturity into single propagules or shorter chains.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface and reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface and reverse hazel to brown vinaceous. On OA surface hazel. Crous, sp. nov. Notes -Diabolocovidia is reminiscent of genera such as Ampullifera (but conidiophores different and hyphopodia present) and Junctospora (but conidiophores sparingly branched, subhyaline; Seifert et al. 2011) . Phylogenetically, it is allied to Vamsapriya, which is characterised by having brown, synnematous conidiophores, mono-to polytretic conidiogenous cells, and dark brown, septate conidia arranged in acropetal chains (Dai et al. 2014) . Based on these differences, Diabolocovidia is herewith introduced as a new genus.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Vamsapriya khunkonensis (voucher MFLU 13-0367, GenBank NR_154499.1; Identities = 427/464 (92 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), Didymobotryum rigidum (strain JCM 8837, GenBank LC228650.1; Identities = 517/561 (92 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), and Vamsapriya bambusicola (voucher MFLU 13-0368, GenBank NR_154500.1; Identities = 533/605 (88 %), 37 gaps (6 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Vamsapriya bambusicola (strain MFLUCC 11-0477, GenBank NG_067527.1; Identities = 849/864 (98 %), no gaps), Fasciatispora petrakii (strain HKUCC 207, GenBank AY083828.1; Identities = 832/848 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Vamsapriya indica (strain MFLUCC 12-0544, GenBank KM462840.1; Identities = 815/831 (98 %), no gaps). Crous, sp. nov. Notes -Juncomyces is closely related to Graminopassalora, which was introduced to accommodate Passalora graminis, a widespread pathogen occurring on a broad range of grass (Poaceae) hosts (Videira et al. 2017 Beltraniella podocarpi Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Podocarpus from which it was isolated.
Classification -Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.
Setae solitary to aggregated, erect, flexuous, arising from a lobate basal cell, 15 -25 µm diam, dark brown, warty, chiefly unbranched, up to 20-septate, thick-walled with large central guttules, tapering in upper part to acute apex, 120 -300 × 5-8 µm. Conidiophores arranged in dense clusters around the base of setae, brown, smooth, subcylindrical, frequently branched at basal cell, 1-2-septate, 10-30 × 6-8 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, 7-12 × 6-7 µm, pale brown, smooth, obclavate, tapering toward 1-3 denticulate loci, 1-1.5 µm long, 1 µm diam. Separating cells clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, pale brown, smooth, finely guttulate, tapering toward long basal stalk and short apical locus, 17-21 × 4-5 µm. Conidia obovoid to narrowly turbinate, tapering toward base, apex rounded to subtruncate, aseptate, finely verruculose, guttulate, pale brown, (25 -)27-28(-33) × (7-)8 µm.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface olivaceous grey, reverse honey with olivaceous grey margin. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface iron-grey with dirty white margin. Notes -Beltraniella is characterised by brown, unbranched setae, setiform conidiophores, polyblastic, denticulate conidiogenous cells, and turbinate conidia with a distinct hyaline transverse band (Rajeshkumar et al. 2016) . Beltraniella podocarpi is closely related to several species that tend to have some overlap in conidial length, but have narrower conidia (Rajeshkumar et al. 2016 , Crous et al. 2019a ).
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Beltraniella portoricensis (strain BCRC 34590, GenBank GU905993.1; Identities = 479/487 (98 %), 6 gaps (1 %)), Beltraniella ramosiphora (strain LCG 10-2, GenBank MG717500.1; Identities = 527/536 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Beltraniella pseudoportoricensis (strain CBS 145547, GenBank NR_165552.1; Identities = 578/ 591 (98 %), 5 gaps (0 %)). Neofabraea eucalyptorum Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.
Classification -Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes.
Associated with brown, amphigenous leaf spots, 3-5 mm diam. Conidiomata 200 -300 µm diam, acervular, erumpent, associated with dark brown, amphigenous leaf spots. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, subcylindrical, phialidic, up to 80 µm long, 3 -5 µm diam. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, terminal and intercalary with visible periclinal thickening, 10 -18 × 3 -4 µm. Conidia subcylindrical to fusoid-ellipsoid, variously curved, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, apex subobtuse, base with flattened hilum, aseptate, but becoming up to 3-septate in older cultures, (25 -)30 -35(-40) × (6.5 -) 7-8(-9) Notes -The Neofabraea generic complex was revised by Chen et al. (2016) , and Neofabraea eucalypti was subsequently placed in Coleophoma . Neofabraea eucalyptorum is thus the first confirmed species of the genus associated with leaf spots on Eucalyptus (Crous et al. 2019b ).
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Neofabraea alba (strain UASWS0614, GenBank HQ166388. Classification -Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes. Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2-3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores integrated, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, septate, sparingly branched, mostly terminal on hyphal ends, 30 -100 × 4 -6 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, smooth, 12-25 × 4-6 µm; proliferating sympodially. Conidia solitary but aggregating in mucoid mass, Y-shaped, smooth, hyaline; central cell obclavate, base with truncate hilum, 2 µm diam, apex subobtuse, 2 -4-septate, (35 -) 40 -50(-60) × (3 -) 4 -5(-6) µm, with 1-2 lateral branches inserted below the median, pointing upwards, aseptate, obclavate, apex subobtuse, (8-)15-20(-25) × 2(-2.5) µm.
Culture characteristics -Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and folded surface (on MEA), with smooth, lobate margin, reaching 12 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white, reverse ochreous. Notes -Although the ecology of Ypsilina remains unknown, Y. graminea has been isolated from freshwater foam, roots and leaves of various plants (Descals et al. 1998) . Ypsilina buttingtonensis was isolated from an ancient pedunculate oak Quercus robur in Buttington, Wales (longitude and latitude: 52.678236, -3.1108743). The tree, known as the Buttington Oak, was an open-grown lapsed pollard. At the time when the tree fell in February 2018, it had a trunk girth of 11.03 m at breast height and was believed to be the second oldest oak tree in Wales. The tree had a 1.5 m diam hollow through centre where brown cubical rot could be seen, attributed to Fistulina hepatica. The significance of the tree was realised in 2009 when it was 'discovered'.
Cores of wood were extracted from the tree with a 5.5 mm increment bore. Wood chips were taken from the 30 cm cores at 1 cm intervals and placed on low pH 2 % malt agar Petri dishes and incubated at 20 °C in the dark. Ypsilina buttingtonensis was cultured from a chip 30 cm into the heartwood.
In addition to Ypsilina buttingtonensis, Fistulina hepatica, and eight species of ascomycete were also cultured from the wood chips including Cryphonectria radicalis, a close relative of the aggressive canker pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, responsible for chestnut blight.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Helgardia anguioides ( Notes -Pseudopezicula accommodates two species of apothecial ascomycetes that cause angular leaf scorch on Vitis vinifera. An epitype is here designated for one of these, namely P. tracheiphila. In culture they produce phialophora-like asexual morphs (Korf et al. 1986) , that resemble the phialidic asexual morph isolated in the present study. Although Pseudopezicula betulae was associated with prominent leaf spots, its occurrence was inconsistent, and therefore it is unknown whether it is a primary pathogen.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Gyoerffyella entomobryoides (strain CBS 268.63, GenBank NR_145302.1; Identities = 512/529 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Gyoerffyella rotula (strain 272Jb14, GenBank KU516477.1; Identities = 514/533 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Fontanospora eccentrica (strain UMB-881.11, GenBank KF730812.1; Identities = 495/514 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Gyrothrix encephalarti Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Encephalartos from which it was isolated.
Culture sterile, morphology based on sporulation on dead leaf spots. Mycelium consisting of brown, smooth, septate, branched, 1.5-2 µm diam hyphae. Setae erect, 80-130 µm long, 3-4 µm diam, brown, multiseptate, thick-walled, verrucose, subcylindrical with apical taper, base bulbous, 5 -6 µm diam, apex spirally twisted with twisted lateral branches in apical region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells around base of setae, ampulliform to subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 6-10 × 3 -4 µm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, fusoid, inaequilateral, inner plane flat, outer plane convex, apex subobtuse, base truncate, (7-)10-12(-14) × 3(-3.5) µm.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 55 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface buff, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface buff, reverse rosy buff. On OA surface rosy buff. Notes -Gyrothrix encephalarti is closely related to G. eucalypti (Eucalyptus sp., South Africa; conidia (8 -)10 -13(-15) × (2 -)2.5 μm, setae 100 -180 μm tall, 4 -5 μm diam at base; Crous et al. 2019c ), but has wider conidia and shorter setae. DNA sequences of G. eucalypti and G. encephalarti are related to the type sequence deposited for Neoanthostomella viticola (NG_067792.1), which has a completely different asexual morph.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Neoanthostomella viticola (strain MFLUCC 16-0243, GenBank NR_165511.1; Identities = 503/537 (94 %), 22 gaps (4 %)), Gyrothrix eucalypti ( Satchmopsis metrosideri Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Metrosideros from which it was isolated.
Classification -Cochlearomycetaceae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes.
Conidiomata cupulate, superficial, 100 -140 µm diam at apex, 130 -180 µm deep, dark brown, attached to a basal stroma of dark brown cells that occupy the stomatal chamber; wall consisting of two regions, the lower region having thick-walled dark brown cells up to 5 layers thick; upper region on thin-walled paler cells, cylindrical, 10 -17 × 3 -4 µm, with even, smooth flat edge. In culture conidiomata are paler in colour and much larger, flattened, cupulate, and margins have cells that are lobate due to expanding growth (not flat as in vivo). Conidiogenous cells restricted to lower part of basal wall, 3 -7 × 2 -3 µm, doliiform to lageniform, phialidic with periclinal thickening, hyaline with indistinct collarette. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, guttulate, subcylindrical, predominantly straight with obtuse ends, (15 -)16 -17(-19) × 1-1.5 µm.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margin, reaching 60 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface umber with patches of sepia, reverse umber. Notes -The genus Satchmopsis, based on S. brasiliensis (Eucalyptus paniculata, Brazil; conidia 11.5 -15.5 × 1-1.5 μm) (Sutton 1975) was introduced for a genus of cupulate coelomycetes with aseptate conidia. Satchmopsis is commonly isolated from eucalypt leaf litter in South America (Crous et al. 2006 ). The present collection, from Metrosideros excelsa leaf litter collected in South Africa, differs from S. brasiliensis in being phylogenetically distinct, and also having longer conidia.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Satchmopsis brasiliensis (strain CPC 11017, GenBank DQ195786.1; Identities = 506 /507 (99 %) Satchmopsis pini Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Pinus from which it was isolated.
Classification -Cochlearomycetaceae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes.
Conidiomata cupulate, superficial, 140 -200 µm diam, and 120 -160 µm deep, dark brown, attached centrally to a brown stroma via a dark brown stalk, up to 150 µm tall, 50 µm wide; conidiomatal wall of two regions, the lower region of brown cells, the upper region of cylindrical cells with flat to obtuse edge, 3 -7 × 4 -7 µm; terminal 5 -13 cell layers are prominently thick-walled, darker brown, and can give rise to hyphal outgrowths on outside of conidiomatal margin. Conidiogenous cells restricted to lower part of basal wall, 4 -10 × 2 -3 µm, doliiform to lageniform, phialidic with periclinal thickening, hyaline with indistinct collarette. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, guttulate, subcylindrical, straight with obtuse ends, (11-)12-14(-15) × 1-1.5 µm.
Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface umber with patches of sepia, reverse umber. Notes -Satchmopsis pini is morphologically distinct from S. brasiliensis and S. metrosideri in having cupulate conidiomata with a prominently thick-walled, darker brown upper region, giving rise to hyphal outgrowths on outside of conidiomatal margin. Furthermore, conidiomata are centrally attached to a brown stroma via a long, dark brown stalk, which is absent in S. brasiliensis and S. metrosideri.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Satchmopsis brasiliensis ( Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014) . Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006) , Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. (Tasmania, Australia), which then became the type species of the new genus Hymenotorrendiella. However, this resulted in the common endophyte and saprobe occurring on eucalypt leaf litter not having a name. Several collections from Eucalyptus leaf litter were investigated in the present study, and two taxa were found to be present. The first, described here as H. communis, occurred in a clade with isolates from Australia, Colombia, Spain, and South Africa. Morphologically, however, the South African isolates differ from others in this clade based on macromorphology. Apothecia have shorter stalks, 100-200 µm high; setae vary from 60-80 per apothecium, but are much shorter, and wider that those from other collections in this clade, being 70 -150 µm long, with obtuse apices, 4(-5) µm diam, and slightly inflated bases, 4 -7 µm diam. Asci are similar however, being 85 -110 × 6 -8 µm, as well as ascospores, (15-)19-21(-23) × (3.5-)4 µm. Hymenotorrendiella communis can be distinguished from the second species, H. indonesiana (ascospores 17-25 × 3 -4 μm), which occurs in Indonesia, by its shorter and wider ascospores.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana (as Torrendiella eucalypti; strain 4876, GenBank FR668015.1; Identities = 522/ 527 (99 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), Hymenotorrendiella andina (as Torrendiella andina; strain PRJ SA193, GenBank KJ606682.1; Identities = 447/459 (97 %), no gaps), and Hymenotorrendiella madsenii (as Torrendiella madsenii; voucher PDD 58572, GenBank AY755336.1; Identities = 420/433 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Crous & P.R. Johnst., sp. nov.
Etymology. Name refers to Indonesia, the country from which it was collected. Micromorphology (on malt extract agar; MEA): Hyphae hyaline to brownish, coenocytic, smooth, finely roughened to definitely roughened near crustaceous, 3-13 µm diam. Sporangiophores hyaline to brown near dark brown, simple or branched, arising solitarily, occasionally in pairs, never grouped in whorls, arising from aerial hyphae or substrate, most commonly 10 -150 × 3-6 μm; smooth, finely roughened to definitely roughened near crustaceous walls, with a single septum below the sporangium and rarely with additional septum at the base. Sporangia hyaline to brown to dark greyish brown, most commonly pyriform, (10-)14-24(-26) µm diam, smooth-walled. Apophyses funnelshaped, smooth-walled. Columellae globose, hemispherical, with a short collarette, occasionally with one projection, smoothwalled, (6 -)12 -17(-22) µm diam. Sporangiospores of two types: sub-globose to globose, hyaline, smooth-walled, and oval, occasionally slightly irregular, brown, rough-walled (formed in the different sporangia), (3.3-)3.5-5(-9) × (3.3-)3.5-6 μm. Chlamydospores (terminal and intercalary) occasionally present in the aerial mycelia. Zygospores not observed.
Culture characteristics -(in darkness, 25 °C after 3 d / 7 d): Colonies on MEA 39 -45/>90 mm diam, cottony, mycelium at first white, then becoming grey to grey-brown (light mouse grey to mouse grey, R51; Ridgway (1912) ), abundant sporulation, reverse colonial buff to deep colonial buff (R30), smooth and wavy zonate. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA 39-44/>90 mm diam, cottony, mycelium at first white, then becoming grey to grey-brown [R51), very good sporulation, reverse grey to grey with buckthorn brown shades (R15), radially sulcate. Colonies on OA 35 -40/>90 mm diam, cottony, mycelium at first white, then becoming light mouse grey to mouse grey (R51), good sporulation. Colony diam at 30 °C (in mm after 7 d): . No growth on MEA, PDA and OA at 32 °°C. Typus. uSA, New York, Jericho, bathroom, air, 12 Dec. 2015 Notes -BLAST analyses with the ITS and LSU sequences of A. pararepens showed greatest similarity with A. repens extype CBS 115583 (~87 % and ~95 % similarity, respectively). The American isolates KAS 3611 (GenBank FJ849793), FSU 939 (GenBank AY944891), CBS 101.32 = FSU 5891 (GenBank EF030527), CBS 102.32 = FSU 5892 (GenBank EF030528), NRRL 1336 (GenBank AF113448) and 14849A (GenBank AY234881) also represent A. pararepens, while European isolates CBS 115583 (GenBank EU484281, HM849706) and FSU 4726 (GenBank EU484288) represent A. repens s.str. However, this geographic pattern should be confirmed by analysis of additional strains. Hesseltine & Ellis (1966) invalidly designated a neotype for A. repens. In conflict with Art. 8.4 (Turland et al. 2018) , the authors selected a living culture, NRRL 1336. This culture originated from a collection of A.F. Blakeslee, and was probably isolated in America. However, as pointed out by Hoffmann et al. (2009) and Hoffmann (2010) , there are large genetic differences between European and American isolates of 'A. repens'. Consequently, the neotype of A. repens should be selected from among European strains in accordance with the original description of Van Tieghem (1878), who collected A. repens on fruit of Bertholletia excelsa lying on a layer of moist Sphagnum in France. The specimen CBS 115583 originating from England, UK, was mentioned as isotype of A. repens by Hoffmann et al. (2009) and Hoffmann (2010) , but formal typification has never been published.
To formalize the typification, we designate here a lectotype of A. repens (illustration from the original material): pl. 12, f. 55-63 (not paginated) in P. van Tieghem, Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique Ser. 6, Vol. 4. 1878 6, Vol. 4. [1876 . MycoBank typification no. is MBT392665. Epitype designated here: specimen CBS 115583 (preserved in metabolically inactive state), ex-epitype culture CBS 115583. MycoBank typification no. is MBT392666).
Absidia pararepens has on average shorter sporangiophores (10 -150 × 3 -6 μm), and larger sporangiospores ((3.3 -)3.5 -5(-9) × (3.3 -)3.5 -6 μm) than the closely related A. repens ((50 -)140 -250(-450) × 2.5 -6 μm), and (2.8 -5.5(-6.5) × 2 -3 μm), respectively. Etymology. Named after the American bioinformatician John L. Spouge who contributed to the discovery of this species, and for his efforts to implement tools for DNA barcoding analyses within the genus Annulohypoxylon.
Classification -Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.
Stromata glomerate to hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, with perithecial mounds 1/4 to 2/3 exposed and not covered by the outermost stromatal layer, 0.3 -6 cm long × 0.3 -3 cm broad and 1-1.6 mm thick; surface dark brown vinaceous, becoming black with reddish brown hues, finally black and shiny; black granules immediately below the surface, KOH pigments green olivaceous. Perithecia spherical, 0.5 -0.7 mm diam. Ostioles conical papillate, surrounded by a flattened bovei-type disc, 0.2 -0.5 mm diam. Asci 62-114 × 4 -4.5 µm, the spore bearing parts 64 -73 µm long with stipes 20 -32(-46) µm long, with apical ring bluing in Melzer's iodine reagent, discoid 0.7 µm high × 1.5 -2 µm broad. Ascospores pale brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 6 -10.5 × 3 -4.5(-5.5) µm with straight germ slit along the full length of the spore; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, epispore smooth.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) covering Petri dish in 2 wk, at first white, becoming hazel to dull green, azonate, with diffuse margins, with scattered black patches; reverse dull green to dark brown. Conidiogenous structure nodulisporium-like, brown. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 3.5 -4.5 × 2 -3 µm. Additional materials examined. Herbarium number is indicated, as well as the ITS, α-actin, β-tubulin and EF1-α GenBank sequences between brackets, absent sequences are indicated with '-'. Annulohypoxylon spougei: thAi-Notes -During extensive studies of the Hypoxylaceae in Thailand over a period of almost 20 yr, problems were encountered in the identification of several taxa, especially A. nitens. A previous study on species of Hypoxylon and Annulohypoxylon using morphology and ITS nrDNA sequences (Suwannasai et al. 2013) indicated that this taxon was not monophyletic but could be separated into A. nitens and another species. Twenty-eight fungal specimens of A. nitens and a cryptic species collected from Thailand, previously named 'A. nitens' in our study (Suwannasai et al. 2013) , were carefully re-analysed based on morphological and asexual morph characters. The comparison of morphological characters between A. nitens and a cryptic species showed unclear distinction of these species. The cryptic species, here named as A. spougei possesses spherical perithecia (0.5 -0.7 mm diam), which are slightly narrower than those of A. nitens described by Ju & Rogers (1996) 
The ostiolar discs of both species groups are bovei-type and have the same dimensions of 0.2 -0.5 mm. Ascospore sizes of A. nitens and the cryptic species are 7.5 -9 × 2.8 -4.2 µm and 6 -10.5 × 3 -4.5(-5.5) µm, respectively. These are similar to the species description for A. nitens (as H. nitens) (6.5 -10(-11) × 3 -4.5 µm) from Ju & Rogers (1996) . The cultural and asexual morph characters were observed from both PDA and oatmeal agar. Colonies of A. spougei are white at first becoming hazel and dull green with scattered black patches. The asexual morph is nodulisporiumlike and conidial size (3.5 -4.5 × 2 -3 µm) is similar to A. nitens (4-5 × 2.5-3 µm). With those similar features, it is very difficult to separate the A. spougei from A. nitens by using only morphological and asexual morph characters. However, although morphological data for all of the collections initially identified as A. nitens failed to provide clear separation of the two entities, there are clear supporting DNA data for their separation. In the present study based on α-actin, β-tubulin and elongation factor 1-α sequences, we confirm the separation of two taxa mentioned in Suwannasai et al. (2013) .
Colour illustrations. Thailand, Chaiyaphum Province, Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary, where the specimens were collected. From top to bottom: stromata with ostiolar discs (SWUF-H099); ascospores under SEM (SWUF-H099); fungal culture on PDA (SWUF-H099); nodulisporium-like anamorph (SWUF-H099); ascospores with apical apparatus (SWUF-H099). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (stromata), 5 µm (ascospores SEM), 1 cm (fungal culture), 15 µm (asexual morph), 5 µm ( Aspergillus banksianus Pitt, sp. nov. Etymology. Named for the Australian endemic tree Banksia integrifolia, from the rhizosphere of which this species was isolated.
Culture characteristics -Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), 25 °C, 7 d: Colonies 25 -30 mm diam, low and dense, plane or irregularly wrinkled, with narrow margins of white mycelium; conidiogenesis moderate to heavy, dark grey to dark grey blue (M. 24 -25D -E2 -3); exudate absent, soluble pigment brown; reverse Deep Green (M. 29F3 -4). MEA, 25 °C, 7 d: Colonies 40-45 mm diam, low and plane, with wide uncoloured margins, light to heavily sporing, coloured as on CYA or slightly greener (M. 26D3); exudate and soluble pigment absent; reverse centrally Dark Green (M. 27F5), paler towards the margins. 25 % Glycerol nitrate agar (G25N), 25 °C, 7 d: Colonies up to 5 mm diam, of white mycelium. 37 °C, CYA, 7 d: Colonies 40-45 mm diam, heavily sporing, dull green to grey green; reverse dark green, greyish green or black.
Conidiophores borne from aerial hyphae, sometimes unbranched, and then (5 -)50 -120 × 2.5 -3 µm, sometimes bearing a short lateral stipe 10 -40 µm long as well; broadening slowly to spathulate vesicles, 5 -15 µm diam, fertile area characteristically hemispherical but sometimes asymmetrical to give a 'nodding' appearance. Phialides short and stout, 3.5 -6 × 2.5 -3 µm, with narrow bases and very short narrow necks, sometimes almost ellipsoidal. Conidia 2.5-3 µm diam, smooth to finely roughened, borne in short disordered chains, separating in wet mounts.
Media formulations are from Pitt & Hocking (2009) ; (M.) colours are from Kornerup & Wanscher (1978 Notes -Aspergillus banksianus clusters in Aspergillus subgenus Fumigati, in a small clade that includes A. brevipes and A. duricaulis, with which it shares slow growth at 25 °C, green conidial colouration and intermittent production of asymmetrical fruiting structures. Colonies of A. banksianus on CYA have a deep green reverse colour, in contrast with A. duricaulis, 'colorless to pinkish drab' or A. brevipes 'becoming purple-red' (Raper & Fennell 1965) . Molecularly, A. banksianus is particularly close to A. quadricinctus, from which the most obvious difference is lack of the Neosartorya sexual morph. Aspergillus banksianus when grown on agar, liquid media or grain, displays a unique chemotaxonomic profile comprising banksialactones A-I, and banksiamarins A and B, which are not present in the closely related species A. quadricinctus and A. duricaulis (Chaudhary et al. 2018) . Aspergillus banksianus also produces known metabolites clearanol and dothideomynone A, together with the pigments endocrocin and questin previously reported from other Aspergillus species.
Colour illustrations. A specimen tree of the endemic species Banksia integrifolia, planted on a street in Collaroy, NSW, from under which a soil sample included A. banksianus. Colonies grown on CYA (upper) and malt extract agar (MEA) (lower) for 7 d at 25 °C; fruiting structures and conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm (fruiting structures) and 5 µm (conidia). Classification -Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.
Conidial heads radiate. Conidiophores uniseriate. Stipes smooth, frequently septate 48 -890(-931) × 2 -5(-7) μm, sometimes with subterminal branches and mycelial coils occasionally present. Vesicles pyriform to subglobose, pigmented, 8-20(-30) × 6.5 -21(-30) μm (av. 12 ± 3.6 × 11 ± 3.2), phialides 4 -13(-20) × 2 -8 μm (av. 8 ± 2.7 × 4 ± 1.0) covering half to upper half of vesicle. Conidia globose to subglobose, 3 -7 × 3.5 -7 μm (av. 5 ± 0.77 × 5 ± 0.81), brown to greyish brown, with coarsely roughened to echinulate surface, average width/length = 1 ± 0.03, n = 74. Sclerotia observed.
Culture Aspergillus kumbius Pitt, sp. nov. Etymology. Named for the small town of Kumbia, South Burnett District, Queensland, Australia, near where this species was collected.
Conidiophores borne from aerial hyphae, stipes 300-400(-600) × 5 -6 µm, uncoloured to pale brown, smooth walled. Vesicles spherical, 15 -25 µm diam, fertile over the upper hemisphere or two thirds; metulae 6 -8 × 2.5 -3.0 µm; phialides acerose, 7-8 × 2.0 -2.2 µm. Conidia spherical, 2.2 -2.5 µm diam, walls smooth to finally roughened, borne in disordered chains.
Culture characteristics -Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), 25 °C, 7 d: Colonies 45-50 mm diam, plane, low and relatively sparse, lightly sulcate, velutinous; margins entire, wide; mycelium white to pale yellow; abundant sclerotia borne on the agar surface, white at first, at maturity pale orange to orange grey (M. 5A-B3), spherical or near, 400 -800 µm diam; conidial production sparse, pale yellow brown (M. Notes -Aspergillus kumbius belongs in Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati sect. Circumdati. Molecularly, it is very close to Aspergillus bridgeri and A, subramanianii. It is distinguished by rapid growth at 25 °C with abundant buff coloured spherical sclerotia. When grown on agar, liquid media or grain, A. kumbius displays a unique chemotaxonomic profile including kumbicins A-D, which are not present in the closely related species A. bridgeri, A. subramanianii, A. salwaensis, A. persii or A. sclerotiorum. Aspergillus kumbius also produces known metabolites asterriquinol D dimethyl ether, petromurins C and D, aspochracin, JBIR-15, and neohydroxyaspergillic acid, compounds previously reported from other Aspergillus species.
Colour illustrations. A scene of pasture near Kumbia, Queensland, similar to the one from which this species was described. Colonies grown on CYA (left) and MEA (right) for 7 d at 25 °C; fruiting structures and conidia. Scale bars = 20 µm (fruiting structures) and 5 µm (conidia). 
Classification -Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.
Conidiophores borne from aerial hyphae, slender, (40 -)100 -200(-300) × 2-2.5 µm, with thin smooth walls, enlarging slowly to very small spathulate vesicles, 4 -6(-7) µm diam; bearing few short phialides, 5 -7 × 2.5 -3 µm. Conidia spherical, 2 -2.5 µm diam, smooth-walled, borne in short disordered chains. Media formulations are from Pitt & Hocking (2009) ; (M.) capitalised colours and notation are from Kornerup & Wanscher (1978 Notes -Aspergillus luteorubrus clusters in Aspergillus subg. Fumigati, near A. fennelliae. This heterothallic species produces cleistothecia and ascospores characteristic of the sexual genus Neosartorya. As only a single strain of A. luteobrunneus is known, it is not clear whether this is an asexual species or, perhaps more likely, heterothallic. Aspergillus luteorubrus differs from this and other closely related species in colony colours, conidial size, shape and ornamentation. Differences also exist in molecular phylogeny and chemistry (unpubl. data).
A maximum likelihood tree inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and actin sequences of taxa within Aspergillus sect. Fumigati. The combined sequence alignment was partitioned by marker; substitution models for each partition were chosen according to the corrected Information Criteria using ModelTest-NG v. 0.1.6 (Darriba et al. 2020 ). The K80+G4 was used for BenA sequences, K80+G4 for CaM and TPM+I for actin. The tree was constructed using RAxML-NG v. 0.9.0 (Kozlov et al. 2019 Aspergillus nanangensis Pitt, sp. nov. Etymology. Named for the town of Nanango, South Burnett District, Queensland, Australia, near which this species was collected.
Conidiophores borne from surface hyphae, 200-400 × 7-9 µm, with thick, smooth, pale yellow walls, bearing very small vesicles. Vesicles 9-12 µm diam, ellipsoidal to somewhat irregular, bearing metulae and phialides over almost all of the vesicle surface, but sometimes bent to form only a hemispherical head; metulae 7-8 × 2.2 -2.5 µm; phialides ampulliform 7-8 × 2.2 -2.5 µm. Conidia spherical, 2.8 -3.5 µm diam, with walls varying from almost smooth to conspicuously spiny, borne in compact spherical heads, even at age.
Culture characteristics -Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), 25 °C, 7 d: Colonies growing slowly, 13 -17 mm diam, rather sparse, lightly floccose; margins narrow and entire; mycelium white to off white; conidial production light, pale greenish grey (M. 25 -26C3); exudate and soluble pigment absent; reverse greyish orange (M. 5B3 -4 Notes -Aspergillus nanangensis clusters in Aspergillus clade Jani, a small clade within Aspergillus subg. Circumdati, but is molecularly distinct. It is close to Aspergillus janus and Aspergillus brevijanus, but differs from both by lack of the larger white conidial heads that characterise these species. Culturally, growth rates of A. nanangensis on standard media are much slower. Microscopically, A. nanangensis produces smaller vesicles, fertile over a reduced area. When grown on agar, liquid media or grain, A. nanangensis displays a unique chemotaxonomic profile comprising isonanangenine B and D, nanangelenin, nanangenic acid, nanangenines A-H and nanoxepin not present in the closely related species A. janus and A. brevijanus (Lacey et al. 2019 Classification -Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Basidiomata growing solitary, epigeous, incrustations in the rooting base, subglobose and 31-36 mm wide × 16 -28 mm high. Exoperidium < 0.1 mm thin, fragile, slightly tomentose, evanescent, white to yellowish white (3A1, 3A2; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) . Mesoperidium < 0.1 mm thin, fragile, membranaceous, persistent at the base, smooth with senescence, greyish brown to brown (4C4, 6D3, 6E4, 7F4). Endoperidium < 0.3 mm thin, fragile and brittle at the apex, resistant and persistent at the base, papyraceous, olive brown to brown (4D6, 6E4). Rhizomorphs not seen. Subgleba reduced, woolly, compact, brownish beige (6E3). Gleba powdery, not persistent, brownish beige, brown to dark brown (6E3, 6E4, 6F4), at maturity. Exoperidium hyphalic, 2.0 -5.3 µm diam, intertwined, frequent and non-regular septa, double V branching, walls ≤ 1.1 µm thin, straight for curves, hyaline, dextrinoid, low reaction and cyanophilic. Mesoperidium compacted, collapsed, hyaline, not dextrinoid and cyanophilic. Endoperidium apical composed of two layers of hyphae continuous, all brown, not dextrinoid and cyanophilic, hyphae 2.4-6.6 µm diam, frequent and non-regular true septa, double V branching, and mycosclereids globose, subglobose, pyriform, ovoid, ellipsoid, or rectangular, 15.4-60.3 µm high × 4.6-57.6 µm diam, weakly interconnected, branched, breaking in the septa, regular and thick walls ≤ 1.4 µm thin and straight for curves. Endoperidium basal hyphalic, 1.9 -3.9 µm diam, rare and non-regular true septa, V-shaped branches, single and double, and in T, walls < 1.0 µm thin, tortuous and regular, brown, dextrinoid, and cyanophilic. Subgleba hyphalic, 1.5 -3.8 µm diam, rare true septa, branching V, single and double, and T, cyanophilic nodes frequent, regular walls ≤ 1.0 µm thin, straight for curves, reddish brown, not dextrinoid and cyanophilic. Paracapillitium absent. Capillitium Calvatia-type, 1.9-3.5 µm diam, hyaline to light brown, dextrinoid and cyanophilic; septa frequent and non-regular, V-branching, single and double, and in T, fragmenting in any part of the capillitium or frequent in the septa; walls ≤ 0.8 µm thin and regular, straight, with large and numerous conspicuous pits (1-3 µm wide).
Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 3.4 -5.3 µm wide × 3.3 -5.0 µm high (χ = 4.1 ± 0.3 × 3.9 ± 0.3; Q m (medium coefficient) = 1.05; n (measurement numbers) = 30), verrucose, ornamentation < 1 µm length; pedicels present in some basidiospores ≤ 0.7 µm in length.
Habit & Habitat -Basidiomata growing solitary on moist soil. Notes -Calvatia baixaverdensis is morphologically related to species of sect. Calvatia: C. craniiformis, C. subtomentosa, C. rugosa, C. nodulata, and C. holothurioides. Calvatia craniiformis, C. rugosa and C. subtomentosa have a capillitium with large conspicuous pits (1-3 µm wide) similar to C. baixaverdensis. However, C. craniiformis presents subglobose to globose basidiospores with punctate ornamentation, and well-developed cellular subgleba. Calvatia rugosa has exoperidium granulose, furfuraceous to subvelutinous, endoperidium smooth, membranous, very thin (< 0.5 mm), subgleba well-developed and lanose to cellular (Reid 1977) . Calvatia subtomentosa has basidiospores 3.6 -4.4 µm diam, and capillitium 3.6 -5.8 µm, branched, septate, rather short fragments (Dissing & Lange 1962) , but is easily distinguished from C. baixaverdensis in the ornamentation of the basidiospores, equinulate, and in the absence of pedicels, besides the absence of large pits in the capillitium and nodules in the hyphae of subgleba in C. subtomentosa. Calvatia nodulata and C. holothurioides are other morphologically close species to C. baixaverdensis mainly by the basidiospores 3 -5 μm diam and capillitium 2 -4 μm diam; however, C. nodulata has exoperidium granulose to pilose, subgleba occupying half of the basidiomata, and capillitium with spaced nodules (Alfredo et al. 2014) , and C. holothurioides has subgleba prominent, cellular, capillitium with pores up to 2 μm diam (Rebriev 2013 Classification -Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes.
On glucose peptone yeast extract agar (GPYA) and 5 % malt extract agar (MEA), after 7 d at 25 °C, streak is white-cream, semi-glistening, with a smooth surface and entire margin. Cells are ovoid to elongate (2 -6 × 5 -8 μm) and occur singly or in pairs, dividing by polar and multilateral budding. Rare pseudohyphae are produced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and cornmeal agar (CMA). Ascospores and true hyphae have not been observed during 4 wk at 10 and 25 °C in culture (pure cultures and in mating test) grown on GPYA, MEA, PDA, CMA and yeast nitrogen base with 0.5 % glucose (YNB) agar. Fermentation of glucose, galactose (delayed weak), trehalose and maltose (delayed) are positive, but negative for sucrose, lactose and raffinose. Glucose, sucrose, galactose, maltose, cellobiose, trehalose, melezitose, methyl alpha-D-glucoside, Dxylose, L-arabinose, D-glucosamine, ethanol, glycerol (weak), ribitol, D-mannitol, D-glucitol, salicin (weak), DL-lactic acid (weak), succinic acid (weak), citric acid, 2-keto-D-gluconate, arbutin are assimilated; no growth occurs on lactose, melibiose, raffinose, soluble starch, inulin, D-arabinose, D-ribose, L-sorbose, L-rhamnose, galactitol, erythritol, myo-inositol, 5-keto-D-gluconate, D-glucuronate and methanol. Nitrogen compounds: ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate (weak), creatinine, creatine, L-lysine, D-glucosamine (weak) are assimilated. Growth on vitamin-free medium, on MEA with 10 % NaCl and on 50 % w/w glucose / yeast extract (0.5 %) agar is positive. Growth with 0.01 % and 0.1 % cycloheximide is weak. (Zhai et al. 2019) , the placement of the new species is demonstrated using the combined ITS and LSU rDNA phylogeny. Candida pellucida can be differentiated from the phylogenetically most close species C. viswanathii based on its ability to grow on vitamin-free medium, good growth at the temperature 42 °C, and negative growth on soluble starch.
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree obtained from the combined analysis of ITS and LSU sequence data. Bootstrap support values above 50 % are shown at the nodes. The alignment included 965 bp and was performed with MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh et al. 2019) . The General Time Reversible model (GTR) with Gamma distribution and invariant sites (G+I) was used as the best nucleotide substitution model. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA v. 6 (Tamura et al. 2013) . Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AB018043/JQ689017) was used as outgroup (hidden).
© 2020 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Fungal Planet 1069 -29 June 2020 Cladophialophora cabanerensis Maciá-Vicente, sp. nov. Etymology. Named after the Cabañeros National Park in central Spain, where the soil sample was collected.
Classification -Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.
Mycelium consisting of hyaline, branched, septate hyphae, (0.5-) 0.7-1.3(-1.6) µm diam, forming hyphal strands. Conidiophores mostly single, sympodial, erect, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, bearing one phialide, often reduced to a conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, fusiform with one locus at the apex that leaves a scar, (2.8-)3.6-6.2(-7.6) × (1.3 -)1.7-2.6(-2.9) µm. Conidia aseptate, produced in mass, hyaline, smooth, globose with a scar, (1.7-)1.9 -2.3(-2.4) µm diam (n = 40). Chlamydospores absent. Sexual morph unknown.
Culture characteristics -Colonies slow-growing, reaching 11-14 mm diam on malt extract agar (MEA), 13-17 mm diam on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), and 9 -12 mm diam on cornmeal agar (CMA) after 7 d at 25 °C. Colonies velvety, white, becoming light earthy after 3 -4 wk, with a compact and suede-like surface; reverse white-cream. Notes -The three isolates examined have identical morphologies and partial ITS and LSU sequences. Since they originate from the same soil sample, they likely represent clonal isolates. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the ITS sequence has low similarity with several unidentified Chaetothyriales strains (e.g., GenBank KX822488.1, identities 566/690 (82 %), 43 gaps (6 %); GenBank KF614863.1, identities 566/690 (82 %), 43 gaps (6 %); Gen-Bank KF614863.1, identities 566/690 (82 %), 43 gaps (6 %)) and with Cladophialophora immunda (GenBank MH864254.1, identities 580/715 (81 %), 57 gaps (7 %)). However, the low identity values result from a long insert at the 3' end of the 18S rDNA gene, similarly to what has been found in other fungi (e.g., Tedersoo et al. 2015 , Cross et al. 2017 ), but that is not present in most GenBank records. When analysing only the partial ITS1 region (nt 551-679) that is homologous to other sequences in GenBank, the megablast search yields highest similarity with 15 environmental sequences originating from a single study (e.g., GenBank MF793689.1, identities 129/129 (100 %), no gaps), and to two unidentified fungi (GenBank MG592689.1, identities 129/129 (100 %), no gaps; GenBank GQ996076.1, identities 127/129 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and two Cladophialophora sp. isolates (GenBank LC189029.1, identities 129/129 (100 %), no gaps; and GenBank LC229675.1, identities 127/129 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The closest hits using the LSU sequence are an unidentified fungus (GenBank GU552546.1, identities 675/676 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Cladophialophora sp. (GenBank MF588895.1, identities 669/676 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), unidentified Chaetothyriales (GenBank KF614869.1, identities 666/676 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Cladophialophora carrionii (GenBank AF050262.1, identities 665/676 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)).
The genus Cladophialophora is polyphyletic, including species that are commonly isolated from soil and living plants, but also found as causal agents of human infections. Cladophialophora cabanerensis is phylogenetically placed outside the Carrionii and Bantiana clades defined by Badali et al. (2008) that contain most species pathogenic to humans. All the closest hits in the megablast search using the insert-free ITS1 sequence originate from fungi associated with plant roots, like the type specimen of C. cabanerensis, suggesting a preference of the species toward this habitat Colour illustrations. Wet heathland ('trampal') located in the Cabañeros National Park, Ciudad Real, Spain. Seven-day-old colonies growing at 25 °C on PDA; from top to bottom, overview of mycelium bearing conidiophores under phase-contrast microscopy; conidiophores under light microscopy; loose conidia under light microscopy. Scale bars = 10 µm (mycelium) and 5 µm (conidiophores and conidia). Culture characteristics -(after 2 wk at 20 °C in the dark): On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies reach 44-47 mm diam, round shape, flat, dark olive green, dusty, aerial mycelium absent, profuse sporulation, margin white and glabrous, exudates (blackish droplets) produced mainly on the outermost colony surface; reverse olive green to olive black. On malt extract agar (MEA), colonies reach 40-43 mm diam, irregular flat growth, elevated centre, dusty, olive green to yellowish green, aerial mycelium absent, exudates absent, white filiform margin; reverse, irregular olive-black. On synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA), colonies reach a 28-30 mm diam, irregular flat growth, dusty, olive-green, profuse sporulation mainly in the centre of the colony, exudates absent; reverse olive grey with white filiform margin. On oatmeal agar (OA), colonies reach 40-45 mm diam, round shape, flat, olive-green, abundant velvety aerial mycelium, absent on the outermost colony surface, profuse sporulation, exudates absent, margin grey-green, narrow and glabrous.
Cardinal temperature for growth -Optimum 20 °C, maximum 25 °C, minimum 5 °C. Notes -Based on the combined analysis of ITS, actA and tef1 markers, Cladosporium arenosum belongs to the C. cladosporioides complex (Bensch et al. 2015) and is phylogenetically related to Cladosporium asperulatum. However, C. asperulatum exhibits asperulate surface ornamentation of its conidia, conidiophores and mycelium (Bensch et al. 2010 ), characters not found in C. arenosum. In addition, C. asperulatum has longer conidiophores ((15 -)45 -210(-360) × (2 -)3 -4(-5) μm) and ramoconidia (15-50 × 3-4 μm)) (Bensch et al. 2010) . Finally, C. arenosum produces exudates on PDA, limoniform conidia, and its colonies have a characteristic yellowish green colour after 2 wk at 20 °C on MEA, characters not found in C. asperulatum (Bensch et al. 2010 Classification -Cortinariaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Pileus up to 75 mm diam, plano-convex to applanate, slightly glutinous when young, reddish golden to greyish orange (6B7-6B5); margin smooth or slightly innately fibrillose, incurved. Lamellae emarginate, moderately crowded, up to 6 mm broad, greyish when young, later greyish orange (6B4 -6B6), lamellulae present, of various lengths. Stipe 65 × 17 mm, cylindrical, with slightly clavate base, up to 25 mm broad, greyish orange to brownish orange (6B5 -6B6). Context dull lilac (15C3) to purplish in pileus and in stipe base. Odour distinct, earth-like. Taste indistinct. Spore print light brown (6D8). Basidiospores (9.4 -)9.7-10.3(-10.7) × (5.4 -)5.6 -5.9(-6.1) μm, av. = 10.07 × 5.7 μm, Q = (1.65 -)1.73 -1.80(-1.85), Qav = 1.77, n = 50, amygdaloid, verrucose. Basidia 4-spored, 26 -32 × 6 -8 μm, clavate. Pileipellis more or less simplex (1-layered); strongly coloured in KOH. Epicutis at surface of narrow (2 -4 μm wide), loosely erect-entangled, gelatinous, distinctly brownish yellow hyphae (many more or less collapsed); below wider (4 -8 μm wide), parallel hyphae, with yellow thick walls or distinctly zebrastriped, encrusted pigment; the basal part of epicutis of more or less cemented hyphae up to ± 15 μm wide, with distinctly thickened, yellow walls, some filled with dark brown granulate to oleiferous pigment (most pigment in the basal, cemented part).
Habitat & Distribution -Solitary, occurring among leaf litter in temperate forests dominated mainly by Quercus leuco trichophora and Pinus roxburghii. Typus. indiA, Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Teka, 1 965 m asl, N30°6'21" E78°45'12", 4 Sept. 2015, K.C. Semwal (holotype KCS 2509; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MT137516 and MT241837, MycoBank MB834802).
Phlegmacioides based on morphological and molecular (nrDNA ITS and LSU regions) data, belonging to the /balteatocumatilis clade. It forms a well-supported (BS = 99 %) lineage with three sequences known from the Americas: USA, Tennessee (Gen-Bank MF773626), USA, Minnesota (GenBank KY964808) and Mexico (GenBank EU569251). The closest sequence is the one from Minnesota; they differ by 5 nucleotide and indel positions, but only in the ITS1 region. Further studies are needed to unveil whether this sequence belongs to C. balteatoindicus with such a disjunct distribution. The other North American sequence from Tennessee differs by 8 nucleotide and indel positions, so it might well represent a separate species. The phylogenetically more distant European species of this clade have more robust basidiomata too, e.g., C. balteatocumatilis, C. balteatobulbosus, C. pseudonebularis, and the recently described C. hemicaeruleus (Brotzu et al. 2019 ; ITS sequence GenBank MT152622) and have slightly larger spores. The special ecology and the unique ITS sequence are, however, the best delimiting characters for the time being. Classification -Cortinariaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Pileus up to 110 mm diam, plano-convex to applanate, slightly inflated at centre, surface glabrous, slimy when young, slightly bluish greyish when young, but soon becoming reddish golden to light brown (6C8 -6D8); margin smooth, fairly undulate. Lamellae emarginate, crowded, greyish when young, later greyish orange (6B4), brownish orange (6C5) when mature, lamellulae present, of various lengths. Stipe 60 -90 × 10 -22 mm, prominently clavate at the base, bulb up to 30 mm wide, pale brown, becoming brownish orange to reddish orange (6D5, 6B7-7B7) with greyish lilac (15B4-3) tinge throughout the stipe, especially at apex. Context greyish to bluish lilac. Odour and taste not recorded. Spore print brown (8E8). Basidiospores (10.2 -)10.6 -11.3(-11.7) × (5.7-)5.9 -6.6(-6.8) μm, av. = 10.97 × 6.2 μm, Q = (1.63-)1.71-1.83(-1.94), Qav = 1.77, n = 50, amygdaloid, verrucose. Basidia 4-spored, 25 -30 × 5 -7 μm, clavate. Pileipellis more or less simplex (1-layered); rather weakly coloured in KOH. Epicutis at surface of narrow, 2 -5 μm diam, loosely erect-entangled, gelatinous, pale yellow hyphae; below a few layers of slightly wider, 3 -8 μm diam hyphae with slightly thickened yellow walls, a few with pale, weakly encrusted wall pigment; the basal part of epicutis of hyphae up to approx. 10 μm diam, with distinctly thickened, yellow walls, forming tightly cemented bundles which in surface view forms a zig-pattern.
Habitat & Distribution -Caespitose, occurring among leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora, on humicolous soil, in temperate broadleaved forests dominated by mainly Q. leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, and Myrica esculenta. Typus Notes -Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis belongs to sect. Phlegmacioides based on both morphological and molecular (nrDNA ITS and LSU regions) data. Within the section it belongs to the /daulnoyae clade, where it forms a close sister species of the European C. caesiocolor. They differ by 5 nucleotide and indel positions, and in morphological characters. The spores of C. ulkhagarhiensis are significantly larger than those of C. caesiocolor (av. 10.97 × 6.2 μm vs 9.85 × 5.8 μm, respectively), and they are also longer (Qav = 1.77 vs 1.70). Macromorphologically they are rather similar, with e.g., bluish context. Another closely related species is the European C. daulnoyae (syn.: C. chromataphilus and C. sabuletorum) which has a strong earth-like smell, yellowing, never bluish context, and phylogenetically is more distant. Morphologically, other species in sect. Phlegmacioides might also resemble C. ulkhagarhiensis, but the ecology and ITS sequence data will be helpful in identification. Classification -Cortinariaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Basidiomata rather small. Pileus 10-25(-35) mm diam, at first hemispheric, later convex with a persistent, obtuse, rounded and low umbo; margin first very incurved and highly lobulated and later extended and slightly serrate, retaining whitish veil remnants; surface hygrophanous, smooth to fibrous, dark grey, dark grey-brown (Caill. T31, T30; Cailleux 1981) to ochraceous, pale ochraceous or reddish brown (Caill. M49, M35, M25) when dry; mature pilei with necropigments. Lamellae moderately dense, uncinated, pale ochraceous to beige ochraceous (Caill. M29, N30); lamellae edges slightly paler, and slightly mustard brown with age; lamellulae present. Stipe (15-)20-35(-45) mm long and 3-6(-8) mm wide, cylindrical to clavate or subglobose at the base; surface white, later pale beige, with universal veil copious towards the base, partial veil fugacious, not forming an annular area. Context generally fibrous, pale ochraceous, and brownish in the stipe cortex. Taste mild and smell indistinguishable. Macrochemical reactions: negative to KOH, guaiac tincture, Ph.A. and methol. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid in front and side view, (10 -)11-11.8 -12.5(-13) × (6.25 -) 7-7.3 -7.5(-8) µm in size, with a Q (length/width ratio) = (1.5 -)1.55 -1.61-1.73(-1.8), and with a marked apical depression; spore surface densely ornamented with projecting warts of moderate size. Basidia 36 -45 × 9 -12 µm, 4-spored; lamellar edge with basidia and some claviform cells, 26 -34 × 9 -11 µm. Pileipellis a cutis formed by a layer of 4 -8 µm wide, clamped, more or less cylindrical hyphae, with scattered pale ochraceous incrusted wall pigments; subcutis composed of short and irregularly-arranged, septate hyphae, 30-75 × 20-32 µm; hyphae of the veil remnants 2 -3 µm diam.
Habitat & Distribution -Restricted to the alpine belt (> 2 000 m asl) in association with Dryas octopetala. So far found in the Pre-Pyrenees (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The existence of an ITS sequence in GenBank (FR852009) identical to the ones obtained in the present study indicates the presence of C. paezii in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Notes -Cortinarius paezii is a rather small telamonioid species with relatively large spores that we initially considered to conform to the morphological variability of C. casimiri due to the general size, habitat and pigmentation. However, basidiomata of the latter species are in general slenderer than those of C. paezii, and show reddish and somewhat lilaceous tinges, their smell is more or less raphanoid, and the spores are smaller, 10 -11.5 × 6 -7 µm (Brandrud et al. 1998) . Cortinarius paezii produces hygrophanous pilei that are very dark when hydrated, without lilaceous traces, and instead shows pale ochraceous to reddish brown tinges with time. Furthermore, C. casimiri distributes preferentially in altimontane-subalpine habitats, and more rarely forms mycorrhizal associations with Salix spp. in the alpine belt. Considering other species growing in the alpine belt, C. cavipes would share two additional characters with C. paezii: the evident change in colour of pilei after drying and the clavate stipe (Favre 1955) . As indicated by its epithet, however, C. cavipes has a hollow stipe; additionally, it shows lilaceous traces in the stipe apex and context (as in C. casimiri), and produces smaller, less ornamented spores. Two additional alpine species described by Favre (1955) were C. levipileus and C. rusticellus. The former differs from C. paezii in producing smaller basidiomata, with a finely granulose pileus cuticle, with the surface dark to reddish brown, and by the less abundant veil remnants and the slightly smaller, more ovoid spores (lower Q value). Lamoure (1978) obtained similar values for spore size in C. levipileus and provided further evidence of its habitat on calcareous soils in the alpine belt. Cortinarius rusticellus produces spores more similar in size to those of the new species but has smaller basidiomata, pilei are more umbonate and fibrous to felty, lamellae are darker, and there is an abundant and persistent veil forming an evident annulus on the stipe.
The two ITS sequences obtained for the new species were 19 bp (plus four indels), 16 bp (plus eight indels), and 19 bp (plus six indels) different from those of C. casimiri /subsertipes, C. levipileus and C. rusticellus, respectively. The phylogenetic tree revealed C. tatrensis as a close relative of C. paezii. This species was described from Salix and Dryas communities in the alpine belt of the Belaer Tatras, in northern Slovakia (Fellner & Landa 1993) . Apart from the similar habitat, C. paezii and C. tatrensis share the general habitat of basidiomata, the hygrophaneity of pilei and their pigmentation, and the spores, which the authors described as broadly ovoid, (10 -)10.5 -12.5 × (6.5 -)7-8.5 µm. However, lilaceous to vinaceous tinges were originally noticed in the surface of the stipe base and in the stipe context of C. tatrensis while these characters are absent in C. paezii. Additionally, the stipe in C. tatrensis is described as 'cylindrical, slightly narrowing towards the base', whereas in the new species it is markedly clavate. The ITS sequence of C. tatrensis is provided for the first time in the present work, and shows five different nucleotides from C. paezii at the ITS1 region. Classification -Cylindriaceae, Amphisphaeriales, Sordariomycetes.
Asexual morph: Mycelium consisting of smooth hyaline hyphae, branched and septate, 1-5 µm diam. Conidiomata foliicolous, 150-400 wide and 100-250 µm tall, often in scattered groups, stromatic, immersed but erumpent when moist after pushing up a flap of host tissue and revealing a whitish jelly content. Peridium composed of a single subepidermal inner layer of brown cells arranged as textura angularis, presenting paler pigmentation towards the conidiogenous region. Ostiole absent. Setae dark brown, 90 -200 × 3 -5 µm (length/width), smooth, dichotomously branched at the base, with 3 -7 transversal septa, tapered towards the apex. Paraphyses hyaline, scattered between setae and conidiophores. Conidiophores arising from lageniform or cylindrical cells with hyaline or brownish walls at the internal wall of the peridium, formed of 21-81 µm long cylindrical cells (tapered towards the apex), septate and branched. Conidiogenous cells integrated, hyaline, cylindrical (tapered towards the apex), lageniform, phialidic or percurrent, 10 -25 × 1-2 µm (length/width). Conidia hyaline, smooth, falcate, wider in the middle, tapering towards the apex, truncate at the base, measuring 34 -48 × 1.5 -2.5 µm (length/width), completely filled with small droplets.
Culture characteristics -(day/light 25 °C, after 2 wk): Colonies slow-growing, with sparse aerial mycelium, rounded margins, reaching 12 mm in 2 wk. On malt extract agar and potato-dextrose agar white on surface, salmon in reverse. Notes -On the basis of a combined phylogeny using ITS and 28S nrDNA data (available in MycoBank MB834679), C. magnoliae is probably related with C. aeruginosum, C. algarvense, and C. purgamentum. Lombard et al. (2015) proved that C. aeruginosum is phylogenetically related with the type species C. elongatum. Crous et al. (2018) created a new family, Cylindriaceae to accommodate this genus, proposing C. algarvense and C. purgamentum, and combining C. syzygii. Recently, the new species C. grande was added to the genus (Crous et al. 2019c) . Morphologically, C. magnoliae differs from other species of Cylindrium because of its stromatic conidiomata, the specialised method of dehiscence, and the presence of setae and paraphyses. Cylindrium magnoliae does not produce a pigmented stipe or sympodial loci and lacks ramoconidia which are present in C. purgamentum . Cylindrium grande (Crous et al. 2019a ) produces sympodial conidiogenous cells and solitary conidia, features not present in C. magnoliae.
Colour illustrations. Conidiomata on host. Section of conidioma with brown setae; conidiophore; conidiogenous cells with successive percurrent proliferations (annellations); conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. Scale bars = 100 µm (section of conidioma), 5 µm (others). Etymology. Name refers to the colour of conidial masses produced by conidiomata in culture.
Classification -Erythrogloeaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes.
Conidiomata after 6 wk 14/10 h l/d cycles on C. sativa bark strips, pycnidial, separate, globose to subglobose, (407-)727(-965) × (368 -)719(-869) μm with central ostiole, exuding a luteous, pale luteous to hyaline conidial mass. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, ampulliform to doliiform with prominent taper towards narrow cylindrical apex, enteroblastic, (10 -)11 (-12) × (3-)4(-5) μm wide. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, straight to curved, apex obtuse, smooth, thin-walled, guttules of varying sizes sometimes visible, (7-)9(-12) × (2 -)4(-6) μm.
Culture characteristics -After 1 mo in the dark at 20 °C. Colours determined from Rayner (1970) . Ex-type culture on potato dextrose agar 27.5 × 25.5 mm diam. Surface undulating, woolly to velvety in texture. Centre vinaceous buff, followed by dark mouse grey, hazel, fawn with an irregular pale vinaceous margin. Reverse: Centre sepia, extending to a 3 mm ring of fuscous black, extending to brick to dark brick. On malt extract agar 38 × 40 mm diam. Surface flat, woolly. Centre rosy buff, extending to buff, rosy buff, vinaceous, and rosy buff. Reverse: centre chestnut extending to flesh coloured. (2019) described four new species of Dendrostoma from Europe, and also updated the description of D. leiphaemia. On the concatenated LSU, ITS, tef1-a tree, D. luteum was a strongly supported species (maximum parsimony bootstrap support 99 %), sister to D. leiphaemia. Morphologically, conidiomata of D. luteum are longer and wider than D. leiphaemia. Dendrostoma luteum was consistently associated with branch lesions, but pathogenicity testing on detached C. sativa branches (3 cm diam, 20 cm length, n = 12) did not produce lesions significantly longer than the control. Therefore D. luteum is currently considered as an endophyte of C. sativa.
The concatenated phylogenetic tree was inferred using maximum parsimony. * indicates ex-type cultures, with taxonomic novelty in bold. Branch supports were determined using 1 000 maximum parsimony bootstrap replicates. Branch support values < 70 % were excluded. Scale bar on tree indicates number of changes. Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Durio from which it was isolated.
Classification -Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes.
Conidiomata pycnidial, black, globose to subglobose, solitary or aggregated, embedded in tissue, 200 -400 µm diam; forming up to six well-defined necks that can arise from a single conidioma. Conidiophores formed from the inner layer of the conidiomatal wall, reduced to conidiogenous cells, cylindrical, hyaline, 10 -18 × 2.5 -3.5 µm. Alpha conidia rare or absent in culture, hyaline, aseptate, biguttulate, ellipsoidal, smooth, (5.6 -)6.1-7.5(-7.9) × (1.8 -)2.1-2.7(-3) µm. Beta conidia abundant, hyaline, aseptate, hamate, (17.8-)20.3-26.1(-31.2) × 1.1-1.5(-1.7) µm.
Culture characteristics -On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies white, fast-growing, covering dish after 10 d at 25 °C, surface buff with patches of purplish grey (Rayner 1970 ), reverse purplish grey, with patches of dirty white. On malt extract agar (MEA) with moderate aerial mycelium, and even, smooth margins; surface dirty white with patches of grey olivaceous, reverse dark mouse grey with patches of greyish sepia. On oatmeal agar (OA) surface dirty white with patches of dark mouse grey. The phylogenetic tree generated by RAxML from the combined sequences of three loci demonstrated that the isolates of this study, KCSR1812.8 and KCSR1906.7, grouped separately as a novel species. Diaporthe ueckerae on Cucumis melo has larger alpha conidia ((6 -)6.4 -8.2(-8.6) × (2 -)2.3 -3.0 µm), and lacks beta conidia (Udayanga et al. 2015) . Diaporthe miriciae on Helianthus annuus has larger alpha conidia, 6 -7.5(-9) × 2 -2.5(-3) μm, and longer beta conidia (20 -35 × 1.0 -1.5 μm; Thompson et al. 2015) . Previously, Phomopsis durionis (DNA data unavailable), was reported to be the causal agent of the durian leaf spot. However, the original description of P. durionis reports smaller conidioma, 120 -130 μm diam, smaller alpha conidia (5-7.5 × 2 -2.5 μm), with no beta conidia being observed (Sydow 1932) . Based on the characteristically large conidiomata with multiple necks, the canker disease and dieback symptoms, the present collection is herewith introduced as a new species.
Colour illustrations. Dieback symptoms occurring on Durio zibethinus at Dak Lak, Central Highlands, Vietnam. Colony on PDA; conidioma on a durian twig on water agar; alpha conidia; conidiophores; beta conidia; conidiophores. Scale bars: twig = 1 mm, all others = 10 µm. Notes -Macroscopically Elaphomyces bucholtzii closely resembles the E. muricatus group, being differentiated by the variable height of its cortex warts. Moreover, a section of the peridium is marbled, forming ellipsoidal (of cerebriform aspect) patches on a purple background, unlike the E. muricatus group that has a peridium marmorised in circles on a light background (white-cream), and the spores are decorated by thick, very curved sticks that usually form loops. A recently described European species E. barrioi (Paz et al. 2017 ) has a marmorised peridium in red-purple tones forming small ellipses, on a vinous background, a dark brown gleba with red tones and smaller spores than E. bucholtzii. Another species of the group is E. decipiens, but its cortex presents flat warts that are slightly oxidised after manipulation, a purple vinous peridium with cream-white veins arranged radially outward from the ascoma (Paz et al. 2017) . Elaphomyces violaceoniger has a dark violet peridium and some spores decorated with canes that are joined at maturity by drawing plaits, that clearly distinguishes this species from all the others in the E. muricatus group (Paz et al. 2017 
Mycelium on leaves, epiphytic, amphigenous, producing dense, white patches mostly on the upper leaf surfaces. Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 3 -6 µm wide; hyphal appressoria mostly simple, nipple-shaped or knob-like, and rarely slightly lobed. Conidiophores erect, consisting of a foot-cell, straight or occasionally slightly curved-sinuous at the base, 35 -48 × 5 -7 μm, basal septum at the branching point, followed by (0 -)1-2 cells up to the same length as the foot-cell. Conidia produced singly, mostly cylindrical or ellipsoid-cylindrical, and occasionally doliiform, 27-43 × 10 -14 µm. Germ tubes terminal or subterminal, 1.2 -3(-5) times longer than conidia (longitubus pattern when 5× longer), terminating in simple, often swollen, or rarely lobed appressoria. Sexual morph not observed. Notes -Erysiphe contains approximately 450 species of powdery mildew (Braun & Cook 2012) , including many common, widespread, plurivorous taxa (Takamatsu et al. 2015) . Some are taxonomically unresolved species complexes that are difficult to distinguish morphologically. These have similar or identical ITS sequences, and overlapping, or little-known, host ranges. An example is E. aquilegiae (Jankovics et al. 2008 , Kovacs et al. 2011 , Takamatsu et al. 2015 . Powdery mildews with ITS sequences that were identical or highly similar to E. aquilegiae were recorded on diverse host plants in different parts of the world (Takamatsu et al. 2015) , including Australia (Cunnington et al. 2004 , Southwell et al. 2018 , and belonged to the E. aquilegiae clade as defined by Takamatsu et al. (2015) .
Phylogenetically, E. medicaginis belongs to a well-defined lineage that is sister to the E. aquilegiae clade. Morphologically, it differs from E. aquilegiae, and also from the asexual morphs of other taxa that had ITS sequences identical, or highly similar, to E. aquilegiae, by having mostly simple, and not lobed or multi-lobed hyphal appressoria.
The closest hits using the ITS sequence of E. medicaginis were two powdery mildew specimens from Japan, MUMH897 and MUMH89, collected from fabaceous hosts, Baptisia australis and Sophora flavescens, respectively. Their ITS sequences (GenBank LC009967 and LC009919) were identical to the five E. medicaginis specimens. These two specimens from Japan were recognised as representing a distinct lineage, sister to the E. aquilegiae clade, without being identified at the species level (Takamatsu et al. 2015) .
Erysiphe medicaginis is commonly found on M. polymorpha in Queensland, Australia. Its host plant is a common weed globally, therefore it is likely that E. medicaginis is also widespread on M. polymorpha in different parts of the world, and likely on other fabaceous hosts, as indicated by the two specimens from Japan. Colour illustrations. Medicago polymorpha with powdery mildew-infected older leaves in a weedy area in Tipton, Queensland, Australia. Conidiophores; a non-germinating and a germinated conidium; and simple, nipple-shaped and knob-like hyphal appressoria of Erysiphe medicaginis. Micrographs were taken following rehydration of the powdery mildew mycelium by boiling small pieces of infected plant tissues in lactic acid. Scale bars = 10 μm (conidiophores, conidia), 5 μm (hyphal appressoria)
The majority rule consensus phylogram inferred from the internal transcribed spacer sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the intervening 5.8S nrDNA region using Bayesian Inference. The analysis was performed using MrBayes v. 3.2.4 ) based on the GTR+G nucleotide substitution model selected using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) and Mr-Modeltest v. 2.3. (Nylander 2009 Mycelium composed of pale olivaceous brown, septate, branched, smooth-and thin-walled hyphae, 1-3 μm wide; older hyphae being more strongly pigmented. Spirally twisted hyphae present. Moniliform cells scarce, globose to ellipsoidal, in short chains (-5 cells) . Conidiophores semi-micronematous, pale olivaceous brown, smooth-and thin-walled, mostly laterally disposed on the vegetative hyphae, sometimes terminally disposed, erect, rarely once branched near the base, cylindrical, with a rounded or pointed apex, 0 -4-septate, with a terminal conidiogenous locus, sometimes with additional conidiogenous loci, 8-85 × 2-4 μm. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, monoor polyblastic, integrated to the conidiophores, on vegetative hyphae or well-developed, in the latter case ellipsoidal, ovoid or flask-shaped, 5 -11 × 2 -3 μm, conidiogenous loci cylindrical or conic-cylindrical, with small percurrent proliferations. Conidia aseptate, occasionally 1-septate, pale olivaceous brown, smooth-and thin-walled, ellipsoidal to reniform, 4 -7 × 2-4 μm, sometimes with a truncate base, solitary. Budding cells scarce, ellipsoidal, ovoid or barrel-shaped, 7-11 × 3 -4 μm, in chains up to 5 elements. Chlamydospores scarce, olivaceous, globose, 5 -15 μm diam.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) reaching 5-6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C, slightly raised, velvety, margins regular, brownish grey (M. 5E2; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) , sporulation absent, exudate absent; reverse brownish grey (M. 5E2), diffusible pigment absent. Colonies on oatmeal agar (OA) reaching 6-7 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C, morphologically similar to those on PDA, with sparse sporulation. Colonies on malt extract agar (MEA) reaching 5-7 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C, slightly raised, velvety, margins regular, olive brown (M. 4E4), sporulation absent, exudate absent; reverse olive brown (M. 4F3), diffusible pigment absent. Colonies on potato carrot agar (PCA) reaching 4-6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C, slightly raised, velvety, margins regular, olive brown (M. 4E4), sparse sporulation, exudate absent; reverse brownish grey (M. 4F2), diffusible pigment absent. Colonies on PDA reaching 10-11 mm diam after 2 wk at 15 °C slightly raised velvety, margins regular, brownish grey (M. 5E2), sporulation absent, exudate absent; reverse brownish grey (M. 5E2), diffusible pigment absent. Minimum, optimal and maximum temperature of growth, 10 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C, respectively. Notes -Exophiala frigidotolerans was recovered from a soil sample collected in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The genus Exophiala pertains to a group of fungi known as 'black yeasts', because of the production of yeast-like colonies and budding cells with dark, melanised cell walls. The genus Exophiala is characteri sed by an annellidic conidiogenesis and the production of solitary conidia grouping in slimy masses, and its phylogenetic affiliation to the ascomycete order Chaetothyriales (De Hoog et al. 2011 ). This genus contains numerous potential opportunists or pathogens of immunocompetent humans (Sudhadham et al. 2008 , Li et al. 2008 and are isolated from a broad spectrum of substrata, environments and geographic areas (De Hoog et al. 2011 , Ferrari et al. 2011 . As in E. psychrophila, E. frigidotolerans exhibited the ability to grow at low temperatures. However, E. frigidotolerans presents more developed conidiophores than E. psychrophila (which are reduced to a unique discrete conidiogenous cell in this latter species), and produces shorter chains of moniliform cells (scarce and of up to 5 cells in the former species, and very abundant and of up to several hundred of cells in the latter).
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the ITS sequence is the ex-type strain of Exophiala brunnea CBS 587.66 (GenBank JF747062; Identities = 539/560 (96 %), 6 gaps (1 %)); and using the LSU sequence the ex-type strain of Exophiala brunnea CBS 587.66 (GenBank MH870554; Identities = 868/876 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The ITS-LSU-BenA phylogenetic tree corroborated the placement of our isolate as a new species of Exophiala, being located phylogenetically close to E. brunnea. Exophiala brunnea is easily distinguished from E. frigidotolerans by the production of 2-celled conidia (mostly 1-celled in E. frigidotolerans) and absence of budding cells (formed in E. frigidotolerans). Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the ITS-LSU-BenA alignment of our isolate and sequences retrieved from GenBank. The tree was built by using RAxML CIPRES (http://www.phylo.org/sub_sections/portal/) and the analysis of probability was run in MrBayes v. 3.2.1 .
Bootstrap support values ≥ 70 % and Bayesian posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 are presented at the nodes. Fully supported branches (100 % BS / 1 PP) are thickened. Cyphellophora laciniata CBS 190.61 and Cyphellophora pauciseptata CBS 284.85 were used as outgroup. The new species proposed in this study is indicated in bold. T represents the ex-type strains of the taxa employed in this analysis.
Etymology. From Latin calyx (cup) and coriaceum (leather). In reference to the coriaceous surface of mycelial layer, peeling-off to form a cup under basidiomata.
Classification -Geastraceae, Geastrales, Agaricomycetes.
Unexpanded basidiomata epigeous, golden brown (5D7, Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) to brown (5E4; 5F4), subglobose to obpyriform, 11.5 -15 × 12 -20 mm, surface coriaceous, with little triangular processes when young, velutinous to papery with age, slightly encrusted with debris. Subiculum white (4A1). Expanded basidiomata saccate, 10 -23 mm high (including peristome) × 11-32 mm wide. Exoperidium splitting into 5 -9 triangular rays, revolute or sometimes involute, rolling up under basidiomata, non-hygroscopic. Mycelial layer honey yellow (5D6) to brown (5F5), non-persistent, ephemeral, peeling-off forming a cup under basidiomata, surface coriaceous, not encrusted. Fibrous layer greyish yellow (4B3) to white orange (5A2), coriaceous. Pseudoparenchymatous layer reddish (8E8) when fresh, brownish orange (5C4) to dark brown (6F4) when dried, rimose, persistent or peeling-off in irregular patches, with an inconspicuous collar. Endoperidial body greyish brown (6D3) to brownish orange (6C3), subglobose to pyriform, 5-18 × 9-21 mm, sessile, surface glabrous, non-pruinose. Apophysis absent. Peristome fimbriate, distinctly delimited by greyish brown (6E3) line, mammiform, lighter than endoperidium, < 2 mm high. Gleba greyish brown (6F3). Basidiospores brownish, globose to subglobose, 3.3 -4.1 × 3.25 -4.03 μm (x = 3.62 ± 0.2 × 3.55 ± 0.2 µm, Q m = 1.02, n = 30), ornamentation conspicuous under LM. Warts cylindrical (0.3-0.5 μm high), sometimes with some confluent tips. Apiculous reduced. Basidia yellowish, oval, lageniform to clavate, thick walls (0.4 -1.1 μm), 10.0 -25.9 × 3.8-11.8 µm, 2-5 sterigmata. Eucapillitium pale brown hyphae, 2.8 -6.4 μm diam, surface encrusted, covered by warts, thin walls (0.4-1.1 μm) and lumen evident. Mycelial layer composed of yellowish to hyaline, some sinuous and inflated hyphae, 1.9 -3.3 μm diam, surface non-encrusted, some branched, thin-walled (0.3 -0.75 μm) and lumen evident. Fibrous layer composed of yellowish to hyaline hyphae, 2.9 -5 μm diam, surface non-encrusted, non-branched, thin-walled (0.5 -1 μm) and lumen evident. Pseudoparenchymatous layer composed of yellowish, subglobose, oval to elongated cells, 21.2 -69.8 × 10.1-47.9 μm, thick-walled (0.9 -1.5 μm). Rhizomorphs composed of hyaline, thin hyphae, surface covered by acicular crystals, 3.8 -11.6 × 1.1-1.9 μm, in an irregular arrangement. Notes -Geastrum calycicoriaceum is characterised mainly by its ephemeral yellowish mycelial layer with coriaceous surface, peeling-off forming a cup under basidiomata and persistent rhizomorph with acicular crystals, also by distinct delimited peristome and basidiospores with 3.2 -4.1 μm diam and small warts (up to 0.5 μm high). Our phylogenetic analyses (concatenate ITS and LSU) grouped G. calycicoriaceum in the Mycelisotroma section, Velutina subsection. This subsection comprises, until now, the species Geastrum velutinum, which has some features in common with G. calycicoriaceum: both have a yellowish mycelial layer, delimited and fimbriate peristome and presence of subiculum. However, G. velutinum has lighter colours in peridium layers (yellowish pseudoparenchymatous layer when fresh and pale brown endoperidium) than G. caly cicoriaceum; moreover, G. velutinum lacks an ephemeral, coriaceous mycelial layer (Dissing & Lange 1962) . Geastrum javanicum is another species which could be grouped in subsect. Velutina based on its morphological features. Presently there are no molecular data from the type to support G. javanicum as morphologically similar to G. calycicoriaceum, and it is distinct based on its smaller basidiospores (2.5 -3.5 μm diam), conical peristome and felted endoperidium surface (Ponce de Leon 1968). Geastrum argentinum is another species morphologically close to G. calycicoriaceum. However, it has a non-delimited peristome, and larger basidiospores (4.8 -5.6 μm diam) (Zamora et al. 2013 Colour illustrations. Woncheon stream, located in Namwon City, Jeonnam Povince, Republic of Korea. Once branched sporangiophore with fertile and sterile sporangium (branch); branched sporangiophore with two branches in whorls of two and columellae; sympodially branched sporangiophore with columellae and sterile sporangia; unbranched sporangiophore with apophysis and columella; giant cells; unbranched sporangiophore with apophysis and columella; sporangiospores. Scale bars = 20 μm.
Etymology. Name refers to the isolation site, Namwon city, from where the strain was first isolated. Classification -Cunninghamellaceae, Mucorales, Mucoromycotina, Mucoromycota, Mucoromyceta. Mycelium hyaline. Rhizoids hyaline, coenocytic, branched; stolons hyaline, coenocytic, smooth-walled. Sporangiophores mostly arising from stolons or directly from aerial hyphae and stolon-like, erect or slightly recumbent, apophysate, simple or commonly sympodially and/or monopodially branched, smooth-walled, up to 1 mm in length and 5 µm diam, with up to 1 septum (majority) below the sporangium. Short and long branches may be found on the same sporangiophore at short or long distances from the main sporangium, and frequently rebranching. Branches in whorls of 2 or 3 may be found on some sporangiophores. Apophyses globose (2.5-)5-9.5(-12) µm, subglobose and ellipsoid, some with a truncated base, 7.5 -14.5 × 5.5 -12 µm, smooth-walled. Sporangia pale yellow, globose, wall transparent, deliquescent and smooth, up to 30 µm diam. Sometimes sterile sporangia are formed. Columellae hyaline, globose, subglobose, 3.5 -7 µm diam, hemispherical, 1.8-5.5 × 2.5-8.5 µm, nipple-like, ellipsoidal, 2-3.8 × 2-5 µm. Sporangiospores hyaline, reniform, ellipsoidal, some ovoid, 2.5 -3.5 × 1.7-2.5 µm, rarely irregular, up to 6 × 2.5 µm. Giant cells globose, subglobose and branched. Chlamydospores mostly globose and subglobose. Zygosporangia not observed.
Culture characteristics & Temperature tests -Colony white, reverse cream, low to moderate growth, taking the whole Petri dish (9 cm diam) after 5 d on malt extract agar (MEA) at 28 °C; odourless; at 5 °C -lack of growth; at 10 °C -slow growth (0.6 cm diam after 168 h); at 15 °C -slow growth (2.2 cm diam after 168 h); at 20 °C -slow growth (3.5 cm diam after 168 h), better than at 15 °C; at 25 °C -moderate growth (5.5 cm diam after 168 h); at 28 °C -optimum growth (9 cm diam after 120 h); at 30 °C -moderate growth (6 cm diam after 168 h); at 35 °Cslow growing (1.4 cm after 168 h). Gongronella namwonensis exhibited slightly better growth on MEA than on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 20, 25, 28, 30 and 35 °C with similar growth at 10 and 15 °C. The growth was also slightly better on MEA than on synthetic mucor agar (SMA), except at 35 °C, where G. namwonensis grew 2.2 cm after 168 h in SMA.
Typus. South koreA, Namwon City, Jeonbuk Province, N35°24'27.66" E127°24'53.12", from freshwater samples, 24 July 2019, H.B. Lee (holotype CNUFC-WW2-12; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MN658480 and MN658482, MycoBank MB833390).
Notes -Gongronella namwonensis differs from other species based on its morphological characters and the phylogenetic relationships established based on the ITS and LSU rDNA regions. Morphologically, G. namwonensis differs from the other species by producing concomitantly strongly sympodially and/ or monopodially branched sporangiophores, some showing branches in whorls of 3, columellae varied (some nipple-like) and apophyses (some with a truncated basis), as well as giant cells. So far, giant cells had only been visualised in G. brasiliensis. Sporangiophores of G. namwonensis presents up to one septum below the sporangia and are long (up to 1 mm in length), different from the shorter (up to 320 μm in length) and with up to two septa sporangiophores of G. brasiliensis. The columellae of G. brasiliensis are globose, subglobose and conicalcylindrical, never hemispheric or nipple-like, as observed in G. namwonensis. Additionally, as observed in G. brasiliensis, our species produces sporangiospores varied in shape, but they are never falciform or ellipsoid to fusiform like the ones of the Brazilian species (Tibpromma et al. 2017 ). In the ITS and LSU rDNA trees (data not shown) G. namwonensis was placed in a well-supported clade separate from the other species. A more closely related species is G. guangdonguensis. Morphologically, both species can be easily distinguished by the shape of sporangiospores, being globose in G. guangdonguensis, as well the fact that it lacks rhizoids and stolons (AdAmčík et al. 2015) , both structures which are present in G. namwonensis.
Phylogenetic tree of Gongronella namwonensis CNUFC-WW2-12 and CNUFC-WW2-12-1 based on maximum likelihood analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) nrDNA region. The numbers at the branches are bootstrap support value (≥ 50 %) from 1 000 replications. Gongronella lacrispora was used as the outgroup. Ex-type strains are indicated by T . Pathogenic on leaves of Kielmeyera coriacea. Leaf spots up to 3 cm diam, rather irregular, sometimes confluent and covering almost the whole blade, often at the margins, amphigenous, showing small dark points of conidiomata at the upper side of the leaves. Conidiomata acervular at maturity, 175 -300 µm diam, with brownish wall layers of textura angularis, sub cuticular to intraepidermal, scattered. Conidiophores hyaline to pale brown, 5 -10-septate, 11-25 × 2.5 -5 µm, branched, smooth. Vegetative hyphae internal, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, intermingled with the host cells, branched, 1-3 μm diam. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, phialidic with a conspicuous collarette, 6-15 × 1-1.5 µm, percurrent proliferation with a serrate collarette. Conidia hyaline to pale brown, variable, sometimes elongate-fusoid, fusoid to ellipsoidal, aseptate, smooth and thick-walled, attenuate and papillate at the apex, truncate at the base, guttulate, 15 -21 × 6 -9 µm, 2 -3 µm. Conidial cirrhi arising from conidiomata on the surface of infected leaves.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt agar (MA2%) and oatmeal agar (OA) (near-UV light, 12 h photoperiod) with a pale brown centre surrounded by a greyish olivaceous ring containing dark spore masses, followed by a pale brown area with aerial feltose mycelium and irregular margins. A reddish to vinaceous pigment is produced in all media (either side of the plates), more intensely in PDA. Slow growth on all media, no growth at 10, 15, and 35 °C on PDA and MA2% and at 10, 15, 20 and 35 °C on OA. Growth / d at 20 °C on PDA was 0.9 and 0.5 mm (for isolates CML3527 and CML3528, respectively) while on MA2% it was 2.9 and 2.1 mm. Growth at 25 °C on PDA (1 and 1.6 mm), on MA2% (3.9 and 4.9 mm), on OA (4.5 and 5.2 mm). Growth at 30 °C on PDA was 0.7 mm for both isolates, on MA2% was 0.1 and 0.2 mm and on OA 0.3 and 0.1 mm. Conidia were produced at approximately 8, 10 and 14 d, respectively on OA, MA2% and PDA at 25 °C. Notes -Greeneria kielmeyerae is related to the other species of the genus, G. uvicola (Farr et al. 2001 ) and G. saprophytica (Tangthirasunun et al. 2014) , but differs from these species in the production of a reddish to vinaceous pigment on plates, for having larger conidia (18 × 7.5 in G. kielmeyerae, 9.5 × 4.25 in G. uvicola and 12 × 5.5 in G. saprophytica) and a larger length to width ratio of the conidia (2.4 in G. kielmeyerae, 2.23 in G. uvicola and 2.18 in G. saprophytica). The closest phylogenetic relative of G. kielmeyerae CML3527 T (accession MN431156.1) with ITS sequences was Melanconiella spodiaea SPOD1 (GenBank JQ926301.1; 81.82 % identity), it had 80.1 % identity with the ITS sequence of G. uvicola Fl12007 (GenBank HQ586009.1) and 77.93 % identity with the ITS of G. sapro phytica NTCL052-1 (GenBank KJ021933.1). With LSU sequences the closest relative of G. kielmeyerae CML3527 T (GenBank MN508997.1) was G. uvicola USvitis (GenBank JN547723.1; 98.42 %) and it was 97.04 % identical to the LSU sequence of G. saprophytica NTCL052-1 (GenBank KJ021935.1). With SSU sequences, the closest relative of G. kielmeyerae CML3527 T (GenBank MN508390.1) was Coryneum heveanum MFLUCC17-0369 (GenBank NG_065764.1; 99.56 % identity), and had 99.33 % identity with the SSU sequence of G. saprophytica NTCL052-1 (GenBank KJ021934.1). The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Greeneria and closely-related genera are not well defined as observed by Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) . Unrooted maximum likelihood tree obtained by phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS and LSU sequences from Greeneria kiemeyerae and phylogenetically related species performed in the software MEGA v. 6.06 (Tamura et al. 2013 ) employing the GTR+G model with 1 000 bootstrap re-samplings. Bootstrap support values > 70 % are presented. The new species is shown in red text ( T = ex-type) and the genus Greeneria is delimited in a pale red box. GenBank accession numbers are given after each strain (ITS = blue, LSU= green). Hemileucoglossum kelabitense V. Kučera, Fedosova & Sochorová, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to the Kelabit Highlands where the fungus was collected.
Classification -Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes.
Ascomata scattered to gregarious, capitate, stipitate, 6 -22 × 1-6.7 mm, dry, black throughout. Ascigerous part capitate or broadly clavate, 1/7-1/4 of the total ascomata length, black, compressed or oval in cross section, sharply delimited from the stipe, smooth both in fresh and dry conditions. Stipe terete, cylindrical, oval in cross section, 5 -17 × 0.6 -4 mm, slender to robust, with dark brown setose hairs in tufts mainly at the upper part of the stipe, rough to squamulose. Asci cylindrical-clavate, (220 -)223 -245(-285) × 17.5 -22 μm (all measurements of microscopic characters refer to rehydrated material in tap water), Q = 10.5-13.5, unitunicate, inoperculate, 8-spored, with euamyloid ascoapical apparatus and inamyloid wall in MLZ and IKI, arising from croziers. Ascospores elongate, ellipsoid baculiform, sometimes slightly curved, (110 -)121-130(-135) × 5-5.7 μm, Q = (22-)24-27, hyaline, finally becoming brown, 15-septate at maturity, smooth. Ascoconidia ellipsoid, ovoid or dacryoid, 2.9-7.2 × 2.1-4.2 μm, Q = 1.2-2.5, brown, aseptate, formed already on ascospores inside the asci, smooth. Paraphyses straight, sparsely septate, 2 -3 μm wide at lower part, hyaline at basal part to pale brown at the apex, agglutinated by dense brown amorphous matter. Apical cells of paraphyses usually inflated, clavate to capitate, sometimes constricted and proliferating, 22 -60 × (4 -)7-9(-12) μm. Flesh of the fertile part formed by grey cylindrical cells, 17-41 × 7-13 μm. Flesh of the stipe formed by grey cylindrical cells, 9 -49 × 3 -11 μm, oriented with their long axis in the same direction as the stipe. Stipe surface squamulose due to tufts of septate dark brown setose hairs, (100 -)140 -190(-220) × 7-10 μm at the middle part and 2 -5 μm at the apical part, crumpled, sometimes bifurcated, thick-walled (0.5 -1 μm), with rounded apex.
Habit, Habitat & Distribution -In small groups on soil among mosses. The species is known only from the type locality. Notes -Predominantly hyaline ascospores finally becoming brown, paraphyses agglutinated by a dense brown amorphous matter and setose hairs on the stipe (but lacking on the fertile part), as well as the genetic profile rank the new species with the genus Hemileucoglossum (Arauzo & Iglesias 2014) . Hemileucoglossum kelabitense is characterised by the longest ascospores and asci within the genus. Morphologically, the most similar species is H. alveolatum, which is alike in number of septa (up to 15) in ascospores, but its ascospores are shorter and slightly thinner (60 -95 × 4 -5 μm). Moreover, H. alveolatum prefers very rotten wood and logs (Durand 1908 (Durand 1908 , Nannfeldt 1942 , Crous et al. 2017 , Kučera & Fedosova 2017 .
Colour illustrations. Tropical rainforest in Bario town surroundings, the Kelabit Highlands. Macro-and microscopic structures of holotype: ascomata; ascospores (in tap water); ascospores germinating by ascoconidia inside the ascus (in tap water); amyloid reaction of the ascoapical apparatus (in IKI); paraphyses (in 3 % KOH); setose hairs of the stipe surface (in tap water). Rehydrated material was used for all photos of microscopic characters. Scale bars = 1 cm (ascomata), 10 μm (microscopic structures). Heterocephalacria septentrionalis Kachalkin, M.A. Tomashevskaya & T.A. Pankratov, sp. nov. Etymology. The epithet refers to the species distribution in the northern regions of Russia.
Classification -Filobasidiaceae, Filobasidiales, Tremellomycetes.
On glucose peptone yeast extract agar (GPYA) and 5 % malt extract agar (MEA), after 7 d at 20 °C, streak is cream-coloured, shiny and mucoid, with an entire margin, and flat profile. After a month, the colour of the streak is pinkish cinnamon. Cells are globose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4 -7 × 2.5 -4 μm, occur singly or in pairs, dividing by polar and multilateral budding. Sexual structures, pseudohyphae, true hyphae and ballistoconidia have not been observed during 4 wk at 10 and 20 °C in culture (pure cultures and in mating test) grown on GPYA, MEA, potato dextrose agar (PDA), yeast nitrogen base with 0.5 % glucose (YNB) agar and cornmeal agar. Glucose is not fermented. Glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, trehalose, lactose, melibiose, raffinose, melezitose, soluble starch (variable and weak), D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-arabinose, D-ribose, L-rhamnose, D-glucosamine (variable and weak), ethanol (weak), glycerol (weak), ribitol (weak), galactitol, D-mannitol, D-glucitol, methyl alpha-D-glucoside, salicin, D-gluconate, succinic acid, citric acid, 2-keto-D-gluconate, myo-inositol and arbutin are assimilated; no growth occurs on L-sorbose, inulin, erythritol, DL-lactic acid, methanol. Nitrogen compounds: ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, L-lysine (variable), D-glucosamine (variable), cadaverine (variable), creatinine (variable), creatine (variable) are assimilated, and no growth occurs on ethylamine. Growth on vitamin-free medium is variable. Growth on MEA with 10 % NaCl and on 50 % w/w glucose / yeast extract (0.5 %) agar is negative. Growth with 0.01 % and 0.1 % cycloheximide is variable. Starch-like compounds are produced. Diazonium blue B colour and urease reactions are positive. Maximum growth temperature is 22 -24 °C. Notes -Analysis of the ITS-D1/D2 regions of the surveyed yeasts suggested that they were conspecific (2 subst. between strains from Nadym and Kandalaksha) and represented a hitherto undescribed species of Heterocephalacria. The genus Heterocephalacria comprises three sexual mycoparasites of lichens (H. bachmannii and H. physciacearum) and mushrooms (H. solida), and several asexual species of yeasts (Kachalkin et al. 2019 , Kunthiphun et al. 2019 , Li et al. 2019 . Two new yeast strains were isolated as a minor component from Cladonia lichens whose thallus did not have basidioma-like structures. Although no sexual morph was discovered for new species, its mycoparasitic lifestyle cannot be excluded. Based on the NCBI GenBank database, the best hit using the ITS and LSU sequences is H. sinensis CBS 15417 T (ITS -GenBank MG909556; 96.21 % similar, 18 subst. and 3 gaps, LSU -Gen-Bank KY614524; 98.01 % similar, 9 subst. and 2 gaps), using SSU it is H. bachmannii AM72 (GenBank JN043559; 99.34 % similar, 10 subst. and 1 gap), using TEF1 and RPB1 the number of nucleotide substitutions was considerable -without hits with Heterocephalacria. In compliance with a recent phylogenetic analysis of the genus (Kachalkin et al. 2019) , the placement of the new species is demonstrated using the combined ITS and LSU rDNA phylogeny. Heterocephalacria septentrionalis can be differentiated from H. sinensis based on its ability to assimilate galactose, maltose, trehalose, melezitose, L-rhamnose, glycerol, D-mannitol, D-glucitol, citric acid, and negative growth on L-sorbose. Notes -Kosmimatamyces is a new genus that groups in the Capnodiaceae, a family whose members are known as sooty molds whose dark hyphae cover the surface of living leaves and twigs of many plants (Hughes 1976 , Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020 . Hypersaline soil represents a new ecological niche, reinforcing the hypothesis of Crous et al. (2009) and Chomnunti et al. (2011) that plant surfaces are not the only environmental niche for this group of fungi. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the ITS sequence was Micro xiphium theae CBS 202.30 (GenBank MH855113; Identities = 475/514 (92 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), Antennariella placitae AS01 (GenBank MG583755; Identities = 472/511 (92 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), and Leptoxyphium kurandae MCC1085 (GenBank KF826942; Identities = 470/510 (92 %), 9 gaps (2 %)); using the LSU sequence the closest hit were Capnodium coartatum MFLUCC10-0066 (GenBank JN832613; Identities = 547/555 (99 %) , no gaps), Microxyphium aciculiforme CBS 892.73 (Gen-Bank GU301847; Identities = 547/555 (99 %), no gaps), and Conidioxyphium gardeniorum CPC 14327 (GenBank GU301807; Identities = 547/ 555 (99 %) , no gaps). The LSU phylogenetic tree corroborated the placement of our isolate close to the genus Leptoxyphium. The species of Leptoxyphium are characterised by pycnidial conidiomata with a bulbous swollen base and cylindrical neck that expands at the apex to become funnel-shaped (Hughes 1976 , Chomnunti et al. 2011 , whereas Kosmimatamyces produces single conidio phores. Etymology. From Greek αλατος-, salt, and -φιλος, lover, because of the environment from which the fungus was recovered.
Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, thick-walled, 2.5-4.5 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous or semimacronematous, erect, straight to flexuous, from hyaline to dark brown, thick-and smooth-walled to verrucose along its length, branched or unbranched, branches terminal or lateral, in an angle 45 to 90°, 13-100 × 3.5-6 µm. Conidiogenous cells determinate, integrated, terminal or intercalary, pale to dark brown, verrucose, mono-or polyblastic, 8-12 × 5-7.5 µm, scars truncate of 2-3.5 µm wide. Ramoconidia aseptate, pale to dark brown, thick-and smooth-walled to verrucose, subcylindrical, 8.5 -25 × 3 -6 µm. Conidia 0 -1-septate, brown to dark brown, thick-walled, with a spinulose, digitate, pustulate to crater-like ornamentation, globose, limoniform to ovoid or ellipsoid, 6 -11 × 5 -10 µm, with one or more notorious scars, arranged in branching acropetal chains, of schizolytic secession.
Culture characteristics -(after 2 wk in darkness at 25 °C). Colonies on oatmeal agar (OA) up to 37 mm diam, flat, slightly dusty to floccose, greyish sepia (Rayner 1970) , aerial mycelium scarce, margins entire, exudates as olivaceous brown; reverse black, diffusible pigments absent. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) up to 39 mm diam, flat, velvety, radiate and sulcate, greyish sepia at centre, greyish white to the borders, margins regular, scarce droplets of olivaceous exudates; reverse olive black to greyish sepia, diffusible pigments absent. On malt extract agar (MEA) up to 34 mm diam, velvety, zonate, radially folded and somewhat elevated, pale olivaceous grey, mostly consisting of vegetative mycelium, margins irregular; reverse greenish black, diffusible pigments absent. On potato carrot agar (PCA) up to 41 mm diam, floccose, olivaceous black, radiate, margin filamentous; reverse olivaceous black, diffusible pigments absent. On SNA up to 40 mm diam, flat, radiate, olivaceous at the centre and isabelline to the margins, margin entire; reverse olivaceous black at the centre, borders olive, diffusible pigments absent.
Fungal Planet 1085 -29 June 2020
Kosmimatamyces Bianchin., Reinoso F., Rodr.-Andr., Cano & Stchigel, gen. nov. Etymology. From Greek κοσμήματα-, jewellery, and -μύκης, fungus, because of the microscopic look of the fungus.
Classification -Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes.
Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, pale to dark brown, thick-walled hyphae, sometimes coarsely ornamented. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous or semimacronematous, erect, straight to flexuous, from hyaline to dark brown, thick-and smoothto rough-walled, cylindrical, narrow, branched or not, branches terminal and lateral, in angles of 45 to 90°. Conidio genous cells determinate, integrated, terminal and intercalary, monoor polyblastic, pale to dark brown, verrucose, scars truncate. Conidia holoblastic, 0 -1-septate, brown to dark brown, thickwalled, globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, ornamented with spines and crater-like warts, with dark scars at one or both ends, arranged in branching acropetal chains. Lactifluus albopicri T. Lebel & L. Tegart, sp. nov. Etymology. Named for the colour and hot taste of the basidiomata, albo = white, picri-= hot.
Classification -Russulaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Basidiomata robust, lactarioid. Pileus 48 -85(-120) mm diam, convex with decurved margin, planoconvex with depressed centre when mature; dry, smooth to very finely tomentose, white becoming very pale yellowish buff to pale honey cream with cream margin and slightly honey coloured centre; context solid, white becoming very pale cream coloured, no staining. Lamellae at first broadly adnate, then subdecurrent to decurrent, narrow (1.5 mm), close (c. 6 -8 per cm) with some forking, and 2-3 rows lamellulae, concolourous with pileus or slightly paler. Stipe 20 -50(-80) × 10 -22(-30) mm, cylindrical or slightly tapered to base in older material, central, smooth, dry, whitish tinged with yellowish buff or hints of pale orange to pinkish buff; context firm, white, unchanging, dry, chalky. Basal mycelium white. Latex copious, white, unchanging, very hot and peppery. Spore deposit white. Phenol: rapidly wine red/pink; FeSO 4rapidly brown. Spores 6.2 -7.65(-7.9) × 5.1-6.3 µm (n = 40, 7.22 ± 0.53 × 5.91 ± 0.39 µm), Q = 1.09 -1.28, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, asymmetric; ornamentation and spore wall amyloid, up to 0.6 -1 µm high, composed of isolated irregular warts that join together to variable degree in very fine lines to form a very partial reticulum, plage inamyloid. Basidia 29 -40 × 5.5 -11 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 2 -4-spored; sterigmata 3 -5 µm long. Pleuromacrocystidia 25 -60 × 5-9 µm, moderately common to abundant, cylindric to fusiform. Pleuropseudocystidia 32 -48 × 7-12 µm, cylindrical, moderately abundant, apices occasionally mucronate. Cheilomacrocystidia 30 -55 × 4 -10 µm, cylindrical to subclavate with capitate apices, scattered. Hymenophoral trama predominantly composed of hyaline hyphae 3 -6 µm diam, interwoven with abundant sinuous lactifers up to 12 µm broad; subhymenium cellular, 2 -3 tiers of parenchymatous cells, 8 -14 × 5-11 µm. Pileipellis a hyphoepithelium, 2-layered: subpellis up to 100 µm thick, composed of globose to subglobose cells 8-21(-32) µm diam; suprapellis 15 -50 µm thick, composed of mostly upright thin-walled hyaline hyphae, 3 -4(-5) µm diam, and abundant dermatocystidia 32 -63 × 8 -14 µm, cylindrical to clavate, with granular contents. Pileus context heteromerous, with abundant sinuous laticiferous hyphae, 6 -11 µm diam.
Habit, Habitat & Distribution -Gregarious on soil amongst eucalypt leaf litter in wet sclerophyll forest. Widely distributed from cool temperate forest in southern Australia (Vic, Tas) with Eucalyptus regnans and Nothofagus cunninghamii dominant in canopy, scattered Acacia dealbata and A. melanoxylon, with ferny understorey of Dicksonia antarctica, Blechnum watsii and Asplenium sp., up to subtropical eucalypt and Lophostemon woodland in northern Australia (NT, QLD). Notes -The overall diversity of Lactifluus in Australia is poorly known (May et al. 2004) , perhaps in the order of 10 -12 species, with only a few sections examined (i.e., Gerardii; Stubbe et al. 2012) . The main characters used to distinguish species in Lf. sect. Piperati are the shape and ornamentation of the spores, the composition of the lamellar edge, the form of the cheilomacrocystidia and the hypoepithelium pileipellis that lacks thick-walled elements (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998 , De Crop et al. 2014 . The majority of other species in Lactifluus have pilei with thick-walled elements (Verbeken & Walleyn 2010) . Two morphologically distinct species are recognised from Europe and an additional 10 or so Asian species remain to be morphologically documented and described (De Crop et al. 2014) . Up until recently, no species of Lf. sect Piperati were known to occur in South America, Africa or Australasia.
Lactifluus albopicri is a widespread species in eastern Australia, from Tasmania up to subtropical Queensland and into the Northern Territory, occurring in wetter forests in association with Eucalyptus and Nothofagus. Lactifluus albopicri resembles many of the known species from Lf. sect. Piperati, in the robust, pale coloured basidiomata, hot peppery latex, and spores with fine, low ornamentation. Lactifluus albopicri differs from another Australian sect. Piperati species, Lf. austropiperatus, in the typically larger sporocarps, slightly darker yellowish to pale orange pileus and lamellae, larger and subglobose vs broadly ellipsoid spores with finer and lower ornamentation. Lactifluus albopicri sits in a well-supported clade with a single sequence from Thailand (GenBank KF220078), amongst other SE Asian clades.
Colour illustrations. Cool temperate rainforest dominated with Eucalyptus regnans and Nothofagus cunninghamii with scattered Acacia spp. and understorey of Dicksonia antarctica (photo G. Lay). Northern habitat of subtropical Lophostemon woodland; basidiomata; section through hypoepithelium pileipellis; SEM of spores. Scale bars: 10 mm; 20 µm; 5 µm. Lactifluus austropiperatus T. Lebel & L. Tegart, sp. nov. Etymology. Named for its similarity to Lactifluus piperatus from the Northern Hemisphere and its distribution in Australia.
Basidiomata robust, lactarioid. Pileus 30-50 mm diam, convex with decurved margin, planoconvex with depressed centre when mature; pileipellis dry, glabrous, azonate, whitish variously tinged with yellowish or hints of pale orange when younger, to pale-biscuit-buff overall in older specimens. Lamellae subdecurrent, close (c. 5 -7 per cm) with some forking closer to margin, and 2 -3 rows lamellulae, very pale orange, bruising a little darker with handling. Stipe 32 -65 × 8 -16 mm, cylindrical, whitish tinged with yellowish or hints of pale orange; context white, unchanging, taste hot and peppery. Latex copious, white, unchanging or barely yellowing slightly after 10 -15 min, very hot and peppery. Spore print white. Spores (7.5 -)8.5 -9.5 × 6.8 -8.4 µm (n = 40, 8.11 ± 0.55 × 7.28 ± 0.61), Q = 1.07-1.15 ± 0.03, barely globose to subglobose, asymmetric, hyaline; ornamentation amyloid, up to 0.4 µm high, composed of irregular warts that join together to variable degree in short thin fine lines; plage inamyloid. Basidia 32-45 × 6-11 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored; sterigmata short, robust. Pleuromacrocystidia 35 -60 × 4 -7 µm, abundant, narrowly cylindrical to fusiform, with tapering apex. Pleuropseudocystidia similar size and shape to pleuromacrocystidia, moderately abundant, sometimes with irregular mucronate apices. Cheilomacrocystidia (29 -)40 -65(-75) × 4 -6.5(-8) µm, cylindrical to filiform with acute or capitate apices, with crystalline contents, scattered, more obvious in younger specimens. Hymenophoral trama up to 70 µm wide, composed of interwoven hyaline hyphae of 3 -6 µm diam and abundant sinuous lactifers up to 10 µm thick, sphaerocytes rare; subhymenium layer up to 25 µm thick, parenchymatous, cells 6 -11 µm diam. Pileipellis a hyphoepithelium, 2-layered: subpellis up to 155 µm thick, composed of globose to subglobose cells 8 -21 µm diam; suprapellis 31-50 µm thick, composed of mostly repent thin-walled hyphae, frequently septate, 2 -4(-5) µm broad; context broad, composed of hetero merous tissue, sphaerocytes up to 35 µm diam interwoven with hyaline hyphae 3 -7 µm diam, and scattered to abundant sinuous laticiferous hyphae of 5 -12 µm diam.
Habit, Habitat & Distribution -In savanna eucalypt woodland with Eucalyptus pilularis or E. delegatensis, and E. cypellocarpa near creek lines with Syzygium, Allocasuarina, Acacia spp., with tall grass understorey, rarely in mixed Nothofagus moorei forest leaf litter; solitary but common. Notes -Lactifluus austropiperatus morphologically closely resembles Lf. subpiperatus, described from Japan (Hongo 1964) ; unfortunately, no sequence data are currently available for comparison. Lactifluus dwaliensis, Lf. allardii, Lf. glaucescens, and Lf. subpiperatus grow respectively in association with species of oak in temperate deciduous forests in India, hardwood or pine-oak forests in central to southern USA, mixed deciduous forests in Europe, or deciduous oak forest in Japan (Das et al. 2003 , Verbeken et al. 2012 . Lactifluus dwaliensis is a rare all-white species with quite a long stipe, and context and tissue that slowly stains light greenish yellow, while Lf. allardii is stockier, with pinkish brown colours and flesh that stains purplish pinkish then green, and white copious latex that slowly turns greenish then brownish (Das et al. 2003 , De Crop et al. 2014 . Lactifluus glaucescens is an elegant, allwhite species with densely crowded lamellae and latex that turns slowly olive to pastel green. All five species have smallish spores with low ornamentation under 0.5 µm high, as isolated warts with scattered connecting lines, grading into a partial reticulum. Lactifluus subpiperatus is morphologically most similar to Lf. austropiperatus, also having white then patchily pale ochraceous, somewhat stocky basidiomata, forked lamellae, and small subsphaerical spores (Hongo 1964) . However, Lf. austropiperatus has sporocarps with more yellowish to pale orange tinges, flesh and latex that does not change colour or only very slowly and slightly, with no green tones, and pleuromacrocystidia are present (De Crop et al. 2014) . Lactifluus austropiperatus grows in association with subtropical forest of Eucalyptus, and more rarely Nothofagus, in northern NSW and southern QLD, Australia.
In our analysis Lf. austropiperatus is in a strongly sup ported clade with a specimen from Thailand (GenBank KF220110, H.T. Le 376), however, at this time we maintain the Australian material as distinct until further collections from Thailand can be examined and sequenced. Preliminary morphological examination shows the spores of H.T. Le 376 to be slightly smaller, and the ornamentation to be slightly finer than the Australian material. Lactifluus austropiperatus is sister to L. dwaliensis, a specimen from Honduras (LMUNAH0073; no plant associate listed), and an environmental sample from Florida, USA associated with Pinus clausa. Lecanicillium praecognitum Gorczak & Kisło, sp. nov. Etymology. prae (Latin: before, ahead of) + cognitum (Latin: known, noted; neut. part. adj.); known before; referring to the fact that the species was noted several years before formal description.
Classification -Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes.
On sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA): Conidiophores erect, mostly single, sometimes in whorls up to four. Unfrequently secon dary phialides arise, sometimes in whorls up to three. Phialides 17.5 -43.5 (av. = 28.5) µm long × 1.5 -3 (av. = 2.3) µm wide. Conidia hyaline, smooth, granular, oblong to slightly fusiform, solitary or in small clusters, (3.5 -)4 -6.5(-7.5) (av. = 5.3) µm long × 1-2.5(-3) (av. = 1.8) µm wide, usually trice as long as wide, with one to two guttules. Vegetative hyphae smooth, hyaline, regularly septate, 1.5 -3 (av. = 2.2) µm wide. Crystals octahedral, translucent, 10.5 -20(-22.5) (av. = 16.5) µm long in medium, less regularly in substrate mycelium.
Culture characteristics -(in darkness, 20 ± 2 °C). Colonies cottony, margin even to slightly irregular, with dense and abundant aerial mycelium. On SDA and potato dextrose agar (PDA) averse white, reverse creamy to yellow, reaching 3 cm in 14 d, 5.5 cm in 21 d. Octahedral crystals produced in the medium and substrate mycelium. Sometimes yellowish droplets of exudate on the surface of older cultures. Growth is slow but not arrested in 4 °C. Notes -Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, four similar ITS sequences were found (98.9 -99.8 % identity). Two of them belongs to strains isolated from wood: historic construction wood in Chiloé, Chile (GenBank KF675189.1) and Picea abies wood from Sweden (GenBank AY805597.1) and other two sequences were generated during research on mycorrhizae of Ericaceae: Pyrola media in Scotland, UK (GenBank FN565380.1) and Epacris pulchella in south-eastern Australia (GenBank AY627789.2). This variety suggests that the species have a global distribution and much wider ecological niche than known strains. However, if L. praecognitum can thrive on frass of minute arthropods as we observed, the actual substratum might have been overlooked in previous cases. No specimens are available from a 2004 study in Sweden (A. Menkis pers. comm.) or 2014 study in Chile (R. Blanchette pers. comm.).
Lecanicillium longisporum is morphologically most similar to L. praecognitum, but it has longer (up to 10.5 µm) and sometimes septate spores (Zare & Gams 2001) . Other species with similar spores includes Akanthomyces muscarius (formerly Lecanicillium), which differs in size of conidia and more often has phialides in the whorls; A. attenuatum, which differs in phialide size and has at least some conidia with attenuate base; L. flavidum and L. fungicola which produce spores in slimy heads; L. fusisporium which produces characteristic broad conidia, and L. nodulosum which has characteristic swellings of hyphae. Related L. acerosum is most similar when it comes to size of phialides and conidia but it can be easily distinguished by its long, thin, acerose spores.
Colour illustrations. Białowieża Primeval Forest logging site, Poland. Fourteen-day-old colonies of L. praecognitum on SDA at 20 °C, obverse (left) and reverse (right); solitary phialides; octahedral crystals in medium; conidia; apical hyphae with whorls of phialides and secondary phialides. Scale bars = 10 µm. Notes -Prior to this study, Macalpinomyces contained 11 host-specific species restricted to Eriachne (Poaceae) in Australasia (Li et al. 2017) . Macalpinomyces collinsiae is the twelfth species, known only from the type specimen on E. benthamii in north-western Australia. All species of Macalpinomyces are morphologically similar and can only be reliably separated by host range and molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Phylogram obtained from a maximum likelihood analysis of the ITS region of rDNA in IQTree v. 1.7 beta (Nguyen et al. 2015) with a model test for each partition (command -m TEST -spp) . aRLT values (≥ 90 %) (Guindon et al. 2010 ) and ultrafast bootstrap values (≥ 95 %) (Hoang et al. 2018) from 10 000 replicates above nodes. Minimum spanning network (Bandelt et al. 1999) Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana, sp. nov. Etymology. From the Latin crassus (thick) and velatus (with a veil), referring to the presence of a thick, abundant veil on the pileus surface.
Classification -Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Basidiomata stipitate. Pileus 20 -40 mm diam, at first convex, then applanate to plano-convex, without umbo, with an inflexed margin when young, fibrillose-tomentose to woolly-tomentose, sometimes scaly, when moist almost smooth; initially ochraceous yellow (Mu 10YR 6/6) to ochraceous brown (Mu 7.5Y 8/4), brown with an olivaceous tinge when moist, sometimes fulvous orange (Mu 7.5YR 3/6) at disc; in young basidiomes with a thick, white velipellis. Lamellae rather crowded to crowded (L = 48 -85), with lamellulae (l = 0 -1), adnexed to arcuate, sometimes subdecurrent, initially pale ochraceous with a faint olivaceous hue, then brown; edge whitish to concolourous, crenulate. Stipe 25 -40 × 3 -6 mm, cylindrical, solid, then becoming fistulose, pale yellow to concolourous with pileus in aged basidiomes; surface fibrillose, white towards the base for the presence of a white velipellis; white cortina present in young basidiomes. Context yellowish in pileus, somewhat and ochraceous brownish in stipe. Smell earthy sometimes mixed with a subspermatic component. Taste indistinct. Basidiospores (7.7-)8.3 -8.7-9.2(-11.4) × (3.9 -)4.7-5 -5.2(-5.9) µm, Q = (1.5-)1.67-1.76 -1.85(-2.1), smooth, yellowish, very variable in shape, ellipsoid to subphaseoliform, sometimes amygdaliform in side view with obtuse or sub-ogival apex; presence of anomalous long spores (over 11 μm, probably discharged from bisporic basidia), walls up to 0.5 μm thick. ) × (7.7-) 8.2 -9.4 (-9.9) µm, clavate to cylindrical, 4-spored, sometimes 1-2-spored, with inner olivaceous guttulae and brown necropigment, sterigmata up to 3 µm long; sometimes they are rarely present on lamella edge. Hymenophoral trama regular, formed by cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 10-16 µm wide elements, with a brownish wall; subhymenium consisting of up to 100 µm long elements, 7-13 µm wide. Cheilocystidia very numerous, (14.3 -)18 -28.2(-32.6) × (6.1-)7. 9 -11.4(-14.7) µm, hyaline, usually thin-walled, very variable in shape, cylindrical, oblong to clavate, with a few septa; mixed with basidia. Pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia present at stipe apex (1/4), at least partly catenulate with terminal element as true cystidium, from ellipsoid to ovoid, up to 25 µm long. Pileipellis an undifferentiated cutis with some ascending hyphae; terminal elements cylindrical to subcylindrical, 50 -110 × 7-14 µm, with ochraceous-brown parietal pigment. Clamp-connections present.
Habitat & Distribution -Gregarious in deciduous (Fagaceae) or coniferous (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris) forests. So far known from Italy, Slovenia and Spain. Typus. SloVeniA, Pregarje, 710 m asl, under Fagus sylvatica, 28 June 2014, G. Ferisin (holotype MCVE 29561; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MN536812 and MN537138, MycoBank MB832767 Notes -Terminology for descriptive terms is according to Kuyper (1986) and Vellinga (1988) and colour codes are taken from Munsell (1994) . In our phylogeny M. crassivelata belongs to a well-supported clade (bootstrap support value = 88 %) together with M. leucoloma, M. malenconii, M. myriadophylla and three sequences of 'Uncultured Inocybe sp.' (GenBank JX630703, JX630710, JX630716) from the USA and associated with Dryas integrifolia. Mallocybe crassivelata shows, as major morphological features, a rather fleshy, predominately ochraceous basidioma, fibrillose-tomentose to woolly-tomentose pileus covered with a thick white velipellis, narrow subphaseoliform spores and an earthy smell (similar to that of Inosperma cervicolor) often associated to a subspermatic component, though in some collections (AH 29788) nearly indistinct. Mallocybe leucoloma differs from the new species mainly by a smaller and slender habit, different shape of cheilocystidia (often pyriform), sub-odourless context and being associated with dwarf Salix or Dryas (Kühner 1988) . Mallocybe malenconii can easily be distinguished by its longer spores (9-12 × 4-5.5 μm) with mean Q-value of c. 1.95 (Vauras & Larsson 2011) and an indistinct smell (Heim 1931) . Compared to M. crassivelata, M. myriadophylla has a pale grey cortina, very narrow and crowded lamellae (-4 mm wide), smell 'indistinct to somewhat fungoid and slightly metallic' and seems strictly associated with Betula pendula (Vauras & Larsson 2011) . Mallocybe hebelomoides is characterised by a smaller size, broadly elliptical to subovoid spores with Q =1.4-1.6 and habitat under dwarf Salix species (Kühner 1988 
Classification -Marasmiaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Basidiomata small to medium sized, collybioid. Pileus 10-40(-50) mm, initially hemispherical, convex, becoming plane at maturity, apricot (47; Flora of British fungi chart 1969), sometimes paler orange (48) margin, and darker sienna (11) centre, dry, smooth to finely matt, margin entire, not in-rolled. Pileus colours display much variation depending on weather, tending to wash out in rain, and increase in intensity in dry weather. Flesh thin, white. Lamellae white, margins white or concolourous with pileus, free to adnexed, close, 18 -22, 3 -4 mm deep, with 2 -3 series of lamellulae, very fine shallow cross-anastomoses, mostly in outer half of cap, and not always present in juveniles. Stipe central, cartilaginous, 30 -55 × 3 -5 mm, white to cream full length of stipe, or occasionally yellowish brown lower half, smooth, hollow, cylindrical, sometimes bi-tubular; basal hyphae forming a white tuft. Spore print white. Basidiospores variable between collections, with holotype at lower end of range, (8.5-) 9 -10.5(-11.5) × (4.8 -)5 -6(-6.8) μm (av. 10 × 5.5 μm, Q = 1.47-2.04, Q m = 1.76 ± 0.13, n = 50, s = 5 specimens), slightly curved ellipsoid to elongate, hyaline, inamyloid, with some granular contents. Basidia 22-30 × 8-9.5 μm, sterigmata short, rounded, 2-2.5 μm, 2-4-spored. Basidioles 22-23 × 5-8 μm, clavate. Cheilocystidia common, Siccus-type broom cells, with short to very long apical divergent projections, main body 9-20 × 4 -11 μm, digits 4 -12 × 1-2 μm, with 2 -4(-8) digits, mostly thin-walled, with body also thin-walled except for outer 1/4 at base of projections; narrowly to broadly and irregularly cylindrical, clavate, occasionally branched; rare smooth, mucronate cheilocystidia also found, 24 × 8 μm. Pleurocystidia absent.
Pileipellis consists of a hymeniderm of Siccus-type broom cells, main body 6 -19(-27) × 3.5 -10.5 μm, digits 2.5 -11.5 × 1-2 μm, broadly clavate, cylindrical, ± branching with sparse to common digits, usually thin-walled at base, often thick-walled and refractive in upper two-thirds, and including the digits, which may be bifid; pileal hyphae 2.5 -7 μm. Caulocystidia absent. Stipitipellis of parallel hyphae, 4.5-10 μm diam. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Melzer's reaction -pileal and lamellar trama inamyloid, stipe trama mildly dextrinoid. Habit, Habitat & Distribution -Gregarious in habit and at times caespitose, it may also fruit in rings. A terrestrial saprotroph in accumulated leaf litter, the natural habitat in undisturbed sites varies from shaded microsites in tropical savanna woodland, to grassland and margins of tropical rainforest across more than 2 000 km of northern Australia. For approximately 10 yr it has also been found growing in suburban lawns and highly disturbed habitats in Florida, USA. Typus. AuStrAliA, Queensland, Mt Carbine, S16° 34'44.1" E145°11'13.7", in savanna grassland leaf litter, 7 Mar. 2018, F. Guard & S. McMullan-Fisher SMF3041 (holotype AQ1008080; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MT117839 and MT110674, MycoBank MB833552). Notes -Marasmius vagus is characterised by a small to medium, orange to apricot, smooth pileus, close gills with cross-anastomoses and an all-white or pale cartilaginous stipe. These characters, with cheilocystidia of Siccus-type broom cells, in the absence of pleurocystidia and caulocystidia and a well-developed, non-collariate, non-instititious stipe place this species in sect. Globulares (group Sicci ) subsect. Siccini ser. Leonini.
Marasmius vagus is sister to a well-supported M. hypochroides/ M. vladimiri clade. Marasmius hypochroides (Berkeley & Broome 1875 ) described from Sri Lanka, but found across southern Asia, forms more robust, darker basidiomes (30-60 mm) with longer stipes (40-100 mm) that have dark reddish brown bases. Marasmius vladimiri (Crous et al. 2014 ) from India, is brighter in colour (orange scarlet with orange chestnut disc), has a coloured stipe with slightly shorter spores and larger basidia (36-40 μm). Marasmius vagus also bears a superficial resemblance to the Australian species Marasmius elegans (Grgurinovic 1997 ) that has bicoloured stipes (white above, brown below) and lacks cross-anastomoses in the lamellae. Our analyses of ITS data show that M. elegans and M. vagus are not genetically closely related.
Marasmius vagus is native to northern Australia where it is widely distributed amongst native vegetation in the monsoon tropics; it has been recorded there for more than 20 yr. However, it has also been found in lawns in the tourist mecca, Cairns, and several other towns in southeast Queensland. In Florida this species has been collected almost exclusively in suburban lawns and highly disturbed habitats, with the oldest known observation (Mushroom Observer, Obs. 106057) from 2012, suggestive of a recent introduction to Florida, USA. There are no records that this species was collected by Florida mycologists from previous generations, such as William Murrill (1859 -1957 (Weber 1961 ) or James Kimbrough (1934 -2017 (Smith & Healy 2019 Microdochium dawsoniorum C. Lock, Vitelli, Holdom, Y.P. Tan & R.G. Shivas, sp. nov. Etymology. Named after the Dawson family from Taunton, Queensland, on whose property the fungus was first collected.
Classification -Michrodochiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.
Conidiophores abundant in a dense compact layer, occasionally branched, mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to irregular, flexuous, 20-30 × 1-2 μm, narrowed towards the tip, hyaline, smooth. Conidia flexuous to falcate, 0 -3-septate, sometimes with a geniculation, 25 -75 × 1-2 μm, acute at the tip, narrow at the base. Sexual morph not seen.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on oatmeal agar (OA) after 2 wk covering 9 cm diam plates, flat, mycelium in compact irregular to concentric scattered salmon tufts, with abundant slimy apricot sporodochia up to 3 mm arranged in irregular to concentric rings. Reverse pale saffron with sporodochia apparent as darker patches. Mycelium immersed or superficial, hyphae hyaline, septate, smooth. Mollisia gibbospora I. Kušan, Matočec, Pošta, Tkalčec & Mešić, sp. nov. Etymology. Named after the protuberances on living, mature ascospores.
Ascomata apothecial, shallowly cupulate to plate-shaped when young, becoming sub-pulvinate to pulvinate when fully mature, superficial, sessile, ± circular from the top view, *0.4-1(-1.4) mm diam, solitary or gregarious (up to few apothecia). Hymenium whitish grey to pale lead-grey, not wrinkled but notably finely pruinose; margin slightly irregular, ± sharp, whitish, not concolourous with the hymenium, smooth, entire, finely wavy; excipular surface brownish from base to the upper flank, smooth. Basal hyphae macroscopically indistinguishable. Asexual morph not seen. Hymenium *80-95 µm thick. Asci cylindrical with conical-subtruncate apex, *67-89 × (5.8-)6.2-7.2 µm, pars sporifera *22-29 µm, 8-spored, of which 4-8 are gibbose, in living state protruding above ordinary paraphyses up to 17 µm, base cylindrical-truncate, arising from croziers, in Lugol's solution (IKI) apical ring of medium amyloidity (2bb) of Calycina-type. Ascospores subscutuloid, with rounded poles, majority of them having lateral or apical protuberation(s) already in *mature asci, 1-celled, *8. 9-11.3-13.7(-14 .7) × 2.2-2.6-3 µm, *Q = 3.3-4.4-5.7(-6.8), 1-2(-3) protuberations per spore, up to 1.4 µm high and 0.8-1.1 µm wide, hyaline, smooth, uninucleate, *sporoplasm with one to few non-refractive vacuoles, freshly ejected apically with sheath remnants persisting mostly around protuberations, biseriate inside *asci, lipid bodies scanty, overmatured partly with single septa; in IKI unstained, nucleus slightly contrasted, vacuoles hyaline and non-refractive. Paraphyses cylindric-obtuse, widest in the subapical or in the middle part, apical cell *28-57.5 × (2.8-)3.6-5.2 µm, some far projecting, exceeding living asci ('macroparaphyses'), *85-116 × 4.2-5.2 µm, straight, simple, *containing single cylindrical strongly refractive vacuolar body (VB), wall thin and hyaline; in KOH without yellow reaction; in IKI VBs not stained, soon collapse. Subhymenium *12-15.5 µm thick at the middle flank, hyaline, composed of densely packed epidermoid cells *3.5-7.1 µm wide. Medullary excipulum *24.5-31 µm thick at the middle flank, reaching 42 µm in the central part, hyaline, composed of textura intricata, cells *2.1-4 µm wide, at the border with ectal layer somewhat swollen, reaching 6.5 µm in width, thin-walled, KOH-soluble globules present, in IKI not stained, 1.3-3 µm wide, devoid of crystals. Ectal excipulum *36-54 µm thick at the middle flank, reaching 70 µm in the basal part, composed of textura angularis, cells *9.3-23.8 × 7.6-17.9 µm, upper flank and inner layers of lower flanks subhyaline and contain refractive KOH-soluble and IKI unstainable globules, while outer layer of lower flanks tobacco brown with cell walls *0.6-0.8 µm thick, most of the terminal clavate cells in the cortical layer of upper and middle flank contain single, hyaline and highly refractive VB. Marginal tissue very thin, *15-18.5 µm thick, composed of several cylindricalclavate cells, *3.5-5.1 µm wide, thin-walled, each containing short cylindrical or elongated VB. Subicular hyphae confined to an apothecial base only, forming plaques, smooth, greyish brown, *2.4-3.3 µm wide, walls *0.4-0.6 µm thick. Asterisk (*) denotes living material. Ascus amyloidity is termed after Baral (1987) and spore shape after Kušan et al. (2014) .
Distribution & Habitat -Sporogenous phases of the species are known so far from the type locality on Mt Velebit, Croatia, and (?)New Zealand (unpubl. data). Croatian collection is found on a decorticated fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica (originally a part of the trunk), lying in a moist litter at the edge of a natural karstic pond in a subalpine type of forest while New Zealand collection originates from decorticated wood. Notes -Tanney & Seifert (2020) performed the first multigene analysis of the Mollisiaceae s.lat. A detailed polyphasic taxonomic analysis in this group is still missing. According to our analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA data (see FP1093), M. gibbospora is conspecific with Mollisia sp. (GenBank MG195520) whose DNA sequence is derived from germinated ascospores of specimen PDD 58612 (unpublished) as well as with Ascomycota sp. (GenBank KC514847) isolated from wooden structures on Antarctica (Held & Blanchette 2017). Several other unidentified sequences from GenBank share identities higher than 99 % with M. gibbospora (Kauserud et al. 2005 , Klaubauf et al. 2010 ). This group of isolates form the youngest phylogenetic lineage in Mollisiaceae among analysed sequences. It is evident that the mollisiaceous group comprises a number of generic representatives whose species, assigned to large genera such as Mollisia and Pyreno peziza are mixed together thus clearly showing polyphyly in both genera. Numerous species attributed to some other genera, such as asexual Acidomelania and Phialocephala (cf. Crous et al. 2019a) , sexual-aquatic Loramyces spp. and Obtectodiscus aquaticus form phylogenetic groups along with certain members ascribed to the genus Mollisia. Tanney & Seifert (2020) synonymised Acidomelania with Mollisia, while Loramycetaceae falls into synonymy with Mollisiaceae, which is supported in our analysis.
Until now, regularly present lateral and apical protuberations in fully mature, dormant and freshly ejected ascospores were not reported in the genus Mollisia. Even though M. gibbospora is macroscopically very much alike to a number of species in the genus (including its type M. cinerea), it is readily distinguishable according to the following microscopical differential characters: 1) living inner ectal excipular and some medullary excipular cells contain freely floating, hyaline and moderately refractive globules which are not stainable by CRB nor by IKI, and are soluble in KOH; 2) living mature asci containing four to eight gibbose ascospores; 3) ascospore sheath is fairly longlived after spore ejection but retained around individual spore protuberations; and 4) some paraphyses are extremely long, far projecting above living mature asci, giving finely pruinose appearance of hymenial surface on living apothecia. Colour illustrations. Croatia, Mt Velebit, subalpine beech forest in Javornik area -type locality. *Apothecia; vertical median section of the apothecium; upper excipular flank; lower exc. flank; margin; *asci and paraphyses, asci in IKI; mature ascospores in *asci; *ascospores; *'macroparaphyses'. Scale bars = 1 mm (apothecia), 50 µm (apothecial anatomy) and 10 µm (microscopic elements).
FP1093 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the dataset of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequences from Mollisia gibbospora and related species. Classification -Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Hyphae pale brown to brown, smooth-and thin-walled, septate, 2-5 µm wide. Conidiomata pycnidial, brown to dark brown, solitary, superficial (on oatmeal agar, OA), globose to subglobose, 160 × 110 -150 µm, covered by brown, asperulate, septate setae of 33 -65 µm long and 3.5 -5 µm wide at the base, pycnidial wall of textura angularis, 2 -4-layered, 15 -40 µm thick, composed of brown to dark brown, flattened polygonal cells of 5 -10 µm diam, neck absent, ostiolate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform to doliiform, hyaline, smooth-walled, 4 × 3.5 µm. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved, 3-5 × 1.5-2 µm, guttulate.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on OA reaching 50 mm diam after 7 d at 25 ± 1 °C, flattened, white (M. 5A1; Kornerup & Wanscher (1978) Notes -This fungus differs from all known species of Montagnula by the in vitro formation of a coelomycetous asexual morph, and by the absence of a sexual morph (Tennakoon et al. 2016 , Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2017 ). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the LSU sequence is Montagnula cirsii strain MFLUCC 13-0680 (GenBank KX274249; Identities = 876/879 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hit using ITS sequence is Montagnula scabiosae type strain MFLUCC 14-0954 (GenBank NR_155378; Identities = 502/520 (97 %), 6 gaps). The closest hit using the tub2 sequence is Montagnula saikhuensis strain MFLUCC 16-0315 (GenBank KU743216; Identities = 418/478 (87 %), no gaps). The closest hit using the rpb2 sequence is Montagnula opulenta strain AFTOL-ID 1734 (= CBS 168.34) (GenBank DQ677984; Identities = 869/947 (92 %), 4 gaps). The closest hit using the tef1 sequence is Bimuria novae-zelandiae type strain AFTOL-ID 931 (= CBS 107.79) (GenBank DQ471087; Identities = 902/950 (95 %), 2 gaps).
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree obtained from ITS of our isolate and sequences retrieved from GenBank. Alignment and tree building were performed by MEGA v. 6.06 (Tamura et al. 2013 ). The ML bootstrap support values (≥ 70 %) are provided at the nodes. Tremateia arundicola MFLUCC 16-1275 and Tremateia guiyangensis GZAAS01 were used as outgroup. The new species proposed in this study is indicated in bold. T represents ex-type strains of the species used in this analysis. Jurjević, Čmoková & Hubka, sp. nov. Notes -BLAST analysis with the ITS sequences of M. oklahomaensis showed low similarity with members of different genera, including Austroafricana parva (91.5 -92 %), Pseudotaeniolina globosa (91.7 %) and Camarosporula persooniae (91.1 %), other taxa had similarity lower than 91 %. The LSU nrDNA sequence showed 94-95 % similarity to a wide variety of genera in the Teratosphaeriaceae with Devriesia shelburniensis having the highest degree of similarity (94.9 %). The position of Muriphila within Teratosphaeriaceae is unresolved. Neither LSU nor SSU phylogenetic analyses comprising Teratosphaeriaceae genera (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014 ) were able to resolve its position with satisfactory support. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the genus Muriphila was most commonly placed close to genera Batcheloromyces and Devriesia (data not shown).
Muriphila oklahomaensis resembles morphologically meristematic rock-inhabiting fungi that are relatively common in Teratosphaeriaceae (Egidi et al. 2014 Mycelium on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) consisting of branched, septate, olivaceous grey (Rayner 1970) , moniliform hyphae with aerial hyphae absent. Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiophores arising from hyphae occasionally reduced to conidiogenous cells, thick-walled, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, long, septate, brown with an apical conidiogenous apparatus. Conidia smooth, cylindrical, sometimes in acropetal chains, apex and base truncate with one and occasionally two septa, (13.2 -)15.6(-18.9) × (2.2 -)3.0(-3.7) μm (n = 100 Although morphologically very similar to Devriesia it is phylogenetically distinguishable. Neodevriesia aestuarina is the first member of the genus isolated from saline water, but other species have been found in a marine environment associated with macroalgae. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Neodevriesia capensis (GenBank MK448259; Identities = 497/529 (94 %), 17 gaps (3 %)) and an uncultured marine ascomycete (GenBank AF423023; Identities = 495/531 (93 %), 19 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence had highest similarity to Neodevriesia grateloupiae (GenBank KU578120; Identities = 1 078/1 099 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Neodevriesia cladophorae (GenBank KU578114; Identities = 1 076/1 099 (98 %), 7 gaps (0 %)) and Neodevriesia strelitziae (GenBank GU301810; Identities = 1 061/1 091 (97 %), 7 gaps (0 %)). Conidia subcylindrical, fusoid or ellipsoid to fusoid, individually hyaline, olivaceous green at maturity, with transverse septum, thin-and smooth-walled, (6.96 -)8.14 -8.79(-10.41) × (2.94 -) 3.3-3.64 (-4.46) µm, mean ± S.D. 8.46 ± 0.9 × 3.47 ± 0.47 µm, L/W ratio = 2.5.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on malt extract agar (MEA) reaching 3 -4 cm diam in the dark, at 25 °C, after 3 wk, slow growing, white to dirty white in the first week, becoming yellow-green with pale irregular margin after 3 wk, moderate aerial mycelium, reverse iron-grey to umber, with age. Notes -Based on a megablast search of NCBI nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had the highest similarity to Neosetophoma aseptata (GenBank NR_164449.1; Identities = 538/542 (99 %) , no gaps), Neosetophoma lunariace (GenBank NR_154242.1; Identities = 535/543 (99 %) , no gaps) and Neosetophoma shoemakeri (GenBank NR_161044.1; Identities = 524/530 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The closest hits using the LSU sequence had the highest similarity to Loratospora aestuarii (GenBank GU301838.1; Identities = 1 117/1 124 (99 %) , no gaps), Ophiosphaerella herpotricha (GenBank DQ767656.1; Identities = 1 114/1 125 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Phoma cladoniicola (GenBank JQ238625.1; Identities = 1 112/1 124 (99 %), no gaps); closest hits using the rpb2 sequence are Brunneomurispora lonicerae (GenBank MK359079.1; Identities = 571/657 (87 %), no gaps), Ophiosphaerella herpotricha (GenBank DQ677958.1; Identities = 587/696 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Phaeopoacea festucae (GenBank KY824768.1; Identities = 590/705 (84 %), no gaps).
Sequences of all known Neosetophoma species were retrieved from GenBank and aligned with sequences of the isolate obtained in this study. Alignments were done with ClustalX v. 1.83 (Thompson et al. 1997 ). Kimura's two parameter model with Gamma distribution (K2+G) was used as the best nucleotide substitution model. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using MEGA v. 7 software (Kumar et al. 2016) . The robustness of the ML tree was evaluated by 1 000 bootstrap replications. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the ITS and LSU gene sequences of Neosetophoma species of our isolates and sequences retrieved from GenBank. The tree was built using MEGA v. 7.0. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are shown at the nodes. The species described here is highlighted in bold. The alignment and tree are available in TreeBASE (study S25862). Conidiophores terverticillate; stipes coarsely roughened, 180-350 × 3-4.5 µm; synnemata up to 1 mm long; branches 15-30 µm; metulae 3 -8, 10-13 × 2.5 -3.5 µm; phialides ampulliform, 4 -8 per metula, 8 -9.8 × 2 -3 µm. Conidia smooth, broadly ellipsoidal, 3 -3.5 × 2.5 -3 µm.
Culture characteristics -(25 °C, 7 d) Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA): Colonies slightly radially sulcate in centre, low; mycelium white; margins irregular; texture fasciculate; soluble pigments brown, moderately produced; exudate droplets small, copious, brown; sporulation moderate; conidia en masse pale grey-green; reverse brown, dark brown in centre. Malt extract agar (MEA): Colonies plane, elevated in the centre; mycelium white; margins slightly irregular; texture fasciculate; soluble pigments absent; exudate droplets large, pale brown; sporulation strong; conidia en masse dull to grey-green; reverse brown in centre, pale brown at edge. Yeast extract sucrose agar (YES): Colonies slightly radially sulcate, raised; mycelium white; margins entire; texture floccose; soluble pigment present, brown, weakly produced; exudates absent; sporulation moderate to strong; conidia en masse dull to grey-green; reverse reddish brown (copper). Dichloran 18 % glycerol agar (DG18): Colonies plane, raised at the centre; margins entire or slightly irregular; mycelium white; texture fasciculate; soluble pigments present, light brown, weak; exudates absent; sporulation strong; conidia en masse dull green; reverse reddish brown (copper) or reddish brown in centre, yellowish brown at edge. Oatmeal agar (OA): Colonies plane, low; margins regular, thin; mycelium white; texture fasciculate; soluble pigments light brown present, moderately produced; exudates brown present, small; sporulation strong; conidia en masse dark green. Notes -A BLAST search of BenA, CaM and ITS sequences of P. taurinense against an in-house reference sequence database containing data of all accepted Penicillium species, re trieved the highest similarities with Penicillium glandicola, P. geumsanense and P. synnematicola, clearly indicating that the species belongs to Penicillium sect. Robsamsonia ser. Glandicolarum (Houbraken et al. unpubl. data) . Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. taurinense is sister to a clade containing CBS 142669 (ex-type strain of P. synnematicola), CBS 333.48 (extype of P. granulatum) and CBS 137255 (ex-type of P. granulatum var. globosum). The latter two strains were identified as P. glandicola; however, the ex-type of P. glandicola is more distantly related. Frisvad & Samson (2004) treated P. granulatum as a synonym of P. glandicola based on morphology and extrolite patterns. However, our phylogenetic analysis shows that P. granulatum is an accepted species, with P. granulatum var. globosum being a synonym of that species. Furthermore, P. schneggii is confirmed to be a synonym of P. glandicola.
Penicillium taurinense is phylogenetically distinct from P. synnematicola and P. glandicola (Houbraken et al. 2016 , Guevara-Suarez et al. 2019 . Penicillium taurinense grows faster than P. synnematicola on CYA (22-24 vs 33-37 mm), YES (38-42 vs 30-34 mm) and MEA (27-31 vs 11-13 mm) at 25 °C. Both grows at 30 °C while P. glandicola is not able to grow at this temperature (Frisvad & Samson 2004 , Guevara-Suarez et al. 2019 . Furthermore, P. taurinense produces brown exudates on CYA compared to hyaline exudate droplets of P. synnematicola and clear to pale yellow ones of P. glandicola. In addition, P. taurinense has a different colony reverse colour on CYA, MEA, DG18 and YES, no acid production on CREA and shorter phialides compared to P. synnematicola. A taxonomic study dealing with all accepted species in Penicillium ser. Glandicolarum is lacking, and could reveal more phenotypic differences. Classification -Peronosporaceae, Peronosporidae, Oomycota.
Hyphae hyaline, aseptate, tortuous, 2.5 -11 µm diam. Hyphal swellings absent. Sporangia produced abundantly in non-sterile soil extract, noncaducous, papillate, mainly ovoid (53 %), globose (13 %), limoniform (10 %), distorted shapes (21 %), other shapes (3 %), (26-)35.5-58(-74) × (20-)24-38(-46.5) μm (av. 46.8 ± 9 × 31.2 ± 5), length/breadth ratio 1.5 ± 0.2. Sporangiophores sympodial. Chlamydospores not observed. Homothallic, abundant gametangia on 5 % carrot agar with β-sitosterol (CAS) after 7 d. Oogonia globose, smooth-walled, (26 -)29 -36(-39.5) μm diam (av. 32.2 ± 2.7), borne laterally and terminally. Antheridia amphigynous, 1-celled, (13.5-)14.5-18(-22.5) × 12.5 -16(-17.5) μm (av. 16.1 ± 1.7 × 14.5 ± 1.1). Oospores observed after 2 wk on CAS, globose, plerotic, (25 -)28 -34.5(-39) μm diam (av. 31.1 ± 2.7), wall thickness (1.5 -)2 -4(-5) μm (av. 3.2 ± 0.7).
Culture characteristics -Colonies on CAS showed appressed to submerged mycelium, without distinct growth pattern, reaching 63.4 ± 1.3 mm diam after 7 d at 20 °C in darkness. Colonies on corn meal agar (CMA) white, with moderate to profuse aerial mycelium, cottoned, reaching 56.9 ± 2.5 mm diam.
© 2020 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Fungal Planet 1104 -29 June 2020 Phytophthora personensis Z.G. Abad, W. Gut. & T.I. Burgess, sp. nov. Etymology. Named after Person County, North Carolina, the location where the first specimen of the species was isolated.
Classification -Peronosporaceae, Peronosporidae, Oomycota.
Sporangia produced abundantly in non-sterile soil extract; persistent and produced usually on unbranched sporangiophores, non-papillate, most commonly ovoid (73 %), often ellipsoid (18 %) and rarely limoniform or obpyriform; 62.8 ± 12.7 × 44.2 ± 9.9 µm (overall range 28.5 -85.6 × 15.1-60.5 µm), length/ breadth ratio 1.4 ± 0.2. Sporangial proliferation in chains of internally proliferating sporangia, both nested and extended. Hyphal swellings common, catenulate to globose 21-(31.6 ± 5.6)-49.4 µm. Chlamydospores common, globose 29.9-(54.8 ± 11.5)-78.1 µm. Gametangia not produced in single culture or when paired with A1 and A2 tester strains of P. cinnamomi, P. tropicalis, P. cryptogea and P. cambivora. Radial growth rates on V8 agar at optimum temperature (25 -30 °C) and near the maximum temperature (37.5 °C), 12.6 ± 0.33 mm/d and 1.7 ± 0.23 mm/d, respectively.
Culture characteristics -Submerged colonies with no pattern were produced on malt extract, carrot and V8 agar. Cottony colonies with regular margins were produced on potato dextrose agar.
© 2020 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Fungal Planet 1105 -29 June 2020 Kiyashko, sp. nov. Etymology. Name refers to Roridomyces irritans, a species which is morphologically similar.
Classification -Mycenaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Pileus at first convex, then plano-convex with depressed or subumbilicate centre, up to 7.8 mm diam (dried specimens), radially pellucid-sulcate-striate almost up to centre, margin reflexed, crenulate, membranaceous, surface dry, velvety at centre, pallid, greyish orange (5B3 -4, Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) , turning yellowish white (4A2) to white towards margin, sometimes with blurred reddish brown (7D5 -6, 7C5 -6) spots. Lamellae arcuate decurrent, moderately distant (11-17 reach to the stipe), with 1-2 series of lamellulae, thin, whitish to pale greyish orange (like cap centre), sometimes also with spots, edge concolourous, slightly eroded. Stipe cylindrical, slightly attenuated towards apex, up to 28 × 1.5 mm, shiny, polished, faintly pellucid, whitish at apex, darkening to brownish orange or brownish yellow (5C6 -7) towards base, covered with thick, glassy glutinous sheath, without strigose hairs at base. Context thin, concolourous with cap and stipe surfaces, odour not recorded. Basidiospores ellipsoid to oblong, rarely subcylindrical, 5.7-7.4(-8.1) × 3 -3.9(-4.2) mm (x av = 6.6 ± 0.5 × 3.5 ± 0.2 mm, Q = (1.6 -)1.7-2.1(-2.3), Q av = 1.9 ± 0.1, n = 59, s = 3), with small apiculus, smooth, hyaline, amyloid. clamped, subclavate, .8) × 4.5 -6 mm, thinwalled, inamyloid. Basidiolae subclavate or subfusoid, more rarely subutriform, 14-18.5 × 4.6-6 mm, thin-walled, inamyloid. Lamellar edge sterile. Cheilocystidia short and not much exceeding basidia, 14-31.4 × 4.2-11.7 mm (n = 37, s = 3), mostly clavate to subcapitate, rarely clear capitate, sometimes bifid or septate, thin-walled, occasionally with slightly thickened walls or yellowish content, colourless, smooth, inamyloid. Pleurocystidia absent. Hyphae of subhymenium cylindrical, smooth, hyaline 1.9 -2.7(-3.5) mm diam. Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of spheropedunculate (sometimes on very long pedicel) or broadly clavate cells with or without constrictions, 23.2 -49.8 × 14.7-29.2 mm, sometimes connected in short chains, smooth, with slightly thickened colourless or brownish walls, sometimes with yellowish content. Stipitipellis hyphae 2-3(-3.5) mm diam, cylindrical, smooth, uncoloured, thin-walled, parallel, with not abundant caulocystidia. Caulocystidia 16.8 -30.2(-54.5) × 4.8 -9.2(-11.8) mm, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical, rarely more or less capitate, thin-walled, sometimes with slightly thickened walls, smooth, uncoloured, inamyloid. Clamp connections on all hyphae.
Habitat & Distribution -Gregarious to caespitose on rotten wood in montane mixed forest of broad-leaved trees and Pinus kesiya. Typus . VietnAm, Đắk Lắk Province, Lắk District, Chư Yang Sin National Park, ≈ 10 km to the south from Krông Kmar town, N12°23'49.207" E108°20'59.356", h ≈ 1 071 m asl, on rotten wood, 24 May 2019, A.A. Kiyasko, 73-AK-19 (holotype LE 323311; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MT300185 and MT276322, MycoBank MB834969).
Notes -Roridomyces includes 13 species, the most of which are described from the Southern Hemisphere. Morphologically, R. irritans from New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea is the closest to R. pseudoirritans. Although they have overlapping spore dimensions, R. pseudoirritans clearly differs from R. irritans by having short cheilocystidia: 14 -31.4 mm vs 35 -60 mm according to Horak (1978) . Furthermore, cheilocystidia of R. pseudoirritans are not clearly capitate and may even be bifid or septate. Its caulocystidia are also short and narrowly clavate to subcylindrical. Among other small-spored species R. lamprosporus and R. pruinosoviscidus both have cheilo-and caulocystidia which are irregularly clavate to bifid with diverticulate projections (Horak 1978 , Chew et al. 2015 , Mycena yirukensis possesses cylindrical-ventricose, broadly ventricose-rostrate or strangulate cheilocystidia and cylindrical caulocystidia with one or few large branches (Grgurinovic 1995) . Roridomyces mauritianus differs in having a dark brown cap and abundant pigmented caulocystidia with flexuous, contorted excrescences (Robich & Hausknecht 2001) . Roridomyces praeclarus has an orange-red pileus, lageniform cheilocystidia and coralloid caulocystia; R. palmensis and R. subglobosus both are characterised by subglobose spores (Rexer 1994 , Miersch & Dähncke 2007 . The other species (R. albororidus, R. appendiculatus, R. austrororidus, R. fuscororidus, R. ornatororidus and R. roridus) possess larger spores with no overlapping dimensions (Rexer 1994 , Maas Geesteranus & Meijer 1997 . The majority of Roridomyces species from the Southern Hemisphere still lack DNA sequence data, and thus their phylogenetic relationships remain unknown. Trichophoma cylindrospora Magaña-Dueñas, Cano & Stchigel, sp. nov. Notes -Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, LSU and tef-1α combined dataset, the closest relative of T. cylindrospora is Forliomyces uniseptata. Forliomyces uniseptata differs from T. cylindrospora in producing shorter and broader conidia (10 -15 × 5 -8 µm vs 18 -20 × 2 -3 µm), which are brown-coloured when mature (hyaline in T. cylindrospora) (Phukhamsakda et al. 2016 ). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the LSU sequence was Forliomyces uniseptata MFLUCC 15-0765 (GenBank NG_059659, Identities = 814/827 (98 %), no gaps); the closest hits using ITS was Forliomyces uniseptata MFLUCC 15-0765 (GenBank NR_154006, Identities = 440/458 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)); and the closest hits using the tef-1α sequence was Forliomyces uniseptata MFLUCC 15-0765 (GenBank KU727897, Identities = 420/438 (96 %), no gaps).
Etymology. From Greek κυλινδρικό-, cylindrical, due to the shape of the conidia.
Hyphae hyaline to brown, septate, branched, thin-walled, smooth to tuberculate, 1.5 -2 µm wide. Conidiomata pycnidial, brown to blackish brown, immersed to semi-immersed, solitary, scattered, subglobose to pyriform, 300 -390 × 300 -410 µm, ostiolate, setose. Conidioma wall 4-6-layered, 15-30 µm thick, covered by a mass of interwoven, brown to dark brown hyphae, followed by an outer layer of textura angularis, composed of brown to dark brown, flattened polygonal cells of 5 -8 µm diam, incrusted with a dark brown to carbonaceous material around the neck; neck dark brown to carbonaceous, cylindrical, 130 -145 × 100 -145 µm, covered by brown to dark brown, septate, erect, nodose, thick-walled setae 100 -180 × 2 -4.5 µm, tapering towards the apex, mainly disposed around the ostiole. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, hyaline, smooth-walled, ampulliform, 3-5 × 8-14 µm. Conidia 0 -1-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, long cylindrical, 18 -20 × 2 -3 µm, guttulate, with a narrowly flattened base and rounded at the end.
Culture characteristics -(7 d at 25 °C). Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) reaching 24 mm diam, flattened, velvety, margins regular, yellowish white to reddish brown (M. 4A2 / 8D8; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) ; reverse reddish brown to dark brown (M. 8E8 / 8F8), exopigment reddish brown to golden yellow (M. 8D8 / 5B7). Colonies on oatmeal agar (OA) reaching 40 mm diam, flattened, slightly floccose, margin regular, grey (M. 8F1); reverse grey (M. 8F1). Colonies on malt extract agar (MEA) 2 % reaching 25 -29 mm diam, flattened, velvety to slightly floccose, margins lobate, dark brown to greyish yellow (M. 8F8 / 4C5); reverse greyish brown to greyish orange, with yellowish brown patches (M. 8F3 / 5B5 / 5F7).
Cardinal temperatures for growing -Optimum 30 °C, maximum 37 °C, minimum 15 °C. Classification -Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes.
Ascomata hypogeous, 1-4 cm, subglobose, covered with brown-black pyramidal warts, 4-6-sided, 2-3(-4) mm across, 1-4 mm high, often depressed at the apex. Peridium 150 -250 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose, angular cells, 10 -20 μm diam, pale yellow and thin-walled in the innermost layers, dark red-brown and with thicker walls in the outermost layers. Gleba firm, solid, white when immature, becoming dark brown at maturity, marbled with numerous, thin, white, meandering veins that do not change colour when exposed to the air. Pleasant odour. Asci inamyloid, 60 -90 × 50 -75 μm, walls thickened, 1-2 μm, ellipsoid to subglobose, with a short stalk, 10 -35 × 5 -7 μm, (1-)3 -4(-5)-spored. Ascospores 26 -47 × 22 -37 μm, Q = 1.1-1.4, excluding ornamentation, yellowish, ellipsoid to subglobose, ornamented with a coarse irregular reticulum, 3 -5 µm high, sometimes bending at the top. Meshes variable, usually 3 -5 across width of spore and often with incomplete secondary crests inside. Ascospores from 1-spored asci 45 -47 × 35 -37 μm, 2-spored asci 38 -41 × 30 -35 μm, 3-spored asci 32 -35 × 25 -30 μm, 4-spored asci 28 -33 × 23 -27 μm and 5-spored asci 26 -30 × 22 -23 μm.
Ecology & Distribution -Tuber alcaracense grows in Mediterranean Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forest, in limestone mountains of the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, 1 000 -1 400 m alt., from December to February. Notes -Tuber alcaracense is a black truffle of the aestivum clade characterised by its brown-black warty peridium, brown gleba marbled with thin white veins and reticulate-alveolate spores. It resembles Tuber mesentericum, but in addition to genetic differences it differs from T. mesentericum (Vittadini 1831) by having a pleasant odour and lacking a basal cavity.
Colour illustrations. Spain, Alcaraz mountain range (Albacete), Mediterranean Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forest. Ascocarps; mature ascospores. Scale bar = 20 μm. . GTR + G selected as model of evolution for analysis. The sequences obtained in the present study are highlighted in bold. Bootstrap support values (≥ 70 %) are indicated at the nodes. Tuber macrosporum AF106885 was used as outgroup. The scale bar indicates the expected changes per site. 
Classification -Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes.
Ascomata hypogeous, 1-3 cm, subglobose or irregular in form, sometimes lobed, sometimes with a basal depression, fissured in age, yellow brown to reddish brown, minutely warted with pyramidal, flattened warts. Peridium 400 -500 μm thick, composed of hyaline, agglutinated, interwoven hyphae (intricate texture), becoming pseudoparenchymatous towards the surface and forming pigmented, subangular, thick-walled cells, in a superficial layer 40 -70 μm thick. Gleba firm, solid, whitish at first, becoming light-brown, dark-brown or red-brown at maturity, marbled with numerous, branching, white and dark veins. Odour pleasant. Asci inamyloid, 60 -90 × 40 -60 μm excluding stalk, pyriform to clavate or subglobose, with a long or short stalk arising from a crozier, 20 -50 μm long, walls 1-2 μm thick, 1-4(-5)-spored. Ascospores 18 -38 × 16 -27 μm, Q = 1.1-1.5, excluding ornamentation, at first hyaline, yellowish brown at maturity, ellipsoid to ovoid or subglobose, ornamented with short spines, sometimes curved, 2-3(-4) µm long, often connected by lower ridges, making the ornamentation an irregular and incomplete spiny reticulum. Ascospores from 1-spored asci 33 -38 × 23 -27 μm, 2-spored asci 23 -30 × 18 -25 μm, 3-spored asci 21-28 × 16 -22 μm, 4-spored asci 20 -28 × 17-21 μm, 5-spored asci 18 -22 × 16 -17 μm.
Ecology & Distribution -Tuber buendiae grows in Mediterranean Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forest, in limestone mountains of the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, 900 -1 600 m altitude. The species occurs all year; maturing during autumn and winter. Notes -Tuber buendiae is a reddish brown truffle that clusters in the rufum clade, and is characterised by its minutely warted peridium, brown gleba marbled with white and dark veins and spiny-reticulate spores. Healy et al. (2016) previously identified it as a hypothetical undescribed species Tuber sp. 83. Tuber buendiae resembles Tuber pustulatum, but in addition to genetic differences, it differs from T. pustulatum (Leonardi et al. 2019) , by having a pleasant odour, a gleba with numerous veins and spores with shorter spines. Classification -Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes.
Lesions on leaves and stems, amphigenous, predominantly adaxial, circular to irregular, pale to dark brown, 2-8 mm diam, stem lesions pale to dark brown. Mycelium internal, 1.5 -6 mm, subcuticular. Stromata oblong to subcircular, (49-)59 -90(-110) × (29-) 39 -74(-103) µm, formed by swollen thickwalled cells. Conidiophores in loose to dense fascicles on stroma, unbranched, thin-walled, straight to slightly curved, pale brown and lighter towards the apex, occasionally thickened at the base, smooth, (16 -)31-59(-81) × (2 -)4-5(-6) µm, 0 -3-septate. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, one to several conidiogenous loci, slightly guttulate, proliferating sympodially, loci flat, hila convex and slightly thickened and darkened-refractive. Conidia solitary or catenate, fusiform, subcylindrical, obclavate, clavate, straight or slightly curved, (11-)17-29(-39) × (3 -)4 -6(-8) µm, 0 -3-septate, slightly or not constricted at the septa, brown to pale brown, smooth to verruculose, thickened, apex obtuse, truncate or papillate.
Culture characteristics -Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) flat to slightly raised, aerial mycelium feathery, circular to irregular with entire to undulate margin, 18 mm diam after 30 d at 20 °C under 12 h photoperiod. Outer edge of colony grey olivaceous, inner part olivaceous; reverse olivaceous to olivaceous black. Notes -Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest matches for ITS sequence were Venturia oleaginea (GenBank MN038080, Identities = 451/469 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Fusicladium phillyreae (Gen-Bank EU035435, Identities = 451/469 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and
Venturia inaequalis (GenBank MN958659, Identities = 447/468 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest similarities using the tef1-α partial gene sequence were to Venturia polygoni-vivipari (GenBank KF853984, Identities 330/358 (92 %), 4 gaps (1 %)), Venturia ditricha (GenBank KF853970, Identities = 327/357 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Venturia chlorospora (GenBank KF 853969, Identities 327/357 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Venturia paralias was shown in pathogenicity tests to cause disease on E. paralias and Euphorbia segetalis (unpubl. data). Venturia paralias is morphologically similar to Fusicladium euphorbiae (Schubert et al. 2003) , which has been recorded from E. amygdaloides, E. cy parissias, E. esula, E. exigua, E. lamprocarpa, E. villosa and E. virgata (Schubert et al. 2003) . We were not able to obtain lectotype material of F. euphorbiae from LE for comparison. For taxonomic stability we have therefore described the fungus isolated from E. paralias as V. paralias. Fusicladium fasciculatum var. fasciculatum, F. fasciculatum var. didymium and F. fautreyi are also morphologically similar to V. paralias. Venturia paralias produces distinctive pale to dark brown elongated stem lesions, dense fasciculate conidiophores with conidiogenous loci that are less conspicuous or prominent than those of F. fasciculatum var. fasciculatum and F. fasciculatum var. didymium (Deighton 1967 , Schubert et al. 2003 . Venturia paralias is distinguished from F. fautreyi by its pale brown conidiophores, less conspicuous conidiogenous loci and 3-septate conidia (Deighton 1967 Vishniacozyma phoenicis Kachalkin, A.S. Venzhik & M.A. Tomashevskaya, sp. nov. Etymology. Name phoenicis refers to the date palm, from which fruits the strains were isolated.