Quarantine is a well-known risk factor for psychological and psychiatric disturbances in hospital staff and in general population [1, 2] .
Since late February 2020, a rapidly widespread rise of confirmed cases of novel coronavirus infection was observed in Italy; thus, a lockdown programme was started by the Government, from the beginning of March 2020. It established a period of travel ban and mandatory staying home (except for emergencies, health problems or regulated shopping only for bare necessities). The period lasted from March 10th until May 3rd.
Migraine is associated with several comorbidities, among which anxiety and depression are by far the most frequent [3] .
The aim of our study was to assess the impact of lockdown on migraine, in terms of migraine burden, but also on associated anxiety and depressive symptoms.
We selected a retrospective consecutive cohort of patients admitted to our Headache clinic from January 1st to March 9th 2020 for the diagnosis of migraine. We excluded patients with first diagnosis of migraine, while considered only patients with follow-up visits, to avoid the effect of new therapies. We screened 76 patients. Then, we excluded patients with any change in prophylactic therapies (N = 10), patients at the first access (N = 13), and patients younger than 18 years (N = 4). The final sample consisted of 49 patients (79.59% F, mean age = 46.24 ± 15.04, age range 18-78 years). Of the overall sample, 10 patients had migraine with aura (20.4%) and 39 patients had migraine without aura (79.6%). In our clinic, all the subjects perform usually clinical evaluation, personal interview, evaluation of migraine severity by means of global assessment of migraine severity (GAMS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) [4, 5] .
All the patients willing to participate in our survey, after informed consent, were subjected to standardized telephonic interview during which we collected data regarding migraine burden by means of GAMS and VAS, depression and anxiety by means of Beck depression inventory (BDI) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively [4] [5] [6] [7] .
We also recorded the number of weekly usage of triptans pre-and during quarantine.
Paired sample t test was performed to evaluate the changes in the value of migraine score from the 2 months immediately before lockdown (from January 1st to March 9th) to the 2 months of quarantine (from March 10th to May 3rd). We also evaluated presence or absence of anxiety or depressive disorders during quarantine.
We conducted mixed ANOVAs on migraine scores with time (before lock down, quarantine) as within-subject variable and depression level (minimal-mild, moderate-severe) as between-subject factor.
Value of GAMS was 5.61 ± 0.76 before and 4.16 ± 1.46 during quarantine (p < .001). VAS was 7.49 ± 1.10 before and 5.47 ± 1.88 during quarantine (p < .001).
Frequency of triptan utilization for migraine attacks (number pills/week) was 2.84 ± 2.54 in the period before as opposed to 2.00 ± 1.78 during quarantine (p = .041) ( Table 1) .
Value of Beck and Zung was, respectively, 13.10 ± 7.33 and 22.71 ± 13.36, indicating presence of mild to moderate level of depression and normal to mild level of anxiety. Given that only three patients showed mild to marked levels of anxiety during quarantine, we decided to focus the following analyses only on depression levels during quarantine.
The mixed ANOVAs on migraine severity, measured both with GAMS and VAS, showed a main effect on time, F(1,47) = 12.45, p = .001, F(1,47) = 18.87, p < .001, respectively, indicating an amelioration on migraine symptoms. Moreover, we also found a time by depression level interaction, F(1,47) = 6.21, p = .016, F(1,47) = 14.52, p < .006, respectively, showing that subjects with lower level of depression had better course of migraine (see Figs. 1 and 2 ).
Our study showed that subjects with migraine had reduction of migraine evaluated by means of GAMS and VAS during quarantine. The trend of reduction of number of triptans per week is in line with this observation. The analysis of depression and anxiety showed mild-moderate level of depression and mild level of anxiety during the 2-month period of quarantine. No comparison was possible with the period before lockdown as we do not have the data. Fig. 1 Analysis of the interaction between depression (Beck) and reduction of migraine attack measured though GAMS. Red line subjects with minimal-mild level of depression. Blue line: subjects with moderate-severe level of depression A possible interpretation of result might be that being at home, with relative reduction of stressor coming from working activity, may cause a reduction of triggers for migraine attacks. Presence of depression and anxiety could be related to the specific causes of quarantine, determined by Covid pandemia and lockdown. Moreover, there was an interaction between depression and migraine burden, with better course of migraine in less depressed subjects.
Limitations of our study are the retrospective design and the lack of analysis of psychiatric comorbidities before the quarantine period. Indeed, we did a pre-post analysis, subjected to several biases; yet, we considered the variable "COVID quarantine" as a whole, without analytical evaluation of single possible causes of changes in migraine burden.
Strength of our study is the consecutive recruitment, the few number of lost to follow-up, the utilization of specific validated tests for migraine and pain and for psychiatric comorbidities.
In conclusion, we showed that, during quarantine due to COVID pandemia, subjects with migraine had fewer migraine attacks and lesser pain, despite moderate level of depression.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent The research involves patients who gave informed consent for publications.
Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 