Northern Europe, Finland (7871 declared cases on 23 August 2020) and Norway (10 197) suffered less infections than Sweden (86 068). 5 As confinement has not been applied in Nordic countries, it is of interest to know whether there has also been an increase of chilblains cases in those countries. To our knowledge, there are no reports published thus far. We used Google Trends (GT) to investigate whether there were notable variations in searching for information related to chilblains, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, between Northern and Southern Europe.
We analysed the data generated through GT for relative search volumes (RSV) of the word 'chilblains [disease]', worldwide and in six countries (Italy, Spain, France, Norway, Finland, Sweden) from 1 January 2016 to 23 August 2020. We also evaluated RSV for 'COVID toes'. The methodology has been described in a previous study. Worldwide searches for 'chilblains' display a striking regularity with yearly peaks in January/February. Smaller but regular peaks occur also every July and match searches from the Southern Hemisphere during austral winter (Fig. 1a) . The peak in January 2020 was less high compared to previous years, possibly because of exceptional warm temperatures this winter. 7 Two additional peaks occurred around April/May 2020 and July 2020. The pattern in Italy and in Spain is strikingly similar with notable peaks every December/January and almost no search the rest of the year. A resumption in April and May 2020 is notable. France displayed a similar pattern, although a background noise of searches occurs also in springs (Fig. 1b) . In Nordic countries, winter peaks are notable too; however, the patterns are not as clear-cut as for Italy and Spain. Peaks in April and May 2020 are also visible in Norway and Sweden (Fig. 1c) . Peaks in May and July 2020 usually matched with 'COVID toes' searches (data not shown).
There may be several reasons for the paucity of reports of chilblains in Nordic countries: low prevalence of infection in the general population compared to other countries, low prevalence of infection among the young, 8 underreporting of cases and failure to consult for symptoms that are not severe. The search peaks in spring 2020 may be related to patients with symptoms and indicate that the same symptoms occurred elsewhere in Europe. However, peaks matched also 'COVID toes' key word, so we cannot rule out an artificial increase of searches on Google and other Web search engines in relation to news coverage over the Internet of this new phenomenon.
To conclude, Nordic countries have not imposed strict confinement to population as in Southern Europe and there are currently no reports of chilblains 'outbreaks' during this period. This could indirectly point towards a link between confinement and chilblains. However, there have been searches for 'chilblains' in Spring 2020 on GT in northern Europe. Nordic dermatologists should gather and report their cases of chilblains during the COVID-19 pandemic, so we could evaluate whether chilblains are a global phenomenon that occurred in countries that did not confine as well.
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Departments of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland *Correspondence: N. Kluger. E-mail: nicolas.kluger@hus.fi