worked from the AAS survey so we could now assess whether the findings remained relevant across the globe, and if they had changed over time. Seventy-three potential priorities (41 from the original WHO document 
Responses from the survey were download in excel format, all data was fully anonymised, password protected 96 and access restricted to the study team. Descriptive analyses were undertaken within excel to provide a 97 ranking score for each research priority for immediate and longer term, as per the survey. Priorities ranked as 98 first were given a score of 3, those ranked second were given a score of 2 and those ranked third were given 99 a score of 1. This analysis was conducted within the category headings from the WHO roadmap and included 100 both the original WHO priorities and new priorities suggested in the AAS report. Therefore, these data show 101 . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review)
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint us how responders currently rank the priorities set within the WHO roadmap and the AAS report. The data were split for comparison between the global researcher responses and those originating from less-resourced
The aim of the open-ended survey was to determine whether there are new priorities that were not included 108 in the original WHO roadmap or the AAS survey findings. These written comments were imported into NVivo 109 qualitative data analysis package and we undertook a pragmatic thematic content analysis. Analysing the data 110 from the workshops allowed a further open consideration of current research priorities as this step expanded 111 beyond the limitation that the survey had of asking questions within the framework of the WHO roadmap.
Following the methodology established after the first workshop (7) we compiled a dataset by transcribing the 113 spoken and written comments from each workshop. A coding framework was generated through an inductive 114 and then deductive approach, following the same categories used in the survey.
In total, 1,528 individuals completed the online survey and 2,559 attended the workshops, from across 137 The survey results (Table 1) shows how priorities were ranked across the immediate and longer term within 125 the WHO categories. We present these globally, along with a sub-group analysis of less resourced countries 126 to understand whether there are differences in priorities for less resourced countries.
. CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review)
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint 
Identify animal source and route of transmission (hosts, any evidence of continued spillover to humans and transmission between animals and humans).
. CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. .
Develop new PPE approaches using local materials and manufacturing processes . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . Ensure that knowledge is produced according to local, national and regional needs.
2 Ensure that knowledge is produced according to local, national and regional needs.
Promote the prioritization of knowledge needs according to epidemic dynamics.
Examine optimal ways of communicating about potential interventions in high density low socioeconomic status urban settings 
The qualitative data analysis from the survey, workshops and working groups supported the existing WHO
Roadmap and highlights where greater research emphasis is needed at this later point in the pandemic.
However, most importantly new priorities have also come through from this study (Table 2) .
. CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint Understanding infections and outcomes in vulnerable populations including children, persons living with disabilities, ethnic groups and refugees. Relationship between repeated viral exposure and disease severity (in frontline workers) The effects of the disease on pregnant women Effective use of PPE for frontline healthcare workers (emphasis on Nurses) Health Systems research & strengthening to mitigate impact of COVID-19 on capacity Understanding zoonotic leap between human and animals The impact of redirecting resources and public health interventions towards COVID-19 on other disease burdens Adherence to and trust in public health interventions such as quarantine and social distancing Evaluation of public health interventions in varied settings Public health messaging and addressing myths and mistrust Engaging relevant stakeholders (including religious leaders) in research to enhance community sensitization, adherence to public health measures, detection and surveillance Effective and feasible ways of community engagement during lockdowns and social distancing.
New Priorities
Improved diagnostic tools for safer sample collection, faster and easier assays
Examine relationships to other lung diseases
The impact of improved WASH practices on WASH-related infections diseases.
Long-term health impacts and complications of contracting COVID-19 -with emphasis on children/those with comorbidities
Clinical guidelines for post-hospitalisation home management and community rehabilitation.
Palliative care for COVID-19 patients Vitamin D levels in COVID-19 severity
Investigate the potential role of natural/traditional remedies What would the target therapeutic be with our new knowledge Evaluate therapeutics in the community in early infection
Ethical considerations for resource allocation to LMICs Ethical considerations of recruiting final year medical/nursing students . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint
Understanding COVID-19 in the contexts of conflict, civil war, and refugee situations Examine the effects of the pandemic on the participation of the public in democratic processes
How to ensure effective social distancing in public spaces and congregate settings post lockdown.
Determine the impact of: PHIs on the environment (including air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions)
• Disinfectants and hand sanitisers on the environment
• Large-scale PPE production and disposal.
Preparing for the next pandemic.
Ensure effective measures including community surveillance and animal screening techniques are in place to rapidly identify emerging zoonotic diseases.
Evaluation of governmental policies and lessons learnt in preparation for the next pandemic.
The use of technology in various aspects of pandemic response. Assess effective ways of conducting cross-disciplinary research 144
These data suggest that that original WHO COVID-19 Research Roadmap remains broadly globally applicable.
Here we also show which research questions require the most emphasis and also that potential new priorities 147 have emerged that were not within the initial roadmap. 
Consideration of both immediate and long-term priorities is important to address this specific pandemic and 182 to better prepare for the future. There are studies that need ongoing transmission, at a high enough rate to 183 answer the question they set. These might be essential for this pandemic, for example clinical trials to 184 . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review)
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint determine the efficacy of drugs or vaccines, or address questions to guide future outbreaks, such as evaluating guide the effort to address COVID-19 or might help for future pandemics. 
. CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review)
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.20138198 doi: medRxiv preprint