The antigen recognition by the host immune system is a complex biochemical process that requires a battery of enzymes. Cathepsins are one of the enzyme superfamilies involved in antigen degradation. We observed the up-regulation of catfish cathepsin H and L transcripts during the early stage of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in preliminary studies, and speculated that cathepsin H and L may play roles in infection. We identified, sequenced and characterized the complete channel catfish cathepsin H and L cDNAs, which comprised 1415 and 1639 nucleotides, respectively. The open reading frames of cathepsin H appeared to encode a protein of 326-amino acid residues, which that of cathepsin L encoded a protein of 336 amino acids. The degree of conservation of the channel catfish cathepsin H and L amino acid sequences in comparison to other species ranged from 61% to 77%, and 67% to 85%, respectively. The catalytic triad and substrate binding sites are conserved in cathepsin H and L amino acid sequences. The cathepsin L transcript was expressed in all tissues examined, while the cathepsin H was expressed in restricted tissues. These results provide important information for further exploring the roles of channel catfish cathepsins in antigen processing.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The recognition of an antigen by the host immune system involves a complex biochemical process, including intracellular protein degradation to generate antigenic peptides for presentation [1] [2] [3] . This degradation requires a battery of enzymes inside cells. Cathepsins are one of the enzyme superfamilies involved in regulation of antigen presentation [4, 5] .
Cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases of the papain family [6] [7] [8] [9] . They are synthesized as an inactive prepropeptide form in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and activated autocatalytically or by other proteases to become active enzymes [6] [7] [8] [9] . Currently, there are more than 10 members in the human cathepsin family [10] . We are interested in cathepsins H, L and S (CTSH, CTSL and CTSS, respectively), because we observed that these channel catfish cathepsins were induced and up-regulated in the early stage of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in channel catfish ovary cells (ATCC CRL-2772) [Yeh and Klesius, unpublished data] , leading us to speculate that these cathepsins may play critical roles in infection.
In the mouse immune system, CTSL (E.C. 3.4.22.15) activity has been detected in cortical thymic epithelial cells, where CTSL degrades the invariant chain of MHC class II in the late stages of development and produces MHC class II peptides for CD4T cell selection [4, 5, 11] . A recent in vitro study demonstrated that CTSL is required for Toll-like receptor 9 responses to microbial DNA [12] . Also, CTSL has been implicated in microbial pathogenesis. Simmon et al. [13] showed that CTSL is needed for cleavage of the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in endosomes for viral entry. Chandran et al. [14] also showed that CTSL plays an assistant role in Ebola virus infection. CTSH (E.C. 3.4.22.16) , first isolated from rat liver [15] , is a potent lysosomal cysteine aminopeptidase in the cathepsin family [6, 8] . In physiological states, CTSH is required for lung development [16, 17] . Table 1 Primers used in this study. Peptide-------------------------------------Human  MWATLPLLCA------------AELCVNSLEKFHFKSWMSKHRKTYSTEEYHHRLQTFAS 48  Chimpanzee  MWATLPLLCAGAWLLGVPVCGAAELSVNSLEKFHFKSWMSKHRKTYSTEEYHHRLQTFAS 60  Rhesus monkey  MWVTLPLLCAGAWLLGAPVCGAAELSVNSLEKFHFKSWMSKHHKTYSTEEYHHRMQTFAS 60  Pig  MWAVLSLLCAGAWLLGPPACGASNLAVSSFEKLHFKSWMVQHQKKYSLEEYHHRLQVFVS 60  Cattle  MWAVLPLLCAGAWLLGAPACGAAELAANSLEKFHFQSWMVQHQKKYSSEEYYHRLQAFAS 60  Mouse LVPLSEQQLVDCAQDFNNHGCNGGLPSQAFEYIMYNKGLMTEQDYPYKFVEGICSYKPSL 232 * **** *** * **** ***** ***** **** * * *** * * AAAFVKEVRNITAYDEMGMVDAVGTLNPVSFAFEVTDDFMHYREGVYTSTTCHNTTDKVN 292 * *** * *** ** * ** **** * ** * * * * * ** * ** HAVLAVGYGQEKGTPYWIVKNSWGSSWGIDGYFLIERGKNMCGLAACSSSP--VV 345 ******** * ********* ** *** **** ******** * * * Our interest in gene expression in infectious diseases prompted us to clone and characterize these channel catfish cathepsin cDNAs. We had previously characterized channel catfish CTSS cDNA [18] . In this communication, we report the isolation, characterisation and expression of channel catfish CTSH and CTSL cDNAs.
Channel catfish (NWAC103 strain) were used in this study. Animal usage was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit. Prior to aseptic tissue excision, the catfish were euthanized by immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as per the Guidelines of the Use of Fish in Research [19] . Gills, skin, brain, spleen, hepatopancreas, intestine and head kidneys were collected, and each tissue was immersed in 1 ml of TRI reagent (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinnati, OH). RSVDWREKGYVTPVKNQGQCGSCWAFSATGALEGQMFRKTGRLISLSEQNLVDCSGPQGN 175 * * ** * ** ** ******** *** *** * *** **** ** ** B Fig. 1. (continued) . Total RNA from tissues was isolated according to the manufacturer's instructions as described previously [20, 21] . After total RNA isolation, CTSH and CTSL cDNAs were generated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) by using a GeneRacer kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Primers for PCR amplification are listed in Table 1 . The PCR products were purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and cloned into the pSC-A cloning vector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). The ligated plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli by heat-shock. After culture enrichment at 37 C in S.O.C. medium, the cells were streaked on LB plates containing 30 mg/ml of kanamycin and incubated at 37 C overnight. Colonies were randomly selected and cultured in WU medium.
The DNA sequencing reactions were carried out at the USDA ARS MidSouth Genomics Laboratory with an ABI 3730xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using the BigDye terminator v.3.1 chemistry. More than 10 clones of each PCR product were sequenced on both strands. Chromatograms were edited and trimmed to remove the vector sequences by using Phred and Lucy software [22] [23] [24] . Amino acid sequences were deduced from nucleic acid sequences by using Transeq software [25] and aligned with other cathepsin amino acid sequences by using Clus-talW2 [26] (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/services/index.html). The Sig-nalP 3.0 server [27] and ExPASy server [28] were used to analyze the cathepsin signal peptides and N-glycosylation sites, respectively.
RT-PCR assays for CTSH and CTSL gene transcripts in channel catfish tissues were performed by a two-step procedure routinely used in our laboratory [20, 21] . Primers used are listed in Table 1 . The amplified products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. No reverse transcriptase or template added in reactions was included in EGCNGGLMDYAFQYVQDNGGLDSEESYPYEATE-ESCKYNPKYSVANDTGFVDIPK-QEK 233 ** ***** ** * * * * * *** * * ** ** * ALMKAVATVGPISVAIDAGHESFLFYKEGIYFEPDCSSEDMDHGVLVVGYGFESTESDNN 293 * * ** *** **** ** ** *** *** ***** **** experiments to ensure that no amplification was from residual genomic DNA. Images were recorded by a KODAK Gel Logic 440 Imaging System and processed with Adobe Photoshop (v. 7.0.1., Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA). In a preliminary study, channel catfish CTSH and CTSL expressed sequence tags were identified by subtractive suppression hybridization [Yeh and Klesius, unpublished data] . Based on these sequences, cDNAs to both CTSH and CTSL transcripts were, with the RACE method [29] , further sequenced and characterized. The complete sequences of channel catfish CTSH and CTSL cDNAs consisted of 1415 and 1639 nucleotides, respectively, (GenBank accession numbers EU915298 for CTSH and EU915299 for CTSL). Analysis of both sequences revealed that each had an open reading frame (ORF) with the 5 0 -and 3 0 -untranslated regions (UTR). Like mammalian mRNA, three feature sequences of mRNA, instability motifs, polyadenylation signal sequences and polyadenylation tails, were found in 3 0 -UTR of CTSH and CTSL sequences (Sequences not shown).
The ORF of channel catfish CTSH cDNA appears to encode a 326-amino acid peptide with a calculated molecular weight of 36.6 kDa. In addition, the deduced CTSH amino acid sequence has three potential N-glycosylation sites at the Asn 96 , Asn 223 and Asn 267 residues. For CTSL cDNA, the ORF appears to encode a 336 amino acid peptide with a calculated molecular weight of 38.1 kDa, and a potential N-glycosylation site at the Asn 223 residue. This Nglycosylation may be important for transportation of cathepsins into lysosomes [30] .
When the predicted channel catfish CTSH and CTSL amino acid sequences were compared with those from other species deposited in the GenBank database, we found that the degree of conservation of CTSH among species ranged from 61% (vs. mouse) to 77% (vs. zebrafish), and that of CTSL was from 67% (vs. human) to 85% (vs. common carp) (Fig. 1) . Based on mammalian CTSH and CTSL studies [31, 32] , the channel catfish CTSH and CTSL amino acid sequences could be structurally divided into three domains: (1) a signal peptide at the amino terminus, (2) a propeptide domain, and (3) a mature peptide at the carboxyl terminus (Fig.1) [31, 33] . In addition, the interspersed sequence (Glu, Arg, [Phe/Trp], Asn, Ile and Asn) was conserved in the propeptide of channel catfish CTSH and CTSL [33, 34] . Gunčar et al. [32] demonstrated that an octapeptide (Glu 91 -Pro 92 -Gln 93 -Asn 94 -Cys 95 -Ser 96 -Ala 97 -Thr 98 ) in the propeptide region of the porcine CTSH links to the mature peptide and is responsible for the CTSH aminopeptidase activity. As seen in Fig. 1A (shaded area), this octapeptide is conserved among the species examined except for channel catfish. Glu 94 and Asn 96 replace Asn 94 and Ser 96 in channel catfish, respectively. Whether these differences will affect its function in aminopeptidase activity remains to be determined.
In a recent study, Tingaud-Sequeira and Cerda [33] found that the zebrafish CTSL has three isoforms (CTSLa, CTSLb and CTSLc). The channel catfish CTSL shows high homology with the zebrafish CTSLa isoform. Whether channel catfish has other CTSL isoforms is unknown.
To compare the relatedness of the three known channel catfish cathepsins, the amino acid sequences of CTSH, CTSL, and CTSS were aligned using ClustalW2 software [26] . The analysis showed little conservation among the three cathepsins of channel catfish (Fig. 2) . However, the catalytic, binding, and disulfide linkage sites are all conserved (Fig. 2 ). This result is in agreement with the characteristics of the cathepsin family [10] .
To determine the expression profile of the CTSH and CTSL gene transcripts in various channel catfish tissues, a two-step RT-PCR was used. The amplified CTSH, CTSL and b-actin fragments had 844, 154 and 210 nucleotides, respectively. As seen in Fig. 3A , the CTSH transcript was detected at a high level in intestine (n ¼ 4) and gill (n ¼ 3), but barely in other tissues, suggesting that CTSH is constitutively expressed in restricted tissues. This phenomenon has also been reported in other species [35, 36] . Its role in the innate immune responses is currently under investigation. On the other hand, the CTSL transcript was expressed in all tissues of fish examined (Fig. 3B ). This result is in agreement with the notion that the CTSL transcript is ubiquitous in animal tissues [6] . Reactions without RT or template did not show amplification.
In conclusion, channel catfish CTSH and CTSL transcripts were identified, sequenced, characterized, and tissue expression profile determined. These results provide critical information for further elucidating antigen processing in channel catfish. Experiments for catfish cathepsin gene transcript expression in E. coli and production of polyclonal antibodies against these proteins are underway.