online teaching has its unique strengths, it could not provide students with hands-on experience in performing real biology experiments to master technical skills; the latter are essential for students to develop a career in conducting research in an academic or industrial laboratory setting. Hence, a welldesigned hybrid modality of using online teaching to complement conventional face-to-face instruction may allow for better teaching in undergraduate biology courses.
COVID-19, CUREs, face-to-face instruction, genetics, hybrid modality, online teaching, simulation labs, undergraduate
The spring semester of 2020 will remain in our memory for a lifetime. Abruptly, in the middle of a semester, many college professors were forced to start teaching courses online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon completing this challenging task and before the start of an uncertain fall semester, are there any valuable lessons that can be considered in future teaching, including the teaching of conventional inperson classes? This report intends to communicate several interesting findings that may help improve teaching efficacy.
First, powerful online tools can produce in-depth teaching and discussion. Previous studies have suggested that the effectiveness of online teaching is as effective as, if not better than, face-to-face instruction. 1,2 Since making the transition to teach an in-person upper-level genetics class online on March 16, the author has observed that online teaching has unique strengths when compared to in-person instruction. Online teaching gives an instructor multiple means to engage students in deep learning. For example, the instructor was able to annotate lecture slides in detail using the Apple Pencil on an iPad that had logged on to live virtual class meetings. For some students who may find it cumbersome to understand biology concepts, images, or illustrations, the instructor's precise annotation on the lecture slides not only can highlight important concepts but also can reveal mechanistic connections hidden in textbook graphs. Notably, annotation quality appeared much better than that produced with the current smart projection software in classrooms. Furthermore, the ability to record online classes enables students to access the instructor's "mind" and annotations to help them review the lecture slides after the class at their own pace. This can allow students to focus on critical thinking and synthesizing questions for in-class discussions, rather than taking lecture notes.
To make the transition to online teaching, the instructor used the following two web-based tools as the virtual class platform with the lecture recording function: Blackboard Collaborate Ultra and Zoom. The former is a component of the learning management system-Blackboard Learn (Blackboard Inc., Washington, DC), which is provided to all instructors and students at Mercy College. Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, San Jose, CA) has a free version that is limited for the use of 40 min for group meetings. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Mercy College provided a paid full version of Zoom to its faculty and students. From March 11 to 15, the 5-day period given by the college for faculty to prepare for online teaching, the instructor learned how to use these two applications to set up online classes. After the initial intensive learning process, the preparation of each online lecture took about 2 hr. This preparation time was mainly used to figure out how to accurately annotate the lecture slides as the lectures were to be recorded for students' use. In addition to interacting with students directly during in-class discussions, the instructor offered regular virtual office hours weekly as well as additional Zoom meetings per students' request. Furthermore, the instructor took time every week to manage the prelecture textbook-reading and postlecture exercise assignments using an online learning platform-Connect (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY) that came with the textbook used for the genetics course.
Second, the teaching objectives of biology labs can still be partly achieved through different types of online lab activities. The genetics course has both lecture and lab classes. Previously, the labs of this course had been redesigned for students to conduct research to identify telomere-regulating genes in Drosophila melanogaster, a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE). 3 These CURE labs consist of bioinformatic gene analysis, fruit fly phenotype observation and culture, isolation of genomic DNA, DNA electrophoresis and analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR. By the time the in-person class was stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only the first two labs had been completed. To achieve the learning objectives of the remaining four labs, the instructor explored free online lab resources and selected a set of online labs to meet the curricular requirements (Table 1 ). According to the instructor's observations, students had a good understanding of the mechanisms of the experiments. Although students were not able to physically conduct the experiments, they were able to use their computers to carry out the experiments through simulation activities in which they had to complete the experiments step-bystep. In addition, high-quality educational and research videos played a significant role in showing students how to conduct authentic research experiments and allowing the instructor to dissect the experimental steps. Furthermore, the instructor was able to share the computer screen to demonstrate how to use real-time PCR software (micPCR, Bio Molecular Systems) and analyze the real research data that had been generated from the instructor's research project.
To conduct these online labs, the instructor designed each lab that consisted of three components: a prelab assignment, in-class lab experiments, and a postlab assignment. The prelab assignments included reading lab protocols, watching videos, and answering some questions designed to probe students' understanding of the lab protocols. During the synchronous 3-h online lab classes, students conducted the lab activities under the guidance of the instructor. To assess students' lab performance, the instructor asked students to record their inclass experimental results in their individual electronic lab notebooks on Benchling (San Francisco, CA); the latter provides a free online notebook service for academic uses. The postlab assignments aimed to deepen the student's understanding of the experiments. Generally, an instructor would need to spend several hours to identify and select a set of high-quality, free, online lab activities that match the lab learning objectives. The selected online lab materials in the present study were of free access. They included the following types: educational videos from Science Education of Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) and YouTube, research experiment videos from PubMed Central-archived JoVE articles, 4 simulations from JoVE and online open educational resources (OERs) such as HHMI BioInteractive, and the instructors' research data (Table 1) . For each lab, the instructor also took a couple of hours to test lab activities and to design the prelab and postlab assignments. Hence, the instructor in the present report, on average, took about 6 h to prepare for an online lab class. Notably, the prelab and postlab assignments were not planned initially for face-to-face instruction. They were assigned to students to make online teaching of the labs more effective. With the strategy mentioned above, the learning objectives listed in Table 1 for these CURE labs were effectively achieved by combining properly selected, different types of online lab activities.
Finally, while the author noticed some advantages of online teaching, it needs to be reminded that the handson experience in using micropipettes and other experimental equipment was not feasible in the online teaching modality for the CURE labs. This may not be vital for some students with a major in health professions, such as physician assistant or physical therapy. However, such genuine research experience would be crucial for students in biology majors to develop a career in conducting research in academia or industry. Upon reflection of the unusual past semester, it appears that well-designed online labs can be used to engage students in achieving an in-depth understanding of the science, technology, and experimental protocols. In contrast, in-person labs can give rise to more hands-on experience in conducting the actual experiments. Hence, with the lessons learned from this semester's exploration of the online teaching modality in a CURE genetics course, when appropriate, a well-designed hybrid course can be implemented to utilize the online teaching modality to benefit the conventional face-to-face instruction for undergraduate biology courses. 5 Note: BIOL 360 is a four-credit undergraduate course to discuss the fundamental principles of heredity and variations, spanning transmission genetics, molecular genetics, population genetics, and cytogenetics. There were 20 students in this genetics class in spring 2020. The course met twice a week for a lecture class and a lab class. Each class was scheduled for 2 h and 50 min. a Science Education of JoVE was free to use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Other completely free online materials of similar content can also be identified. For example, The Jackson Laboratory has posted free videos of DNA Extraction (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcPgdR9_ t64 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PisbDHKXTU) and Restriction Digest (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEjN_fxJN1s) on YouTube.