Showers, toilets, and sinks are shared. Food preparation and food service is communal. Staff arrive and leave, providing a link between the community and the detention center, often-because of limited testing and asymptomatic infection-without adequate screening. Yet, more than three months since COVID-19 emerged, the US CDC lists guidance for schools, childcare centers, colleges, workplaces, faith-based organizations, community events, homeless shelters, healthcare professionals and retirement communities but not for jails, prisons, or immigration detention centers. 7 Police, first responders, and correctional officers are also at risk as they are less able to practice physical distancing in their official duties. Unsurprisingly, we are starting to see this population affected and their colleagues who are exposed to them, ordered into quarantine. For example, in Kirkland, Washington, 27 firefighters and two police officers were in quarantine along with four King County, Washington, paramedics. In San Jose, California 77 firefighters were in quarantine. 8 More than 140 firefighters were quarantined in Washington DC. 9 Six New Jersey police officers tested positive for COVID-19 and another 20 officers were under self-quarantine, as of March 19. 10 So far, two state prison employees tested positive for COVID-19 in California, two in Michigan, a county jail officer in Washington state, and one Georgia Department of Corrections employee tested positive. 11 A corrections officer at Rikers Island (NY) and an inmate have tested positive; an investigator with NYC's department of corrections died of COVID-19. 12 In Wisconsin, a prison doctor tested positive. 13 In New Jersey, a member of the medical staff at Elizabeth Detention Center in New Jersey a private immigration detention center tested positive for coronavirus. 14 A correctional officer at Bergen County Jail (NJ), which contracts with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), also tested positive for COVID-19. 15 As a result of these cases, hunger strikes have broken out in three ICE detention centers in New Jersey "as detainees protest what they describe as deteriorating conditions and a failure to adequately address the potential spread of COVID-19". 16 If police, first responders, and corrections officers are significantly affected by COVID-19, whether through being infected, exposed by detainees, their fellow officers, or in the community, large numbers will be unavailable to work due to self-quarantine or isolation, at the same time that large numbers of detainees who are potentially exposed will need to be put into individual isolation or transferred to advanced medical care, putting tremendous stress on detention facilities.
States have an obligation to ensure medical care for prisoners at least equivalent to that available to the general population. According to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, "States are under the obligation to respect the right to health by, inter alia, refraining from denying or limiting equal access for all persons, including prisoners or detainees, minorities, asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, to preventive, curative and palliative health services." 17 The UN Human Rights Committee has also interpreted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as requiring that governments provide "adequate medical care during detention" and the Committee Against Torture has found that failure to provide adequate medical care can violate the Convention Against Torture's prohibition of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. 18 The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (known as the Nelson Mandela Rules) provide further protections. 19 To address the risk in detention settings, detention centers must first and foremost have plans in place to prevent or limit the outbreak of COVID-19, to protect the health of all detainees, and to treat the disease should any detainee acquire it. Beyond this, to achieve physical distancing and protect individuals at high risk, detention centers should release individuals in detention who are arbitrarily detained as well as asylum seekers, those in pre-trial detention, and migrant children. Detention centers should also consider reducing their populations through appropriate supervised or ear-
N U M B E R 1 Health and Human Rights Journal 369 ly release of detainees whose release may be soon or who are in pre-trial detention for non-violent and lesser offenses or whose continued detention is in an equivalent manner unnecessary or unjustified. Finally, individuals who are considered at high risk for severe disease or death should be released or put into alternative forms of custody if facilities cannot ensure their protection or care. These are not impossible steps and some national and local governments are beginning to take action. In Spain, immigration authorities began releasing people held in immigration detention centers on March 18. 20 In Belgium, federal authorities released an estimated 300 migrants from detention on March 19 because detention conditions did not allow for safe physical distancing. 21 The UK government released 300 people from detention centers following legal action which argued that the government had failed to protect immigration detainees and failed to identify which detainees were at particular risk of serious harm or death if they do contract the virus due to their age or underlying health conditions. In the United States, in Alabama, prison officials announced that they are halting intake of inmates from the state's county jails for the next month. 22 In Chicago, Illinois, the Cook County Jail released several detainees deemed "highly vulnerable to" COVID-19. 23 In Maine, the court system vacated all outstanding warrants (numbering over 12,000) for unpaid court fines and fees and for failure to appear for hearings, to reduce jailing. 24 However, like everything related to this pandemic, more needs to be done faster. And in lower-income countries which have yet to see a large number of cases, now is the time to act. While these countries may have relatively fewer people incarcerated per capita than middle-and upper-income countries, conditions are often worse, with severe overcrowding, lack of medical facilities, and a high proportion of detainees who are in pre-trial detention and who fall in high risk categories for severe COVID-19 disease or death. 25 Releasing detainees is a critical part of the COVID-19 response and is both good public health and human rights policy. 26 