Manufacturing is taught to a small group of undergraduate students in four-year colleges and universities. Using the University of Michigan (U-M) in Ann Arbor as an example, among the about 6500 freshman undergraduate students in 2019, only about 400 (6%) in Mechanical Engineering and Industry and Operations Engineering will have formal and dedicated courses in manufacturing in their undergraduate education. This is only about 25% of the roughly 1600 freshman engineering students. When asked if knowledge in manufacturing is essential in aerospace, chemical, or nuclear engineering, the answer is often an overwhelming yes. However, most of the engineering disciplines only have manufacturing content in a few lectures and do not teach manufacturing as a required or technical elective course in their curriculum. For non-engineering undergraduate students in business, political science, sociology, and other disciplines, the
Manufacturing is taught to a small group of undergraduate students in four-year colleges and universities. Using the University of Michigan (U-M) in Ann Arbor as an example, among the about 6500 freshman undergraduate students in 2019, only about 400 (6%) in Mechanical Engineering and Industry and Operations Engineering will have formal and dedicated courses in manufacturing in their undergraduate education. This is only about 25% of the roughly 1600 freshman engineering students. When asked if knowledge in manufacturing is essential in aerospace, chemical, or nuclear engineering, the answer is often an overwhelming yes. However, most of the engineering disciplines only have manufacturing content in a few lectures and do not teach manufacturing as a required or technical elective course in their curriculum. For non-engineering undergraduate students in business, political science, sociology, and other disciplines, the
Manufacturing is taught to a small group of undergraduate students in four-year colleges and universities. Using the University of Michigan (U-M) in Ann Arbor as an example, among the about 6500 freshman undergraduate students in 2019, only about 400 (6%) in Mechanical Engineering and Industry and Operations Engineering will have formal and dedicated courses in manufacturing in their undergraduate education. This is only about 25% of the roughly 1600 freshman engineering students. When asked if knowledge in manufacturing is essential in aerospace, chemical, or nuclear engineering, the answer is often an overwhelming yes. However, most of the engineering disciplines only have manufacturing content in a few lectures and do not teach manufacturing as a required or technical elective course in their curriculum. For non-engineering undergraduate students in business, political science, sociology, and other disciplines, the 48th SME North American Manufacturing Research Conference, NAMRC 48 (Cancelled due to knowledge of manufacturing and its impact on innovation and society is beneficial and advantageous for their career path. However, there lacks a way for them to gain the knowledge of manufacturing and its broader impacts on society and national security.
There are needs and demands on teaching manufacturing broadly to both engineering and non-engineering undergraduate students. The approach to deliver the basic knowledge in manufacturing cannot follow the traditional cookbook-style pedagogy of manufacturing processes and systems. The core knowledge in manufacturing is still the same. However, a new approach to teach manufacturing is required.
Our vision is that all students, particularly those in engineering, should have the opportunity to learn manufacturing. An analog is that all students in the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland need to learn engineering regardless of their majors. USNA trains leaders. Most of USNA graduates need to serve in ships and require the basic knowledge in engineering as an effective leader. Manufacturing is a subset of engineering. If engineering can be taught broadly to all majors in USNA, teaching manufacturing to all students should be feasible.
A new course, called "Manufacturing and Society," for freshman engineering students at the U-M in Ann Arbor has been created and taught to explore teaching manufacturing to the broad undergraduate engineering student population. This is one of the sections of a required freshman U-M engineering course: ENG 100 Introduction to Engineering [1] . ENG 100 is a team-taught, four-credit hour course required for all freshman engineering students at U-M. ENG100 has four primary goals to: 1) introduce first-year students to basic engineering design concepts, principles, and methods; 2) give them contextualized instruction and experience in technical communication; 3) acquaint students with important concepts in engineering ethics, professionalism, teamwork, sustainability and cultural diversity and inclusion, and 4) bring them into the engineering community. This "Manufacturing and Society" section in ENG100 is a project-based experiential-learning class in which students work in teams, individually master first-year level technical content in manufacturing, and become competent in technical and professional communication. Two instructors in social science and technical communication (TC) are coteaching with the manufacturing faculty in this section of ENG 100. The integration of social science into engineering education has been studied [2] [3] [4] but not yet widely applied into undergraduate manufacturing education. The social science instructor from U-M's Institute for Social Research gives lectures on social aspects of manufacturing. He also facilitates through the lab discussion on each team's identification of a societal need or challenge that their drone design will address for their final project. The social science objective of the course is for the students to learn 1) the beneficial role that social science can and does play in manufacturing, 2) social science research methods that can be applied to help understand customers and/or targeted populations when designing products and creating corresponding manufacturing plans, and 3) changing trends in the nature of work, the workplace, and the future workforce as it relates to manufacturing. The TC instructor trains students on written technical reports and oral presentations to communicate students' ideas to a broad audience. In addition to the technical problem solving and the creative design process, students in ENG 100 are expected to learn teamwork and team management, ways the engineer can impact society, and decision-making skills.
Manufacturing is the cornerstone of our society and is central to the economy as it is one of the drivers of economic growth and critical sector of job creation. Every dollar in final sales of manufactured products supports $1.33 in output from other sectors [5] the highest multiplier of any sector. Advanced manufacturing is one of the key drivers in the economy. A successful and competitive manufacturing factory can have a powerful and positive impact on the local economy in which it is located. Technology is the foundation for competitive products and processes of a manufacturing plant. In this ENG 100 section, students learn the manufacturing technology based on an innovative productthe quadcopter drone. The course teaches manufacturing based on innovation the pedagogy based on the manufacturing process design (MPD) [6] . Drones and drone associated innovations are the key thrust in teaching and learning of this ENG 100 section.
Drones have gained popularity with potential market value predicted over $100 billion by the year 2020 [7] , according to a report by Goldman Sachs. Quadcopter drones with the fourrotor design are the most popular because of its simple structure yet being highly reliable and maneuverable. Quadcopter drones have been widely used in firefighting, agriculture, military and law enforcement, photography and journalism, and performing art, and others. Currently, most of the drones and drone components are manufactured in Asia. Currently, DJI (a $2.8B company founded in 2006) has 74% of the current market share of drones in 2018 [8] . The ENG100 section has a focus on drones and drone manufacturing. Student teams have hands-on labs to disassemble and assemble two advanced drones (DJI F330 and DJI Spark) and projects to design a drone assembly plant in Michigan as well as innovate and manufacture their own drone to meet a societal need. Students learned the assembly process, manufacturing processes for key drone components, statistical quality control, computer-aided design (CAD) software (SolidWorks), material extrusion (MEX) for additive manufacturing, and the design and manufacturing review procedures. Student teams also practiced flying a new and disassembled/assembled drone and demonstrated their design by flying a concept demonstration drone build for the team. Many students who want to pursue a degree in Aerospace Engineering are taking this course. This ENG 100 course provides an opportunity to learn about manufacturing for their study in Aerospace Engineering, which does not currently offer manufacturing related courses or labs, in the curriculum.
This course also teams up with the Manufacturing Technology in Washtenaw Community College (WCC) at Ann Arbor, Michigan. The ENG 100 and Community College's Manufacturing Technology Program have the same student population, i.e., the high school graduates. The course materials and pedagogy in video-enhanced learning [9] are very similar.
We share course materials, invite leaders of manufacturing from a local community college to the lecture and as judge/coach in the project review, learn from their experience, and build a close partnership that is mutually beneficial.
In this paper, the description of the projects, lectures, labs, and discussion sessions are presented in the following four sections. The outcome and lessons learned in the course are then discussed.
This course is built on two team-based projects. When assigning students into teams, diversity in each team is maximized and all students including underrepresented minority ones are treated with respect. All students are required to contribute to a respectful, welcoming and inclusive environment for every other member of the team throughout the project.
The mid-term project is aimed to create a plan of a manufacturing factory in Michigan for assembly of a state-ofthe-art drone. The DJI Spark [10] is selected as the quadcopter drone which each team will: 1) fly this drone, 2) disassemble this drone to identify key components, 3) assemble this drone to find assembly steps, and 4) fly the assembled drone for quality control. The manufacturing plan will cover: 1) key components and their materials, manufacturing processes, and supply chain, 2) assembly steps and stations, 3) plant layout, 4) production operations (people and shift), and 5) quality control for drone assembly. The plan is expected to be competitive from both technology and business perspectives. Three experienced manufacturing engineers who serve in the dual role as coach and judge are: Dexter, Michigan. Protomatic is a precision machine shop specializing in prototype and short-run-production components, primarily for the medical and aerospace industries.
The teams assume that: 1) only one model will be assembled, 2) the supply chain has been established for all parts and sub-assemblies, 3) there is no limit on the plant floor space, 4) there is no budget limit (with proper justifications to be commercially competitive), and 5) there is no limit on the technology, with reasonable, strong, and convincing justifications (i.e., the team is free to pick between the workcentered Toyota manufacturing to automation-centered Tesla manufacturing approaches).
The team's manufacturing plan needs to be competitive from both technology and business perspectives. The written report will need to include the following information in an order that makes logical sense:
• Describe the drone, goal, and key assumptions.
• Drone components: Identify and number all components (parts and sub-assemblies) which will be assembled in the factory to make the final product. • Drone assembly steps and time: Conduct the time study to observe and discretize the assembly steps into operations. • Drone assembly stations: Find innovative technologies to be adopted in production to assemble the drone and lay out the assembly stations and flow. • Plant layout: Develop the most economical, balanced, and efficient layout of the assembly plant. • Production operations: Estimate the number of shop workers/machines/robots and number of drones produced in an 8-hour shift. • Quality control: Describe the way you will test and evaluate the drone. • Conclusion and recommendation: Evaluate if your assembly plant will be competitive in the market.
A team presentation is held a week before the final report due date. Each team has 20 minutes to present the key aspects of the report followed by 10 minutes question and answer from the instructors and industrial judges/coaches. Each team is reminded that they will not be able to include all of the details from the written report in the presentation. The team needs to choose the key information for their presentation, but be ready to expand on any aspect of the project during the question period. Each team is also reminded that they have to communicate their main points during this presentation.
An example from one of the student teams for this mid-term project is presented. Based on the hands-on lab session disassembling and reassembling the DJI Spark drone (to be elaborated in Section 4), this student team summarized a list of 16 categorizes (Table 1 ) of all done components (parts and subassemblies like camera module) needed for their assembly line. Through analysis of the video of their drone assembly, this student team identified all assembly tasks and assigned them into five workstations to achieve an efficient and balanced assembly line. The outcome of the operation time breakdown for workstation #1 is shown in Table 2 and the balanced assembly line diagram is illustrated in Fig. 1(a) . The proposed assembly line would yield a 31.2 s cycle time to assemble each drone and the maximum station idle time at workstation #2 is only 1.6 s. Based on an industrial facility for lease currently available at Dexter, Michigan, the team designed a detailed factory floor plan including the main assembly line, flight test zone, storage and stock zone, decking zone, office, and living areas ( Fig. 1(b) ).
The team then investigated the estimated cost for the production facility in terms of wage, rent, transportation, factory maintenance, utilities, equipment, overhead expenses, and raw material cost, as listed in Table 3 . The wage covers five operation workers, one storage personnel, one shipment personnel, one manufacturing engineer, one janitor, one admin assistant, and one manager at an average of $10 hourly rate with Michigan minimum wage of $9.45 per hour taken into consideration. This wage is the initial data point and can be scaled up. The transportation includes mortgage of two trucks and corresponding fuel price. The utilities cost was estimated based on online resources of energy cost per square foot and the floor plan proposed. Raw material cost was determined by combining the component list and the estimated production rate of 32,307 drones a month based on the time study. The equipment cost, as summarized in Table 4 , was based on the team's plan for the factory's automation and technical innovation including the usage of 1) part-verification sorting bin system, 2) automated guided vehicle and automatic feeding system for material handling, 3) conveyor belt for part transportation between stations, and 4) cobot for assistance in fastener installation. Also, choice of the workspace chairs and design of the workstation took human factors into consideration for both worker ergonomics and productivity. The team concluded with a unit price of $322.96 per unit to make a 30% profit, which is lower than the manufacturer's suggested retail price of $499 and the fair market value of about $350 for the DJI Spark. Future improvements for the factory suggested by the team included assembly line expansion, facility ownership, and implementation of vertical integration.
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000-000 5
Each team needed to communicate their main points during this presentation. The final project utilizes the DJI F330 drone as a platform to apply and practice the manufacturing of the frame of a drone for a specific mission, e.g., package transportation for a retainer, reconnaissance for the disaster, etc. The team needs to: 1) present at least one societal need and describe how their drone will address that need, 2) identify the technical specifications (e.g. payload) for the mission, 3) design the shape and function of the frame using computeraided-design software, 4) confirm the structural integrity of the design, 5) fabricate the frame, 6) assemble and attach to the DJI F330 drone, and 7) test flight to demonstrate the concept. The hardware budget for each team is about $125.
The final project, like the mid-term project, requires a team presentation and written report on the innovation and manufacturing of a drone to meet specific societal needs. To demonstrate the concept using the physical prototype based on the DJI F330 drone platform, each student needs to learn the computer-aided design software (SolidWorks) and material extrusion based additive manufacturing during the lab. The same three experienced manufacturing engineers as in the midterm project will serve as the reviewer, coach, and judge during the final review.
The written final report needs to include the following information:
• Identification of at least one societal need and how their drone may make an impact. • Description of the drone, goal, and key assumptions.
• Detailed design steps: the CAD drawing of each component with the dimension and material selection. Each team needs to work with an engineering instructor for design review, which can ensure the structural integrity of the design, i.e., the drone will not fail structurally. • Detailed manufacturing steps: Document how the team fabricates each part. • Assembly and testing: Document steps to assemble and validate the drone. • Conclusion and recommendation: Assess the design and suggest what can be done next to create a start-up company for this drone to make an impact to our society.
For the final project, the eight custom drones for purposes of package delivery, natural disaster response, teleconference/healthcare, and multispectral analysis in agricultural fields are as shown in Fig. 2(a) .
Each drone targeted a specific social need, which led to different drone designs under the same purpose category. For example, delivery was a popular application selected by multiple teams and various prototype designs were developed and built. A merchandise delivery drone, as shown in Fig. 2(b) , intended to relieve the societal problem of high traffic congestion in metropolitan areas by adding convenience to the lives of the users, which the team hypothesized to be young and upper-middle class. For the merchandise delivery purpose, the drone had a large size cargo box for storage with a detachable door in front for quick loading/unloading of the package. The delivery box was designed to be durable, water-resistant, cheap to manufacture and it served as the landing gear itself. A similar idea was used by another team, as shown in Fig. 2(c) , to deliver medicine to the patient faster than an ambulance in the case of drug overdose emergency response. The drone, by avoiding complicated terrain, traffic, and other roadblocks, in situations where an ambulance cannot get to a patient fast enough, could reduce the response time of first-aid. For such purpose, a comparatively smaller lockbox (yellow) was designed for the prescription drugs, which was connected to a redesigned tanktrack-like landing gear for more controlled and stable landing. In comparison, another medication delivery team (Fig. 2(d) ) focused on delivering medication from pharmacies to elderly customers at home, who need more medications but have limited mobility and poor vision to travel to pharmacy stores often. Instead of landing and waiting for the elderly customer to pick the medication from the lockbox, this team, as shown in Fig. 2(d) , chose to airdrop the drug box (light grey) through releasing a pair of mechanical gripper arms (dark grey). Social need and design and prototyping example of another student team's final project is elaborated here. This team proposed creating a modular drone to address the changing needs of specialized consumers in the drone industry. Drones with unique technical specializations are needed for some specialized consumers, which is both expensive and time consuming. Such special needs are time-sensitive and unpredictable for drone design and manufacturing and have resulted the high costs and long delivery time (because consumers cannot order in advance). An example is the drone for disaster response. To address the many and varied needs of first responders to natural disasters, the team proposed the design of a modular drone with attachment points mounted to cross-arm rods that could equip various sensors and deliver various survival aids. The team recognized that first responders would understand the needed survival aid for each individual rescue scenario better than the engineering team ever could, so the design aimed to provide these responders with the ability to attach specialized equipment and address a wide variety of scenarios.
To attach different modules onto the drone, the team designed a module mounting system as in Fig. 3(a) composed of a cross-beam permanently fixed to the drone's arms and a trapezoidal adaptor with a pin hole matching with the male end on the module (Fig. 3(b) ). The assembled module is shown in Fig. 3 (c) and will be fixed by quick-release pins (Fig. 3(d) ). Two sample modules demoed included a camera module (Fig.  3(e) ) and a distance sensor module (Fig. 3(f) ) including both infrared and ultrasonic sensors. Besides, a carriage frame was designed ( Fig. 3(g) ) to attach a net/pouch and enable the transportation of first-aid materials to remote natural disaster locations.
During the prototype stage, the cross-beam, quick-release pins, camera, and distance sensors were commercially available and purchased directly for assembly. All the rest of the parts were 3D-printed and assembled to the drone, including the grey carriage frame (Fig. 3(h) ), the green distance sensing module fixture (Fig. 3(i) ), and the white camera module fixture (Fig. 3(j) ). 
The lecture on manufacturing engineering, technical communication, and social science are described in the following three sections.
The manufacturing lecture is focused on preparing students with the knowledge and skill to complete their two projects. Based on the student survey, they want the lectures can directly benefit their projects. Instructors have adjusted the lectures to align and relate to the manufacturing of drone and drone components. Below are key manufacturing lectures (MLs):
• ML1: Course overview, logistics, projects, lab safety, introduction of drone components and drone manufacturing, and introduction of engineering. Engineers solve problems with scientific foundation, hypothesis, mathematical modeling, and system solution • ML2: Introduction of manufacturing engineering (using Utah Manufacturing as an example), manufacturing and design, manufacturing jobs, simultaneous engineering, reverse engineering, and the short overview of engineering materials, manufacturing processes, and manufacturing systems. These lectures were delivered in concert with the homework and project presentation and report due date to prepare students to prepare their individual and team work.
The social science content of this course focused on assisting students to think broadly at a societal-level about engineering, design, and manufacturing. Specifically, this included five lectures, two quizzes, an assignment, and a discussion lab session focused on: 1) how knowledge about society can be used to inform design decisions; and 2) methods for understanding how engineers can impact people's lives. The social science lectures focused on four main themes: socially engaged design, the role of social science in manufacturing, social science research methods, and workers and the workplace. The Center for Socially Engaged Design (C-SED) at U-M's College of Engineering was a key partner in this course and provided an introduction to the concept of socially engaged design and methods for engaging in such work. Listed below are the social science lectures (SSLs) followed by a description of the social science focused as SSLs
• SSL1: Socially engaged design • SSL2: The role of social science in manufacturing, including an overview of major needs of and challenges facing our society (e.g., aging population, increasing chronic conditions) • SSL3: Social science methods for understanding consumer -Part I • SSL4: Social science methods for understanding consumer -Part II • SSL5: Workers and the workplace with a focus on changing trends in work, worker demographics, and workers skills and needs.
Social Science Assignment: To provide students with an opportunity to apply concepts and content from the social science lectures, they were provided an assignment due soon after the lectures. A secondary objective of this assignment was to prepare students to successfully address a societal need in their final project presentation and report. The assignment had two primary tasks: a) develop a societal value statement for their team's drone mission; and b) develop a societal impact study plan to understand target consumers/users including: 1) stage of the design process proposing to conduct the study; 2) key (research) question seeking to answer; 3) hypothesis; 4) study type, e.g., quantitative, qualitative, cross-sectional, longitudinal); 5) method of data collection (e.g., survey, focus group, interview, observation); and 6) measures, e.g., demographic characteristics of study participants and questions to address research question. Given that the students had little to no prior engagement with social science concepts or the research process one lab session prior to the assignment due date was dedicated to brainstorming ideas for this assignment. During this lab session each team presented (using PowerPoint slides) their draft societal value statement and an outline of their societal impact study plan. Following each team's presentation, questions were asked and feedback provided by their peers and course instructors. During the discussion course instructors provided feedback regarding technical feasibility of the proposed drone design as well as effectiveness of the societal value statement and accuracy of the societal impact study outline.
The lab sessions of ENG 100 covered the design-build-test sections of the course project as a structured time for hands-on activities or team meetings. Lab sessions were constructed based on two course projects. The 40 students in this ENG 100 section were divided into two lab sessions. Each lab session had 20 students, 5 students per team, and thus 4 teams per lab session. The two-hour lab session was held at multiple locations every week in fabrication lab (to learn the hand-tool and disassembly and assembly of DJI F330 and Spark drones), computer lab (to learn SolidWorks), and Fabrication Studio (to learn MEX for 3D-printing).
LAB1 Safety training and lab orientation: The students went through safety training and orientation of the prototype lab by fabricating a desk organizer as shown in Fig. 4(a) . The steps included: 1) measurement and marking on wood lumber, 2) miter sawing to create the slope, 3) band sawing to cut the notch (smartphone holding slot), 4) hole drilling on drill press, and 5) pre-drilling and screw tapping with a powered hand drill. Through such training session, the students got familiar with the safety rules of the prototype lab, learned how to use the powered tools for their prototype in the final project, and received a self-made wooden organizer.
LAB2 Test fly, disassemble, and re-assemble of the DJI F330 drone: Students worked in teams on the open-structure DJI F330 drone for hobbyist ( Fig. 4(b) ), which is the base platform of their final project. Students learned about the basic drone components and structures and helped them practice the hands-on skills operating screwdriver sets and connecting electronic parts in this lab. The DJI F330 drone was chosen first before the DJI Spark drone (in LAB3) due to its lower price, open and simple structure, and easily available and low-cost replacement parts.
LAB3 Test fly, disassemble, and re-assemble of the DJI Spark drone: After the students were better prepared for handson activities and more familiar with drone fundamentals, each student team operated, disassembled, and assembled one stateof-art commercial DJI Spark drone (Fig. 4(c) ) in the third lab. During the process, they identified the components and recorded their assembly procedures for time studies and assembly line design and balancing in the mid-term project. 
Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) software (SolidWorks®) tutorials: This lab has three sessions held at computer lab (each student has access to a CAD workstation) to teach the SolidWorks® CAD software, which is required to design and 3D-printing the custom drone in final project. These lab sessions teach the basic and commonly used features and tools in SolidWorks®. At the end of three lab sessions, each student needs to draw a toy train set as shown in Fig. 5 . LAB5 3D-printing: This session covered the fundamentals of 3D-printing (especially MEX), the open source 3D-printer slicing software (Cura by Ultimaker, Utrecht, Netherlands), and operation of the MEX machine (Ultimaker 3 by Ultimaker, Utrecht, Netherlands). Each student learns to 3D-print a drone component designed using CAD. ENG100 course provides budget for the fabrication time and cost. Each student team spent two weeks generating custom CAD designs, converting the design the 3D-printing .stl files, and 3D-printing these parts. During the two-week time, six Ultimaker MEX machines at the fabrication studio were reserved for seven whole days so that each team has about 126 hours of printing time available on average for iterations of design and printing trials. Student teams booked their printing slot based on the team's needs and coordinated the usage with fellow teams through an online sign-up sheet.
LAB6: Drone prototype assembly and test-fly: During the last two lab sessions, the teams assembled these 3D printed parts onto the DJI F330 frame together with some lab-made wooden parts and purchased fasteners, electronics, and other commercially available parts. All teams test-flying their custom modified F330 drone within an enclosed drone flying cage net (2.4 m cube) installed on a pop-up tent, as shown in Fig. 6 . 
Discussion sections acted as a smaller "lab" for communication skills. They included workshops in e-mail writing, critiquing short reports (memos), writing instructions, team functionality, and project planning. They were also sometimes consultations about communication deliverables: reports, presentations, and project planning.
Freshman engineering students experience tremendous changes and pressure in their first semester. ENG 100 is aimed to help their transition from high school to engineering study. Students in ENG 100 have very diverse backgrounds and are from all corners of the world. About 10% of the course are International students and 50% of the students are not Michigan residents. Some of them saw snow for the first time in Ann Arbor. The cold weather impacted some students. Most of them do not know McMaster-Carr and Digi-Key to order mechanical components. A few of them are very skilled with CAD software and 3D-printing from high school; but most of them need to learn from the lab. None of them has major issues learning the "Manufacturing and Society" course material.
For in-class interaction with students, we learned from the mid-term feedback that first-year students may not handle well the pressure of graded limited-time in-class quizzes. Thus, during the second half of the semester, we switched to a takehome quiz with conceptual questions related to the lecture of the day due at midnight. To both get the feedback for teaching outcome and relieve the students' pressure from getting quiz points, for one social science quiz, we allowed the students to take the quiz multiple times. The first time, the students were instructed to take the quiz "closed book" (no notes, no slides, no external information source) and see how they did. This score provided instructors feedback for lecture improvements. Then, the students could go back and retake the quiz "open book" up to four times to find the answers they didn't get correct. The highest quiz score was the one recorded. In this way, the quiz helped the students consolidate the content learned with minimal grade punishment on mistakes made.
For the lab sessions throughout the semester, we have shown that with proper guidance, freshmen engineering students could get actively involved in the hands-on design and manufacturing activities even with little knowledge in engineering drawing or geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. Guiding efforts made by the instruction team during the lab sessions include detailed step-by-step guidelines for all tutorial sessions (safety training and CAD), handouts for each session with overall flow chart and potential mistakes in major tasks of the day, and close monitoring, interaction, and on-site questions and answers with the student teams for any problems and challenges. We also learned that physical prototype-based projects and more handson labs (e.g., the final project) are more attractive to students compared to assumption-based ones (the mid-term project). Even though the prototyping requires more efforts and struggles, the joy of achievement at the last lab session in seeing their own drone design fly makes everything worthwhile. The two course projects are set open-ended (e.g. unlimited budget for the plant development, application of their choice for custom design) to let the students explore different opportunities and possibilities and learn to justify their choices. The student teams' design, equipment and technology implementation choice may not be optimal due to their limited engineering knowledge and practical experience. It is still a valuable training experience for freshman to experience being a practicing engineer. Table 5 summarizes the manufacturing and technical communication lectures, the lab and discussion, and the midterm and final project presentations in a 14-week semester for this ENG 100 "Manufacturing and Society" course. 
Integrating social science concepts and content into this introductory engineering course was effective at providing freshman engineering students with a broader societal-level perspective of engineering and manufacturing processes. One way in which the effectiveness of this course was demonstrated was through the successful development of compelling societal value statements by the students for their drone applications. One piece of evidence indicating the effectiveness of the approach of integrating manufacturing and social science was the range of societal needs addressed by the students in the final projects. Further the students effectively communicated how they would better understand their target consumers and populations though use of social science research methods.
As a next step we are beginning to have discussions with other units at U-M beyond the College of Engineering to offer this manufacturing and society course to non-engineering students. Such a course offering would likely require some modifications from the course presented here (e.g., have near equal number of manufacturing and social science lectures) as well as require adjustment of course objectives to meet other unit goals. Offering such a cross-unit course at the introductory level could have a substantial impact on students' academic experience and trajectory. One beneficial impact would be the opportunity for students with a range of interests and career aspirations to work in team settings to see first-hand how societal needs and challenges can be addressed through application of technical engineering skills. It may not require that all students gain all knowledge and skills for the course. Engineering students may mix with students of other majors to study and learn from each other.
This concept of manufacturing process design [6] to teach manufacturing an innovative product, (e.g. drone) has proven to be very effective in student learning. This ENG 100 is part of a series of manufacturing courses to be developed based on manufacturing process design to reform the undergraduate manufacturing education.
Future work of this course development will include 1) integrating the course material and pedagogy into manufacturing education program at Washtenaw Community College and even involve community college students into ENG 100 student teams, 2) quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of this newly-developed manufacturing education approach (including its efficacy on attracting underrepresented minority students), and 3) enriching the existing teaching materials by adding introduction of cutting-edge smart manufacturing technologies and the Boothroyd-Dehurst assembly approach.