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Surface Roughness in Ultra-high Precision Grinding of BK7 Academic research paper on "Materials engineering"
Procedia CIRP
{"Ultra-high precision grinding" / "acoustic emission" / "surface roughness" / BK7}
Abstract of research paper on Materials engineering, author of scientific article — G. Onwuka, K. Abou-El-Hossein
Abstract Borosilicate (BK7) is widely applied in the automotive and optics industries for the production of a number of critical optical components. In normal manufacturing practice, the surfaces of BK7 components undergoes a series of manufacturing operations, such as grinding, polishing and lapping, in order to obtain nanometric finish with high optical quality. In this study, we used an ultra-high precision grinding spindle mounted on ultra-high precision machine tool to machine flat surfaces from BK7. The process was observed by monitoring its acoustic signals which were acquired at a high sampling rate. Three grinding parameters, depth of cut, feed rate and wheel speed, were varied in this study. The results obtained from this experimental work indicate the strong independence of surface roughness of the ground samples on feed rate. It was found that the effect varying the feed rate was more noticeable than that of depth of cut and wheel speed. Also, it was observed that the amplitude of the acoustic emission events changed significantly with the variation in the grinding parameters. The result indicates that acoustic emission sensing technique has the potential to be adopted as an effective monitoring method for the ultra-high precision grinding of BK7 glass.
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Academic research paper on topic "Surface Roughness in Ultra-high Precision Grinding of BK7"
Available online atwww.sciencedirect.com
jj^^r ScienceDirect
ELSEVIER Procedia CIRP 45 (2016) 143 - 146
www.elsevier.com/looaie/procedia
3rd CIRP Conference on Surface Integrity (CIRP CSI)
Surface roughness in ultra-high precision grinding of BK7
G. Onwuka, K. Abou-El-Hossein*
Precision Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), Port Elizabeth, South Africa * Corresponding author. Tel.: +27-41-504-3368; E-mail address: khaled@nmmu.ac.za
Borosilicate (BK7) is widely applied in the automotive and optics industries for the production of a number of critical optical components. In normal manufacturing practice, the surfaces of BK7 components undergoes a series of manufacturing operations, such as grinding, polishing and lapping, in order to obtain nanometric finish with high optical quality. In this study, we used an ultra-high precision grinding spindle mounted on ultra-high precision machine tool to machine flat surfaces from BK7. The process was observed by monitoring its acoustic signals which were acquired at a high sampling rate. Three gr | [
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inding parameters, depth of cut, feed rate and wheel speed, were varied in this study. The results obtained from this experimental work indicate the strong independence of surface roughness of the ground samples on feed rate. It was found that the effect varying the feed rate was more noticeable than that of depth of cut and wheel speed. Also, it was observed that the amplitude of the acoustic emission events changed significantly with the variation in the grinding parameters. The result indicates that acoustic emission sensing technique has the potential to be adopted as an effective monitoring method for the ultra-high precision grinding of BK7 glass.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.Org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd CIRP Conference on Surface Integrity (CIRP CSI)
Keywords: Ultra-high precision grinding, acoustic emission, surface roughness, BK7
Surface integrity is one of the most important parameters of any machined surface and it is a deciding factor when assessing the success of optical lens grinding especially when high surface integrity requirements need to be met for some critical applications [1]. Out of the existing surface integrity parameters, the average surface roughness value is the most widely measured parameter in precision optics production [2]. The surface roughness value of a machined BK7 glass depends on its materials properties, machining system and combination of grinding parameters. It has been observed that brittle materials with higher fracture toughness still could deliver relatively good machinability if machining parameters were carefully selected [3]. Since the goal in precision grinding of brittle materials is to realize the best surface roughness value within the minimum machining time while maintaining good form accuracy and minimum subsurface damage, it is necessary to carefully select determining factors like machining systems and parameters in order to achieve the best surface finishes in precision optics.
Several techniques have been applied to monitor the performance of grinding of precision optics. This can be achieved for example with use of acoustic emission (AE), grinding force, and vibration signals [4]. Furthermore, surface roughness prediction techniques in machining include numerical scheme and feedback control [5], response surface modeling technique, genetic algorithm and machine learning techniques [6].
Currently, there is little research reports on the performance evaluation ultra-high precision grinding of BK7 glass in terms of surface roughness, and its independence on the grinding parameters. The study has used an efficient design of experiment based on response surface modeling technique to predict and optimize the surface roughness values in the ultrahigh precision grinding of BK7 glass. Also, the study employed acoustic emission monitoring technique to monitor the grinding process. In conclusion, this study will serve as a guide and provide database for future research in ultra-high precision grinding of BK7 glass.
2212-8271 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.Org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd CIRP Conference on Surface Integrity (CIRP CSI) doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.023
2. Ultra-high precision grinding
Good surface finishes cannot be achieved without highly reliable ultra-high precision machining systems that can repeatedly generate precise small scale dimensions. The development in current ultra-high precision machining systems has improved on the areas of thermal stability, stiffness and dampness of motions, and ultra-high precision grinding spindles. Similar ultra-precision machining systems used for diamond turning are applicable in precision grinding. With the evolution of conventional grinding techniques to precision and ultra-precision grinding (UHPG), UHPG process can now compete with ultrahigh precision diamond turning [1].
AE is a physical phenomenon which consists of high frequency elastic waves originating from structural lattice dislocation. AE sensing technique has been employed for grinding condition monitoring processes including: wheel-workpiece contact detection, spark-in, spark out [7], grinding burn detection [8], grinding wheel wear monitoring [9], surface and sub-surface properties. Its reliability as a sensing technique | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.316272 | 1.62547 | 1.557532 | 1.422734 |
stems from its superior signal/noise ratio and high sensitivity at the ultra-precision scale [10]. Another advantage of AE is its ability to propagate frequencies in the megahertz range above natural structural vibrations frequencies therefore reducing the influence of the usually noisy machining environment.
A number of researchers have used AE in monitoring precision grinding operation when machining glass. Zhao et al. [3] applied AE sensing technique to monitor surface integrity of quartz and fused silica and observed that smaller amplitudes and RMS of the raw AE signals corresponded to better surface integrity. Zhang et al. [4] concluded that extracted features from AE signals have significant correlation with ground surface roughness of optical glasses. Also, Stephenson et al. [11] investigated the performance of resin and cast iron bond diamond wheels on the surface of optical BK7 glass using AE.
Grinding is a complex machining process with a lot of independent parameters fused into the wheel-workpiece interaction. Furthermore, one of the major desirability in the grinding of precision optics is to ensure a high rate of reproducibility therefore it is necessary to optimize the response surface which is determined by the various independent process/machining parameters. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been utilized as a technique to achieve efficient modeling of precision grinding surfaces [2]. RSM is a collection of statistical and mathematical models which are used for analyzing and modeling engineering problems to quantify the relationship between the response surface and the control parameters.
RSM technique in grinding involves: adequate design of experiment for reliable measurement of the response variable, development of second order response surface mathematical model with the best fit, optimization of grinding parameters that may achieve minimum response surface value, analyzing direct and interactive effects between the machining parameters through 2D and 3D plots [2].
3. Experimental setup
3.1. Design of experiment
Box-Behnken design found broad application in RSM classes because of its simplicity as it requires only three levels and is based on a combination of factorial with incomplete block design for each independent variable(2). Furthermore, BBD helps to achieve a design of experiment with only a fraction of the experiment required for the three-level factorial as a result reduces experimental errors and facilitate easy analysis and realization of result thereby saving time and cost.
The parameters of feed speed and cutting depth have been investigated in relation to the surface roughness using 3x3 Box-Behnken design with three center points to yield a total of 15 experimental runs. Surface toughness has been found to be dependent on wheel speed, cutting depth and feed rate. Furthermore, it is suggested that high wheel rotation, low feed rate and low cutting depths are necessary conditions for precision grinding of brittle materials [2] . Hence the low, medium and high points of the respective machining parameters were selected as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Design of experiment.
Level of grinding parameter -1 0 1
Grinding depth (^m) 2 5 8
Feed rate (mm/min) 1 3 5
Wheel speed (rpm) 15000 30000 45000
3.2. Machining setup
A four-axis Precitech Nanoform 250 ultra-high precision lathe machine (Fig. 1) coupled with a 50,000 rpm ultra-high precision grinding spindle was employed in this study. A fine grit resin bond diamond wheel was used to grind the BK7 surface. This grinding spindle was mounted on the Nanoform lathe in such a way that a single point inclined axis (SPIA) grinding configuration was realized (Fig. 2). To achieve the SPIA configuration, the grinding spindle was rotated 359" on the B-axis to enable only the tip of the wheel to make contact with the workpiece surface. The SPIA is advantageous as it enables easy chip removal therefore preventing wheel loading occurrence while working with small grits. The SPIA set up is such that the feed travels in a direction perpendicular to the rotation direction of the wheel speed.
The 1200-grit resin bond diamond grinding wheel was manufactured by Braemer USA, with a diameter of 0.625 inches. The wheel was dressed on the machine at it peripheral and cylindrical surfaces in the perpendicular directions. Intermediate grinding speed of 1500 | [
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29900,
29900
] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.266431 | 1.485309 | 1.31724 | 1.45815 |
surface meter per minute was selected as recommended by manufacturer. The surface speed was converted to rpm as follows:
Cutting parameters of 30000-rpm cutting speed, 3-mm/min feed and 5-^m depth were selected as the centre points for the parameters in the design. With the help of Precitech's DIFFSYS software interphase, the work spindle was balanced at 1000 rpm clockwise direction thereby achieving a spindle run out error of only 0.003^m P-V. This balancing was done to ensure the spindle chuck was well positioned hence
preventing unwanted oscillation patterns on the surface of the workpiece which could deteriorate the surface roughness of the workpiece and to ensure even contact at all points the through workpiece surface and wheel tip. Wheel dressing was done using a wheel dresser.
Fig. 1. Precitech Nanoform 250 Ultra-high precision lathe
Fig. 2. SPIA grinding setup with AE sensor
The BK7 glass is characterized by its low acoustic impedance, high fracture toughness, Knoop hardness of 610 and elastic modulus of 82GPa. The workpiece was attached to the work spindle mount using a fast cooling wax. A water soluble grinding fluid with coolant ratio of 50:1 was used to reduce heating effects and prevent thermal damage to the workpiece surface during grinding.
Kistler piezoelectric AE sensor was mounted close to the workpiece (Fig. 2) and the sensor output was channeled through a coupler for pre-processing using band pass filter (50 KHz-1000 KHz) and to NI PIC 6110 card through NI LabView interphase. The AE signals were acquired at rate of two million samples per second during each grinding pass.
An initial pass was done to clean the surface of the workpiece and ensure an evenly flat surface while the work spindle was rotated at 100 rpm at a feed rate of 6mm/min for the initial pass. Subsequently the work spindle speed was reduced to 50 rpm such that the grinding was done on the entire surface of the workpiece with each selected parameter combination from the experimental design.
After each pass, the ground surface was cleaned and placed under Taylor-Hobson optical profiler for surface roughness measurement. Three consecutive average roughness measures parallel to feed direction were taken and the average was recorded.
Table 2 shows significant variation of the surface roughness depending on the grinding parameter combination. A highest surface roughness values value (Ra) of 320 nm and lowest value of 130 nm were recorded. One can easily notice that these values correspond to the high and low conditions of feed rates respectively.
The significance of the grinding parameters on the response variable was analyzed using ANOVA. To further monitor the interaction of the different machining parameters, a response surface model was developed.
In order to determine the best polynomial function for the model, sequential sum of square test (Table 3) was employed to select the highest order polynomial where the additional terms are significant without having an aliasing effect while a lack of fit test (Table 4) was employed to determine the suitable terms in the response model without significant lack of fit. The results of the test reveal that a quadratic and two factor interaction model should well represent the surface roughness as follows:
R = Bo + B1d + Bf+ B3s + B4d2 + Bf2 + B6s2 + B7df+ B8ds + Bfs Table 2. Surface roughness measurements
Run Depth, d Feed, f Speed, s Ra (nm)
Order (Mm) (mm/min) (rpm)
1 5 1 15000 130
10 8 1 30000 180
Table 3. Percentage contribution of the surface roughness
model terms
Source Model d f s f * f d * s f * s
Contri-
bution 96.38 12.12 46.52 3.75 6.8 8.9 17.4
F- value 35.53 35.83 70.73 39.10 15.05 19 | [
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319,
6632,
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1763,
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11819,
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14881,
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2827,
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263,
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7101,
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13,
797,
1797,
304,
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278,
1900,
10159,
740,
363,
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1904,
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8617,
2556,
2533,
310,
6862,
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313,
3562,
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29941,
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15723,
304,
1831,
278,
9939,
1797,
10159,
988,
278,
5684,
4958,
526,
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1728,
2534,
385,
13995,
292,
2779,
1550,
263,
10225,
310,
6216,
1243,
313,
3562,
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29946,
29897,
471,
15723,
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2933,
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6216,
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450,
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6289,
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.387786 | 1.194606 | 0.790033 | 0.901604 |
.88 38.49
Insignificant terms of the model were eliminated and the developed model indicates interaction effects between speed and depth, feed and depth, with the influence of the feed being the highest as indicated by the standardized coefficients of the
model below and the percentage contribution of the F-test table 3
R= -125.699 +27.292d+101.964f+0.006s - 6.473/ -0.01ds - 0.001fs
The p-value of the model from the ANOVA test (Table 4) reveals that the model is extremely significant when compared to the 0.05 threshold. The adjusted R2 value indicates that the model explains 93.7% of the variation in the surface roughness. Hence the developed response surface model is valid. Furthermore, F-value of 35.53 implies the model is significant hence there is 0.01% chance that the model could occur due to noise.
Table 4. ANOVA analysis
df SS MS F P-value
Model 6 35452.98 5908.83 35.53 0.000024
Residual 8 1330.36 166.29 Total 14 36783.33
Feed ¡mi'mi'i;
— Deplh=2fim. Sp««d=15000 tpm —Deoth^B цт, Speed-45000 rprn
0.3V at 130nm. Further studies have been carried out involving feature extraction which shows good correlation with the surface roughness. It was found that extracted time-frequency domain features were more consistent in monitoring surface roughness in UHPG of BK7 glass compared to raw AE amplitude levels.
Good surface finishes can be realised with ultra-high precision machining systems and the right combination of machining parameters. A minimum value of 80nm has been achieved from optimization with developed response surface model. Hence better surface finishes can be achieved by using low values of feed rate, cutting depth and high wheel rotation.
The feed rate has been observed to be the most influential parameter on the surface roughness of BK7 glass. Therefore increased feed yields poor surface finishes. However, at high feeds and cutting depth, surface roughness can be slightly improved by increasing the wheel speed. Furthermore, influence of the feed is dependent on the interaction effect with the speed.
Finally, the raw AE signals could be a reliable means for monitoring the surface roughness in the ultrahigh precision grinding of BK7 glass.
The financial support given by the National Research Foundation of South Africa is highly appreciated.
Fig. 3. 2D profile plot of surface roughness at different levels of
machining parameters
01, Ra(130rim), d(5Mm), f(1mmj'min), s(15000rpm) | 0.5 -
оМЯММНМЯЯМММММММН^^
< "c 5a 002 004 006 008 0.1
Time(B)
Tirrve(s)
Fig. 4. Raw AE voltage levels
2D profile plot (Fig. 3) shows that better surface finishes can be achieved at low cutting parameters. However at 45000 and 8^m, surface roughness can be improved by increasing the feed rate. Optimization from the response model reveals that the lowest achievable surface roughness from the experimental design domain is 80 nm which occurs at a combination of cutting depth of 2^m, feed of 1 mm/min and speed of 15000 rpm.
A significant change in the raw AE amplitude level is observed with the increase in the surface roughness value (Fig. 4). The results show that the raw AE amplitude voltage values increased with the increase in the surface roughness values for most of the values observed. At 220nm AE voltage levels were above 0.3nm while the voltage level as below
[1] Brinksmeier, E., Mutlugunes, Y., Klocke, F., Aurich, J., Shore, P. and Ohmori, H., Ultra-precision grinding, CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 2010 | [
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Huawei's P30 ad might have used a stock image [Updated]
Super zoom or super fail?
Luigi Leonardo
Image source: Weibo
Following their usual release schedule, Huawei has started their promotional campaign for the P30 series. As such, substantial leaks and preliminary posters have surfaced online. Recently, the company launched new posters ahead of the series' much-awaited launch. Huawei CEO Yu Chengdong shared the images on Chinese social network, Weibo.
Naturally, the new posters focused on the series' best feature: the periscope zoom camera. Recently, Huawei also released an incredibly detailed photo of the moon, teasing the P30 Pro's superzoom capabilities. Likewise, the posters have also advertised the series' launch: March 26 in Paris. (In fact, one of the posters depicts a zoomed in image of the Eiffel Tower.)
However, without the actual phone, the posters can't accurately prove the P30's camera capabilities. Several from the series seem too good to be true. One poster depicts an erupting Anak Krakatau, a volcano off the coast of Indonesia. Curiously, the volcano last erupted late last year. Additionally, the recent eruption collapsed a major section of the volcano. Currently, the volcano is only a mere shadow of its former glory.
Left: Huawei's poster. Right: Tom Pfeiffer's image
Further, a reverse image search of the same poster yields a similar photo taken in 2009. The decade-old photo was taken by Tom Pfeiffer, a photographer from Volcano Discovery. The photo is likewise available in all its pixels on Getty Images.
Of course, Huawei might have used another photo instead of this one. At the time of this writing, the other posters have not yielded any results from a reverse image search.
Regardless of the photo used, marketing trickery isn't a foreign concept in the smartphone industry. In the past, Huawei has duped smartphone photography ads before. Recently, Samsung has also done the same thing. In its defense, Huawei has posted the following statement in the past: "The mobile photos and the content [are] made for illustration only. There might be a difference in the product visuals and sizes than reality, as well as the ad/film content."
Update (3/12/19): Since the article's publishing, Huawei's posters have reached a more global audience. In light of this controversy, the company has issued an official statement:
We've been made aware that there might have been some misunderstanding regarding our recent HUAWEI P30 Series teaser posters. We would like to reiterate that those are, in fact, only teaser posters, and are only intended to hint at the unique new features that will come with the HUAWEI P30 Series. Huawei has acquired the licenses to the original images and the posters are artistic renditions of said features only. We'd like to take this opportunity to thank the media for their interest in our posters. We have much to announce in the coming weeks. Please stay tuned!
SEE ALSO: Latest Huawei P30 series leak confirms a few features
Related Topics:HuaweiHuawei P30Huawei P30 Pro
Huawei P40 Pro could have a ceramic design
@jack says they will "probably never do it"
Rodneil Quiteles
There have been many demands made of Twitter but perhaps one of the most requested feature is the addition of an edit button, but Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey says it's likely not happening ever.
In a video Q&A with Wired, Dorsey answered several questions but addressed once and for all the loud majority clamoring for an edit button on the bird app. "The answer is no," said Dorsey with absolute finality.
"The reason there's no edit button [and] there hasn't been an edit button traditionally is we started as an SMS text messaging service. So as you all know, when you send a text, you can't really take it back. We wanted to preserve that vibe and that feeling in the early days," Dorsey expounded.
He added that not adding an edit button lets users feel at ease that anything they retweeted or quote tweet | [
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ed would be the same messaged and won't be altered later on.
Dorsey did add that they thought about adding something like an "undo send" feature similar to the one found on GMail but ultimately decided against it. Dorsey that if we have other ideas, we're free to mention him on Twitter.
Twitter is banning political ads
Twitter is cracking down on sexual and violent content
Twitter isn't sure how to remove inactive accounts
Along with three other Nokia phones
As promised, Nokia is bringing Android 10 — the latest version of the OS — to many of its phones headlined by the Nokia 8.1.
The other phones that will now also run Android 10 are the Nokia 6.1, Nokia 6.1 Plus, and the Nokia 7 Plus.
Ever since HMD Global took over Nokia, there has been a conscious effort to bring the pure Android experience to the smartphones they offer. Being part of the Android One program, Nokia will get three years worth of monthly security udpates as well as up to two years of OS upgrades.
Android 10 brings plenty of new features and refinements from the previous version. There's an improved gesture navigation, smart reply, privacy controls, among others.
SEE ALSO: Nokia 8.1 review
Launching on February 11
It's every Samsung user's favorite time of the year. Every January, the grapevine inevitably ramps up the discussion surrounding the year's upcoming Samsung flagships. For years, the Galaxy S series reveals its latest iteration around this time. January 2020 is no different.
Following a closed-door meeting during CES 2020, Samsung has confirmed the next flagship's naming convention. Instead of the Galaxy S11, the flagship series will fast forward to the Galaxy S20 number scheme.
Since then, more details have followed. Here's a short roundup of what we can expect from Samsung's release this year.
120Hz display
Since last year, the smartphone market has quietly adopted a new trend in display technology: the 120Hz refresh rate. The new display adds in smoother screen animations and scrolling. According to a leak, Samsung's flagship will allow users to choose between 60Hz and 120Hz. With a 120Hz refresh rate, the Galaxy S20 series will introduce the technology's first introduction into the company's phones.
Additionally, the Galaxy S20+ will have a 20:9 aspect ratio, outputting a 3200 x 1440 resolution. No word yet on the other Galaxy S20 smartphones.
Ultrasonic fingerprint scanner
By now, the under-screen fingerprint scanner is already a common feature among smartphones. This time, Samsung is improving the technology even further. Supposedly, the Galaxy S20+ will carry an ultrasonic fingerprint scanner, rather than a traditional optical variant. The latter usually needs a lit-up screen to function; the ultrasonic variant doesn't.
Penta-lens camera
According to Ice Universe, the Galaxy S20+ will have four rear cameras: a 12-megapixel + 64-megapixel + 12-megapixel + ToF camera setup. Similarly, the higher-tier Galaxy S20 Ultra will have a remarkable 108-megapixel + 48-megapixel + 12-megapixel + ToF camera setup.
S20:12MP+64MP+12MP
S20+:12MP+64MP+12MP+ToF
S20U:108MP+48MP+12MP+ToF
— Ice universe (@UniverseIce) January 14, 2020
Similar design philosophy
Finally, a leak has revealed a quick glimpse of the Galaxy S20+. Based on the short video, the smartphone will sport a similar design to last year's Galaxy S10 series. The front panel carries a peephole camera resting comfortably on the screen's center. Meanwhile, the rear panel will have a multiple lens camera setup.
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Superbowl or Puppy Bowl? Regardless of which one you choose to watch next Sunday, you will need a casual party outfit that is comfortable enough for a long afternoon of lounging on the couch and gorging on game day food. I suggested a simple (and machine-washable!) outfit last year, but this year I'm in the mood for something a little more festive.
This season I keep stumbling across sweaters featuring dogs and the Puppy Bowl is the perfect time to show your love of canines. Boden has a terrier sweater (as well as slippers available in the pink puppy print) and LOFT has an adorable schnauzer sweater. Layer under a cozy down vest and pair with denim and your favorite ankle boots. For a finishing touch, add a fun piece of dog-themed jewelry.
A game day outfit doesn't have to include a team jersey, especially if you are only watching to see the commercials. Take a unique approach and use the leather of the football as your inspiration. Start with a brown leather jacket and brown riding boots. Then play on the word "jersey" and slip on a jersey dress in your favorite color or pattern. Lastly, don't forget a pair of thick tights or leggings to stay warm (it is February after all)! You'll have a football inspired look that is chic and cozy.
P.S. Do you need a great chili recipe to round out your game day menu? Try this one!
when is it time to get rid of clothes?
Last week Ann asked a great question in the comments of a post and although some of you may have read my response, I'd like to expand on the idea a bit here. She wanted to know when it is time to get rid of pieces that don't fit, especially when your weight is fluctuating. When I was working in retail this was often a discussion that came up when chatting with clients who had recently lost weight. One of my coworkers felt very strongly that you should get rid of any clothes that are too big immediately so that you wouldn't have an excuse to gain the weight back. I strongly disagree and as you will see in my suggestions below, I am generally in favor of holding onto pieces. However, depending on the size of your closet, you may have to be a bit more aggressive in paring down your wardrobe.
I never get rid of a piece of clothing ONLY because it doesn't fit me right now. I need a second strike against the item before I decide to donate it or throw it out. Anything that doesn't currently fit can be folded on a high shelf or hung in the dark recesses of my closet. I like having clothes in several sizes because my weight fluctuates and I want to have pieces I feel great in at any size, without shelling out a ton of money every time the hand on the scale moves.
Work basics--such as button down shirts, trousers, and blazers--are great to keep in stock in your closet because you will also have a need for them. If your weight changes significantly, you don't need to hold onto every piece, but keeping the components of a couple outfits in a size up and a size down will make sure that you always have something professional to wear.
Party or other specialty pieces should also stay in your closet, even if they don't fit right now. It is unlikely you will wear a sequin skirt on a regular basis, so even if it doesn't fit now, it may fit when you have another occasion to wear it. If you are short on closet space, give the party pieces that don't fit to a friend, with the agreement that you can borrow it back if you get back to that size.
Any sentimental or especially expensive pieces should also be kept. I have a beautiful beaded semi-formal dress that I don't currently fit into but will not get rid of because it reminds me of the occasions when I did wear it and I know that if I get back down to that size, I will want to wear it again. A well-tailored wool suit might also fit into this category. If it would be expensive to replace, but you would want to wear it again if you could, you should hang it in a garment bag at the back of your closet.
This may seem like a lot of stuff to hold on to, but you can strike a lot of pieces off of your "to keep" list simply by looking at | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.590356 | -1.537232 | -1.369008 | -0.238998 |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Constructing a method for the accurate calculation of gravitational waveforms
is an essential step toward success in gravitational wave detection.
Since the Einstein equation is nonlinear,
it is difficult to derive
fully analytic solutions of every gravitational wave source,
and we therefore consider an approximation method
for a specific astrophysical source.
In this paper, we consider an extreme mass ratio binary system.
X-ray and a variety of other observations suggest that
there may exist supermassive black holes
($M\sim 10^6--10^8\ifmmode M_\odot\else$M_\odot$\fi$) at the centers of galaxies.
A number of stars have been observed at the galactic centers,
and they interact with each other gravitationally.
As a result of this multi-body interaction,
we may expect that
some galactic black holes may capture
a stellar mass compact object ($m\sim 1--100\ifmmode M_\odot\else$M_\odot$\fi$)
deeply into its gravitational potential without tidal disruption.
We refer to such a pair of objects as an extreme mass ratio binary system,
and such systems are believed to be possible sources
of gravitational waves detectable by LISA\cite{LISA}.
Due to its orbital energy and angular momentum,
the stellar mass compact object inspirals
around the black hole for a long time,
referred to as the `inspiral stage' of the binary evolution.
During this stage, the system has a huge quadrupole moment
and emits detectable gravitational waves,
while the system slowly loses its orbital energy and angular momentum
through this emission of gravitational waves.
We consider a method to compute the gravitational waveform
from the inspiral stage for such an extreme mass ratio binary.
Because the black hole dominates the gravitational potential
due to its huge mass,
we assume that
a metric perturbation provides a good approximation
to describe the gravitational evolution of the system.
We employ a Kerr black hole as the background
because of the black hole uniqueness theorem in general relativity.
Since the size of the stellar mass compact object
is much smaller than the background curvature,
it can be treated as a point particle
to induce a metric perturbation\cite{match}.
In this picture, the evolution of the binary can be interpreted
as the orbital evolution of the particle around the black hole.
It has been asserted that,
because we already have a convenient formula
to calculate a linear metric perturbation in a Kerr background\cite{PT},
the remaining issue in this problem is to develop
a method to compute the orbit of a point particle.
The orbital evolution can be derived by calculating the self-force,
and a general formula for the self-force
employing a linear metric perturbation scheme has been derived\cite{match}.
Because the linear metric perturbation
induced by a point particle diverges along the orbit,
the implementation for the self-force
involves a regularization calculation.
We have made good progress
in obtaining an exact derivation of the self-force\cite{self}
by implementing this regularization calculation.
However, there remains a problem with this method
when we consider
the self-force of a general orbit in a Kerr background.
A related method that employs the so-called radiation reaction formula
has also been proposed\cite{RR}.
With this method, one can approximately derive the self-force,
although it only contains the radiative part of the self-force.
However, this method does not involve
a complicated regularization calculation,
and the numerical method has been established
even for a general orbit in a Kerr background.
Although the calculation of the self-force seems
to be a reasonable step for a gravitational waveform calculation,
the self-force is entirely gauge dependent
and there is a question of what physical content
the self-force actually has.
In fact, one can easily show that,
with an extreme choice of the gauge condition,
the self-force can be made to vanish over the entire time interval
for which a usual metric | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.822665 | 2.331465 | 0.885073 | 1.14952 |
perturbation scheme is valid
in describing a gravitational evolution of the system.
We discuss that, although this is mathematically allowed
in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
the resulting description is technically disadvantageous
from an energetics point of view.
If we adopt such a gauge condition, we may eventually have to consider
the gravitational evolution of the system in a nonperturbative manner,
and we must use numerical relativity
to calculate the nonlinear metric perturbation, to our knowledge.
Instead of numerical relativity,
we consider the extension of the usual metric perturbation
with a certain constraint on a gauge condition.
A primary reason for such an unexpected consequence
in the usual metric perturbation scheme is
that the particle must move along a geodesic
to the leading order of the perturbation.
As a result, a linear metric perturbation cannot track
gravitational evolution
together with the orbital evolution affected by the self-force.
We propose a new metric perturbation scheme
in which the MiSaTaQuWa self-force does not vanish.
In this approach, the orbital evolution caused by this self-force turns
to be essential to calculate the gravitational waveform.
The new metric perturbation scheme
may be able to predict the gravitational evolution of the system
over a time scale longer than
that of the usual metric perturbation.
However, this time scale may not be sufficient
to calculate a gravitational waveform for LISA.
For this reason, we further consider a gauge transformation along an orbit
so as to extend the validity of this new metric perturbation scheme.
We find a special gauge condition
with which the self-force contains
only the radiation reaction component of the system,
and, in this gauge condition,
the adiabatic approximation of the linear metric perturbation
can predict the evolution
over a time scale long enough for LISA.
This paper is organized as follows.
In Sec.\ref{sec:gg}, we consider
the gauge ambiguity of the MiSaTaQuWa self-force
in the usual metric perturbation scheme
and clarify the reason why such a prolblem could arise
in the nonlinear theory of radiation reaction.
In Sec.\ref{sec:adi}, we propose a new metric perturbation scheme,
with which one can treat the gravitational evolution of the system
together with the orbital evolution.
In Sec.\ref{sec:gauge}, we consider a further gauge transformation
in the new metric perturbation scheme
and propose the so-called radiation reaction gauge condition.
We summarize our result in Sec.\ref{sec:sum},
with emphasis on clarifying the validity of
this new metric perturbation scheme.
\section{Gauge ambiguity in the self-force problem} \label{sec:gg}
Gravitational radiation reaction is a physically real phenomenon,
since we can define a gauge invariant momentum flux of gravitational waves
in an asymptotic flat region of a background metric\cite{isc}.
However, we find that a self-force is entirely gauge dependent
consistently with a usual metric perturbation scheme
and that it can be made to vanish
through a special gauge choice along an orbit
over the entire time scale
for which the usual metric perturbation scheme is valid.
It is well-known that the self-force can be made to vanish
at an orbital point by making the appropriate gauge choice,
but we conjectured this might not be a problem,
because the self-force would have non-vanishing components
if we take the average of the self-force over a long time.
In Ref.\cite{RR}, we show that this is true
if we take the average of the self-force
over an infinite time\footnote{
It is important to note that this argument depends
only on the properties of the orbital equation,
and it does not depend on the metric perturbation scheme.},
and we prove that non-vanishing components are gauge invariant
in agreement with the gravitational radiation reaction.
However, in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
one cannot consider an infinite time average of the self-force
because it is valid only over a finite time interval.
In Subsec.\ref{ssec:per | [
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546
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.513599 | 2.17054 | -0.244657 | 0.780176 |
}, we consider a self-force
in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
and, in this scheme, we find that the average of the self-force
can be made to vanish by making a special gauge choice along the orbit.
This suggests that the relation between
the self-force and the gravitational radiation reaction
is entirely gauge dependent,
and that it is not trivial as we previously believed.
As a result, the so-called adiabatic approximation of the orbit\cite{PT0,PT1}
would yield a gauge dependent prediction for the orbit.
Because we expect that the orbital evolution caused by the self-force
can be observed by the modulation of gravitational waves,
a physically reasonable prediction of the orbit must be gauge invariant.
This leads to the questions of
how the self-force is related to the gravitational radiation reaction
and what gauge conditions we should use to calculate the self-force.
We discuss these questions in Subsec.\ref{ssec:eng}
\subsection{Metric perturbation} \label{ssec:per}
We assume that
a regularization calculation for the self-force
is formally possible by using a matched asymptotic expansion
of the metric of the near-zone expansion
and the metric of the far-zone expansion,
as considered in Ref.\cite{match}.
Because the resulting self-force is defined
by regularizing the metric of the far-zone expansion,
we consider only the metric of the far-zone expansion.
The metric of the far-zone expansion consists of the sum
of a regular vacuum background metric and its metric perturbation
induced by a point particle moving in the background metric.
We assume the point particle has
an appropriate internal structure\cite{Di}
so that the metric of the far-zone expansion
matches the metric of the near-zone expansion.
Suppose we use the usual metric perturbation scheme
for the calculation of the metric of the far-zone expansion.
Then the far-zone expansion is defined as a perturbation expansion
with the small parameter $m/L$
where $m$ is the Schwarzschild radius of the particle
and $L$ is the curvature scale of the background along the orbit.
In the usual metric perturbation scheme,
we expand the metric and the stress-energy tensor
in term of this small parameter as
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\mu\nu} &=& g^{(bg)}_{\mu\nu}
+(m/L) h^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}+(m/L)^2 h^{(2)}_{\mu\nu}+\cdots \,, \\
T^{\mu\nu} &=& (m/L) T^{(1)\mu\nu}
+(m/L)^2 T^{(2)\mu\nu}+\cdots \,, \label{eq:fe}
\end{eqnarray}
where $g^{(bg)}_{\mu\nu}$ is the vacuum background metric.
For a valid perturbation, we must have
\begin{eqnarray}
&& O(1) > |(m/L) h^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}| >
|(m/L)^2 h^{(2)}_{\mu\nu}| > \cdots \,, \\
&& O(1) > |(m/L) T^{(1)\mu\nu}| >
|(m/L)^2 T^{(2)\mu\nu}| > \cdots \,.
\end{eqnarray}
We also expand the Einstein equation in $m/L$,
and schematically we have
\begin{eqnarray}
&& G^{(1)\mu\nu}[h^{(1)}]
\,=\, T^{(1)\mu\nu} \,, \label{eq:ein1} \\
&& G^{(1)\mu\nu}[h^{(2)}]
+G^{(2)\mu\nu}[h^{(1)},h^{(1)}]
\,=\, T^{(2)\mu\nu} \,, \label{eq:ein2} \\
&& \cdots \,, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $G^{(1)\mu\nu}[h]$ and $G^{(2)\mu\nu}[h,h]$
are respectively the terms linear and quadratic in $h_{\mu\nu}$
of the Einstein tensor $G^{\mu\nu}[g+h]$.
In Ref.\cite{match}, it is found that | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.354651 | 2.518346 | -0.245554 | 0.547439 |
$T^{(1)\mu\nu}$ is the usual stress-energy tensor of a monopole particle
for a matched asymptotic expansion of the metric.
It is important to note that
the linearized Einstein equation is algebraically divergence free
with respect to the background metric,
i.e. $G^{(1)\mu\nu}{}_{;\nu}=T^{(1)\mu\nu}{}_{;\nu}=0$.
Thus, in this metric perturbation scheme,
the particle must move along a geodesic
in the background metric $g^{(bg)}_{\mu\nu}$
for a consistent solution of (\ref{eq:ein1}).
The explicit form of $T^{(2)\mu\nu}$ can be derived
by carrying out a further matched asymptotic expansion of the metric,
but this has not been obtained yet.
However, at least, it is clear that
it has a term of the monopole particle
coming from the deviation of the orbit from a geodesic
because the MiSaTaQuWa self-force can be derived
from LHS of (\ref{eq:ein2}) through a mass renormalization\cite{match}.
This shows that
in the expansion of the stress-energy tensor (\ref{eq:fe}),
we assume an expansion of the orbit by $m/L$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
z^\mu(\tau) &=& z^{(bg)\mu}(\tau)
+(m/L) z^{(1)\mu}+\cdots \,,\label{eq:oe}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tau$ is defined to be the proper time in the background metric,
and $z^{(bg)\mu}$ is a geodesic of the background metric
given by $T^{(1)\mu\nu}{}_{;\nu}=0$.
For a valid perturbation, we must have
\begin{eqnarray}
&& O(1) > |(m/L) z^{(1)\mu}| > \cdots \,. \label{eq:ov}
\end{eqnarray}
Intuitively, the orbit deviates from a geodesic
as a result of the gravitational radiation reaction,
and eventually the condition (\ref{eq:ov}) will be violated.
Then, beyond this time, this perturbation scheme would fail
to approximate the system.
We consider a gauge transformation over a time interval
during which the metric perturbation still approximates the system.
The gauge transformation is defined as the small coordinate transformation
$x^\mu \to \bar x^\mu = x^\mu+(m/L)\xi^\mu(x)$.
The orbit transforms as
$ z^\mu(\tau) \to \bar z^\mu(\tau)
= z^\mu(\tau+(m/L)\delta\tau)+(m/L)\xi^\mu(z(\tau))$,
where $\delta\tau$ is a function of $\tau$,
so that $\tau$ remains the proper time
of the new orbit $\bar z^\mu(\tau)$ in the background metric.
Applying this to the perturbation expansion of the orbit (\ref{eq:oe}),
we obtain the gauge transformation of $(m/L)z^{(1)\mu}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
(m/L)z^{(1)\mu}(\tau) &\to& (m/L)\bar z^{(1)\mu}(\tau) \nonumber \\
&& =\, (m/L)z^{(1)\mu}(\tau)
+(m/L)v^{(bg)\mu} \delta\tau+(m/L)\xi^\mu(z^{(bg)}(\tau))
\,, \label{eq:oo}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v^{(bg)\mu}=dz^{(bg)}/d\tau$.
We can eliminate $(m/L) z^{(1)\mu}(\tau)$
if the gauge transformation along the orbit satisfies
\begin{eqnarray}
(m/L)\xi^\mu(z^{(bg)}(\tau)) &=&
-(m/L)z^{(1)\mu}(\tau)+v^{(bg)\mu}(m/L)\Delta\tau \,,
\end{eqnarray}
with an arbitrary function $\Delta\tau$.
There always exists a gauge transformation
which satisfies this condition over the entire time interval
during which the metric perturbation scheme is valid,
because it is smaller than $O(1)$ in accordance | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.22559 | 2.372994 | -0.512968 | 0.299523 |
with (\ref{eq:ov}),
and the orbit becomes a geodesic of the background metric
under this gauge condition.
Because the MiSaTaQuWa self-force causes a self-acceleration
of the leading order in $m/L$-expansion
and causes the orbit to deviate from the geodesic,
the relation $(m/L)z^{(1)\mu}(\tau)=0$ implies
that the MiSaTaQuWa self-force entirely
vanishes under this gauge condition over the entire time interval
for which this metric perturbation scheme is valid.
This extreme example suggests that
the MiSaTaQuWa self-force is completely gauge dependent
in this usual metric perturbation scheme,
and, even the time average of the self-force over a long time scale
could be gauge dependent in general,
as long as we use this perturbation scheme.
At this stage, we see the mathematical reason
why the self-force may not include
the effect of gravitational radiation reaction.
Because this perturbation scheme only allows a small deviation
from the background geodesic, as expressed by (\ref{eq:ov}),
one could always eliminate this deviation
by a gauge transformation, as in (\ref{eq:oo}).
We note that this problem cannot be solved
by calculating a non-linear metric perturbation
because the problem resides in the metric perturbation scheme itself.
This shows that we must modify the metric perturbation scheme
so that we can describe
a non-perturbative orbital deviation from the background geodesic
as $(m/L)z^{(1)\mu}(\tau)\sim O(1)$.
If the orbit can deviate from the geodesic nonperturbatively,
it cannot be eliminated by the gauge transformation.
This extreme example suggests that
the relation between the self-force
and the gravitational radiation reaction is not trivial,
as we believed before\cite{PT0,PT1}.
By an adiabatic approximation of an orbit,
we usually use the time averaged part of the self-force.
If this is a component averaged over an infinite time,
it is known to be gauge invariant,
and we have a gauge invariant prediction for the orbit.
However, because the metric perturbation is not valid
over an infinite time scale,
it is not valid to consider an infinite time average,
and it seems reasonable to take a finite time average.
Then the orbital prediction becomes gauge dependent.
In this situation, if we still use a linear metric perturbation,
the gravitational waveform at infinity would also be gauge dependent,
although we would expect it to be gauge invariant
because it is observable.
In the next subsection,
we study this example from a different point of view,
using a theory of a nonlinear metric perturbation.
We expect that this extreme example
may reveal to us the nature of the self-force,
and, consequently we will be able to understand why and how
we should take a certain class of gauge conditions for the self-force.
\subsection{Energetics of the orbit and radiation} \label{ssec:eng}
Some idea of why such an unexpected thing happens
can be gained from Ref.\cite{RR}.
In Sec.III of Ref.\cite{RR},
we argue that the orbital energy does not decrease monotonically
as a result of the emission of gravitational waves.
We conjecture that gravitational radiation has its own energy
and that the self-force describes the interaction
between the orbital energy and the radiation energy.
In fact, one can define an effective stress-energy tensor
for the orbit and gravitational radiation, as argued in Ref.\cite{match}.
As in the previous subsection,
we consider only the metric of the far-zone expansion,
and we suppose that
the metric consists of the sum of the vacuum background metric
and its perturbation induced by a point particle
with an appropriate internal structure\cite{Di}
as $g_{\mu\nu}= g^{(bg)}_{\mu\nu}+h_{\mu\nu}$.
The Einstein equation for the far-zone expansion can be written formally as
$G^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}[h]+G^{(2+)}_{\mu\nu}[h | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.363481 | 2.248407 | -0.358303 | 0.372886 |
]=T_{\mu\nu}$,
where $G^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}$ and $G^{(2+)}_{\mu\nu}$
contain the linear terms and the rest of the Einstein tensor
with respect to $h_{\mu\nu}$, respectively.
Because $G^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}$ is algebraically divergence free,
one can define a conserved stress-energy tensor
in the background metric as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal T}^{\mu\nu} &=& T^{\mu\nu}-G^{(2+)\mu\nu}[h]
\,. \label{eq:einx}
\end{eqnarray}
We consider that
the first and second terms of (\ref{eq:einx}) represent
the effective stress-energy tensors
for the orbit and the gravitational radiation, respectively,
and neither of these is conserved in the background metric by itself.
Although the effective stress-energy tensor (\ref{eq:einx})
is defined in a nonlinear manner in a general curved background,
it reduces to the well-known gauge invariant stress-energy tensor
for gravitational waves
in the so-called short wavelength approximation
and in the weak perturbation limit\cite{isc}.
We suppose that
the background metric $g^{(bg)}_{\mu\nu}$ is a Kerr black hole
and that it has a Killing vector $\xi_\mu$.
Then we can define total, orbital and radiation energies
in the background metric as
\begin{eqnarray}
E^{(tot)} &=& E^{(orb)}+E^{(rad)} \,,\nonumber \\
E^{(orb)} &=& \int d\Sigma_\mu \xi_\nu T^{\mu\nu} \,, \quad
E^{(rad)} \,=\, -\int d\Sigma_\mu \xi_\nu G^{(2+)\mu\nu}
\,, \label{eq:ene}
\end{eqnarray}
where the surface integral is taken
over the spacelike hypersurface
bounded by the future horizon and the future null infinity
of the background black hole metric,
and we assume an appropriate regularization
along the orbit of the particle,
say, by a matched asymptotic expansion.
We note that
the radiation energy $E^{(rad)}$ is not necessarily positive.
Integrating (\ref{eq:einx})
over a small world tube surface around the orbit,
one can derive the MiSaTaQuWa self-force\cite{match}.
This shows that the self-force describes the interaction
between the orbital energy and the gravitational radiation energy.
The gauge ambiguity of the self-force could be
interpreted as an ambiguity in defining
the orbital energy and the radiation energy of (\ref{eq:ene}),
since $T^{\mu\nu}$ and $G^{(2+)\mu\nu}[h]$ are gauge dependent.
In order to see this,
we apply the metric perturbation scheme presented in Subsec.\ref{ssec:per}
to (\ref{eq:ene}). This yields
\begin{eqnarray}
E^{(orb)} &=& (m/L)E^{(orb)(1)}+(m/L)E^{(orb)(2)}+\cdots
\,, \nonumber \\
(m/L)E^{(orb)(1)} &=&
\int d\Sigma_\mu \xi_\nu (m/L)T^{(1)\mu\nu} \,, \quad \cdots
\label{eq:enex1} \\
E^{(rad)} &=& (m/L)^2E^{(rad)(2)}+\cdots
\,, \nonumber \\
(m/L)^2E^{(rad)(2)} &=&
-\int d\Sigma_\mu \xi_\nu (m/L)^2 G^{(2)\mu\nu}[h^{(1)},h^{(1)}]
\,, \quad \cdots \,. \label{eq:enex2}
\end{eqnarray}
In the usual perturbation scheme,
$(m/L)T^{(1)\mu\nu}$ becomes
the conserved stress-energy tensor of a monopole particle
moving along a background geodesic,
and $E^{(orb)(1)}$ becomes a constant of motion.
$(m/L)^2T^{(2)\mu\nu}$ has not yet | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.377067 | 2.35223 | -0.259003 | 0.403243 |
been derived explicitly,
and calculations of $(m/L)^2E^{(orb)(2)}$ and $(m/L)^2E^{(rad)(2)}$
would involve regularization provided by the matched asymptotic expansion.
However, it includes a contribution from
the orbital deviation of the monopole particle
relative to the background geodesic described by $(m/L)T^{(1)\mu\nu}$,
as we discussed in the previous section.
A gauge transformation of this part is defined by
${\cal L}_{(m/L)\xi}(m/L)T^{(1)\mu\nu}$,
and we find that the orbital energy transforms under gauge transformations as
\begin{eqnarray}
(m/L)^2E^{(orb)(2)} &\to& (m/L)^2\bar E^{(orb)(2)}
\nonumber \\
&&=\, (m/L)^2E^{(orb)(2)}+(m/L)^2\delta E \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta E$ is arbitrary.
Thus, the orbital energy is gauge dependent
in the usual metric perturbation scheme.
By contrast, the balance formula
considers the gauge invariant momentum flux of gravitational waves
at the future null infinity and the future horizon
of the background black hole geometry.
Hence, it describes the radiation reaction
to the total energy, $E^{(tot)}$,
rather than that to the orbital energy, $E^{(orb)}$\footnote{
The radiation reaction in the balance formula is gauge invariant\cite{isc},
and one may expect that
the total energy is also gauge invariant.
However, an explicit computation to prove
its gauge invariance is not trivial
because the definition of the total energy involves
a gauge dependent regularization calculation
and a robust volume averaging operation.}.
Although we have not yet proposed a new metric perturbation scheme
in which a metric perturbation would be valid
over a much longer time scale (see the next section),
the orbital energy and the radiation energy
are defined in a nonlinear manner as (\ref{eq:ene}),
and we cany consider what happens
when we keep the orbital energy constant under a gauge transformation
while the total energy continues to decrease
through the gravitational radiation reaction
over a sufficiently long time.
Because the radiation energy, $E^{(rad)}$, is not necessarily positive,
it is easily seen that
the amplitude of the metric perturbation would inevitably increase,
because the radiation energy, $E^{(rad)}$, would decrease
as a result of the radiation reaction.
Although this is mathematically allowed,
it creates two technical problems:
1) A linear approximation can no longer be used in calculating
the evolution of the system gravitationally.
2) The background coordinate system cannot be used
as an approximate reference to measure the orbit.
The above considerations reveal what is happening
with regard to the behavior discussed in the previous subsection.
It is reasonable to use a finite time averaged self-force
with an arbitrary gauge condition
for the adiabatic evolution of the orbit,
and we would then have a gauge dependent prediction for the orbit.
However, it is not reasonable to use a linear metric perturbation
to calculate the gravitational waveform at infinity
if we do not make an appropriate choice of the gauge condition
for the self-force.
We believe that
the gauge invariant nature of the gravitational waveform at infinity
can be recovered with an appropriate nonlinear calculation
for the metric in this case.
In order to avoid the difficulty involved in dealing with
a nonlinear metric perturbation,
it is disadvantageous to use such a gauge condition,
and we therefore assume consider that
the orbital energy must decrease through the radiation reaction
for a reasonable choice of gauge conditions,
so that one can understand the orbit
in the background coordinate system as an approximate reference.
We define the averaged energetic gauge condition along the orbit by
\begin{eqnarray}
\left<{d\over dt}E^{(orb)}\right> &=&
\left<{d\over dt}E^{(tot)}\right> \,,
\label{eq:eg}
\end{eqnarray}
where $<>$ represents a long-time average.
Although the | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.794135 | 2.456052 | -0.122046 | 0.74223 |
above condition is a necessary condition
for a reasonable gauge choice,
this may not be a sufficient condition,
because the orbit in a Kerr background
is not characterized by the energy $E^{(orb)}$ alone.
In order to confirm that
a certain gauge condition is actually advantageous,
it is necessary to demonstrate that
we can actually construct a new metric perturbation scheme
that is valid over a longer time scale.
For this, the new metric perturbation scheme
must allow a nonperturbative deviation of an orbit from a geodesic,
and therefore it would not be constrained by (\ref{eq:ov}).
In the next section, we propose
an adiabatic approximation of the metric perturbation
in which the usual metric perturbation scheme is extended adiabatically.
\section{Adiabatic approximation} \label{sec:adi}
The adiabatic approximation of the orbital evolution
is well known and is used in Ref.\cite{PT0,PT1}.
It consists of the following two steps:\\
{\it 1) From the fact that the self-force is weak,
we can instantaneously approximate the orbit by a geodesic,
and, instead of the orbital coordinates, we consider
the evolution of geodesic``constants''.}\\
{\it 2) We calculate the evolution of the geodesic ``constants''
caused by the gauge invariant momentum flux
of gravitational waves induced by the approximated geodesic.}\\
In a Kerr background, Step 2) is insufficient
because we do not have
a gauge invariant radiation reaction to the Carter ``constant''.
Instead of Step 2),
the radiation reaction formula\cite{RR} includes the following step:\\
{\it 2') We calculate the evolution of geodesic ``constants''
employing the gauge invariant ``infinite time averaged'' self-force
induced by the approximated geodesic.}\\
As shown in Ref.\cite{gal},
the ``infinite time averaged'' self-force
acting on the orbital energy and the angular momentum
is identical to the gauge invariant momentum flux of gravitational waves.
Hence, 2') appears to be a generalization of 2).
2') seems more reasonable than 2) because 2') is based on the self-force.
However, one cannot take an infinite time average
in the usual metric perturbation scheme
because the metric perturbation scheme is valid only in an finite time.
Instead of 2'), we can consider the following step:\\
{\it 2'') We calculate the evolution of geodesic ``constants''
employing the self-force induced by the approximated geodesic.}\\
In this case, the self-force is entirely gauge dependent,
and the orbital evolution becomes gauge dependent
as argued in the previous section.
Because general relativity allows an arbitrary coordinate system,
an orbit is always ``gauge dependent''.
However, in a metric perturbation scheme,
we use a fixed coordinate system of the background geometry,
and we can define a gauge invariant object
using the background metric as an approximate reference.
To have a gauge dependent prediction for the orbit
resulting from the self-force
means that the coordinate system of the background geometry
no longer acts as a proper reference for the full geometry.
As shown in the previous section,
this happens if the system cannot be described
properly by a linear metric perturbation
with an inappropriate gauge condition.
This suggests that any argument for a self-force contains a gauge ambiguity
until we consider the problem
together with the evolution of the metric perturbation,
so that we can carefully consider
the validity of the metric perturbation during the orbital evolution.
For this purpose,
it is necessary to have a new metric perturbation scheme
which predicts the orbital evolution consistently
without the orbital constraint (\ref{eq:ov}).
In Subsec.\ref{ssec:adm}, we propose
an adiabatic approximation of the linear metric perturbation.
In Subsec.\ref{ssec:adr}, we evaluate a metric perturbation
in this new metric perturbation scheme
based on the radiation reaction formalism\cite{RR}.
In Subsec.\ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.175664 | 2.103055 | -0.399547 | 0.701754 |
ref{ssec:ado}, we investigate the orbital evolution
and consider the validity of this metric perturbation.
The reason for using the radiation reaction formula is that
we have an explicit general form of the self-force
in the radiation reaction formula,
and we can identify the component of the self-force
which corresponds to
the gauge invariant ``infinite time averaged'' momentum flux
of gravitational waves\cite{RR}. (see (\ref{eq:rrf}))
Thus, one can easily formulate a new metric perturbation scheme
under the averaged energetic gauge condition (\ref{eq:eg})
using this explicit form.
\subsection{Adiabatic linear metric perturbation} \label{ssec:adm}
As we summarize in Appendix \ref{app:geo},
an inspiralling geodesic in a Kerr geometry is conveniently characterized
by $7$ constants with an orbital parameter $\lambda$.
We denote the orbital constants
by $\gamma=\{{\cal E}^a;a=E,L,C;\lambda^b;b=r,\theta;C^c;c=t,\phi\}$.
(See Appendix \ref{app:geo} for definitions.)
In the usual metric perturbation scheme,
a linear metric perturbation is induced
by a particle moving along a geodesic $\gamma$.
Therefore, it is a function of $\gamma$,
and we write $h^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}(x;\gamma)$.
We consider extending this linear metric perturbation
by including the effect of the self-force.
Due to the self-force, the ``geodesic constants'' evolve
as functions of the orbital parameter $\lambda$.
We foliate the background spacetime into smooth spacelike hypersurfaces
that intersect the orbit.\footnote{
The condition that the foliation surfaces are space-like is not important,
as long as we consider the adiabatic approximation
of the linear metric perturbation.
For a well-defined nonlinear metric perturbation,
there must be appropriate attenuation behavior
of the adiabatic metric perturbation at the past null infinity.
Otherwise, an asymptotic regularization is needed
to calculate the nonlinear metric perturbation.\cite{amos}}
We define the foliation function $f(x)$
such that it is equal to the orbital parameter
at the intersection with the orbit: $f(z(\lambda))=\lambda$.
Using the foliation function,
we define an adiabatic linear metric perturbation as
\begin{eqnarray}
h^{ad(1)}_{\mu\nu}(x) &=& h^{(1)}_{\mu\nu}(x;\gamma(f(x))) \,.
\label{eq:adm}
\end{eqnarray}
Because there is an ambiguity in the foliation function,
the adiabatic metric perturbation is not defined uniquely.
However, our definition is sufficient
for a leading correction to the gravitational evolution of the system.
Because the derivative acts on $f(x)$, we have
$[h^{(1)}_{\mu\nu;\lambda}(x;\gamma)]_{\gamma=\gamma(f(x))}
\not = h^{ad(1)}_{\mu\nu;\lambda}(x)$.
As a result, we cannot use the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
as the metric of the far-zone expansion
for the MiSaTaQuWa self-force in general.\cite{self}
However, as long as $|(d/d\lambda)\gamma(\lambda)|$ is small,
the result obtained with the MiSaTaQuWa self-force
is approximately correct.
We conjecture that the condition $|(d/d\lambda)\gamma(\lambda)|<O(1)$
is less severe than (\ref{eq:ov})
for the usual metric perturbation scheme
and the adiabatic linear metric perturbation is valid
in a longer time scale, as we discuss in the following subsections.
An adiabatic linear metric perturbation does not satisfy
the linearized Einstein equation (\ref{eq:ein1}).
Hence, it is not defined
by the usual metric perturbation scheme.
Here we briefly discuss a systematic method to construct
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.435483 | 2.196495 | -0.465551 | 0.496844 |
post-adiabatic nonlinear metric perturbation.
In addition to the small parameter used in the far-zone expansion $m/L$,
we introduce another small parameter
for the adiabatic expansion $\epsilon\sim |(d/d\lambda)\gamma|<O(1)$,
and we expand the metric and the stress-energy tensor as
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\mu\nu} &=& g^{bg}_{\mu\nu} \nonumber \\
&& +(m/L)h^{(1,0)}_{\mu\nu}+(m/L)\epsilon h^{(1,1)}_{\mu\nu}
+(m/L)\epsilon^2 h^{(1,2)}_{\mu\nu}+\cdots \nonumber \\
&& +(m/L)^2h^{(2,0)}_{\mu\nu}+(m/L)^2\epsilon h^{(2,1)}_{\mu\nu}
+(m/L)^2\epsilon^2 h^{(2,2)}_{\mu\nu}+\cdots \nonumber \\
&& +\cdots \,, \\
T^{\mu\nu} &=&
(m/L)T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}+(m/L)\epsilon T^{(1,1)\mu\nu}
+(m/L)\epsilon^2 T^{(1,2)\mu\nu}+\cdots \nonumber \\
&& +(m/L)^2T^{(2,0)\mu\nu}+(m/L)^2\epsilon T^{(2,1)\mu\nu}
+(m/L)^2\epsilon^2 T^{(2,2)\mu\nu}+\cdots \nonumber \\
&& +\cdots \,,
\end{eqnarray}
In the limiting case $\epsilon\to 0$,
this metric perturbation scheme becomes
the usual metric perturbation scheme,
and therefore some results for the usual metric perturbation scheme
may apply to $h^{(n,0)}_{\mu\nu}$ and $T^{(n,0)\mu\nu}$.
We define $h^{(1,0)}_{\mu\nu}$ to be $h^{ad(1)}_{\mu\nu}$
and $T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}$ to be the stress-energy tensor of a monopole particle.
In contrast to the usual metric perturbation scheme,
$T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}$ does not necessarily satisfy
the conservation law in the background metric by itself,
because the violation of the conservation law for $T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}$
can be compensated for by a higher order expansion
with respect to $\epsilon$.
Hence, the orbit of the particle described by $T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}$
is not necessarily a geodesic of the background,
and the expansion of the orbit in the form (\ref{eq:oe})
is not necessary in this scheme.
The violation of the conservation law presents a difficulty
with regard to deriving equations
for post-adiabatic linear metric perturbations,
i.e., $h^{(0,m)}_{\mu\nu}$ with $m\not =1$.
Schematically, an adiabatic linear metric perturbation
satisfies the equation
\begin{eqnarray}
G^{(1)\mu\nu}[(m/L)h^{ad(1)}] &=& (m/L)T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}
+\epsilon\Lambda^{(1,0)\mu\nu}[(m/L)h^{ad(1)}] \,, \label{eq:aein1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Lambda^{(1,1)\mu\nu}$ appears
because $T^{(1,0)\mu\nu}$ does not satisfy the conservation law,
while the LHS of (\ref{eq:aein1}) is algebraically divergence free.
One may expect that the relation
$G^{(1)\mu\nu}[(m/L)\epsilon h^{(1,1)}] =
(m/L)\epsilon T^{(1,1)\mu\nu}
-(m/L)\epsilon\Lambda^{(1,0)\mu\nu}[(m/L) h^{ad(1)}]$
holds for the first post-adiabatic linear metric perturbation $h^{(1,1)}$,
where $(m/L)\epsilon T^{(1,1)\mu\nu}$ can be derived appropriately
with a matched asymptotic expansion.
However | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.281969 | 2.476817 | -0.510951 | 0.141414 |
, this equation might be inconsistent,
because the RHS is not necessarily divergence free,
while the LHS is algebraically divergence free.
We suppose that, as in the case of (\ref{eq:aein1}),
there is a rank-two symmetric tensor
that is $O((m/L)\epsilon^2)$
and cancels the divergence of the RHS.
As a result, we obtain the following equations
for the post-adiabatic linear metric perturbations:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& G^{(1)\mu\nu}[(m/L)\epsilon^n h^{(1,n)}] \,=\,
(m/L)\epsilon^n T^{(1,n)\mu\nu}
\nonumber \\ && \qquad
-\epsilon\Lambda^{(1,n-1)\mu\nu}[(m/L)\epsilon^{n-1}h^{(1,n-1)}]
+\epsilon\Lambda^{(1,n)\mu\nu}[(m/L)\epsilon^n h^{(1,n)}] \,.
\label{eq:aein2}
\end{eqnarray}
We believe that equations for nonlinear metric perturbations
would be derived in a similar way.
\subsection{Adiabatic extension of the radiation reaction formula}
\label{ssec:adr}
In order to see that
the new metric perturbation scheme is valid
over a longer time scale than the usual metric perturbation scheme,
we extend the argument of the radiation reaction formula.\cite{RR}
In the radiation reaction formula,
a component of a self-force averaged over an infinite time
is derived in the usual metric perturbation scheme
from the general form of the self-force.
It is shown that the loss of
orbital energy and angular momentum due to the self-force
averaged over an infinite amount of time
is equal to that by the momentum flux
caused by gravitational waves.\cite{gal}
Since the self-force is entirely gauge dependent
in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
we can choose a gauge condition
such that the rest of the self-force is small.
Then we can say that the self-force of the radiation reaction formula
is defined by the averaged energetic gauge condition (\ref{eq:eg})
over a time scale for which the usual metric perturbation scheme is
valid.\footnote{A more complete argument for this gauge condition
is given in Sec.\ref{sec:gauge} (see (\ref{eq:sfrr})).}
We consider application of the adiabatic extension
of the linear metric perturbation (\ref{eq:adm}) in this gauge condition.
Because of the averaged energetic gauge condition (\ref{eq:eg}),
the radiation energy (\ref{eq:ene}) does not decrease by radiation reaction,
and therefore we expect that the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme
is valid over a time scale longer than
that for the usual metric perturbation scheme.
Using the result given in Appendix \ref{app:geo},
the stress-energy tensor of a geodesic
$\gamma=\{{\cal E}^a,\lambda^b,C^c\}$
can be defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
T^{\alpha\beta}_{(\gamma)}(x) &=& \int d\lambda
s^{\alpha\beta}(\lambda)
\delta(t-z^t)\delta(r-z^r)\delta(\theta-z^\theta)\delta(\phi-z^\phi)
\,, \\
s^{\alpha\beta}(\lambda) &=& \sum_{n_r,n_\theta}
s^{\alpha\beta(n_r,n_\theta)}\exp[in_r\chi_r+in_\theta\chi_\theta] \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the expansion coefficients $s^{\alpha\beta(n_r,n_\theta)}$
are functions of ${\cal E}^a$.
Because a Kerr black hole is a stationary and axisymmetric solution,
we can assume that
a Green function for a linear metric perturbation
in the Boyer-Lindquist coordinates can be defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
G_{\mu\nu\,\alpha'\beta'}(x,x') &=&
\sum_{\omega,m} | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.617526 | 2.393759 | -0.470379 | 0.64357 |
g_{\mu\nu\,\alpha'\beta'}^{(\omega,m)}(r,\theta;r',\theta')
\exp[-i\omega (t-t')+im(\phi-\phi')] \,. \label{eq:gm}
\end{eqnarray}
The radiation reaction formula
uses a linear metric perturbation derived with the Green method.\footnote{
Because the original radiation reaction formula uses
a symmetry property of the linear metric perturbation itself
rather than the metric perturbation
derived with the Green function (\ref{eq:gm}),
we present a derivation of the self-force in Appendix \ref{app:sf}.}
It is schematically written as
\begin{eqnarray}
h_{\mu\nu}(x;\gamma) &=& \sum_{\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta}
k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}(\gamma)
\nonumber \\ && \times
h_{\mu\nu}^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}^a;r,\theta)
\exp[-i\omega t+im \phi] \,, \label{eq:lm} \\
k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}(\gamma) &=& \int d\lambda
\tilde k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}^a)
\exp[i\omega\kappa_t-im\kappa_\phi
-in_r\chi_r-in_\theta\chi_\theta] \nonumber \\
&=& {2\pi\over \left<\dot Z^t\right>}
\tilde k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}^a)
e^{i(\omega C^t-m C^\phi)}
e^{-i2\pi(n_r\tilde\Omega_r\lambda^r
+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta\lambda^\theta)}
\nonumber \\
&&\times \delta(\omega-2\pi\Omega_{m,n_r,n_\theta})
\,, \\
\Omega_{m,n_r,n_\theta} &=&
m\Omega_\phi+n_r\Omega_r+n_\theta\Omega_\theta \,, \\
\Omega_\phi &=& {\left<\dot Z^\phi\right>\over \left<\dot Z^t\right>}
\,, \quad
\Omega_r = {\tilde\Omega_r\over \left<\dot Z^t\right>} \,, \quad
\Omega_\theta = {\tilde\Omega_\theta\over \left<\dot Z^t\right>} \,.
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $\Omega_\phi$, $\Omega_r$ and $\Omega_\theta$
are principal frequencies of the geodesic $\gamma$,
and they are observable in the form of a spectral information
concerning gravitational waves at infinity.
Although (\ref{eq:lm}) looks general,
the derivation of the linear metric perturbation
constrains the gauge condition,
because one may still add a gauge mode
which is not a function of $t-t'$ or $\phi-\phi'$ to the Green function.
We call this a physically reasonable class of gauge conditions,
because one can easily read the principal frequencies
from the resulting metric perturbation (\ref{eq:lm}),
and because it satisfies
the averaged energetic gauge condition (\ref{eq:eg}).
For the adiabatic approximation
of the linear metric perturbation (\ref{eq:adm}),
we regard $\gamma$ as dynamical variables.
With the foliation function $f(x)$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
h^{ad(1)}_{\mu\nu}(x) &=& \sum_{\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta}
k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}{(\gamma(f(x)))}
\nonumber \\ && \times
h_{\mu\nu}^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}^a(f(x));r,\theta)
\exp[-i\omega t+im \phi] \,. \label{eq:am}
\end{eqnarray}
The adiabatic linear metric perturbation satisfies
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13
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.185514 | 2.404141 | -0.756622 | 0.259047 |
the equation (\ref{eq:aein1}).
Using the explicit form (\ref{eq:am})
of the adiabatic linear metric perturbation,
it is seen that $\Lambda^{(1,0)\mu\nu}[h^{ad(1)}]$ is linear or quadratic
in $(d/df)\gamma(f)$ or linear in $(d^2/df^2)\gamma(f)$.
We find that the adiabatic linear metric satisfies
the Einstein equation to an accuracy of $O(m/L)$
when $|(d/d\lambda)\gamma|$ and $|(d^2/d\lambda^2)\gamma|$ are small.
In the next subsection,
we investigate the evolution of $\gamma$
due to the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
and show that the assumption of the adiabaticity is consistent.
\subsection{Adiabatic evolution of an orbit} \label{ssec:ado}
Here, we study the orbital evolution
caused by the adiabatic metric perturbation (\ref{eq:am}).
Under the assumption that
$|(d/d\lambda)\gamma|$ and $|(d^2/d\lambda^2)\gamma|$ are small,
(\ref{eq:am}) approximates the linear metric perturbation,
and we can still use the general expression of the self-force
given in Ref.\citen{RR}
by simply changing $\gamma$ to $\gamma(\lambda)$. This yields
\begin{eqnarray}
{d\over d\lambda}{\cal E}^a &=& \sum_{n_r,n_\theta}
\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}^a(\lambda))
\exp[in_r\tilde\chi_r+in_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta] \,, \label{eq:rrf}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde\chi_b=2\pi\tilde\Omega_b({\cal E}^a(\lambda))
(\lambda+\lambda^b(\lambda))$.
For the orbital evolution,
Ref.\citen{RR} uses the usual metric perturbation scheme
and treats the orbital evolution
by expanding the orbit as (\ref{eq:oe}),
which is constrained by (\ref{eq:ov}).
In the framework of the adiabatic metric perturbation,
we cannot use (\ref{eq:oe}).
Therefore we must treat the orbit in a nonperturbative manner.
With the idea of the adiabatic evolution of the orbit,
we consider the evolution of the orbital ``constants''
instead of the evolution of the coordinates.
Although Ref.\citen{RR} uses
the perturbative expansion of the orbit (\ref{eq:oe}),
the extrapolation of its result suggests
\begin{eqnarray}
&& {\cal E}^a-{\cal E}^a_0 \,\sim\, O((m/L)(t/L))
\,, \nonumber \\
&& \lambda^b-\lambda^b_0 \, \,\sim\, O((m/L)(t/L)^2) \,, \quad
C^c-C^c_0 \,\sim\, O((m/L)(t/L)^2) \,, \label{eq:orb}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\{{\cal E}^a_0,\lambda^b_0,C^c_0\}$ are the initial values.
Thus, the evolution of the primary ``constants'' ${\cal E}^a$
becomes nonperturbative
after the radiation reaction time, $T_{rad} \sim O(L(m/L)^{-1})$,
whereas the evolution of the secondary ``constants'' $(\lambda^b,C^c)$
becomes nonperturbative
after the dephasing time, $T_{dep} \sim O(L(m/L)^{-1/2})(<T_{rad})$.
In Appendix \ref{app:orb}, we derive
evolution equations for the secondary ``constants'',
assuming that the evolution of the primary ``constants'' is perturbative,
and we find that the approximation (\ref{eq:orb})
obtained with the usual metric perturbation scheme is qualitatively correct.
Equation (\ref | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.584922 | 2.393759 | -0.434963 | 0.754879 |
{eq:orb}) shows that the assumption of the adiabaticity
is constrainted by the conditions
$|(d/d\lambda)(\lambda^b,C^c)|<O(1)$
and $|(d^2/d\lambda^2)(\lambda^b,C^c)|<O(1)$,
and the adiabaticity holds on the radiation reaction time scale,
where the primary ``constants'' still evolve perturbatively.
Hence the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
satisfies the Einstein equation to an accuracy of $O(m/L)$
over the radiation reaction time scale $t<T_{rad}$.
In Appendix \ref{app:toy}, we integrate the evolution equations
in the case that
the orbit is either eccentric in the equatorial plane ($\theta=\pi/2$)
or circular in an inclined precessing plane ($r=const$).
In either case, it is shown that the circular (equatorial) orbit
remains circular (equatorial)
under the influence of the self-force.\cite{rrb}
In Appendix \ref{app:toy}, we find that
the self-force in the adiabatic linear metric perturbation scheme
can be used to predict the orbit over the radiation reaction time scale.
The dominant part of the orbit is described
by only the zero mode of the self-force, $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$,
which is the gauge invariant component of the self-force
in the usual metric perturbation scheme.\cite{RR}
This is a reasonable result of the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme.
Because the adiabatic linear metric perturbation (\ref{eq:am})
is a valid metric perturbation on this time scale,
the background metric accurately approximates the full geometry,
and the orbit using the background coordinates as an approximate reference
must be gauge invariant to leading order.
We also find that this is observable.
Because the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme
describes the metric perturbation
together with the orbital evolution caused by the self-force,
the modulation of gravitational waves induced by the radiation reaction
can be read off of (\ref{eq:am}).
In (\ref{eq:am}), we have
\begin{eqnarray}
k^{(\omega,m,n_r,n_\theta)}(\gamma(f))
\sim e^{-i2\pi(n_r\tilde\Omega_r\lambda^r(f)
+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta\lambda^\theta(f))}
e^{i(\omega C^t(f)-m C^\phi(f))} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
and the nonperturbative evolution of $(\lambda^b,C^c)$
can be observed as a modulation of the wave phase.
The remaining component of the orbit involves
nonzero modes of the self-force (\ref{eq:rrf}),
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}$, with $(n_r,n_\theta)\not =(0,0)$.
They impart an $O((m/L))$ contribution to the orbit
on the radiation reaction time scale.
This is the same order as the metric perturbation,
and therefore these modes are interpreted as a gauge.
In the next section, we show that
the nonzero mode of the self-force
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}$, with $(n_r,n_\theta)\not =(0,0)$
is gauge dependent
in the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme.
We also find that
the adiabatic nonlinear metric perturbation imparts
an $O((m/L)^2(t/L)^2)$ contribution to the orbit.
Well within the radiation reaction time scale,
this is smaller than $O(1)$,
and it is consistent with the fact
that the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
satisfies the Einstein equation to an accuracy of $O(m/L)$
on the radiation reaction time scale.
Although the above may seem quite reasonable,
there is an additional concern when we consider a general orbit.
By looking at (\ref{eq:rrf}), one | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.614809 | 2.35223 | -0.002737 | 0.63851 |
can easily understand the reason
why the gauge invariant component of the self-force
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$ imparts a dominant contribution to the orbit.
In the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme,
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$ slowly changes
over the radiation reaction time scale
and it coherently contributes to the orbital evolution.
Contrastingly,
the nonzero modes of the self-force, $(n_r,n_\theta)\not=(0,0)$
give a small contribution to the orbital evolution,
because the phase $n_r\tilde\chi_r+n_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta$
changes on the dynamical time scale in general,
and the contribution cancels over a longer time scale.
This is true for a circular or equatorial orbit.
However, there could be a case in which
the phase $n_r\tilde\chi_r+n_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta$ of a nonzero mode
becomes almost stationary.
This problem appears as a discrepancy between
the gauge invariant quantity in the radiation reaction formula
and in the balance formula
in the framework of the usual metric perturbation scheme.
In Ref.\citen{RR}, the gauge invariant component of the self-force
is derived by taking an infinite time average over the self-force.
The infinite time averaged self-force is derived
in the usual metric perturbation as
$\left<{d\over d\lambda}{\cal E}^a\right> =
\sum\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}$,
where the sum is taken over the values of $n_r$ and $n_\theta$ such that
$n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta=0$.
On the other hand, Ref.\citen{gal} shows that
the zero mode, $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$,
is equal to the gauge invariant momentum flux of gravitational waves.
In order to resolve this disagreement,
it is assumed in Ref.\citen{RR} that
$\tilde\Omega_r/\tilde\Omega_\theta$ is irrational.
In this case, the infinite time averaged component of the self-force
becomes equal to the gauge invariant momentum flux
of gravitational waves.
However, this assumption is not strictly valid.
If there is a nonzero mode for which
$n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta=0$,
the phase $n_r\tilde\chi_r+n_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta$
becomes almost stationary,
and it may contribute to the orbital evolution.
In this case, we may need to develop another formula,
since we can only calculate $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$
using the radiation reaction formula.\cite{RR}
By extending the analysis of Appendic \ref{app:toy},
we conjecture that such a problem might not arise
in the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme
and that all we need for an orbital prediction is $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$.
The primary ``constants'' for a general orbit
during the radiation reaction time, $t<O(L(m/L)^{-1})$, evolve according to
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal E}^a &=& {\cal E}^a_0 +\int^\lambda_{\lambda_0} d\lambda
\sum_{n_r,n_\theta} \dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}({\cal E}_0)
\exp[in_r\tilde\chi_r+in_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta] +O(\mu^2 t)
\,. \label{eq:ee}
\end{eqnarray}
During the dephasing time interval $0<t<O(L(m/L)^{-1/2})$,
we have $\tilde\chi_b\sim\tilde\Omega_b\lambda+const$.
As a result, the phase of any nonzero mode with
$|n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta|<O( | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.400162 | 2.113437 | -0.272452 | 0.296993 |
1/L(m/L)^{1/2})$
becomes stationary
and gives a coherent $O((m/L)^{1/2})$ contribution
to the primary ``constants'' given in (\ref{eq:ee}).
Beyond the dephasing time,
$\tilde\chi_b$ begins to evolve in a nonperturbative manner,
and, even if $|n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta|$ is small,
$n_r\tilde\chi_r+n_\theta\tilde\chi_\theta$ would not be stationary
unless $(n_r,n_\theta)=(0,0)$.
During the time interval satisfying $O(L(m/L)^{-1/2})<t<O(L(m/L)^{-2/3})$,
a mode for which $|(n_r\tilde\Omega_{r,a}+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_{\theta,a})
\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}|< O(1/L(m/L)^2)$
would have a stationary phase.
Extending this approximation,
during the time interval $O(L(m/L)^{-n/(n+1)})<t<O(L(m/L)^{-(n+1)/(n+2)})$,
a mode for which $|(n_r\tilde\Omega_{r,a}+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_{\theta,a})
(\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)})^n|< O(1/L(m/L)^{n+1})$
would have a stationary phase,
and it would contribute an $O((m/L)^{1/(n+2)})<O(1)$ term to (\ref{eq:ee})
during this time interval.
Thus, only the zero mode $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$ could impart
a coherent contribution of $O(1)$ over the radiation reaction time scale.
Before further investigating the gauge condition,
we discuss the validity of the adiabatic metric perturbation
for an application to the LISA project.
The LISA project is planning to detect gravitational waves
for several years,
and we need theoretical templates of gravitational waveforms
valid over such time intervals.
It is estimated that the mass ratio of a possible target binary
would be $\sim 10^{-5}$.
Suppose $m/L=10^{-5}$ with a dynamical time scale $L=100s$.
Then the radiation reaction time $T_{rad}$ would be
on the order of several months.
Hence, a theoretical prediction obtained
using the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
may not be reliable enough for the LISA project.
In the next section, we argue that fixing the gauge condition
improves the validity of an adiabatic linear metric perturbation,
and with this improvement one can calculate gravitational waveforms
with the adiabatic metric perturbation in a more reliable manner.
\section{Radiation reaction gauge}
\label{sec:gauge}
In this section, we consider a further gauge transformation
of an adiabatic metric perturbation.
It is found in Ref.\citen{RR} that
in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
the gauge transformation of the self-force
acting on the primary ``constants''
can be written in terms of a total derivative along the orbit.
For this reason, the gauge transformation of the primary ``constants''
can be expressed locally.
Because the argument used here depends
on only the properties of the orbital equation,
the same result can be used for an adiabatic metric perturbation.
However, for technical simplicity,
here we first consider the gauge transformation
in the usual metric perturbation scheme.
Then we extend the result
to the case of an adiabatic metric perturbation.
Suppose we transform the coordinates as $x^\mu \to x^\mu +\xi^\mu$.
Then, to leading order in the gauge vector $\xi^\mu$,
we have the primary ``constants'' transform as
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta {\cal E}^{E/L} \,=\,
| [
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29892,
29871,
13
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.393369 | 2.154966 | -0.054351 | 0.694165 |
-\eta^{E/L}_\alpha v^\beta \xi^\alpha_{;\beta}
+\eta^{E/L}_{\alpha;\beta} v^\beta \xi^\alpha \,,\quad
\delta {\cal C}^C \,=\,
-\eta^C_{\alpha\beta} v^\beta v^\gamma \xi^\alpha_{;\gamma}
\,, \label{eq:ec_gau}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v^\alpha$ is the $4$-vector of the orbit,
$\eta^{E/L}_\alpha$ are the Killing vectors
used to define the orbital energy
and the $z$ component of the angular momentum,
and $\eta^C_{\alpha\beta}$ is the Killing tensor
used to define Carter constant.
In the usual metric perturbation scheme,
the primary ``constants'' evolve according to the relation
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal E}^a &=& {\cal E}^a_0 +\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}\lambda
\nonumber \\
&&+\sum_{(n_r,n_\theta)\not=(0,0)}
{1\over i(n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta)}
\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}
\exp[i(n_r\tilde\Omega_r+in_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta)\lambda]
\,, \label{eq:pee}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have excluded the exceptional case
that $\tilde\Omega_r/\tilde\Omega_\theta$ is rational,
as in Ref.\citen{RR}.
We now consider the elimination of the last oscillating part of (\ref{eq:pee})
through a gauge transformation.
Although $\xi^\alpha$ is a vector field defined in the entire spacetime,
the following analysis considers
the condition for $\xi^\alpha$ along the orbit.
Therefore, we consider $\xi^\alpha$ to be a function of the orbital parameter
as $\xi^\alpha=\xi^\alpha(z(\lambda))$.
As is shown in Appendix \ref{app:gau},
the gauge equation (\ref{eq:ec_gau}) becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta {\cal E}^a &=& \sum_{b=E,L,C}\left(
A^a{}_b {d\over d\lambda}\xi^b +B^a{}_b \xi^b \right) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bf A}$ is a regular $3\times 3$-symmetric matrix
and ${\bf B}$ is a $3\times 3$ anti-symmetric matrix.
With these properties,
one can formally integrate the gauge equation as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf \xi} &=& {\bf C}^{-1}
\int d\lambda {\bf C}{\bf A}^{-1}\delta{\cal E}
\,, \label{eq:egg}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bf C}$ is a matrix schematically defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf C} &=& \exp(\int d\lambda {\bf A}^{-1}{\bf B}) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
We recall that,
because the components of the matrix ${\bf A}^{-1}{\bf B}$
are functions of $r(\lambda)$ and $\theta(\lambda)$,
their components can be Fourier-decomposed
as $\exp(in_r\chi_r+in_\theta\chi_\theta)$ (see Appendix \ref{app:geo}).
Applying an appropriate mathematical transformation,
the matrix ${\bf C}$ becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf C} &=& \exp(ic_1{\bf u}_1+ic_2{\bf u}_2) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bf u}_1$ and ${\bf u}_2$ are
two independent elements of the $so(3)$-algebra,
and two coefficients $c_1$ and $c_2$ are functions of $\lambda$
that satisfy
\begin{eqnarray}
c_{1/2} &=& \dot c_{1/2} \lambda +\sum
c^{(n_r,n_\theta)}_{1/2}\exp(in_r\chi_r+in_\theta\chi_\theta) \, | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.231024 | 2.632551 | -0.700136 | 0.199598 |
.
\end{eqnarray}
For this reason, the matrix ${\bf C}$ can be decomposed
into discrete Fourier modes, and we schematically write
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf C} &=& \sum_\omega {\bf C}_\omega \exp(i\omega \lambda) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
In order to eliminate the oscillating term of (\ref{eq:pee}),
we define $\delta {\cal E}^a$ for (\ref{eq:egg}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta {\cal E}^a &=& \sum_{n_r,n_\theta}
{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}\exp[in_r\chi_r+in_\theta\chi_\theta]
-\delta {\cal E}^a_0 \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta {\cal E}^a_0$ is a constant.
If we set $\delta {\cal E}^a_0=0$,
we would have $\xi^\alpha \sim O((m/L)\lambda)$,
due to the integration over $\lambda$ in (\ref{eq:egg}),
and as a result, the gauge transformation of the metric perturbation
would grow as $O((m/L)(t/L)) $ around the orbit.
Such a gauge transformation would cause
the metric perturbation to become invalid in a short time
in the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme.
In order to avoid this,
we choose $\delta {\cal E}^a_0 \not=0$,
so that the gauge transformation (\ref{eq:egg}) becomes oscillatory.
Then we have
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal E}^a &=& ({\cal E}^a_0 +\delta {\cal E}^a_0)
+\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}\lambda \,. \label{eq:eex}
\end{eqnarray}
This shows that nonzero modes,
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)}$ with $(n_r,n_\theta)\not=(0,0)$,
are completely gauge dependent.
We recall that the initial value ${\cal E}^a_0$
has a $O(m/L)$ ambiguity
when we include the metric perturbation.
Therefore, $\delta {\cal E}^a_0$ can be renormalized
into the initial value, ${\cal E}^a_0$.
We now consider the self-force in the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme.
The self-force under this gauge condition becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
{d\over d\lambda}{\cal E}^a &=& \dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}
\,. \label{eq:sfrr}
\end{eqnarray}
We refer to this gauge condition as the ``radiation reaction gauge'',
as the self-force is written
solely in terms of the gauge invariant dissipative term.
It is interesting to note that
a previous calculation employing the balance formula\cite{PT0,PT1}
uses the same equation.
However, it was considered to be an approximation
and a validity of this approximation has been discussed.\cite{PT0}
The derivation here uses the gauge freedom of the metric perturbation.
Hence, it is an exact result
in the framework of the adiabatic metric perturbation.
The application of this result to a motion of a spinning particle
is interesting.
A spinning particle does not move along a geodesic
due to the spin-curvature coupling,\cite{papa}
and one may regard this effect as a force:
\begin{eqnarray}
{D\over d\lambda}v^\alpha &=& F^\alpha_{spin} \,.
\end{eqnarray}
However, this is a conservative effect,
and the conservative force can be eliminated
by choosing the radiation reaction gauge,
as long as the force is on the order of the metric perturbation,
$F^\alpha_{spin} \sim O(m/L)$.
This is the case for a spinning compact object,
and the result suggests that
we may not observe the spin effect by gravitational wave detection.
Although the force resulting from the spin-curvature coupling
can be eliminated,
| [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.303706 | 2.051144 | -0.517675 | 0.342529 |
this does not mean that there is no such effect.
As (\ref{eq:eex}) shows,
it is simply absorbed into the initial value.
As a result, it alters the condition
for the last stable orbit of the binary.
It is interesting that the radiation reaction gauge changes
the validity argument for an adiabatic linear metric perturbation.
Because $(d/d\lambda){\cal E}^a$ does not have nonzero modes,
we have $(d^2/d\lambda^2){\cal E}^a\sim O((m/L)^2)$
under this gauge condition.
We also have $((d^2/d\lambda^2)\lambda^b,(d^2/d\lambda^2)C^c)\sim O(m/L)$
and the validity of the adiabatic linear metric perturbation
depends on only $((d/d\lambda)\lambda^b,(d/d\lambda)C^c)$.
Here we use the post-Newtonian approximation
for $(d/d\lambda){\cal E}^a=\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$,
because $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$ is
a throughly studied gauge invariant quantity.\cite{PN}
Although the post-Newtonian expansion is not a good approximation
for a strongly gravitating system,
such as an extreme mass ratio binary system,
an extrapolation is believed to give a good approximation of the result.
In the perturbation limit, we have
$\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)} \sim O((m/L)v^5)$,
where $v$ is a typical velocity of the system,
and $v^2$ is estimated to be less than $0.1$
during the inspiral stage of the binary.
We have $((d/d\lambda)\lambda^b,(d/d\lambda)C^c)\sim O((m/L)v^5(t/L))$,
and therefore the assumption of adiabaticity holds
for the post-Newtonian radiation reaction time scale,
$t<T_{PN.rad}\sim O(Lv^{-5}(m/L)^{-1})$,
over which the adiabatic linear metric perturbation could be
a solution of the Einstein equation to an accuracy of $O(m/L)$.
As in the previous section,
we suppose $m/L=10^{-5}$ with a dynamical time scale $L=100s$
for a possible target of the LISA project,
and we have $T_{PN.rad}$ on the order of several years.
Hence, we believe that
the adiabatic linear metric perturbation in the radiation reaction gauge
should give us a reliable prediction of gravitational waveforms
for the LISA project.
\section{Summary} \label{sec:sum}
In this paper, we have considered the so-called self-force problem
in the calculation of gravitational waves
from an extreme mass ratio binary.
A strategy previously employed for this problem was that,
because we already have a method
to calculate gravitational waves
for a given stress-energy tensor,
we calculate a self-force
in order to derive the orbit of a particle.
A general form of a self-force called the MiSaTaQuWa self-force,
was derived in the usual metric perturbation scheme.\cite{match}
We find that, in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
the self-force is completely gauge dependent,
and it can even be the case that the self-force vanishes.
In Sec.\ref{sec:gg}, we argue that this is because
the usual metric perturbation scheme is defined
to allow an arbitrary gauge condition,
and as a result, an inappropriate choice of the gauge condition
would eventually lead to a nonperturbative evolution
of the metric from an energetic point of view.
Such a consequence cannot be avoided
in the usual metric perturbation scheme,
because the scheme requires
that the linear metric perturbation must be induced by a background geodesic,
and therefore the metric perturbation cannot be tracked
with the orbital evolution caused by the self-force.
Although the | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.330876 | 1.978468 | -0.304954 | 0.256517 |
nonperturbative evolution of the metric
could be calculated using numerical relativity,
it would require a very large computational cost,
and for this reason, we consider it advantageous
to modify the metric perturbation scheme
with a constraint of a gauge condition for the self-force.
In Sec.\ref{sec:adi}, we propose an adiabatic metric perturbation scheme.
In this new metric perturbation scheme,
the so-called adiabatic approximation is applied to
both the metric perturbation and the orbit.
As a result, the metric perturbation is derived
together with the orbital evolution caused by the gravitational self-force.
We find that the new metric perturbation scheme is valid
over the radiation reaction time scale,
whereas the usual metric perturbation scheme is valid
over only the dephasing time scale,
which is shorter than the radiation reaction time scale
by the square root of the mass ratio $(\sim 10^{-2.5})$.
The adiabatic approximation has been successfully
applied to linear metric perturbations,
but it is not a simple problem to apply it
to post-adiabatic metric perturbations
because the linearized Einstein operator is
algebraically divergence free,
as we discussed briefly in Sec.\ref{sec:adi}.
Although it is valid for sufficiently small
$(d/d\lambda)\gamma$ and $(d^2/d\lambda^2)\gamma$,
this may pose a question regarding the convergence of the adiabatic extension.
For the self-force problem, there are two approaches:
One employs the self-force calculation,
which involves an explicit regularization calculation,\cite{self}
and the other employs the radiation reaction formula,\cite{RR}
which is a nontrivial extension of the balance formula.\cite{PT}
In this paper, we have defined the adiabatic metric perturbation scheme
using the radiation reaction formula.
One may ask whether an adiabatic extension is possible
for the self-force calculation.
We believe that this would be nontrivial, because, for a technical reason,
the self-force calculation cannot be easily carried out
with a linear metric perturbation taking the form (\ref{eq:lm}).
When the background is a Schwarzschild black hole,
one may use the Zerilli-Regge-Wheeler formalism\cite{ZRW}
to calculate a metric perturbation.
In this case, one can transform the metric perturbation
into the form (\ref{eq:lm}).
However, when the background is a Kerr black hole,
a method to calculate an inhomogeneous metric perturbation
has only been proposed\cite{am}
and it has not yet been implemented numerically.
It is not clear that
the metric perturbation in this method can be transformed
into the form (\ref{eq:lm}).
Because all we need for the orbital evolution in the end is
a gauge invariant quantity $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$,
one may consider the possibility of calculating it
by taking a long time average
of the result of the self-force calculation,\cite{self}
assuming that the self-force calculation is implemented
under an appropriate gauge condition.
Although this may sound a plausible approach,
the self-force averaged over a long time $T$ becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\left<{d\over d\lambda}{\cal E}^a\right>_T &\sim&
\sum \dot{\cal E}^{a(n_r,n_\theta)} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the sum is taken over $n_r$ and $n_\theta$ for which
$|n_r\tilde\Omega_r+n_\theta\tilde\Omega_\theta|<1/T$
(see (\ref{eq:rrf})).
Thus, there is a case in which
this approach fails to provide $\dot{\cal E}^{a(0,0)}$.
By contrast, the radiation reaction formula\cite{RR}
requires only a homogeneous metric perturbation
and a conventional method for this calculation is known.\cite{chrz}
Because the necessary calculation is
only a slight extension of the balance formula | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.666434 | 2.67408 | 0.114884 | 0.853539 |
blog, Science, What's On Today ?
The intense and powerful picture demonstrates a minor ocean horse clutching onto a pink, plastic cotton swab in blue-green waters around Indonesia.
California nature picture taker Justin Hofman snapped the photo toward the end of last year off the shore of Sumbawa, an Indonesian island in the Lesser Sunda Islands chain.
The 33-year-old, from Monterey, California, said a partner called attention to the pocket-measure ocean animal, which he evaluated to be around 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) tall – so little, actually, that Hofman said he nearly didn't go after his camera.
"The breeze began to get and the ocean horse began to float. It initially took hold of a bit of ocean grass," Hofman said Thursday in a telephone meet.
Hofman began shooting.
"In the long run increasingly waste and trash began to travel through," he stated, including that the critter lost its hold, at that point hooked onto a white, wispy bit of a plastic pack. "The following thing it snatched was a Q-Tip."
Hofman said he wishes the photo "didn't exist" – however it does; and now, he stated, he feels mindful "to ensure it gets to whatever number eyes as could reasonably be expected".
He entered the photograph and was a finalist in the Wildlife Photographer of the Year rivalry from the Natural History Museum in London.
Also Read: This is the Reason Why We Should be More Healthier by Eating Vegetables
"I need everyone to see it," he included. "I need everyone to have a response to it."
Hofman, a campaign pioneer with EYOS Expeditions, said he was wrapping up an endeavor in December 2016 when he shot the ocean horse.
As he viewed the animal through its voyage, he stated, his "blood was bubbling".
Hofman said the refuse had washed in, contaminating their spot in the ocean with sewage that he said he could smell and taste, and that the ocean horse was hunting down a pontoon on which to ride it out.
"I had this delightful, infinitesimal animal that was so adorable, and it was practically similar to we were taken back to reality – this is something that happens to the ocean horse without stopping for even a minute," he said.
After the Wildlife Photographer of the Year finalists were named for this present week, Hofman posted the photo on Instagram, provoking enthusiastic reactions from individuals crosswise over online networking who called it an "enlightening" and "amazing shot" that delineates a "nauseating" reality.
"It's a photograph that I wish didn't exist yet now that it does I need everybody to see it," Hofman composed underneath the picture.
"What began as a chance to photo an adorable little ocean horse transformed into one of disappointment and trouble as the approaching tide carried with it innumerable bits of waste and sewage. This ocean horse floats long with the junk without stopping for even a minute as it rides the streams that stream along the Indonesian archipelago.
"This photograph fills in as a purposeful anecdote for the flow and future condition of our seas. What kind of future would we say we are making? By what means can your activities shape our planet? " he said.
Hofman said that he has since gotten messages from individuals everywhere throughout the world.
"Some of them feel crushed, some of them feel disappointed," he stated, including some in Indonesia recognized they have an issue with plastic contamination.
Indonesia is the world's second-biggest maker of marine contamination, dumping 3.22 million metric huge amounts of plastic flotsam and jetsam every year, as per information distributed in 2015 by Environmental Health Perspectives.
The nation has promised to diminish such waste by 70 percent before the finish of 2025, as indicated by the United Nations.
Possibly, Hofman stated, the photograph, and others like it, can be impetuses to make change.
"We are truly influencing our seas with our carelessness and our numbness," he said.
SeahorseSeahorse clings to Cotton budUnnatural ViewWorse Environment
Previous PostThis is the Reason Why We Should be More Healthier by | [
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Posted in Featured, Headline
"The Great Bait and Switch"
Why Conservative Reagan Won Two Landslides, and Moderates Always Lose- Cruz vs. Rubio – THE "ELECTABILITY" DEBATE
By Shlomo Pollak
Senator Ted Cruz, a Republican from Texas, right, speaks during a news conference with Senator Marco Rubio, a Republican from Florida, following a vote in Washington, D.C., U.S., on Friday, Sept. 27, 2013. The U.S. Senate voted to finance the government through Nov. 15 after removing language to choke off funding for the health care law, putting pressure on the House to avoid a federal shutdown set to start Oct. 1. Photographer: Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg via Getty Images
The debate continues: do we stick to our principles, or do we run to the middle?
Since Romney's shocking defeat, this debate has taken on a new sense of urgency, with the thinking that if Obama was reelected, even Hillary can win this thing?!?
Nobody changed teams, obviously…. The moderates remained moderates, and are "now more then ever", energized to crush the right wing, that "cost us" an important election….
The conservatives, are equally incredulous, and fear a do-over with another moderate, will net us exactly the same results as last time….
THIS DEBATE ACTUALLY SEEMS TO BE, BETWEEN REASON AND HISTORY!!!
On the one hand, the moderates' argument seems intuitively correct, and more reasonable. The closer one is to the middle, the more of the electorate he should be able to capture. In a two party system, there is nothing to the right of the GOP candidate, no matter how moderate he is…
But History seems to tell a different story. As Senator Cruz often reminds us, the last Republican to win a landslide, was actually painting IN BOLD COLORS- Reagan. Over and over we nominate a Bob Dole, a Mcain, a Romney, and over and over WE LOSE?!?!
FACTS DON'T LIE, YET IT SEEMS SO COUNTERINTUITIVE….
Many have gone the "energize the base" route, to explain this phenomenon. They claim that, staunch conservatives, not being COMPLETELY represented by the moderate GOP candidate, just stayed home!?!
Personally, after the 2012 debacle, that line of reasoning doesn't hold water. Any voter that wasn't 100% committed to stop Obama, with all the lawlessness, and wrong headedness, will certainly find a different excuse not to vote next time around…..
SO WHAT IS THE ANSWER??
My explanation is "THE GREAT BAIT & SWITCH"….
The media, Uber-leftist that they are, consistently root for, and aid, the candidate in any race, that is farther to the left. In the general election, they help the Democrat. In the GOP primary, they help the moderate. Jeb Bush with his embarrassing numbers, still gets more mentions, and is discussed more than Senator Ted Cruz. We consistently hear "here comes Governor Kasich", as we didn't stop hearing in 2012, to "watch Jon Huntsman"…
However, when a moderate secures the nomination, the media, IMMEDIATELY, switches sides!! Over night, the media turns from strong advocates for the moderate Republican, to fierce adversaries of the exact same candidate!!
In 2008, the media was falling all over themselves to support John McCain. Once he became the nominee, they we're openly hostile. That very WEEK, The New York Times ran a full expose on some supposed scandal in the senators past….
The first thing Romney did as the fresh GOP nominee, was to go on that now infamous foreign trip. The Romney camp didn't know what hit them!! All of a sudden, the drumbeat of media scorn, ridicule, and unfavorable coverage was pointed at THEIR direction. The strong headwind pointed at their opponents in the primary- that was wind in their back to win the nomination…reversed!! It was like someone simply turned around the media fan… Out of the | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.351446 | -0.502248 | -0.814006 | -1.040614 |
blue, the Romney's were facing fierce headwinds. THEY DID NOTHING.
Then came the biggest gift in the history of politics, and Romney squandered it! In a culmination of Obama's many failings, a US ambassador, and three more Americans were killed in Benghazi….TWO MONTHS BEFORE THE ELECTION!! It was chock full with; enormous incompetence, reckless and naive policies, inexplicable chaos, and a transparent cover-up. The Romney camp waited for their chairleaders – the media, to spread the message……crickets. To their horror, the media switched teams, and were actively chairing-on Obama, reporting, and covering the movie….
Don't worry, we were told, by the debate Romney will "nail Obama on Benghazi"…. How did that work out?! Obama simply said he had agreed all along it was a terrorist attack, the leftist moderator agreed, the media didn't say a word about the inconsistency, so Romney moved on to "the economy".
IF YOU LIVE BY THE MEDIA, YOU DIE BY THE MEDIA!!!
The 2008, and 2012 campaigns, of Mcain and Romney, are best remembered, as laid back, reactionary, on the defense, and not at all aggressive. The reason is simple. Their campaigns were BUILT in primaries that the wind / media, was in their back. Additionally, the candidates themselves, have never demonstrated the ability to aggressively, and effectively, go after the left. They never honed that skill, and were certainly not battle tested.
The media props up the moderate, enticing and BAITING conservatives to follow along, only to SWITCH away, and tear the GOP candidate to shreds.
We NEED a candidate AND a campaign that is built for the general!!
Which brings us to 2016, and Ted Cruz vs. Marco Rubio.
The difference in the two campaigns is as clear as day, and publicly reported.
Ted Cruz is tirelessly focusing on organizing and retail campaigning , with intensive mobilizing efforts. The man doesn't sleep!! In the car, he can't do a TV interview, so he schedules a radio show. He is building a network which one can build on, and only grows, and expands against Hillary.
Rubio has been relying on favorable news coverage and attention, most of which would virtualy disappear in the big fight.
Ted Cruz, as the the nominee, will be treated no different than he's been, since he arrived on the scene. Cruz is already scorned, hated, lied about, discounted, and ignored. He is building a formidable campaign, DESPITE the media . The only small differences in the general will be; the media will be forced to ignore him less, and will choose to mock him more.
Twice recently, the Cruz team displayed the skills they have developed and honed over the years in pushing back. Mr. Trump quickly regretted referring to Cruz's tenure in the senate as "like a maniac". With humor, class, and talent, they displayed a deep connection with popular culture, turned "I am a maniac" into a source of pride, and even sold "I am a maniac" gear….
When the Cruz family shot a brilliant ad, parodying parents reading Holiday books to their little children, a partisan cartoonist for the Washington Post couldn't stand that two million people viewed it on YouTube alone. She too surely regrets her cartoon, depicting the girls as monkeys. Her editor yanked the picture, and Cruz & Co. turned this incident into what is now being referred to as a gift!!… raising millions and generating plenty of positive news coverage…
Marco Rubio, on the other hand, is now framed as the sensible, electable, moderate. In a general election he would be caught totally flat-footed. Marco is being propped up, by leftists and moderates in the media, only to collapse like a house of cards, when his supporters begin fawning over Hillary.
For heaven's sake!! Let's not do the same thing over and over, and expect different results.
Tagged Marco Rubio, Ronald Reagan, Ted Cruz
Communist "Peace" Movement Uses Their "Friend" Obama's Ecomonic Crisis | [
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mixentry
Actress ,Bearking News ,Beauty Tips ,Dress Design ,Fashion ,Funny Pictures, iPhone ,Modern Mehndi Designs ,Recipes ,Tattoo Design ,Video Songs ,Wallpapers, Women Fashion
WOMEN DRESSES VIDEO 2011
http://youtu.be/wF_JxRDRCeg
Posted by allentryupdate at 16:00 0 comments
Post-Baby Body Secrets of the Stars
Have you ever wondered what the secrets of the stars after the Child is the body? A lot of women get advice from the stars they see on television and in movies - because they are women who get their bodies back faster.
The following is a list of all known stars who have children, and how they say they have lost weight and the child. No more excuses, ladies - that excess weight is not all due to a slow metabolism or genetics, and you continue to blame! It's just these few unhealthy habits we will not leave.
Miranda Kerr - "I remember I was on the elliptical machine when you are pregnant Flynn I think that if you are really eating the right foods, and nutritional status in the body and do yoga and breastfeeding - these things have helped me back in shape."
Ashlee Simpson - "I try not to pig out or eat late at night and I'm just trying to go for lots of walks with the Bronx and house-to-side, it runs a little after one exercise is enough."
"- I was like, concave, a lucky person - I've never had to work on my stomach before - but since the children, do I really have to work on that." Jennifer Lopez
Jessica Alba - "After eight weeks of my girlfriend and her child, you could see her six pack she told me to put an elastic band around my waist - of any kind of band or girdle"
Christina Aguilera - "I do not routine weight training and Pilates, which I did through my pregnancy I'm not dieting or depriving myself."
Gisele Bundchen - "I think a lot of people get pregnant and decide that they can be turned into garbage bins you Bearing in mind what I ate, I got only 30 £."
Kelly Preston - "I've been lucky because I was breastfeeding so that helped me lose weight and this is really a mystery."
[Kardashian - "I can not run right out of the house for 30 minutes and save the time it takes to drive to the gym."
Celine Dion - "You get busy with the twins and you feed them even help you recover very fast so I helped them to help me."
Ana Ortiz - "I attribute it to work out while you are pregnant as well, and I'm in New York, so I walk everywhere."
Kendra Wilkinson - "Dancing is a big thing if you want to lose weight and have fun and just dance."
Adriana Lima - "I did not try to lose weight immediately because I wanted to breast-feeding took my time and eat well and healthy, and then started to get support in the form of five months after she gave birth."
Jennifer Garner - "I got on the treadmill, stopped stuffing my face and lost the weight I cut croissants, bread and cakes - all good things and returned to the presence of a single authority in the day and protein."
Tori Spelling - "I had a friend who did not NutriSystem I thought, 'Let me try it..' When I started to see results, great for me, because I did not lose weight before."
"I cut pieces of sugar, and then when you are done with breastfeeding, dairy also eat a lot of fish for dinner, protein shake for breakfast ..." - Melissa Joan Hart
One of the best things you can do for yourself is to be vigilant of weight gain during pregnancy. Earn at least 25 £ - but not more than that. Allow for up to 30 £ or so of weight gain - and only you will find yourself trying to work from 55 £ of excess weight, which did not exist before I was pregnant, and never need to be. Eating healthy foods and do some exercise!
Labels: Bearking News
2011 hit family radio President and the self-proc | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.365928 | -1.912291 | -1.777863 | -1.394147 |
laimed Doomsday Prophet camping Harold turns out that this figure of ridicule after forecasting a day of Resurrection, that the world will end on May 21, flat on his face with an earthquake occurs in New Zealand, which "make it look like Japan earthquake like a school picnic on Sunday comparison.
It was supposed to Kiritimati, also known as Christmas Island, New Zealand, to be in the first place to be hit by violent earthquakes at 6 pm local time. However, at the same time, there was no earthquake, no earthquake, not even to complain.
The U.S. Geological Survey, which tracks the seismic activity in all parts of the world, that there was no earthquake in New Zealand. However, the magnitude 4.9 earthquake was detected in 1305 miles from New Zealand. The earthquake was not the kind of "big", less than one violent "make it look like Japan earthquake school picnic Sunday in comparison." Moreover, the earthquake did not occur in 6:00. But at 06:31.
Warn the public has been camping for several months that the Day of Judgement is coming in May 21, 2011. He based his predictions on several verses of the Bible, including Genesis 7:04 ("Seven days from now will send a heaven on earth") and Peter 23:08 ("with the Lord in the day like a thousand years, and a thousand years is as Day ") to the conclusion that the Day of Resurrection - May 21, 2011 - will take place 7000 years after the great flood (4990 BC).
Despite being condemned by Christian leaders and atheists, Camping still believed "without any iota of doubt that it (the Day of Resurrection) will happen" in time.
People around the world is the fun of camping now.
"This whole thing rapture, even now, is quite disappointing," Alex tweeted Falkenberg ".
News: An earthquake measuring 0.0 on the Richter scale struck New Zealand, "wrote" TamekaRaymond Tameka J "on the loudspeaker.
What is the camping going to say now? Is it wrong sport again, as is the one and again in 1994 (Camping presented earlier in the day of Resurrection, the failure to predict that the world wound at the end of September 1994, but he got away that time by giving excuses that have made me "Error Sports
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Home Published Favorites Motorcycle ministry: A 'biker church' in Texas draws a devoted flock
Motorcycle ministry: A 'biker church' in Texas draws a devoted flock
Carmen Sisson January 23, 2008 February 26, 2013 Published Favorites, Recent Bylines
By Carmen K. Sisson | Christian Science Monitor
IRVING, Texas – It doesn't look like a church. At the moment, it doesn't even sound like a church. The Pigeon Hole used to be a bar, and for all some people here know, it still is.
Motorcycles clog the sidewalk outside, engines idling. Children play tag while burly, tattooed men sit on the front porch, trading stories. If you poke your head inside and peer into the dark recesses, you may still be confused. Chinese lanterns strung from the ceiling cast a soft glow on card tables below. Mothers dole Cheerios to chubby-fisted toddlers. Adults buy soft drinks from "Moose," a man with Samson biceps.
But looks can be deceiving, and stereotypes don't fly too well at the Hope Fellowship Church, anyway. In fact, it's that one quality – an inclusive, nonthreatening atmosphere – that draws more than 200 people here each Sunday to worship, eschewing the megachurches so prominent throughout the Dallas area for what they say is a deeper, more spiritual connection.
Biker churches have become so popular in recent years they're almost mainstream, but if you discount this ragtag assortment as just another symbol of a growing trend, you'd be wrong again. Most attendees have never sat on a bike, and the Rev. Dennis King, who does glide into the parking lot on a Harley, once wore a suit and tie to church every Sunday, preaching from the pulpit of a fundamentalist Baptist church.
Still, Pastor King admits, some stereotypes are true. Many of his parishioners have served time. Almost all – King included – have a background of hard drinking and hard living. But those are the very people who need to be in church, he says. It's not for the saints, it's for the sinners.
King was on a rocky road until he met his wife, Cindy. He started riding motorcycles when he was 10 and started drinking at 18. For a while, she lived the life with him, but when they had two children, it lost its appeal for her. She wanted to go to church and get right with God, but he told her to go alone.
"Every week she'd ask, and every week I'd say, 'I'll go when I'm good and ready,' " King recalls. "My heart wasn't in it."
Then one night, Cindy had a dream – God had taken their children. She woke up terrified, inconsolable, and once more, she asked him to go to church. This time, he said yes.
Soon, he was in church every week. He'd stopped drinking and was doing everything they'd let him, from sweeping floors to driving the church van. He started teaching Sunday School, but still felt called to do more. One day, watching a group of children at the altar, tears rolled down his cheeks. God was calling him to preach, and though he tried to ignore it, he was ready to accept the call.
He worked as a salesman by day and took ministry courses at night. Then one day he graduated and waited to be snapped up by a church in need of a newly minted preacher. It didn't happen. Four years passed before King found a church, and after four and a half years there, he realized he was being led in a different direction again.
His children were grown and he was resuming his love for motorcycles, hanging out at the local pawn shop with a group of Christian bikers who gathered for weekly Bible study.
Still, even after his stint at Northview Baptist Church, he found his quest to form a new church difficult. Every week, the struggling ministry met in homes and local businesses, garnering only a handful of worshipers. And once again, King felt his faith tested. "I wondered why other churches were growing and we weren't," he says | [
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. "Some Sundays there weren't but three people there: me, Cindy, and one other person."
In December 2005, his prayers were answered. While preaching to a crowd of 10, he was interrupted by a familiar rumble outside – motorcycles. Forty-five leather-clad bikers poured in, bringing family and friends. The next day, King learned the news. The men were so moved by the service that space was being offered in a local blues-bar venue, The Pigeon Hole. Hope Fellowship finally had a home.
"I realized God had been answering my prayers all along," King says. "He wasn't bringing the men to me. He was bringing me to them."
Initially, Saturday nights meant blues jams at The Pigeon Hole, with a quick cleanup for Sunday church. Though it didn't begin as a biker church, word spread quickly. This was a place where everyone was welcome, even bikers. And though King wasn't a hard-core biker, he knew if he wanted to minister to this flock, he had to ride. Suddenly the former Baptist preacher shed his tie. He got a tattoo while church members stood around, some teasing, all impressed by his dedication to become one with them. The Pigeon Hole became a full-time church.
"A lot of churches expect you to change before you come in, but change doesn't take place until you're in the presence of Jesus," King says. "People will stick their heads in here and say this isn't a church, but the people are the church."
Roger Brown says the open attitude is what drew him and his wife, Lindy. "I've gone to churches where no one would speak to you," he says. "You were an outsider, and you'd wonder why you were there. Here, you're not gonna get in and out without somebody hugging you."
Vee Miller agrees. She was initially suspicious of the church when her son joined, but King quickly put her fears to rest. "I was really impressed with the sincerity of the men that went there, how they worshiped," Ms. Miller says. "You have these men who come from very rough backgrounds, and I watch these tough-looking men praying, raising their hands in worship, and singing, and I know it's sincere."
She thinks that King is uniquely fitted to understand the needs of his congregation because he has walked in their shoes – and that empathy has worked a miracle in her family.
That, in fact, may be the biggest value of "niche" churches like Hope Fellowship: They can take the Gospel to segments of society that traditional churches often eschew. "If we look at the ministry of Jesus, he associated with those the religious establishment had no time for," says Eddie Gibbs, a senior professor at the Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, Calif. "He was at ease with the outcasts of society."
Yet in catering to special groups – there are now cowboy churches, Goth churches, even NASCAR churches – ministers need to avoid adopting the same exclusivity they fled. "We all feel most comfortable with our own," says David Wells, a theologian at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Mass. "But what the church is about is giving us something in Christ that is greater than any of the things that typically, and naturally, divide us."
Church is over at The Pigeon Hole for the day, but the ministry continues. As the men tromp down the wooden steps, slinging on denim jackets with patches proclaiming "Real Men Love Jesus," they stop to fashion a game plan.
The mission for the day is to visit a sick parishioner, part of the group's weekly "Ridin' 'n Prayn' " ministry. Sometimes their visits are routine, sometimes not. King recalls one house call where they'd driven away and were scarcely a mile down the road before they received a phone call – the woman they'd just seen had passed away peacefully right after they left.
One by one, the motorcycles file out of the parking lot, chrome flashing in the afternoon sun as they head down West Irving Boulevard. Outlaws. Sinners. Believers.
Carmen Sisson
Carmen K. Sisson is an award-winning independent journalist and photojournalist, with more | [
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Buscemi (IPA: / buʃˈʃɛmi /; Buxema / buʃˈʃɛma / in Sicilian) is an Italian town of 968 inhabitants of the free municipal consortium of Syracuse in Sicily.
Origin of the name
The origin of the present name is traced back to , a phrase thus reported in 1154 by the Hammudite geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi. The usually offered translation of the original Arabic name is 'Castello di quel dal neo', or 'Castle of the man with the mole'.
The term qalʾat means 'castle', 'fortress', which denotes the significant strategic and military position that Buscemi possessed in the past and which it still demonstrates today by means of an excellent view of the Anapo valley.
As for ʾabū it is the construct state of , whose subsequent apheresis of the initial syllable is comparable through the Maltese bu, an element that unequivocally refers to the now extinct Sicilian-Arabic language which was spoken locally in the period from the ninth to the fourteenth century. This word was often used figuratively to associate a person with some object or activity. Therefore, rather than literally 'father', it can also take on the meanings of 'the one with', 'that which is', 'he who always'.
Šāma is instead the object referred to and it means very simply 'neo'. According to some scholars 'the man with the mole' would be a reference to the Prophet Mohammed.
Over the centuries the name has been Latinized as Abu Xamah or Abuxama or even Abisama. The Latinized version Buxemae and Bussemae, from the Norman period, however, is the one closest to today's form.
In Sicilian it is currently called Buxema / Buscema and its inhabitants are called buximisi / buscimisi.
Buscemi (and Buscema) is also a very common surname in Sicily, especially in the eastern part.
Physical Geography
Buscemi is located 50 kilometers west of Syracuse, 45 north of Ragusa and 70 south of Catania. The town is located on the southern slope of Monte Vignitti (788 m a.s.l.), located in the central part of the Iblei Mountains, between the relief of Contessa district and the Anapo river and is surrounded by the historic sites of ancient Akrai, Casmene and the Necropolis of Pantalica. The closest municipalities to reach are Buccheri and Palazzolo Acreide which are both less than ten kilometers away.
It is the thirteenth municipality of the province by extension of the territory with 51 km2, although the inhabited center extends only for just over 1 km2. Furthermore, still within the province of belonging, it is the municipality with the greatest maximum altitude (987 m a.s.l.), the third most westerly based on the municipal house (longitude: 14.8847; preceded by Buccheri and Francofonte) and the third with the greatest altitude range (655 m).
History
The history of the town dates back to the Bronze Age, of which Paolo Orsi identified some settlements. The Rovereto archaeologist also found the site of ancient Casmene (Κασμέναι, Kasménai). It was Thucydides who spoke of the foundation of the Greek colony, dating back to 644 BC:The first proto-urban settlement of the place most likely dates back to the Byzantine period, on the same site where the inhabited center currently stands. The rock church of San Pietro and another rock church used as an oil mill in the last century remain from this period. The first historical sources that speak of a fortress occur during the period of Arab domination. The most significant trace was given by the geographer Idrisi in his Book of Ruggero in which he mentions a Fort dedicated to the one with the neo which therefore certifies the existence of the castrum already before 1154. During the Norman period this fort was rebuilt by Riccardo Montalto on the ruins of the Muslim fort after 1313. During the devastating earthquake of 1693, Buscemi was completely razed to the ground making it one of the worst hit villages with the disappearance of 41 | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | 0.612092 | -0.205704 | 1.134331 | -0.179865 |
% of the inhabitants. With the reconstruction of the inhabited center, moved from the previous site, the contemporary Buscemi was born with examples of religious and civil Baroque architecture.
Some families who held the possession of Buscemi were the Ventimiglia and the Requesens or Requisenz: of the latter only the ruins of the castle at the entrance to the town remain.
In 1777 the French painter and architect Jean Houel visited the country, who left a precise description in his Voyage:
Monuments and places of interest
Religious architectures
Church of the Nativity of the Holy Mary
The church dedicated to the Nativity of Maria SS. it is the Mother Church of the town and certainly one of the most beautiful and harmonious in the Hyblaea
n territory. The design of the three-order façade, clearly Baroque in style, was attributed to Francesco Maria Sortino who completed it in 1769, as can be seen from the keystone of the large bell tower.
The statues that crown externally the first order (two angels) and the second (on the left St. Peter, on the right St. Paul) are rather crude and of popular taste, wrapped in stiff and heavy cloaks, characterized by a blocked gesture and a awkward expression. The floral decoration on the friezes, on the central area and on the scrolls is elegantly made, as are the harmonious capitals. The large central window is dominated by the bas-relief of the Madonna in bands that seals the church's dedication to the Nativity of Mary Most Holy. The alternation of straight and circular columns, prominent and recessed, favors a wonderful chiaroscuro effect. The central door is characterized by a lowered arch flanked by two bas-reliefs depicting the heads of a man and a woman, probably the Requisenz princes who sponsored the reconstruction.
The interior with a basilica plan, divided into three naves delimited by Corinthian-style columns and pilasters, preserves valuable paintings and sculptures that mostly date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is possible to admire an ancient baptismal font dated 1558 and a glass case with the embalmed body of St. Pius Martyr inside and a glass vial containing His blood, donated in 1762 by Clement XIII to protect the Buscemesi from terrible seismic events. of the area; it was taken from the Catacombs of San Callisto in Rome (in reality there is no attestation regarding this saint at the Pontifical Congregation so it is believed probable that Pius was not the real name of the martyr but an attribute due to his holiness). Today it preserves the painting "The Adoration of the Magi", a work by Mario Minniti originally kept in the church of Saint Sebastian Martyr.
Church of Saint James
In some documents of the time it appears that the church was built in 1610 by the master builders Marco de Farioro and Antonino Calcararo, according to the project of master Pietro Costantino. It has an original convex façade of neoclassical inspiration, but in it we can find a mixture of baroque and neoclassical taste; in the second order there is an ancient clock, which for centuries has marked time with its strokes, which was added or replaced at a later time.
The interior is characterized by a large ovoid room and a square apse, harmonized by a series of arches and windows. whose plan is elliptical with an oval atrium and rectangular apse. in which there is the stone representation of the Holy Spirit, the original titular of the church. After the unification of Italy it was among the ecclesiastical assets acquired from the municipal state property, which is why it is now deconsecrated: it is part of the municipal complex and is used as a conference room, cultural initiatives and exhibitions.
The church has been restored and is now part of the municipal complex, thus being used as a conference room, cultural initiatives and exhibitions and home to the council chamber and the municipal library.
Church of Saint Anthony
The church of Saint Anthony of Padova, improperly called "Sant'Antonino", has very ancient origins, certainly before 1586 when an organ was commissioned to Don Stefano Raniolo of Ragusa; it was rebuilt, after the catastrophic earthquake of | [
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1693, still here, in the same place. Rebuilt in baroque style on the ruins of the previous medieval building as early as 1708, designed by the architect Nunzio De Caro and completed by the master builders Costantino Cultrara of Ragusa and Carmelo Ierna in 1765. It seems that the facade should have been in three orders, but it was only the first rebuilt (due to lack of money).
The interior has splendid baroque decorations formed by battlements and geometric garlands carved in bas-relief and decorated with superb polychrome stuccoes of the Serpottian school (by the master Serpotta, a skilled eighteenth-century plasterer), which were once all covered in pure gold. To admire the votive altars decorated with Baroque ornaments (Corinthian columns, lacy tympanums, etc.) bearing important works of art of the time; in one of them there is the statue of the "Our Lady of Sorrows" dated 1732, the work of the sculptor Filippo Quattrocchi from Catania.
Of particular interest is a canvas of the size of the entire central nave, which is exhibited in the Easter period, depicting "The Way of the Cross", the work of the Ragusan painter Pietro Quintavalle of the mid-19th century; The ancient eighteenth-century organ, the work of the organ builder "Donato Del Piano", freshly restored and currently in operation, the Putridarium, and some tombs of members of the Requesenz family are also of valuable workmanship: this in fact is the votive church of the homonymous family.
Church of Saint Sebastian Martyr
According to the popular rumor, the most beautiful church in Buscemi: it was the richest of all churches. From the stories of the elders, it was a church frequented by nobles and aristocrats for the most part, and it too was razed to the ground following the earthquake of 1693 and completely rebuilt; there is news of an ancient brotherhood of Saint Sebastian, directed by a certain Don Giovanni Requisenz, who was in charge of administering the church's assets and who also governed the post-earthquake reconstruction.
It was rebuilt in the same place but for unknown reasons there was a second collapse of the facade; the reconstruction works took a very long time, perhaps due to limited financial resources, which was completed only in 1906. It is located in the center of the town aligned with the church of San Giacomo and raised to obtain an effect of momentum. The front terrace is closed by a wrought iron gate guarded by two stone lions.
Inside were kept a statue of Christ at the Column, the statue of the Our Lady d'Itria (or Odigitria), the first patroness of Buscemi, a wax baby (today in the Mother Church), Saint Joseph (today in Saint Anthony), a canvas of commendable artistic workmanship depicting "The Martyrdom of Sebastian" by an unknown author, and the most important, "The Adoration of the Magi", an oil on canvas (243cm x 196cm) made between 1624 and 1625 during his period Syracusan by Mario Minniti, friend, collaborator, model (subject of the famous "Child with a basket of fruit") and lover of the most talked about painter of all time: Caravaggio. The work, saved from the rubble of the 1693 earthquake, has chromatic features, gestures and glimpses, which can be traced in other works made with certainty by the Caravaggio painter. The two canvases are today in the Mother Church. The church is currently being restored.
Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
Once called the church of Santa Maria Annunziata, with the adjoining convent of San Domenico, it is one of the oldest churches in the country. It is known that the construction work on the inside of the church started in 1572 by the master builder Antonino Costantino, and 30 years later, in 1602, the bell was placed and the chapel of the SS. Crucifix. It has a simple, essential and incomplete facade, almost reminiscent of the Romanesque style, and the interior consists of a single nave.
Inside, an ancient wooden statue | [
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of the Crucifix from 1700, although in the village the memories of the elderly tell of a connection with Saint Sebastian di Melilli, more precisely it is said that the two statues belong to the same sculptor. The celebrations of the Protector of Buscemi take place every first Sunday in May; this is the festival with the oldest origin in the country.
The church preserves a marble annunciation from the Gagini school, paintings by Paolo Tanasi and an ancient canvas with the effigy of the Madonna del Bosco, similar to the ancient fresco kept in the Sanctuary. Located in the lower part of the town, it was annexed to the convent of Saint Dominic, complete with nuns of the Dominican order until recently.
Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Forest
Rebuilt after the earthquake in the same place, it is the only church outside the town left after the earthquake. The church consists of only one nave and has a fresco of the Madonna del Bosco inside, which legend has it that it was miraculously found by two deaf and dumb monks. In 1693 everything collapsed, but by divine will, the sacred icon was saved thanks to the crossing of two beams right above it.
The current sanctuary consists of a single nave with pilasters with an Ionic capital that support a thin entablature; recent is the restoration, started by the parish priest, who illuminated the barrel vault and the small dome of the church with thin cornices and some gilded squiggles. Inside the sanctuary there is a statue of Our Lady of the Forest, recreated on the basis of the fresco before the last restoration, at the end of the 18th century; on May 18, 1919 she was crowned Patroness of Buscemi and from that moment there are many actions that have made believers and non-believers cry out to the miracle.
On the last Sunday of August the evocative feast of her takes place in her honor; in 2019, for the centenary of Patrona di Buscemi, the simulacrum was restored and brought to its former glory.
Rock Church of Saint Peter
It represents one of the few Byzantine monuments present in eastern Sicily. Paolo Orsi explored and described it in 1899. It is located four kilometers from Buscemi in the valley called Cava di Saint Rosalie. In 1855 Vito Amico noted the presence of "many sacred images in Greek style" and an ancient image of Saint Mark in addition to the one recently identified as that of Saint Sophie. Of these images, very few traces remain today. The church consists of a rectangular room supported by four large pillars, carved out of the rock, of which the first two are shaped, in the upper part, in the shape of a Doric-inspired capital. The room for the celebration of religious rites is obtained on the right side, raised by two steps, with an altar and a chair also obtained from the living rock.
Fresco of Our Lady of the Forest
Legend has it that one day two deaf-mute friars, intent on making themselves understood, presented themselves to the bus-bus people, which, however, initially did not try to understand what the two were trying to say; here between gestures and guttural sounds, they convinced the Buscemese, equipped with obvious tools, to enter the forest. After a modest stretch of thick vegetation, they came to a small wall illuminated by a light, where there is what is now the symbol of the town: the Madonna del Bosco. The people of Buscemese, incredulous and excited, decided to erect a sanctuary in honor of Ella, but there was the problem of the lack of water nearby: a problem solved by the two friars who, a few meters from the icon, dug two graves and made a spring gush out. crystal clear water (miraculous for many faithful). In the process of thanking the two protagonists for the two miracles, those present there were amazed at the fact that the two friars had disappeared.
The image that emerged after the last restoration of the fresco is clearly of the sixteenth-century matrix and in terms of style and colors it recalls the frescoes of the Upper Basilica of Assisi made by Cimabue and Giotto in the '300. The icon sees the smiling | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | 1.736956 | 0.249818 | 1.356691 | 0.555028 |
Q: How to indeed center object in a JFrame? I have a class which extends a Jframe, and i have it centered using setLocationRelativeTo(null);. The layouManager is null aswell.
My JFrame:
mport com.sxf.protocol.chat.util.window.AbstractField;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.LineBorder;
import java.awt.*;
public class Field extends AbstractField {
private Container cp;
public Field() {
super("Test");
buildWindow();
}
private void buildWindow() {
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(frameWidth, frameHeight));
setResizable(false);
cp = getContentPane();
cp.setLayout(null);
initComponents();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setVisible(true);
}
private void initComponents() {
JLabel label = new JLabel("Test", SwingConstants.CENTER);
JLabel border = new JLabel("");
label.setSize(200, 30);
label.setLocation((frameWidth - label.getWidth()) / 2, (frameHeight - label.getHeight()) / 2);
border.setBounds(frameWidth / 2, 0, frameWidth / 2, frameHeight);
label.setBorder(new LineBorder(new Color(0, 0, 0)));
border.setBorder(new LineBorder(new Color(255, 0, 0)));
cp.add(label);
cp.add(border);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
new Field();
}
});
}
}
I added to border to see if its centered correctly or not.
The AbstractField (only some calculations in it):
public abstract class AbstractField extends JFrame {
private final static Dimension screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
private static final Dimension frameSize = new Dimension(screenSize.width / 4, screenSize.height / 4);
protected static final int frameWidth;
protected static final int frameHeight;
protected static final int x;
protected static final int y;
static {
frameWidth = frameSize.width;
frameHeight = frameSize.height;
x = (screenSize.width - frameWidth) / 2;
y = (screenSize.height - frameHeight) / 2;
}
public AbstractField(String title) {
super(title);
}
}
But when i try to center my components, e.g. the JLabel, doing
(frame.getWidth - component.getWidth) / 2, and the same for the height, it is not actually centered but a little bit to the right.
Is that due to a native moved beginning of the jframe and can i calculate that?
A:
How to indeed center object in a JFrame?
Indeed add it as the only component added to a JPanel with a GridBagLayout. Use that panel as the content pane.
Example:
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
public class CenteredLabel {
private JComponent ui = null;
CenteredLabel() {
initUI();
}
public final void initUI() {
if (ui!=null) return;
ui = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
ui.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(4,4,4,4));
JLabel centeredLabel = new JLabel("Test");
centeredLabel.setBorder(new LineBorder(Color.RED));
ui.add(centeredLabel);
}
public JComponent getUI() {
return ui;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Runnable r = () -> {
try {
UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
} catch (Exception useDefault) | [
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Was Aniara demonstrating panspermia?
The ending didn't seem to fit any of the sociological or scientific themes of Aniara. The name of the story itself implies despair, and it continually devolves in each act. However by the nature of that final scene,
Arriving at a lush water-covered planet in the Libra constellation that looks like a pristine young earth
carrying remains of her 8,000 passengers and algae
it seems to actually leave hope. Was it the film maker's intent to express the idea of panspermia?
Please use spoiler text in your answers!
Note the director has confirmed that the ending scene I am asking about is both true to the Swedish poem and a fundamental part of the story.
Kågerman obtained permission to adapt Martinson's poem thanks to the blessings of the poet's daughters, Harriet and Eva. "They were very open-minded and excited about the film," she says. "Their only concern was for us to stay true to the ending of the poem, which we also did."
I have researched several online reviews and the all-important ending scene is normally glossed over, like in the case of this horrible New York Times review. This could be to protect the quite shocking and unexpected ending, or just because the reviewer was too lazy to sit through a 110 minute film. But again, per the author that is an essential part of the story.
I am not inviting film critique or interpretations and such are not appropriate for this site. Only answers which reference intent are appropriate (staff interviews and canonical references). Was this ending chosen to show panspermia in action?
Vogon PoetVogon Poet
this could be answerable via a word from the production staff / screenplay writer. It's borderline opinion based, but the possibility is there that somebody involved w/ the production has something to say on the subject. I'm not voting to close on that basis for now – NKCampbell Oct 5 '19 at 20:58
It's definitely not opinion-based. The final scene was very deliberate and specific. Some things can be left up to interpretation however people unfamiliar with the movie have no ability to judge what is or is not opinion-based, and certainly would be wise to abstain from doing so. – Vogon Poet Oct 5 '19 at 21:38
Just glancing through some summaries here... what exactly does the idea of panspermia have to do with the hopefulness of the ending? Seems the film assumes the idea that there's life out in the black, not that it helps the ship or it's people in the slightest. – Radhil Oct 5 '19 at 23:11
@VogonPoet - I'm pretty sure we've been through this already. You can't change a question after its been answered because you realise you don't like the scope. – Valorum Oct 6 '19 at 8:32
@VogonPoet - We have a bounty reason specifically for people who want to gain an answer that focuses more highly on one canon over another. That is what you should be using, rather than trying to edit the original question. – Valorum Oct 6 '19 at 14:41
It certainly wasn't intended in the original source poem. That ends with the mima worshippers sitting huddled against the encroaching darkness, then eventually dying and turning to dust as their "sarcophagus" continues to hurtle through space for thousands more years.
There's no good indication that their bones ever come to rest, anywhere other than the inky black of space.
In our immense sarcophagus we lay
as on into the empty seas we passed where cosmic night, forever cleft from day,
around our grave a glass-clear silence cast.
Around the mima's grave we sprawled in rings,
fallen and to guiltless ashes changed,
delivered from the stars' embittered stings.
And through us all Nirvana's current ranged.
This final view of the passengers (and their bones as dust) appears to be what the makers wanted to be true to.
ValorumValorum
469k133133 gold badges34383438 silver badges35963596 bronze badges
That's nothing like how the film ended. | [
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I'm surprised the family allowed this change. Certainly they were not "forever cleft from day." – Vogon Poet Oct 6 '19 at 0:16
@VogonPoet - Ending a film on a total downer is rarely good for financial reasons. – Valorum Oct 6 '19 at 0:17
I get that but they still disregarded the family's condition – Vogon Poet Oct 6 '19 at 0:21
@VogonPoet - Well, we don't know what was agreed with the family. It might have been as simple as "don't give it a happyt ending", which they certainly didn't. – Valorum Oct 6 '19 at 0:37
From the poem and operetic adaptations Aniara is an epic of extinction, inspired by Martinsen gazing up at the Andromeda galaxy through a telescope one exceptionally clear evening in 1953, shortly after the Soviet Union conducted their first H-bomb test. He experienced sensations of being on a spaceship. I think if you asked this question of Harry Martinsen at the time he wrote it, the answer would simply be, no.
There is a bit of confusion about the clip in question, as it may not be included in every releases of the film. Directors had commented that a different US release was made because the original showed an erect penis, which could not be released in the US. And the following review of both the opera and the film seem to conclude that the clip in question is not shown in the main release:
The film comes nearest to the original's poetic force in its final scene, in which the image of the Aniara as a galactic sarcophagus is fully realized, all life within extinguished, still light-years distant from Lyra.
They were obviously reviewing a different release of the film.
Concerning the modern film adaptation and the clip in question - as seen in the US - what is currently available from interviews and reviews seem to be conspicuously silent about that except for Variety magazine which obliquely calls the ending "a cryptic, ironical fadeout." This implies at least one reviewer considers the intent to be somehow ironical. Did they imagine that had the passengers not given up hope, they - or their species at least - would be OK? I take that interpretation with a grain of salt given the span of time they would have had to endure, and the finite amount of energy this sunless voyage afforded them. The intent of the film was very clear to me that humanity at least would end. It remains an extinction event; nowhere to go to, and nowhere to return to.
But the fact does remain that the poem ends in complete endless drifting, and the film included that clip, for one reason or another, and that clip is never once even spoken about on the Internet. At this early point in the film's life cycle we only have deductive reasoning.
The film industry in general does not like dead ends, as director Pella Kågerman notes in an interview with Cautionspoilers.com last month. When asked why this classic story has not been adapted to film before, Pella responded:
Pella: I think because it is so dark, it's hard to get money for it, so we had to work a lot with hope. The only demand that the daughters of the writer had, was for us not to change the ending.
At one point we actually pitched this film in Hollywood for a famous agent and he was following the story until we came to the end, where he was like, "But one survives…"
SARAH: They'll always say you've got to have a survivor, or a dog survives, or something like that.
So there was certainly pressure for this adaptation to carry something forward, if for no better reason than to make room for a sequel (pronounced: $$$$). As mentioned earlier, this film is young, and the social pressure to remain true to Martinson's theme are very compelling. Putting down in ink that you just made a movie about the cycle of life would be tantamount to sacrilege.
There are other interpretations which share the sense that the story at least deserves a cycle rather than a finality:
A contemporary adaptation of the poem - which is in fact 103 poems, or cantos - was conducted by The Crossing Choir which notes a connection between the Matteson story and Asian mythology, and choreographer Antti Silvennoinen
I had talked | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.612772 | 0.12004 | -0.132581 | -0.346196 |
Claudio Ranieri proves nice guys do not always come second
With grace and unshakable bond with his players the one-time 'Tinkerman' has proved his critics spectacularly wrong with Leicester's first top-flight title
Owen Gibson
@owen_g
Tue 3 May 2016 02.22 EDT First published on Mon 2 May 2016 17.34 EDT
Claudio Ranieri emotional as he watches tribute from Leicester fans
"Claudio Ranieri? Really?" As much of the planet now knows, with the world's media descending on Leicester, that was how Gary Lineker last summer received the news that the veteran Italian had been appointed to take charge of a side that narrowly escaped relegation the previous season.
Now the charming 64-year-old has masterminded perhaps the greatest fairytale in sporting history, proving a battalion of doubters wrong and winning not only the undying gratitude of all those in Leicester but admiration and no little love from around the world.
The Leicester Supremacy – a triumph that was never supposed to happen | Barney Ronay
Lineker, who until Jamie Vardy burst on to the scene was Leicester's best-loved centre-forward, was not the only one to doubt the credentials of the peripatetic Italian when he took up the 15th club managerial post of a rollercoaster career.
Harry Redknapp expressed his shock Ranieri had landed a Premier League job following a disastrous four months in charge of Greece that came to a humiliating halt with defeat by the lowly Faroe Islands.
Another former Leicester striker, Tony Cottee, said he was astonished. Beneath a sceptical Guardian blog, perhaps the politest of a slew of comments was simply: "Gone by Christmas".
Twelve months on bookmakers are facing a £15m payout to punters, including a lucky few who backed the side at 5,000‑1, and a different sort of astonishment abounds.
In truth the Italian's CV is studded with huge achievement but undercut by a series of near-misses and a sense he has tended to lay the foundations for others to claim the credit. No longer.
Having made his name at Cagliari, success at Napoli and Valencia eventually led him to Stamford Bridge, where he delivered the Champions League qualification that convinced Roman Abramovich to buy the club. But he was sacked one season later by the Russian following a spectacular blow-out in the semi-finals of that competition.
'Walt Disney wouldn't script this' – Leicester City champions.
With delicious irony his quicksilver counterattacking Leicester side travel to Chelsea on the final day of the season as champions with last season's title-winners languishing in mid table.
In an added twist José Mourinho, who had replaced Ranieri at Chelsea first time around and publicly belittled Ranieri as yesterday's man when his Internazionale side beat Roma to the title in Italy five years later, was sacked mid-season as Leicester began their unlikely ascent to the summit.
Since leaving England a decade ago much liked but hardly revered Ranieri took Juventus and his childhood favourites, Roma, to second-place finishes in Serie A and masterminded a revival at newly moneyed Monaco in France. But by the time he arrived at the King Power Stadium Mourinho's withering assessment of Ranieri was received wisdom.
With typical good grace and a seemingly unshakable bond with his players the one-time "Tinkerman" has set about proving his critics spectacularly wrong.
Ranieri has been magnanimous about the foundations laid by his pugnacious predecessor, Nigel Pearson, who against the odds saved Leicester from relegation in 2015‑16 with a run of seven wins in their last nine games but was sacked amid the fallout from a scandal that hit the club's post-season tour.
Recognising the team spirit and fitness regime established by his predecessor was second to none, Ranieri resolved to change little regarding the team's preparation.
'Ranieri for President!' Leicester City fans across the world celebrate a miracle
Much has been made of the | [
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£200m-plus gulf in value between the Premier League's self-styled elite and a Leicester squad that melds journeymen like Robert Huth and hitherto unsung heroes such as Danny Drinkwater with well-sourced bargain buys in Riyad Mahrez, Jamie Vardy and N'Golo Kanté.
In a Premier League where, historically, finishing positions have correlated almost exactly with wage bills, Ranieri's band of brothers have reversed preconceptions.
But Leicester's billionaire Thai owner, Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, has also invested heavily in the club's infrastructure, ensuring the side want for little when it comes to all the accoutrements of modern performance analysis used to recruit and train players. Ranieri has said that it made his jaw drop when he arrived.
In contrast to his nickname, Ranieri has resisted the urge to tinker with his side and has had some luck along the way with a lack of injuries to key players. Yet his interventions, both between and during matches, have often been decisive.
Recognising that his Italian reputation for tactical complexity went before him, he told Il Corriere della Sera that he made a pact with his side on his arrival: "Always show me everything you've got and every now and again I will explain a little football to you."
Eschewing the trend for possession football exemplified by the great Barcelona sides of the past 15 years Leicester have been resolute in defence and lightning quick to attack.
When they destroyed Manchester City 3-1 at the Etihad Stadium in February, one of several defining moments in this title race, they did so with only 35% possession.
As well as being a master tactician Ranieri has also perfectly judged the psychology. He kept things simple, lifting the pressure from his side and focusing relentlessly on the next game, admitting only recently that the title was in sight with his "Dilly-ding, dilly-dong" rallying cry.
Jamie Vardy celebrates scoring against Manchester United. Photograph: Oli Scarff/AFP/Getty Images
In the age of the individual's veneration in football Ranieri, like Diego Simeone at Atlético Madrid, has made teamwork fashionable again. And, paradoxically, in the process he has made unlikely stars of Vardy and Mahrez.
His side kept their heads as all around were losing theirs, ticking off a series of tight victories and answering every question posed of them even as the wider world kept expecting them to fade, most recently following a 2-2 home draw against West Ham United in which their talismanic striker Vardy was sent off.
At the King Power Stadium, where the stands have rocked all season, faith has never wavered. For proof that Leicester has taken Ranieri to its heart, look no further than the two-minute film released last week of him welling up as he watched tributes from its streets.
From staff at Leicester Station to pensioners at the market and tracksuit-clad teenagers on its shopping streets, all offered up undying gratitude to the man who has masterminded a sporting miracle.
In that initial withering assessment Lineker, whose delight and disbelief have spiralled as the season has developed, said Ranieri's appointment was "uninspired". He could not have been more wrong.
How Leicester City's five-year fairytale unfolded
Canny to the last, Ranieri even managed to negotiate a clause in his contract that guaranteed him £100,000 for every place his side finished above 18th and a reputed £5m bonus for winning the title.
The arguments over whether Leicester's triumph tops the exploits of Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest in a modern era when money and global branding have made the established order harder to topple will rage long and hard in the east Midlands.
For now, supporters who could never in their wildest dreams have imagined the season turning out this way – and who have long lamented as many near-misses and false dawns as Ranieri – know exactly whom to thank. As do those well beyond the city for whom he has come to personify a triumph that cut through so much of the cynicism that clings to modern football.
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Home Amazon Authors Guild, Authors United stop pretending; admit they just don't like innovation
Authors Guild, Authors United stop pretending; admit they just don't like innovation
By Chris Meadows -
In a joint press release, representatives of the Authors Guild and Authors United have finally come out and admitted that they simply dislike innovation in the book industry.
Authors Guild President Roxana Robinson explained, "We were simply getting tired of pretending that we were really an advocacy group for writers. What a joke! We haven't actually had authors' best interests at heart for decades now. In actual fact, we're considering renaming ourselves to something more accurate, like the 'Publishers Guild.'"
Robinson explained that their real mission is to do everything in their power to roll back the clock and ensure that the publishing industry returns to its approximate status in the early 1990s. "We feel that the public advent of the Internet was a huge mistake. Not only was the 'Eternal September' a crushing blow to all the college students who had made the network their own, it also brought about the near ruination of publishers and bookstores as startups like Amazon were able to innovate and attract customers away, and Google was able to give customers the ability to search within books without actually having to pay the publishers for that right."
Robinson added, "We feel innovation should be a crime, and we are fully prepared to continue fighting it by litigation, as we have in the case of Google Books."
Authors United founder Douglas Preston echoed the same sentiments. "Far too long have outfits like Amazon been able to usurp publishers' rightful control over book sales by catering to entitled consumers whose desire for low prices is strictly at odds with publishers' need for more money to support their antiquated warehousing and distribution networks, as well as maintain their expensive offices in New York City. How can publishers be expected to continue their hopelessly inefficient Great Depression-era book buyback program if they are no longer able to charge outrageously high prices for their content?"
Flush with the success of their recent Amazon-bashing conference in conjunction with New America, Authors United is planning a further event in cooperation with the John Birch Society. "We plan to march on Amazon's corporate headquarters in Seattle carrying torches and pitchforks," Preston explained. "A good time should be had by all. Except Jeff Bezos, hopefully."
Robinson and Preston also wanted to join with those of us at TeleRead in wishing you a HAPPY APRIL FOOL'S DAY!
Previous articleWhen should you read the book before watching the movie?
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Chris Meadows
TeleRead Editor Chris Meadows has been writing for us--except for a brief interruption--since 2006. Son of two librarians, he has worked on a third-party help line for Best Buy and holds degrees in computer science and communications. He clearly personifies TeleRead's motto: "For geeks who love books--and book-lovers who love gadgets." Chris lives in Indianapolis and is active in the gamer community.
Apple vs. thrifty e-book lovers and others who want DIY and third-party repairs
A Look Back at BEA: BookBub, innovations in children's books, The Onion's bold bet on a Trump book
Amazon tightens its grip on e-mail blast promotions; but why?
Michael W. Perry April 1, 2016 at 10:40 am
This would seem more funny if Teleread didn't seem to bear a long-simmering grudge against AG and AU.
Nor does the joke make sense. Google's mass book scanning not only wouldn't have made sense before a public Internet, it'd have been patently illegal. Only years of agitation about an alleged 'right to read for free ' prepared the ground for stomping on an author's right to control copying. That and a rather clueless tech media whose reporters never seem to have researched the Google Book Settlement beyond reading one another and Google's clever but deceptive FAQ.
Lazy, thy name is journalist. If you're reporting on a court case, you read all the relevant submission, not just the propaganda from one side | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.144609 | -0.603475 | -0.183239 | -0.606761 |
. That means the legal filings from both sides. That means friend of court documents pro or con. That means reading any settlement well enough to understand what it is actually saying. If you don't do that, you've got no right to write on the topic. 99.9% of the media coverage of the Google Book Settlement gave no evidence they'd done that. It was wall-to-wall lazy reporters reading Google's FAQ and echoing their equally ill-informed colleagues. If journalism had real standards, it'd have been gross malpractice.
And if you actually read the original Google Book Settlement, at its core lay a much needed new technological innovation, a global book and contact registry for authors and what they're written. The money and expertise Google would provide was perhaps the only reason for supporting the settlement. That registry, particularly the quick-and-easy online contact information, which could serve as a legitimate counter to the orphan book project. It's still needed and something like it should be built into any revision of international copyright law. The chief failing of the Berne Convention is that it makes no provision for copyright registration.
That's a far more intelligent response to new technology than that of most of AG/AU critics in that dispute. Their attitude seem to boil down to "Gee, free books. I like free books." Yeah that laziness rearing its head again.
I might add one telling fact that the tech press never seemed to discover. The great horror of the Google Books Settlement was two-fold:
1. It pretended the tiny little AG could adequately represent in court every author on the planet, no matter what country they lived in or what language they wrote in. If you want to attack the AG, do it for that. They were negotiating away a foreign author's U.S. copyright without his knowledge or permission. I blame that on their lawyer.
2. It was to be a decision by a U.S. district court and, as such, it could only apply to a U.S. copyright and thus make that alleged global library only available to U.S. residents. That's why Google blocked availability to IP address outside the U.S. The press, typically shifts between hysteria mode and gush mode. In this case, it was in gush mode. And, typical of journalists, one particularly tech path was regarded as enlightened, progressive, and innovative, hence the gush, hence the attitude that the AG want's to set the clock back. Never take serious any story that has as its basic premise not setting clocks back.
The second is something that's obvious to anyone who knows a smidgin of law, a group the clearly excluded, again that number, 99.9% of reporters. Mark Twain's long-ago tale about reporters never knowing about what they write about was confirmed again. A U.S. court cannot overturn German copyright.
And the ease with which tech reporters were (and continue to be) deceived by Google is nothing short of astonishing. They failed to recognize the most basic principle of all writing, the need to read and understand the source material before writing. If you don't know, don't say. And for Pete's sake, never believe other reporters.
And certainly don't try to make humor over it. I have my gripes with the AG and AU, but it's not that it's failing to keep up with the times or technology. There it is laboring to ensure that authors don't get screwed by technological behemoths such as Google or Amazon. Their idea for online author/book registration is a good idea.
Finally, never forget that Google's settlement was only about what Google could do with scans of other people's books. It applied to no other organization or person. (That fact upset librarians.) Google intended to totally dominate online book scans much like Amazon intends to dominate ebook sales. It would have no competition.
It is never, repeat never, in the interests of authors to see quasi-monopolies like those develop, least of all those that can cast aside their copyrights at will. It would make being an author as miserable as living in a one-company town and having no chance of moving away.
–Michael W. Perry, medical writer
Authors Guild, Authors United stop pretending; admit they just don't like innovation | The Passive Voice | A Lawyer's Thoughts on Authors, Self- | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.204533 | 0.524949 | 0.250048 | -0.117254 |
use alloc::arc::Arc;
use alloc::boxed::Box;
use collections::BTreeMap;
use ::core::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
use spin::{Once, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
use syscall::error::*;
use syscall::scheme::Scheme;
use self::inifs::InitFsScheme;
/// `initfs`: a readonly filesystem used for initializing the system
pub mod inifs;
/// Unique identifier for a file descriptor.
int_like!(FileHandle, AtomicFileHandle, usize, AtomicUsize);
/// Unique identifier for a scheme.
int_like!(SchemeId, AtomicSchemeId, usize, AtomicUsize);
/// Unique identifier for a scheme namespace.
int_like!(SchemeNamespace, AtomicSchemeNamespace, usize, AtomicUsize);
pub struct SchemeList {
map: BTreeMap<SchemeId, Arc<Box<Scheme + Send + Sync>>>,
names: BTreeMap<SchemeNamespace, BTreeMap<Box<[u8]>, SchemeId>>,
next_ns: usize,
next_id: usize
}
impl SchemeList {
/// Create a new scheme list.
pub fn new() -> Self {
let mut list = SchemeList {
map: BTreeMap::new(),
names: BTreeMap::new(),
next_ns: 0,
next_id: 1
};
// initialize schemes
list.new_root();
list
}
/// Initialize schemes.
fn new_root(&mut self) {
// Create the root scheme namespace
let ns = SchemeNamespace(self.next_ns);
self.next_ns += 1;
self.names.insert(ns, BTreeMap::new());
// TODO initialize all available schemes
// The following namespace must be only available on te root namespace.
self.insert(ns, Box::new(*b"initfs"), |scheme_id| Arc::new(Box::new(InitFsScheme::new()))).unwrap();
}
/// Get an iterator.
pub fn iter(&self) -> ::collections::btree_map::Iter<SchemeId, Arc<Box<Scheme + Send + Sync>>> {
self.map.iter()
}
/// Get an iterator for a given namespace.
pub fn iter_name(&self, ns: SchemeNamespace) -> ::collections::btree_map::Iter<Box<[u8]>, SchemeId> {
self.names[&ns].iter()
}
/// get the nth scheme.
pub fn get(&self, id: SchemeId) -> Option<&Arc<Box<Scheme + Send + Sync>>> {
self.map.get(&id)
}
/// Get a scheme by name.
pub fn get_name(&self, ns: SchemeNamespace, name: &[u8]) -> Option<(SchemeId, &Arc<Box<Scheme + Send + Sync>>)> {
if let Some(&id) = self.names[&ns].get(name) {
self.get(id).map(|scheme| (id, scheme))
} else {
None
}
}
/// Create a new scheme.
pub fn insert<F>(&mut self, ns: SchemeNamespace, name: Box<[u8]>, scheme_fn: F) -> Result<SchemeId>
where F: Fn(SchemeId) -> Arc<Box<Scheme + Send + Sync>>
{
// if the scheme already exists, return an error.
if self.names[&ns].contains_key(&name) {
return Err(Error::new(EEXIST));
}
// TODO if we get to the max of schemes set the next_id to 1
// TODO or make the list of schemes grow if necessary
// TODO this is necessary?
while self.map.contains_key(&SchemeId(self.next_id)) {
self.next_id += 1;
} | [
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] | 1,024 | Github | -0.967879 | 1.438589 | -0.42129 | 0.033899 |
module Azure::Security::Mgmt::V2020_07_01_preview
#
# API spec for Microsoft.Security (Azure Security Center) resource provider
#
class SqlVulnerabilityAssessmentScanResults
include MsRestAzure
#
# Creates and initializes a new instance of the SqlVulnerabilityAssessmentScanResults class.
# @param client service class for accessing basic functionality.
#
def initialize(client)
@client = client
end
# @return [SecurityCenter] reference to the SecurityCenter
attr_reader :client
#
# Gets the scan results of a single rule in a scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param scan_result_id [String] The rule Id of the results.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param custom_headers [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that
# will be added to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [ScanResult] operation results.
#
def get(scan_id, scan_result_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
response = get_async(scan_id, scan_result_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:custom_headers).value!
response.body unless response.nil?
end
#
# Gets the scan results of a single rule in a scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param scan_result_id [String] The rule Id of the results.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param custom_headers [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that
# will be added to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [MsRestAzure::AzureOperationResponse] HTTP response information.
#
def get_with_http_info(scan_id, scan_result_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
get_async(scan_id, scan_result_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:custom_headers).value!
end
#
# Gets the scan results of a single rule in a scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param scan_result_id [String] The rule Id of the results.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that will be added
# to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [Concurrent::Promise] Promise object which holds the HTTP response.
#
def get_async(scan_id, scan_result_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
fail ArgumentError, 'scan_id is nil' if scan_id.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'scan_result_id is nil' if scan_result_id.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'workspace_id is nil' if workspace_id.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'api_version is nil' if api_version.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'resource_id is nil' if resource_id.nil?
request_headers = {}
request_headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=utf | [
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-8'
# Set Headers
request_headers['x-ms-client-request-id'] = SecureRandom.uuid
request_headers['accept-language'] = @client.accept_language unless @client.accept_language.nil?
path_template = '{resourceId}/providers/Microsoft.Security/sqlVulnerabilityAssessments/default/scans/{scanId}/scanResults/{scanResultId}'
request_url = @base_url || @client.base_url
options = {
middlewares: [[MsRest::RetryPolicyMiddleware, times: 3, retry: 0.02], [:cookie_jar]],
path_params: {'scanId' => scan_id,'scanResultId' => scan_result_id},
skip_encoding_path_params: {'resourceId' => resource_id},
query_params: {'workspaceId' => workspace_id,'api-version' => api_version},
headers: request_headers.merge(custom_headers || {}),
base_url: request_url
}
promise = @client.make_request_async(:get, path_template, options)
promise = promise.then do |result|
http_response = result.response
status_code = http_response.status
response_content = http_response.body
unless status_code == 200
error_model = JSON.load(response_content)
fail MsRestAzure::AzureOperationError.new(result.request, http_response, error_model)
end
result.request_id = http_response['x-ms-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-request-id'].nil?
result.correlation_request_id = http_response['x-ms-correlation-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-correlation-request-id'].nil?
result.client_request_id = http_response['x-ms-client-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-client-request-id'].nil?
# Deserialize Response
if status_code == 200
begin
parsed_response = response_content.to_s.empty? ? nil : JSON.load(response_content)
result_mapper = Azure::Security::Mgmt::V2020_07_01_preview::Models::ScanResult.mapper()
result.body = @client.deserialize(result_mapper, parsed_response)
rescue Exception => e
fail MsRest::DeserializationError.new('Error occurred in deserializing the response', e.message, e.backtrace, result)
end
end
result
end
promise.execute
end
#
# Gets a list of scan results for a single scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param custom_headers [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that
# will be added to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [ScanResults] operation results.
#
def list(scan_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
response = list_async(scan_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:custom_headers).value!
response.body unless response.nil?
end
#
# Gets a list of scan results for a single scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param custom_headers [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.289851 | 0.161569 | -1.243483 | -0.72649 |
# will be added to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [MsRestAzure::AzureOperationResponse] HTTP response information.
#
def list_with_http_info(scan_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
list_async(scan_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:custom_headers).value!
end
#
# Gets a list of scan results for a single scan record.
#
# @param scan_id [String] The scan Id. Type 'latest' to get the scan results
# for the latest scan.
# @param workspace_id [String] The workspace Id.
# @param api_version [String] The api version.
# @param resource_id [String] The identifier of the resource.
# @param [Hash{String => String}] A hash of custom headers that will be added
# to the HTTP request.
#
# @return [Concurrent::Promise] Promise object which holds the HTTP response.
#
def list_async(scan_id, workspace_id, api_version, resource_id, custom_headers:nil)
fail ArgumentError, 'scan_id is nil' if scan_id.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'workspace_id is nil' if workspace_id.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'api_version is nil' if api_version.nil?
fail ArgumentError, 'resource_id is nil' if resource_id.nil?
request_headers = {}
request_headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
# Set Headers
request_headers['x-ms-client-request-id'] = SecureRandom.uuid
request_headers['accept-language'] = @client.accept_language unless @client.accept_language.nil?
path_template = '{resourceId}/providers/Microsoft.Security/sqlVulnerabilityAssessments/default/scans/{scanId}/scanResults'
request_url = @base_url || @client.base_url
options = {
middlewares: [[MsRest::RetryPolicyMiddleware, times: 3, retry: 0.02], [:cookie_jar]],
path_params: {'scanId' => scan_id},
skip_encoding_path_params: {'resourceId' => resource_id},
query_params: {'workspaceId' => workspace_id,'api-version' => api_version},
headers: request_headers.merge(custom_headers || {}),
base_url: request_url
}
promise = @client.make_request_async(:get, path_template, options)
promise = promise.then do |result|
http_response = result.response
status_code = http_response.status
response_content = http_response.body
unless status_code == 200
error_model = JSON.load(response_content)
fail MsRestAzure::AzureOperationError.new(result.request, http_response, error_model)
end
result.request_id = http_response['x-ms-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-request-id'].nil?
result.correlation_request_id = http_response['x-ms-correlation-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-correlation-request-id'].nil?
result.client_request_id = http_response['x-ms-client-request-id'] unless http_response['x-ms-client-request-id'].nil?
# Deserialize Response
if status_code == 200
begin
parsed_response = response_content.to_s.empty? ? nil : JSON.load(response_content)
result_mapper = Azure::Security::Mgmt::V2020_07_01_preview::Models::ScanResults.mapper()
result.body = @client.deserialize(result_mapper, parsed_response)
rescue Exception => e
fail MsRest::DeserializationError.new('Error occurred in deserializing the response', | [
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Auto de fé
en:Auto de fé
2 As A Trope
Representation of an Auto de fé, as depicted by Pedro Berruguete (around 1495[1]).
Auto de fé in medieval Spanish (and in Portuguese) means "act of faith".
An auto de fé was the ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition or the Portuguese Inquisition had decided their punishment (that is, after the trial). The phrase is used most frequently in English in its alternative Portuguese form auto-da-fé.
The auto de fé involved a Catholic Mass; prayer; a public procession of those found guilty; and a reading of their sentences.[2] The ritual took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours with ecclesiastical and civil authorities in attendance.[3] Artistic representations of the auto de fé usually depict torture and the burning at the stake.
But, neither torture nor burning at the stake took place during an auto de fé, which was a religious ritual.[2] Torture was not administered after a trial concluded. Executions were always held after and separately from the auto de fe.[4]
The first recorded auto de fé was held in Paris in 1242, under Louis IX.[5] The first Spanish auto de fé took place in Seville, Spain, in 1481; six of the men and women who participated in this first religious ritual were later executed.
The Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536 and lasted officially until 1821. Its influence was much weakened by the late 1700s under the government of the Marquês of Pombal. Autos de fé also took place in Mexico, Brazil, Peru and Ukraine[6][7]. Contemporary historians of the Conquistadors, such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo, recorded them. They were also held in the Portuguese colony of Goa, India, following the establishment of the Inquisition there in 1562-1563.
As A Trope
Voltaire featured an auto-da-fé held by the people of Lisbon after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in chapter six of his satire Candide (1759). The people of Lisbon believed that this "great ceremony was an infalliable means of preventing the earth from quaking."
Leonard Bernstein composed and produced a musical adaptation in 1956, featuring a song called "Auto-da-Fé" which included the chorus line "It's a lovely day for drinking and for watching people die", referring to the spectacle of public executions.
Herman Melville dedicated his novel Confidence Man (1857) to "victims of auto-da-fe."
Elias Canetti, the Nobel Prize-winning author, wrote a novel Die Blendung (Auto-da-fé) (1935), tr.1946 into English.
Tennessee Williams wrote a one-act play entitled Auto-da-Fé. (1938)
Auto-da-fé is in the eponymous lines from Vladimir Nabokov's novel Pale Fire (1989).
Sylvia Plath used the term in a recorded version of her poem Fever 103∘ (though not in the published version of the poem). [8]
Manic Street Preachers compared the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II to "an auto-da-fé" in their song 'Democracy Coma' (on the b-side of Love's Sweet Exile/Repeat) (1991)
Oriana Fallaci in her The Force of Reason describes herself, being accused and called names, as her own Auto-da-fé [9] resembling that of Mastro Cecco, who was burned at stake for publishing his work on Armillary sphere [10]
Mel Brooks references the "Auto de fé" in the "Spanish Inquisition" segment of his movie "History of the World, Part I" (1981).
This term was used by Edgar Allan Poe in the short story, The Pit and the Pendulum.
↑ *Page of the painting at Prado Museum.
↑ 2.0 2.1 Peters, Edward. Inquisition. New York: The Free Press, 1988.
↑ Many of the public autos were described in contemporary published works listing the dignitaries in attendance, the | [
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This post if half confession, half mission of mercy for those of you who also might need a redo on Lent.
I have pretty much cheated or failed at EVERY single one of my lenten sacrifices, and some of those cheats have been EXCESSIVE. Whoops.
I will give you an example: I was going to try to go all of lent without purchasing any un-necessary item for myself. I didn't think this one would be a stumbling block, because I feel like I go MONTHS on end without the time or desire to purchase new items for myself. BUT some demon overcame me during spring break a few weeks ago, and I ended up purchasing on-line two rugs, three shirts, a dress, a bathing suit, and a book. ALL IN ONE WEEK. What the??!?!
NO really. Why does it seem like things are not that important, until you suddenly try and go without them, and then it is like they CONTROL you??!? Like you can't possibly live without them? LIKE YOU ARE GOING TO DIE UNLESS YOU HAVE IT RIGHT NOW?!?!
Does anyone else feel like they get sucked into desire like that???
What can I do about it??? (Please don't answer that. I don't want to return all the items.) Great; now I feel totally convicted.
Can I just have a redo?
Can I wipe this Lenten Slate completely clean?
That is the AMAZING thing about God. His answer is always YES. I can have a redo. I can have a redo at Lent, and at every other area of my life where I have failed. So can you. We can have redos at loving our spouses, we can have redos at loving our kids, we can have redos at loving our friends, and we can have redos at loving our extended family.
But with that, God also is asking me to let others in my life have redos. He is reminding me, that I need to offer redos to my family, and friends just as he has given me a redo.
SO who are the people in my life that I need to start fresh with? Who are the people that I need to wipe the slate completely clean? Who are the people I need to forgive, let go of all the past failures, and begin again?
I would even go so far as to suggest that you go experience the sacrament of Reconciliation. Even non-Catholics talk about the necessity of confessing your sins to another person. In our Catholic faith, we have the opportunity built right in to our Tradition. Nothing beats hearing a priest, (Who is basically a stand-in for Christ, during reconciliation) say, "I absolve you from your sins!"
Powerful stuff. Seriously, can you believe God just showed me all that, through an on-line shopping binge???
Spring break for my kids' school is next week, and we are looking forward to a nice relaxing "staycation" at home.
I actually wanted to take them somewhere fun, but a lot of the options were just too expensive. It costs so much money to fly a family of seven anywhere. We can no longer stay in one hotel room at most hotels, and admissions to most places can get obscene when you have to pay for 7 individuals.
As this week was coming to a close, I started to feel around for who was going to be in town next week for playdates. I discovered, unfortunately that many of our friends are going skiing, or to the beach, or on some lovely sounding tourist destination. We are not.
That is when it hit me. I actually save a lot of money because I have too many kids. I just can't afford a lot of things.
Thank God, for instance that I don't have only two kids. Honestly, the four of us (Husband and I included) would be jet setting out of town every southwest-airlines saver email I get. This would cost us thousands of dollars a year, I'm sure. Thank God, I don't only have two kids.
Even if I had only three kids, we could still squeeze comfortably in ONE hotel room with a simple rollaway. I would be testing every hotel breakfast bar, and swimming pool in Orlando if we only had three kids! That wouldn't be free you know?!? Thank God, I don't | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.147814 | -1.509978 | -1.691788 | -0.675381 |
only have three kids.
Honestly even if I only had four kids, I would probably skip out on making dinner multiple times a week to eat out. You know a lot of these "Kids Eat Free" deals involve two kids free - per adult meal purchased. Perfectly designed for a large family of six. I could see myself doing that often. Thank God we have have more than four kids.
BUT FIVE KIDS?!?!?! FIVE KIDS?? WE BARELY EVER GO OUT OF THE HOUSE with five kids - it is just too expensive.
SO I laugh at all you people who believe that you CAN'T AFFORD to have more kids!
I can't afford to have LESS!!!
Surely, their tuition bills add up, and they do participate in a lot of activities that aren't cheap. But compared to my potential for spending on travel, sleeping in hotels, and eating out at restaurants, believe me we are saving money!
At least that is how I am going to choose to see it. Wink, Wink.
Thanking God for my beautiful, cheap, family.
Disclosure* This is a Joke, and only intended to make myself feel better. Not meant to offend anyone with less kids.
Last week I coordinated and led a retreat for our Seniors at the school I work at. It was really a team effort and we sort of divided and conquered the different activities.
These are senior GIRLS, so we sort of expect their maturity level to be a little on the higher side. For many of them this is completely true. There are a number AMAZING young women in this group of 110 eighteen year olds, and there is no doubt in my mind that these individuals will grow into compassionate, kind, fun, sincere, faith-filled adults!
But unfortunately some of them are not adept at the "adult like" stuff.
The theme for the retreat was "Exploring the Journey Inward" and we were inviting these girls to get to know themselves and GOD better, before they leave for college. I was on such a high after the retreat and I felt good about the activities and the talks that were presented. It seemed like many of them enjoyed some aspects of the retreat, and got the message. But then today I discovered that the overwhelming majority didn't like it, and didn't want to hear it.
OUCH. That sort of hurt.
Maybe I needed that lesson in humility though. Maybe I needed that little reality check that sharing God's love is not always going to be received graciously. Maybe I needed to realize that even JESUS himself was rejected by people, and maybe this was sort of what he felt like.
Now some of the critiques the Seniors offered are legitimate and can easily be received to improve next year's experience for those Seniors. But some of the comments were just down right depressing.
Without being specific many said they thought there was too much "God" and not enough bonding with each other. That just sort of made me sad. I didn't think "too much God" was possible. I can't get enough of him myself.
Anyway, I don't mean to sound deflated, sad, or depressed. I realize that I will never be able to PLEASE everyone, and although we are already working on some things we can do to make it more fun, or more appealing, taking GOD out of the retreat is not going to happen.
I do believe that many of these girls haven't really had the best faith foundation. Many are coming from families who might be Catholic in name, but not necessarily practicing their faith. Some are coming from families who don't have any faith life at home at all. We need to pray for these girls.
My real prayer however, is that a seed was planted. Maybe they didn't get it last week. Maybe even thought they think it was a waste of their time, maybe it wasn't. Maybe someday they will experience something, and it will take them back to last week. Maybe something one of us told them will give them a glimmer of hope that good things can come from knowing God. That's a lot of Maybes. But Maybe.
I am so impressed with the underlying theme of LOVE that this movie preaches, and I wonder if anyone else is as surprised as I am about how much TRUTH this insanely popular kids movie teaches about TRUE LO | [
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Tag Archives: artistic
Art and History – 7 Gems to Visit in Paris!
October 21, 2019 Meandering Moonsong Leave a comment
Paris is host to some of the most famous works of art in the history of Europe, many of them related to notable historical events or people.
Les Invalides, which is a historical building housing a number of museums and exhibitions pertaining to the military history of France, is definitely one of the most important places in Paris. It contains a large church where the remains of some of France's war heroes reside, most notably, the one and only Napoleon Bonaparte.
After viewing the historical landmark, I immediately made my way to another unmissable spot – Place Charles de Gaule, which in its middle features the well-known Arc de Triomphe, an honorary monument for all of those who fought and died in France during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Inspired by Roman architecture, it has an overall height of 50 meters and it stands right in the middle of one of Paris' busiest roundabouts.
Another architectural and historical wonder is the Conciergerie, a former prison currently used to house the Law Courts and Palace of Justice. Part of it is still used as a museum to portray what the prisoners held there during the French Revolution went through, since these were usually taken here before proceeding on to Madame Guillotine. Queen Marie Antoinette herself was the occupant of one of the tiny drab cells, which has now been converted into a chapel dedicated to her memory and housing several artifacts previously belonging to her.
The Conciergerie is situated on the same street as the Royal chapel of La Chappelle, which is where I went next. La Chapelle is a small, gold-encrusted gothic building sporting shrieking gargoyles, very intricately painted ceilings, pointy arches and an eerie atmosphere. A tiny jewel box of a church, which houses one of the most extensive 13th century stained glass windows in the world.
After lunch, I grabbed the metro once more and made my way to the Picasso Museum, where I was immediately overwhelmed, not only by the artwork itself but also by the many interesting posters and political fliers representing the spirit of the turmoil prevalent in the 1950s. Pablo Picasso had given vent to his political opinions through his art work and was in fact, very much criticized for this.
His most famous painting, Guernica, impressed me not only with its presence but also with its portrayal of the agony and suffering brought about by war. It was, in fact, created in response to the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica by Nazi Germany.
Another painting which moved me was his Weeping Woman, one of a series of paintings depicting weeping women as a metaphor of the fragmentation, torture and pain prevalent in human beings.
Following the Picasso Museum, I visited the Atelier de Lumiers, which was hosting an immersive exhibition dedicated to one of my favorite artists – the Austrian, Gustav Klimt. This interactive spectacle was amazingly different from any other art exhibition I had ever seen. It took place in a whitewashed empty hall, devoid of any art or painting itself.
Art lovers and curious people sat on the floor or meandered slowly about, and gazed mutely around them in wonder, as a number of projectors seamlessly showed Klimt's golden artworks around the four walls and floor. The ethereal music in the background complemented the feeling of awe and harmony perfectly.
One cannot talk about art and France in the same sentence, without mentioning the Louvre Museum, which is actually the world's largest art museum. Originally built as Louvre Castle, the building itself hosts and exhibits approximately 38,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st century over an area of 72,735 square meters. It cannot be visited in an hour, two hours, or even half a day. I myself spent a full day gaping at its many treasures, and I freely admit that I probably saw half of them, and not as minutely as I would have liked. Prepare to meet people. Lots and lots of people. And cameras, phones, tablets, etc clicking away at every corner of every room.
You will surely be one of them. You will also meet Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, together with | [
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many of his works, paintings by Michelangelo, Raphael, Caravaggio, Fra Angelico, Giotto and all the 'great' master painters of any age. Not to mention enchanting unique sculptures like the Venus of Milo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace, the Sleeping Hermaphroditus and tons of others. Seriously, how can one describe the Louvre and everything in it?
I am aware that there are many other important locations which I did not include in this list – the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, the Royal Opera House, the Moulin Rouge, etc. I wrote previously about my visit to the Eiffel Tower here and will be writing more about Paris in future, so will be describing these attractions and more later on. So much to write about one city!
arc de triomphearchitectureartarteartistartisticartistsartworkatelier de lumiersbonapartecaravaggiocharles de gauleconciergeriecultureda vincieiffel towerEuropeexhibitionfra angelicoFrancefrance heritagefrance historyfrenchfrench culturefrench heritagefrench historyfrench revolutiongargoylegargoylesgeneral bonapartegiottogothicgothic architecturegothic buildingguernicaguillotinegustac klimtheritagehistoricalhistoryimmersive exhibitionking of franceklimtla chapelleleonardo da vinciles invalideslouvrelouvre museummafame guillotinemarie antoinettemichelangelomilitary generalmona lisamuseumnapoleon mapoleon bonapartenapoleonic warspainterpainterspaintingparisparis heritageparis historyparis museumpicassopicasso museumqueen of franceraphaelsculptorscultpurestained glassthe sleeping hermaphroditusthe winged victory of samathracetomb of napoleon bonapartetour eiffeltourismtouristtraveltravelertravelingtravellertravellingweeping woman
Visiting Rubens' House
May 27, 2019 Meandering Moonsong Leave a comment
The first place we visited while in Antwerp was the Rubenshuis or 'Rubens' House'. I am, of course, referring to the well-known Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, who is considered to be the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens lived in this house during the early 17th century. He actually designed the house himself, in the Italian Renaissance style.
Entering Rubens' House and Gardens
The layout of the Rubenshuis consists of the house proper, the artist's studio, an interior courtyard, and a baroque garden (personally, this was my favorite part of the house).
The house today is a museum containing many of Rubens original works (even his famous self-portrait, which is astounding), as well as many artworks done by his contemporaries.
The interior of Rubens' House – can you spy his famous self-portrait?
I do not draw or paint – I wish I had this talent, but I really don't. However I love art and I appreciate the great talent and dedication owned by the truly great artists. In this respect, Ruben's House left me in a truly awe-induced state. The paintings, the sculpture, the beautiful period furniture – they transported me back to another time, when artists, philosophers and people of all types met in this amazing place to talk, debate and to create works which would continue to amaze and inspire us long after they were gone.
Truly Rubens, I salute you!!
17th centuryantwerparchitectureartart travelarteartistartistaartisticartistic travelartistsartworkartworksbaroquebaroque architecturebaroque artbaroque gardenBelgiumfelmish artflemishflemish artflemish baroqueflemish heritageflemish historygardengardensheritagehistoryhistory of artitalian renaissancemedievalmedieval artpainterpaintingpaintingspeter paul rubenspittorepitturaportraitrabenshuisrenaissancerenaissance artrenaissance stylerubensrubens houserubens portraitself-portraitstudiotraveltravelertravelingtravellertravelling
Antwerp – the Cult of the Phallus
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April 28, 2019 Meandering Moonsong 2 Comments
Hidden behind its Catholic exterior, each medieval city hides another face. The face of its pagan origins. Before the Gothic Cathedrals, the religious paintings and the traditionally approved cobbled towns we see today, there existed other beliefs, other modes of life, other realities.
This was most apparent when, after visiting the current historic center of Antwerp, with its magnificently decorated Town Hall and its awe-inspiring Cathedral of Our Lady, we made our way to the Het Steen, or Steen Castle, which is the oldest building in Antwerp, and which used to be the previous center of the city.
The Het Steen also known as the Fortress of Antwerp
The Het Steen, also known as the Fortress of Antwerp, was built in the Early Middle Ages, after the Viking incursions. It stands on the banks of the river, and serves as the current Museum of Archaeology.
As one walks towards this Medieval Castle, with its witch-hat capped towers and rounded windows, the first thing one is faced with is, funnily enough, an enormous statue of a man with a GIANT phallus. Other, smaller people gasping and pointing at the phallus are also part of the statue's tableau. Honestly, when I saw it first I couldn't make heads or tails of it. It really jarred with the rest of the medieval atmosphere. It had nothing to do with the Catholic medieval town.
The statue of Semini
Later, I was told that the statue represented the Scandinavian god Semini. He was a god of fertility and youth, to whom women traditionally appealed if they wanted children. To be honest, I found this quite strange as usually fertility deities tend to be female (for obvious reasons). However I was so speechless while being confronted with that statue with its… er… protruding parts, that I couldn't really do anything except laugh. Anyways; it seems that Semini was the original god of the town of Antwerp, whose inhabitants were referred to as 'the Children of Semini'. When the Catholic church established its hold on the town, they reviled Semini, and his cult. Of course, I imagine that the people continued to pray to their god in secret, and later on, when society permitted it, erected this statue in his 'honor'.
After visiting the Het Steen, we spied the beautiful Standspark, a serene green park with a celestial lake and a number of tame waterfowl, and decided to take a walk and relax while surrounded by nature.
It was quite a romantic oasis of peace in the bustling city.
ancient religionantwerparchitectureartarteartisticartworkbabiesbeleifsBelgiumbeliefsbreakcastlecathedralcathedral of our ladycatholicchildrenchildren of seminichurchcultdeitydickearly middle agesEuropefaithfertilityfortressfortress of antwerpgardengodsgothicgothic architecturegothic cathedralgreengreen parkheritageHet Steenhistorichistorylakemagicmagicalmedievalmedieval architecturemedieval citymedieval townmiddle agesmuseumnatureold religionpaganpaganismpaganspalacepantheonparkpeacepeacefulpenisphallicphallusprayprayerprayingpregnantpriestpriestessrelaxreligionreligiousriverromanticromantic architecturescandinavianscandinavian godsculptureseminiserenitysightseeingspellspellsspiritualspiritualityStandsparkstatueSteen castletouristtowertraveltravelertravelingtravellertravellingvikingvikingsvillagewiccawiccanwise womenwitchcraft
venice, Venice
Exploring Venice on a Budget
April 13, 2019 Meandering Moonsong 1 Comment
When one hears the word 'Venice', the first adjective which comes to mind is 'romantic', the second one is, undoubtedly, 'expensive'. This is what the majority of people think, and what I myself assiduously believed during my teens, when visions and dreams of visiting this unique floating city would cross my mind. Finally, a couple of years ago, I actually looked into the option of visiting Venice seriously, | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.128334 | -0.558702 | 0.319311 | -0.214333 |
and when I did my research what I discovered was that visiting Venice was not at all as expensive as I had expected! On the contrary, going there for Valentine's Day in February became an entirely do-able option. Of course, I had to do my homework first.
A commonly-made mistake is that of believing that because Venice Marco Polo Airport falls within the Commune of Venice itself, it is the most advantageous one. Personally, I found that using Treviso Airport instead was much less expensive, considering that this smaller airport caters for low-cost airlines. When it comes to flights, it is imperative to book at least six months in advance when travelling to very popular destinations such as Venice. This minimizes costs considerably, both when it comes to airport fees, as well as accommodation. The 2-hour flight from Malta to Treviso Airport for example, when using Ryanair, rarely costs more than €140, return and all, when this premise is taken into account. One can then buy a ticket for the shuttle bus either online or from the plane itself. The ATVO shuttle bus for example, costs only €18 (return ticket included) and left us right in Piazzale Roma in Venice. More information can be found on the official website here
My heart soared as we booked the flights and shuttle bus, only to crash in despair as the time to start looking for a beautiful, clean and preferably central accommodation came closer. Beset by the idea that any hotel within Venice itself would be stratospherically expensive, I was actually flabbergasted when after only some minutes of searching I found what would be our refuge for our much dreamt-of four nights in Venice. Hotel Ca' Zose , set in a 17th century building, is to be found squarely in the center of Venice, being almost exactly next to the famous Chapel of Santa Maria della Salute. This Chapel, built in 1681, is richly decorated with statues and a prevalent Baroque-style. Its two domes and two bell-towers dominate the skyline, and it is, in fact, present in most popular photos, pictures, and paintings emblematic of the city of Venice.
Venice has become widely known for its element of elegant decay. Its rich and diverse architecture, most notably the Venetian Gothic style of its Palazzi, combining Byzantine and Ottoman influences, has enchanted poets and painters, writers and musicians. This graceful style with its intricate designs, and rich window frames, is perfectly exemplified in the famous Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti – a veritable dream upon the water. Built in 1565, visions of the Palazzo delight anyone who ventures on the Grand Canal, not to mention offering various exhibitions and events throughout the year, since it is also the seat for the Venetian Institute of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts. I was also wowed by the beautiful Ca' d'Oro, also on the Grand Canal, which with its floral Gothic architecture and colonnaded loggias, is a fairytale-like testament to Venice's more prosperous past as a seaside port.
The Venetians prized every inch of land, not so surprising when one takes into account the huge number of canals running through the city, and the fact that throughout the years, slowly but surely, the land is being inexorably reclaimed by the sea. Its magnificent buildings are sinking, its charming artwork is slowly decomposing. This too, somehow, seems to add to its sad and sinister beauty. So much to see, so many entrance tickets to purchase, and yet, I still found a way to circumvent even this issue. Not by plunging head-first into palaces and art-galleries, forcing astonished receptionists and irate security-guards to come running after me, breathless with indignation – but by buying the Venezia Unica City Card. This is basically a card (or more accurately, a voucher), which offers the historically-minded traveler a chance to access a large number of monuments, churches and museums, including the famous Palazzo del Doge, by paying one single price, instead of purchasing a ticket at the door of each attraction. This is cheaper of course, if you are interested in visiting a certain number of such architectural gems. The Card also offers a number of other services, like a toilet pass and use of public | [
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Tag / Art
June 7, 2019 June 7, 2019 by Edward Champion
How to Write Audio Drama
Audio drama is one of today's most thrilling mediums! In an attempt to help other people who are just starting out, I've written this lengthy and detailed article comprising lessons I've learned writing two seasons of my audio drama, The Gray Area.
dramatic writing, Edward Champion, The Gray Area, Writing
Actors, ambition, Art, audio drama, avon, beer, big finish, black mirror, blakes 7, brand awareness, character, Critics, description, dialogue, dimension, direction, doctor who, dramatic writing, Edward Champion, exposition, foley, how to, human beings, king falls am, mccabe and mrs. miller, names, orbit, paul darrow, revision, robert altman, robert holmes, sound, sound design, the amelia project, the bright sessions, The Truth, tucker carlson, vila, williamsburg, wooden overcoats, Writing
Anyone who has ever worked in an office is familiar with the self-styled "expert" who rolls in from London or New York. The grinning expert, who almost never listens to anything other than the hollow sound of his own voice, locks you into a conference room with a condescending four hour PowerPoint presentation. One often looks cautiously at such a mercenary, often paid an obscenely high sum for pablum, to see if he has a pistol concealed under the three piece suit. Why? Because the presenter's vaguely sinister chest-thumping almost always feel more like a hostage situation rather than a true meeting of the minds.
Ego should never be the driving force when you advise other people. The collective journey must represent the true impetus behind any guiding effort. Unfortunately, the dreadful combination of arrogance and stupidity is an increasing affliction in American culture, which now prides itself on smearing a crowd with the soothing balm of anti-intellectualism, with hubris often serving as the prominent titanium dioxide. This strain was most recently evidenced by Tucker Carlson's unintentionally hilarious but nevertheless dangerous notion that the metric system represents a conspiracy promulgated by revolutionaries. There are now too many circumstances in which wildly unqualified people — often illiterate and sloppy in their work product — anoint themselves as Napoleonic dictators for how to advance thought and who often do so without the nuts-and-bolts wisdom or attentive awareness that inspires people to conjure up truly incredible offerings.
I mention all this because I recently had the considerable displeasure of reading a typo-laden article written by a misguided audio dramatist who, while possessing a modicum of promising technical chops, remains tone-deaf to human behavior. To offer a charitable opinion, this dramatist is certainly doing the best he can, but his dialogue (which has included such inadvertent howlers as "Now dance with me, asshole," "I envy your certainty," and "I would have expected you to bring one of your underlings") and anemic storytelling represents a form of "expertise" that my own very exacting standards for what constitutes art simply cannot accept.
You see, I really believe that audio drama, like any artistic form, needs to be written and produced at the highest possible level. But to give this guy some credit, we do have to start somewhere! As someone who has written about 1,400 pages of audio drama and who often labors months over a script until it's right (as opposed to someone who bangs out an entire season in nine weeks), as someone who has gone out into the real world for months to do journalistic research to ensure that I'm portraying groups of people and subcultures realistically and dimensionally rather than subscribing to self-congratulatory, attention-seeking tokenism that cheapens well-intentioned inclusiveness through the creation of shallow stereotypes, and as someone who won a distinguished award for all this, if you'll pardon my own statement of qualifications here, I think I'm reasonably well-equipped to offer better suggestions. Having said that (and as a free-wheeling anti-authoritarian who despises groupthink, who has never held a gun in his life, | [
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and who is writing this in a T-shirt and jeans rather than a three piece suit), I would also like to encourage anyone reading these collected thoughts to poke holes into my views and to challenge anything that I present herein. This is, after all, the only way that all of us truly learn.
Audio drama is a magnificent medium. It shares much in common with literature in its ability to challenge an audience and convey emotional intimacy. And while shows such as The Bright Sessions, Wooden Overcoats, and The Truth intuitively comprehend the emotional connection between audio drama and audience, the medium, on the whole, is populated by too many engineering nerds who are not only incapable of writing quality scripts, but seem reluctant — if not outright hostile — to probe moral questions or explore any difficult ambiguities that lead to human insight.
Here are some better guidelines for how to approach the exciting and often greatly rewarding realm of audio dramatic writing!
1. Before anything else, think of HUMAN BEINGS.
This is the true big one. If you don't have human beings guiding your audio drama, you are dead on arrival. And you become no different from some engineering nerd who is less interested in narrative possibility and more concerned with being the cleverest guy in the room. Being in touch with human behavior humbles you and opens you up to wonder and empathy and insatiable curiosity that you can not only pass onto your actors and your audience, but that will help you transform into a better and more mindful person. If you want to connect with an audience, then you need to know how to connect with people. And your art needs to reflect this. One of my favorite audio dramas, King Falls AM, has literally confined its setting to a call-in radio show in a small town. But its two main characters, Sammy and Ben, are human enough to warrant our attention. We learn over the series' run that Sammy is gay and that Ben is smitten with Emily, the local librarian. And the show's colorful characters and the creative team's commitment to exploring the human have ensured that the show has never once lost momentum during its eighty-seven episodes. (There's even a charming musical episode!)
It's also vital for human behavior to contain paradoxes. Very often, that means taking major artistic risks with your characters — even making them "unlikable" if this is what the story calls for. I recently revisited some episodes of the science fiction TV series Blakes 7 after its star, the incredibly talented Paul Darrow, passed away. Darrow, who appeared in many audio dramas produced by Big Finish near the end of his life, played an antihero named Avon — a man who ended up as the leader of a band of revolutionaries fighting against a fascist empire known as the Federation. Why was Avon so interesting? Because he contained so many contradictions! He could be smart, intensely charming, paranoid, inclusive, sarcastic, and self-serving. Much like Walter White in Breaking Bad, you never quite knew how far Avon was going to go. And there is no better exemplar of why Avon worked so well than an episode called "Orbit" written by Robert Holmes (who also wrote some of the best episodes of Doctor Who). Avon and his longtime partner Vila have five minutes to rid a spacecraft of excess cargo weight. The two men are seen frantically running around, ejecting bits of plastic through the airlock. It's clear that they're not going to dump the cargo in time. Avon desperately asks Orac — the ship's computer — how much weight the ship must lose in order to achieve escape velocity. Orac replies, "70 kilos." With great ferocity, Avon shrieks, "Dammit! What weighs 70 kilos?" Orac responds with an alarming calmness, "Vila weighs 73 kilos, Avon." And it is here that the scene becomes truly thrilling and surprising! Avon now has a solution — one that allows him to survive but that also involves betraying his friend. Darrow instantly transforms, grabs a laser pistol, and the scene is among the best in the entire run of the show. (You can watch the scene here.) As a test, I described this scene to a wide variety of people who were unfamiliar with speculative fiction. One old school guy in my Brooklyn hood who I'm friendly with (and for whom I have been serving | [
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as an occasional consultant on his webseries), "Damn! That's some gangsta shit. I gotta check it out." Human predicaments like this are universal.
Don't worry too much about your sound design when you're conceiving your story. You certainly need to remember that this is a medium driven by sound, but, if you're doing audio drama right, your characters (and thus your actors) will be sharp and lively enough to conjure up a divergent sound environment. It's absolutely foolhardy and creatively bankrupt to enslave your actors to a soundscape. This represents tyranny, not creative possibility. Actors need to be free to create in a fun and relaxed environment. (In my case, I cook all of my actors breakfast, compensate everyone instantly after recording, and try not to work them more than three hours per recording session.) As perspicacious as you may be, as certain as you may think you are about the rhythm and the delivery, your actors will always have fresh ideas that you haven't considered. You need to have a script and a recording environment that is committed to your actors first. If you're looking to be some petty despot, become some small-time corporate overlord. Don't toil in art. If your actors are hindered by your dictatorial decisions as writer or director, they won't be able to use their imagination. At all stages, audio drama is a process of collaborative discovery. When you write the script, it's about creating memorable and three-dimensional characters. When you're recording with actors, it's about listening to how an actor interprets the characters and shaping the scene together with openness, trust, and experimentation. Then, when you're putting together the rough edit (dialogue only), you have yet another stage of discovery. The actors have given you all that you need. You'll be able to imagine where they are in a room, what they're doing, and what else might be with them. From here, you start to form the sound design. Worldbuilding always comes from human investigation. And if you're fully committed to the human, then your instinctive imagination will be able to devise a unique aural environment.
But to get to this place, you need to have characters who are unusual and who contain subtlety, depth, and detailed background. What kind of family did they have? Are they optimistic or moody? What was their most painful experience? Their happiest? Are they passionate about anything? If you're stuck, you could always try revisiting some personal experience. For "Brand Awareness," a Black Mirror-like story about a woman who learns that the beer that she's fiercely loyal to doesn't actually exist, the premise was inspired by an incident in which I went to a Williamsburg bar, certain that I had ordered a specific Canadian beer there before. But when I mentioned the beer brand to the bartender, she didn't know that it existed. (It turned out that I had the wrong bar.) I laughed over how ridiculously loyal I had been to the Canadian beer brand and began asking questions about why I was so stuck on that particular beer at that time. I then came up with the idea of a woman who spent much of her time collecting memorabilia for a beer called Eclipse Ale, one that nobody knew about, and decided, instead of making this character a rabid and obsessive fan, to make her very real. I placed her in a troubled relationship with a man who refused to listen to her, which then gave me an opportunity to explore the harms of patriarchy. I then had to answer the question of why this woman was the only one who knew about the beer and conjured up the idea of a boutique hypnotist who served in lieu of couples therapy. Suddenly I had a weird premise and some sound ideas. What did the memorabilia look like? What were the hypnotist's methods like? Ultimately, most of my sound design came from my incredible cast. Their interpretations were so vivid that I began to create a soundscape that enhanced and reflected their performances. The process was so fun that our team's collective imagination took care of everything. I would listen to the rough dialogue assembly on my headphones and physically act out each character as they were talking into my ears. And from here, I was able to see what the space looked like. I went to numerous bars and closed my eyes and listened and used this as the basis for how to shape the scene. These methods allowed me to tell a goofy but ultimately realistic story.
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can't stress this next point enough. Audio drama should never be about being overly clever or showy. It should be designed with enough depth for the audience to use its imagination. Just as I consider the actors on my production to be my creative equals, I also consider the audience to my interpretive equal. Their takeaways from my show are almost always smarter than my own. It would be colossally arrogant of me to assume that I know better than them.
To return to the gentleman who wrote the article that I am partially responding to here, his advice concerning character tips should be avoided at all costs. Robots can be fun, but, however ephemerally vivid they can be, they are among the most tedious one-note characters you can ever drop into a story. Moreover, a character who appears on only two pages should have as much backstory as one of your principals. When the great Robert Altman made one of his masterpieces, McCabe and Mrs. Miller, he instructed all of the extras who were part of the Western town to develop detailed characters. This is one significant reason why that incredible film feels so real and so atmospheric. When in doubt, write vivid human characters with real problems. They always sound cool.
The misguided dramatist also reveals how pedestrian and unambitious he is in his storytelling when he tells you that you shouldn't have more than four separate voices in a scene. This is only a problem if, like the misguided dramatist, you are too reliant upon seemingly clever ideas and don't know how to write recognizable characters. If your characters are dimensional, then your audience will be able to follow the story. But you can also have your characters forget the names of the people who they are with so that you have an opportunity to remind your audience who they are. There are, after all, few people who attend a party and who manage to remember everybody's first names. This expositional move doubles as a touch of realism and a subtle way of helping your audience keep track of a very large cast. Don't squelch your ambition! If the dialogue is natural and the rhythm reflects real human conversation, then this will also help your audience lock into the narrative.
Also, I don't know what living rooms the misguided dramatist spends his time in. But every setting is driven by sound. Only the most unimaginative and inattentive dramatist in the world would gainsay the textural possibilities contained in a car or a kitchen. These are seemingly familiar places. But if you spend enough time in various kitchens and simply listen, you'll discover that each kitchen does have a separate tapestry of distinct sounds.
As for momentum, I have one firm rule: Have at least something on every page that drives the story forward (or, failing that, a good joke). If it's not there, then cut and revise the page until you get to that ratio. Because you have exactly five minutes from the beginning of your show to grab your audience. If you're bombarding your audience with over-the-top sound design out of creative desperation but you don't have anything human to back it up, you're dead. The audience will tune out very quickly, especially when there are so many other audio drama productions up to the task. However, if you're concerned with the human first, then you'll be on firm footing. The misguided dramatist writes, "The specifics don't matter." Oh, but they always matter. This is a profoundly ignorant and offensive statement that ignores the lessons contained in centuries of dramatic writing. Having some random kid walking by with a blasting boombox may pump up your hubris enough to approach the editors of Electric Literature and say, "Hey, I'm an expert! Can I write an article and pimp my show?" But if your inclusion doesn't serve the human needs of the story, it's gratuitous. It's flexing your muscle rather than lifting the weights. And as you make more audio drama, it's vital that you never stop evolving. In an increasingly crowded world of audio drama options, you want to be the dramatist who can bench-press to the best of your ability. And you're going to want to build yourself up so that you can increase the load you can heave above your shoulders. You don't stay in shape if you stop hitting the gym. And art rarely works when you phone it in. It involves hard work, great care, and daily discipline.
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.
Well, I can mostly agree with the misguided dramatist here. You definitely want to paint a picture in your audience's minds. But you don't necessarily have to do this with a melange of bad exposition such as "Teeth, there's too many teeth." All you need to do is to imagine how a human being would react to a set of circumstances and then slightly style the dialogue so that it reveals just enough exposition (but not too much). You can then sculpt the sound design accordingly.
3. On "Gross" Sound Design
Once again, the misguided dramatist lacks the ability to comprehend how an audience vicariously relates to an audio drama. You can do kissing in audio drama. I've included it in The Gray Area. This doesn't mean that you drop in a flagrant smooch that's going to drown out everything else in the mix. You want a dramatic kiss to sound pretty close to how it's actually experienced. For the first season, I recorded some kissing foley with someone I was dating at the time. It was one of the strangest experiences of my life, perhaps the closest I've come to feeling like a pornographic actor. But it had to be done for art! Imagine two people lying in bed, both of them with headphones on, and a condenser microphone mounted just above them. We proceeded to kiss until I got the levels and the mic positioned just right for a very soft sound that is quite close to the sound that you hear when you kiss someone. This was a little difficult. Because I very much enjoyed kissing the person in question. But I was able to find the right balance. And I mixed this into the story quite gently and subtly so that it wouldn't intrude upon the story. The Amelia Project has a character who very much enjoys cocoa, yet the slurps and stirs of the spoon never sound intrusive. And that is because the producers are smart enough to understand that flagrant foley of natural human sounds is going to sound "gross." But you do have an obligation to depict the human and that includes sounds that might be categorized as uncomfortable.
4. Be Careful with Foley Description
I learned early on that writing four seemingly simple words ("GIANT RATS SCAMPERING AROUND") created far more trouble for me in post-production than I anticipated. And while I enjoyed the challenge that I presented myself, I spent a week banging my head against my desk before I finally stumbled on a sound design solution. If you're working with a sound designer, try to be mindful of the difficulty in coming up with sounds that reflect creatures or concepts that don't exist in the real world. Even if you add "LIKE HORSES GALLOPING" to the giant rats description, that's going to offer the sound designer some creative ideas that will make it easier for her to imagine and come up with something. If you're collaborating with a sound designer, you need to offer a clear blueprint for her to create and imagine. Make no mistake: the sound designer is just as much of an actor as an actor.
5. Don't Be Afraid to Take Risks
You're not going to please everyone. So why spend so much time worrying about it? There are incredibly talented and impeccably kind people who produce beloved audio dramas and even they receive hate mail and vicious criticism. Critics, by and large, are far less useful than the honest and experienced people you have in your corner who understand both you and the hard work that goes into making audio drama. You need to be surrounded by beta readers and beta listeners who will not bullshit you. Your duty as an artist is to not give into the often insane demands of rabid fans (much as one very popular audio drama did a few years ago, forcing this truly terrific show to ignobly close its doors) and to concentrate on putting out your best work. The real crowd, your truly loyal listeners and the ones who you actually learn from, will trust you enough to continue with the journey. The same goes with your actors. I took a huge risk on a Season 2 script. And I was incredibly surprised, humbled, and honored when the actors were crazy about it and told me what a thrilling twist it was and brought their A game when we recorded. You have a duty to keep on growing. Keep in mind that critics, especially the small-time character assassins on Twitter driven by acute resentment, reflect a vocal minority. You're also | [
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probably never going to get a TV deal. So why chase that kind of outsize success? Besides, it's far more rewarding to tell stories entirely on your own terms. If the work is good and you treat people well, you will attract very talented actors. And they in turn will tell their actor friends about how much fun you are to work with. But if you tell the same story over and over again, or you aren't sufficiently answering the many questions you've set up, chances are you'll be pulling a Damon Lindelof. And everyone will rightfully ding you for writing a lazy and inane climax.
Formulaic writing may win you an audience. There is no shortage of box office successes that are more generic than a supermarket aisle populated by no name yellow boxes. But are you writing for short-term lucre and attention or long-term artistic accomplishment? Are you writing audio drama to grow as a person and as an artist? Always remember that the work is its own reward. And that means taking risks.
6. Be Passionate About Your Story at All Times
Don't write a script just for the sake of writing a script. If you're telling a story, it has to be something that you absolutely believe in. Your vision must be large and passionate enough to get other people excited about it. You must also be committed to surprising yourself at all stages. (It also helps that I'm crazy about everyone who works on this show and am naturally quite thrilled to watch them get better as performers.) While I have drafted a four season plan for The Gray Area (and have a "Bible" of twenty prototypical scripts), the plan is just loose enough for me to continually invent with each season. I don't write scripts from an outline (although I have done so in writing for other people). Because I find that, if I know where a story is heading, then it's not going to be fun for me. After all, if I'm not surprised, why would I expect my audience to be?
If you're just phoning it in, then why would you expect your actors to give their all? One audio drama producer recently revealed a horror story about one regular actor leaving midway through the series. But listening to the audio drama, it's easy to see why. The passion contained in the initial episodes plummeted in later episodes. A friend, who was an initial fan of the show, texted me, asking "What happened? It was so good! Now I can't listen to it!" Well, I responded, the character in question, despite being played by a lively actor who clearly has much to offer, became one-note and confined to a sterile environment. And why would any actor want to stay involved with a character who remains stagnant? If you don't feed your actors with true passion, and if you don't take care of them, then you're not living up to the possibilities of audio drama.
At all stages of The Gray Area, I talk with my actors and tell them what I have planned for their characters over many seasons. I listen to their passions and interests. I regularly check in on them. I try to attend their shows when they perform on stage. Because it is my duty to remain committed to my talent. All this gives me many opportunities to find out where actors wish to push themselves as performers and to suss out emotional areas that other directors don't seem to see. I cast comedic actors in dramatic roles. I point out to some of my more emotionally intense actors how funny they are and write stories with this in mind. I have to keep my characters growing so that I can sustain an atmosphere committed to true creative freedom. Because I love and adore and greatly respect the people I work with and I want to make sure that these actors are always having fun and that they feel free to create. I've got this down so well that, when the actors find out I'm writing a new slate of scripts, they playfully nag me, wondering when the stories are going to be done.
If you're doing audio drama right, you're probably going to be surprised to find yourself exhausted after a long day. The fatigue seems inconceivable because you were having so much fun. But it does mean that you were driven by passion first, buttressed by hard work. And that will ultimately be reflected in the final product.
7. There Are Many Ways to Make Audio Drama
There's recently been some discussion about establishing a set of critical standards that all producers should agree upon for the "greater good." I find this to be a bunch of prescriptive malarkey | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.535893 | 0.030493 | -0.072508 | 0.851009 |
, more of a popularity contest and an ego-stroking exercise rather than a true exchange of viewpoints. Take the advice that you can use and ignore the rest. That includes this article. If you see something here that whiffs untrue, ignore it. Or leave a comment here and challenge me. I'd love to hear your dissenting views! I'm offering one way to make audio drama, but there are dozens of ways to go about it.
8. Be Wide-Ranging in Your Influences
Don't just listen to audio drama. Listen to nonfiction podcasts. Read books. Take on hobbies and interests that you've never tried. Play music. Above all, live life. Existence is always the most important influence. I've listened to far too many bad audio dramas trying to offer cut-rate knockoffs of popular shows. This isn't a recipe for success or artistic growth. You need to find your own voice and be true to who you are as much as you can. Every story has already been told. But it hasn't been told in the way that you express it.
(I hope that some of what I've imparted here has been useful! For anyone who's interested, I am presently in the final weeks of production on the second season of my audio drama. I've been documenting my journey on Instagram, passing along any tips or tricks I discover along the way so that other audio dramatists don't make the same mistakes that I have! Plus, there are many fun behind-the-scenes videos and photos. Feel free to check out @grayareapod and say hello. We're all in this journey of making audio drama together! It's a very exciting time to tell stories for the ear!)
April 9, 2019 April 10, 2019 by Edward Champion
The author appraises himself and finds himself enmeshed within a dialogue involving faith in the real, authenticity, the affirmation of life, and much else.
Art, Authenticity, Judgment, kiese laymon, life, New York, paradise, real, saints, suicide awareness, truth
It's a wonder you're not dead. What keeps you alive? The shining hope you mine from the mire of dark dreams. An occasional kindness you didn't expect from a stranger. The news that some fierce and sincere pep talk you delivered years ago resulted in someone living a better life. You saved two lives just this year alone: a friend who you tracked down in a doorway just north of Union Square who was carving into herself with a knife and who spilled blood in the tony entrance of a women's clothing store, a woman who you patched up and took care of and eventually had to call an ambulance for, and another friend who was about to down a full bottle of Ambien in a East Village establishment that shall remain unnamed. You saw his mouth and the open orange container and you sprinted with every ounce of fortitude you had. If you had arrived just a moment later, he would have swallowed the pills. But you tackled him at just the right time. You're still haunted by the relentless clatter of the bottle's contents spilling onto the grimy bathroom tile. It took ten minutes to buy him a beer and to calm him down and to get him to laugh and to remind him why life was worth living. Which you seem to be good at doing.
You didn't want either of them to die because New York needed them both. You were so certain of that and you were proven right. Both now thrive. And perhaps your empathy went into overdrive not just because you care about other people more than you let on, but because you had been there yourself five years before and little trickles of that fateful morning on the bridge, a morning in which a teeny isthmus separated you from Kings County and the undiscovered country, have sometimes dropped into your mindscape in the intervening time. When a spritzer of ideations sprinkled into your head after a resentful and hateful gang invented convincing lies and hounded for your blood, your therapist ghosted you because she had had enough of your blubbering feelings. The latest development seemed to confirm that you were a fuckup, even though you were doing much better. Or maybe the therapist saw you, as so many do, as an insignificant spectre. You seem to project such confidence and authority that it's impossible for people to | [
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see that you want to stitch up the remaining wounds. They can never praise your accomplishments and will never see all the good that you do (not that you advertise this), but they always magnify one pedantic fault. Such is life in the 21st century. If you can't live up to the unreasonably golden ideal, then get lost. And now no mental health professional in the New York metropolitan area seems to want to take you on, especially after you slam them with a precis of what's troubling you. The war against authenticity includes even those who are supposed to provide help to those who are trying to be more real and thus more connected to others in an increasingly isolated age. Your messages fall on deaf clinical ears. And it reinforces this idea that you don't belong or that you are unworthy of succor. Well, you privileged white male son of a bitch, what do you have to complain about? You had a free ride because of your genetics and you blew it and you deserve every hell for every mistake I've heard about. And you say solo and sotto voce, "No, I don't. Who does? Aren't you a humanist?"
You played two jokes in the first week of April, issuing a fake apology on Instagram and writing a goofy essay in which you claimed to have two daughters. But your problem is that you're just too damn persuasive and convincing. Because people wrote in and asked if you were okay and who was the lucky woman and when did this happen and mazel tov. So many people seem to want you married, a condition that, in most cases, represents an illusory felicity. But the truth is that, well, maybe you'd like to be. Well, not necessarily. You just want to be involved in a situation in which your apparent attributes and considerable attention to detail after midnight don't represent the sole reasons why a woman sleeps over. People never seem to see your kindness and your empathy and your affection, in part because you keep this on the q.t. and it seems churlish at this stage in your life to announce it. And it's also difficult to articulate your feelings because it's construed as a form of emotional manipulation, even as you are careful to find the gentlest candor to stand up for who you are. They say that you can't beat the house. So maybe there's just no one out there for you, other than that dude in the mirror. The only recent woman who seemed to care for you, who accepted you and offered handwritten cards, turned out to be married and was seeking multiple dalliances. You had to laugh at the irony, given how so many others had believed in the faith of this imperfect institution. So you had to say sayonara to her. At this stage of the game, you're the "if only" choice. But you really want to be somebody's only. This puerile game of musical bodies grows so tiresome. You're far from the only one experiencing this plight. So why not shut the hell up? Besides, maybe it's too late for you.
Still, there's no getting around the fact that any self-appraisal inevitably turns you into the ignoble hero of your own self-serving story. In some sense, as Kiese Laymon has recently observed in his excellent memoir Heavy, you need to tell lies before you tango with the truth. Which is exactly what you did last week. So let's do better. You feel that you give and they take, despite the fact that you also believe that life should never involve a ledger. But, hey, we all contain quite a few contradictions. You love and it's always unrequited. You frequently wonder if your desire to be loved for who you are is the most selfish thing to ask for. You ask for favors once in a cerulean moon yet there's always some camarera gently placing the onyx check presenter upon your mesa. You're tired of paying your dues, but there's no other choice. Men who have done far worse things than you are alleged to have committed are allowed to write cover stories for major magazines to state the bleeding obvious. It's not that you're resentful or envious. You don't have a competitive bone in your body. But you do despise the mediocre and you want your work, especially the stuff for which you put in serious time, to be respected. But there's no chance | [
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of that happening. Not in an age in which a tweet composed in five seconds is now considered just as worthy as a work of art that took years to put together. Your ship sailed in on the strength of your achievements last December and a feral horde collected invidious myths to smear you. Because of this, you put on about five, maybe ten pounds. And you're now within a few tenths of that BMI sliver between normal and overweight that becomes ever more difficult to shave off at this metabolic stage of your life. The winter prohibited the walks that make you feel more alive and the stress-fueled drinking eroded your thinness. Now it's spring and you're pushing yourself hard, shaving sleep to dream, which is the one thing you live for and that you do best at and the one thing that keeps you sane. But it's incompatible with the profit motive of the venal bean counters. You cut all ties with your selfish fucked up family. And when you tell a friend, only a few nights ago, why you've done this, pointing to the fact (among many others) that you attended five different schools during five formative years, and all this while enduring physical and emotional abuse, your friend replies, "Jesus, Ed, you have the most fucked up family out of anybody I've ever known. Now I understand." Well, at least someone does. At least you're committed to sharing more of yourself with the people who actually take the time to know you.
What ultimately keeps you giddy and alive is knowing that you refuse to play the sick game of being a saint in paradise. Likes, favorites, popularity. Christ, you actually bought into that horseshit not all that long ago. What you can do is allow the world to come around to you. Maybe one day they'll see that you have a huge heart and that you have a lot to give. But, for now, anyone who wants in is going to have to talk to that big muscular guy standing next to the velvet rope. He's pretty damn scary to most people in the club, but you're not going to make the mistake of believing that all visitors into your VIP lounge are acting with the best of intentions. On the other hand, you're really pulling all the stops in the places that count. So be you and let the haters choke on the bile of their failure to speak in a real voice. If you want to truly feel for others and make waves, then you have to be true to yourself. Don't let the seductive propaganda steer you any other way.
January 23, 2019 February 20, 2019 by Edward Champion
Studies in Iconology (Modern Library Nonfiction #80)
Erwin Panofsky's influential views on understanding the context of artistic symbols can be applied to everything from Titian to the Hylas myth to Captain James T. Kirk!
Art, Iconology, Interpretation, Modern Library, Nonfiction Challenge, panofsky-erwin
Art, asolani, bembo, bryan perett, c.s. forester, captain kirk, cesare ripa, cupid, erwin panofsky, eternal bliss, ficino, gene roddenberry, History, horatio hornblower, hylas, iconography, iconology, interpretation, james t. kirk, john shelton lawrence, john william waterhouse, kiss me deadly, lower soul, man alone, michelangelo, modern library, myth, neoplatonism, nonfiction, panofsky, piero di cosimo, pulp fiction, Reading, sacred and profane love, slaves, Star Trek, studies in iconology, the finding of vulcan on lemnos, titian, transient bliss, two venuses, william shatner
(This is the twentieth entry in The Modern Library Nonfiction Challenge, an ambitious project to read and write about the Modern Library Nonfiction books from #100 to #1. There is also The Modern Library Reading Challenge, a fiction-based counterpart to this list. Previous entry: The Face of Battle.)
Titian's Sacred and Profane Love (pictured above) is one of my favorite paintings of the 16th century, in large part because its unquestionable beauty is matched by its bountiful and alluring enigma. We see two versions of love at opposing | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.155505 | -0.306283 | -0.749562 | -0.676962 |
ends of a fountain — one nearly naked without apology, but still partially clad in a windswept dark salmon pink robe and holding an urn of smoke as she languorously (and rebelliously?) leans on the edge of a fountain; meanwhile the other Love sits in a flowing white gown on the other end, decidedly more dignified, with concealed legs that are somehow stronger and more illustrious than her counterpart, and disguising a bowl that, much like the Kiss Me Deadly box or the Pulp Fiction suitcase, could contain anything.
We know that the Two Loves are meant to coexist because Titian is sly enough to imbue his masterpiece with a sartorial yin-yang. Profane Love matches Sacred with a coiled white cloth twisting around her waist and slipping down her left leg, while Sacred has been tinctured by Profane's pink with the flowing sleeve on her right arm and the small slipper on her left foot. Meanwhile, Cupid serves as an oblivious and possibly mercenary middleman, his arm and his eyes deeply immersed in the water and seemingly unconcerned with the Two Loves. We see that the backdrops behind both Loves are promisingly bucolic, with happy rabbits suggesting prolific promiscuity and studly horsemen riding their steeds with forelegs in the air, undoubtedly presaging the stertorous activity to commence sometime around the third date.
Sacred's backdrop involves a castle situated on higher ground, whereas Profane's is a wider valley with a village, a tableau that gives one more freedom to roam. The equine motif carries further on Sacred's side with a horse prancing from Sacred to Profane in the marble etching just in front of the fountain, while Profane's side features equally ripe rapacity, a near Fifty Shades of Grey moment where a muscled Adonis lusts over a plump bottom, hopefully with consensual limits and safewords agreed upon in advance. Titian's telling takeaway is that you have to accept both the sublime and the salacious when you're in love: the noble respect and vibrant valor that you unfurl upon your better half with such gestures as smoothing a strand of hair from the face along with the ribald hunger for someone who is simultaneously desirable and who could very well inspire you to stock up on entirely unanticipated items that produce rather pleasurable vibrations.
There are few works of art that are so dedicated to such a dichotomous depiction of something we all long for. And Titian's painting endures five centuries later because this Italian master was so committed to minute details that, rather incredibly, remain quite universal about the human condition.
But what the hell does it all mean? We can peer into the canvas for hours, becoming intoxicated by Titian's fascinating ambiguities. But might there be more helpful semiotics to better grasp what's going on? Until I read Panofsky's Studies in Iconology, I truly had no clue that Titian had been influenced by Bembo's Asolani or that the Two Loves were a riff on Cesare Ripa's notion of Eternal Bliss and Transient Bliss, which was one of many efforts by the Neoplatonic movement to wrestle with a human state that occupied two modes of shared existence. Panofsky also helpfully points out that Cupid's stirring of the fountain water was a representation of love as "a principle of cosmic 'mixture,' act[ing] as an intermediary between heaven and earth" and that the fountain can also be looked upon as a revived sarcophagus, meaning that we are also looking at life and love springing from a coffin. And this history added an additional context for me to expand my own quasi-smartypants, recklessly dilletantish, and exuberantly instinctive appreciation of Titian. In investigating iconology, I recalled my 2016 journey into The Golden Bough (ML NF #90), in which Frazer helpfully pointed to the symbolic commonality of myths and rituals throughout multiple cultures and across human history, and, as I examined how various symbolic figures morphed over time, I became quite obsessed with Father Time's many likenesses (quite usefully unpacked by Waggish' | [
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s David Auerbach).
Any art history student inevitably brushes up against the wise and influential yet somewhat convoluted views of Erwin Panofsky. Depending upon the degree to which the prof resembles Joseph Mengele in his teaching style, there is usually a pedagogical hazing in which the student is presented with "iconology" and "iconography." The student winces at both words, nearly similar in look and sound, and wonders if the distinction might be better understood after several bong hits and unwise dives into late night snacks, followed by desperate texts to fellow young scholars that usually culminate in more debauchery which strays from understanding the text. Well, I'm going to do my best to explicate the difference right now.
The best way to nail down what iconography entails is to think of a painting purely in terms of its visuals and what each of these elements means. Some obvious examples of iconography in action is the considerable classroom time devoted to interpreting the green light at the end of The Great Gatsby or the endless possibilities contained within the Mona Lisa's smile. It is, in short, being that vociferous museum enthusiast pointing at bowls and halos buried in oil and doing his best to impress with his alternately entertaining and infuriating interpretations. All this is, of course, fair game. But Panofsky is calling for us to think bigger and do better.
Enter iconology, which is more specifically concerned with the context of this symbolism and the precise technical circumstances and historical influences that created it. Let me illustrate the differences between iconography and iconology using Captain James T. Kirk from Star Trek.
Here are the details everyone knows about Kirk. He is married to his ship. He is a swashbuckling adventurer who gets into numerous fights and is frequently seen in a torn shirt. He is also a nomadic philanderer, known to swipe right and hookup with nearly every alien he encounters. (In the episode "Wink of an Eye," there is a moment that somehow avoided the censors in which Kirk was seen putting on his boots while Deela brushes her hair.) This is the iconography of Kirk that everyone recognizes.
But when we begin to examine the origins of these underlying iconographic qualities, we begin to see that there is a great deal more than a role popularized by William Shatner through booming vocal delivery, spastic gestures, and an unusual Canadian hubris. When Gene Roddenberry created Star Trek, he perceived Captain Kirk as "Horatio Hornblower in Space." We know that C.S. Forester, author of the Hornblower novels, was inspired by Admiral Lord Nelson and a number of heroic British authors who fought during the Napoleonic Wars. According to Bryan Perrett's The Real Hornblower, Forester read three volumes of The Naval Chronicle over and over. But Forester eventually hit upon a trope that he identified as the Man Alone — a solitary individual who relies exclusively on his own resources to solve problems and who carries out his swashbuckling, but who is wedded to this predicament.
Perhaps because the free love movement of the 1960s made the expression of sexuality more open, Captain Kirk was both a Man Alone and a prolific philanderer. But Kirk was fundamentally married to his ship, the Enterprise. In an essay collected in Star Trek as Myth, John Shelton Lawrence ties this all into a classic American monomyth, suggesting that Kirk also represented
…sexual renunciation, a norm that reflects some distinctly religious aversions to intimacy. The protagonist in some mythical sagas must renounce previous sexual ties for the sake of their trials. They must avoid entanglements and temptations that inevitably arise from satyrs, sirens, or Loreleis in the course of their travels…The protagonist may encounter sexual temptation symbolizing 'that pushing, self-protective, malodorous, carnivorous, lecherous fever which is the very nature of the organic cell,' as Campbell points out. Yet the 'ultimate adventure' is the 'mystical marriage…of the triumphant hero-soul with the Queen Goddess" of knowledge.
All of a sudden, Captain Kirk has become a lot more interesting! And moments such as Kirk eating the apple in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan suddenly make more sense beyond the belabored Project Genesis metaphor. We now see how Roddenberry's | [
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idea of a nomad philanderer and Forester's notion of the Man Alone actually takes us to a common theme of marriage with the Queen Goddess of the World. One could very well dive into the Kirk/Hornblower archetype at length. But thanks to iconology, we now have enough information here to launch a thoughtful discussion — ideally with each of the participants offering vivacious impersonations of William Shatner — with the assembled brainiacs discussing why the "ultimate adventure" continues to crop up in various cultures and how Star Trek itself was a prominent popularizer of this idea.
Now that we know what iconology is, we can use it — much as Panofsky does in Studies in Iconology — to understand why Piero di Cosimo was wilder and more imaginative than many of his peers. (And for more on this neglected painter, who was so original that he even inspired a poem from Auden, I recommend Peter Schjeldahl's 2015 New Yorker essay.) Panofsky points out how Piero's The Finding of Vulcan on Lemnos (pictured above) differs in the way that it portrays the Hylas myth, whereby Hylas went down to the river Ascunius to fetch some water and was ensnared by the naiads who fell in love with his beauty. (I've juxtaposed John William Waterhouse's Hylas and the Nymphs with Piero so that you can see the differences. For my money, Piero edges out Waterhouse's blunter version of the tale. But I also chose the Waterhouse painting to protest the Manchester Art Gallery's passive-aggressive censorship from last year. You can click on the above image to see a larger version of both paintings.) For one thing, Piero's painting features no vase or vessel. There is also no water or river. The naiads are not seductive charmers at all, but more in the Mean Girls camp. And Hylas himself is quite helpless. (The naiad patting Hylas on the head is almost condescending, which adds a macabre wit to this landlocked riff.) Piero is almost the #metoo version of Hylas to Waterhouse's more straightforward patriarchal approach. And it's largely because not only did Piero have a beautifully warped imagination, but he was relying, like many Renaissance painters, upon post-classical commentaries rather than the direct source of the myths themselves. And we are able to see how a slight shift in an artist's inspiration can produce a sui generis work of art.
Panofsky is on less firm footing when he attempts to apply iconology to sculptures and architecture. His attempts to ramrod Michelangelo into the Neoplatonic school were unpersuasive to me. In analyzing the rough outlines of a monkey just behind two of Michelangelo's Slaves (the "dying" and the "rebellious" ones) in the Louvre, Panofsky rather simplistically ropes the two slaves into a subhuman class and then attempts to suggest that Ficino's concept of the Lower Soul — which is a quite sophisticated concept — represents the interpretive smoking gun. This demonstrates the double-edged sword of iconology. It may provide you a highly specific framework for which to reconsider a great work of art, but it can be just as clumsily mistaken for the absolute truth as any lumbering ideology.
Then again, unless you're an insufferable narcissist who needs to be constantly reminded how "right" you are, it's never any fun to discuss art and ideas with people who you completely agree with. Panofsky's impact on art analysis reminds us that iconology is one method of identifying the nitty-gritty and arguing about it profusely and jocularly for hours, if not decades or centuries.
Next Up: Edmund Morris's The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt!
April 15, 2018 April 15, 2018 by Edward Champion
Notes on the Artistic Egotist
Some ruminations on the artistic egotist, a particular type that can be found in every branch of the arts.
Art, connection, egotism, humility, possibility
There is a type of person you encounter in every branch of the arts who believes that he is too cool or too good or too big or too | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.715219 | 0.909093 | 0.426008 | 0.279285 |
important to deal with the peons, with "peons" often broadly defined as anyone else. We are not talking about people who are harmlessly lost inside their own heads, who may be initially misperceived as egotistical but who you come to know, once you get talking, as essentially bighearted neurotic oddballs. We are speaking here of the artistic egotist.
You see this with some midlist writers in publishing. You see this with certain flailing actors. You see this with some people on social media who have a large follower count. You see this with bestselling authors and big time performers who are never satisfied with their success and who don't seem to comprehend the concepts of humility or plenitude. An artistic egotist may actually believe himself to be an artist even when he isn't producing any art. A real artist will reach out to other artists and find beauty in their work. An artistic egotist never looks anywhere but inward. An artistic egotist will often prioritize money and audience reach above all other concerns, but the real artist will sometimes be baffled when he is compensated. Because he's going to be making art no matter where he's at or what the world says about it.
An artistic egotist almost always sees the worst in other people and often masks this with a sanguine or "nice" disposition, but the ego is pretty easy to suss out. What are some of the artistic egotist's tools of the trade? Microaggressions, gaslighting, the casual slandering of other struggling artists who would never harm a fly, the wholesale denial and condemnation of entire perspectives and even new ways of making and creating and thinking about art. An interpretation of a difference in opinion as a threat rather than a possibility to have a healthy conversation. A failure to offer the common courtesy of a response or the dignity and grace of a polite consideration. You'll see that look in an artistic egotist's eyes as he coldly assesses you within minutes, ranking you on where you stand in the pecking order, performing swift calculations on just how your work and presence can be advantageous to him. Because in the mind of an artistic egotist, his way is the only way.
Don't be this person.
If you are this person, don't think we can't suss out your solipsism. Don't think we aren't paying attention to the way you behave. Don't think we're not talking about it with our peers — not out of malicious gossip, but because we really do care and are truly baffled by your unfathomable deportment. Wondering why your career is stagnating? Look in the mirror. Wondering why you keep getting passed over? Look at the signature on your rent check and you may find your answer.
The one thing you learn very fast in the arts is that there's always someone out there who is better than you. The artistic egotist sees such a person as a force to be stubbed out. The smarter type sees that person as an opportunity to learn and know and understand and be more connected. If the smarter type becomes a serious artist, he will usually be perspicacious enough to understand that wisdom comes from every corner and from every level. The smarter artist who endures realizes that every other artist is a person and treats him not with dehumanization or contempt or derision, but with the decency and respect that all human beings should be afforded.
You are not here to be praised. You are here to make art. You are not here to be the best. I can personally guarantee that there is someone out there who is better than you. You are here to hold your work to very high standards and, once those standards have been met, you must find new ones. And then, only after years of hard work and limitless passion and care to craft, you may very well be a serious artist.
Ego has no place in this journey. Connection, however, does. If you're connecting with other artists because you want to make yourself feel better, you're doing so for the wrong reasons. If you're connecting because you think another artist and his work are pretty cool, then there's a pretty good chance that you're not an artistic egotist.
But if you rebuff connection because you think you're above it, then I urge you to reconsider your priorities. I beseech you with every fiber of my being to seek and court possibility. Every career trajectory, no matter how successful | [
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, is marked by ups and downs. You may very well be crushing it right now, but if you cleave to this temperament, then there will come a day, maybe tomorrow or maybe years from now, in which you will very much need other people, big and small. And they won't respond. Because they remembered how you treated them.
Hold yourself to high standards, but never be an artistic egotist.
February 22, 2018 September 16, 2018 by Edward Champion
Vermeer (Modern Library Nonfiction #83)
Lawrence Gowing may have been a "critic's critic," but his nimble ruminations on Vermeer remind us that art is worth studying entirely on its own terms.
Art, gowing-lawrence, Modern Library, Nonfiction Challenge, vermeer-johannes
Art, camera obscura, Criticism, detail, dutch, johannes vermeer, lawrence gowing, painters, philip steadman, tim jennison
(This is the eighteenth entry in The Modern Library Nonfiction Challenge, an ambitious project to read and write about the Modern Library Nonfiction books from #100 to #1. There is also The Modern Library Reading Challenge, a fiction-based counterpart to this list. Previous entry: A Bright Shining Lie.)
Johannes Vermeer was the Steph Curry of 17th century painters: a dazzling mack daddy who spent lengthy periods of his choppy forty-three year life layering lapis lazuli and ultramarine and madder lake onto some of the most beautiful paintings ever created in human history. To ask how he perfected the glowing pour of his domestic scenes through painstaking brush strokes is to court trouble. Did he do so through mirrors and lenses? Does the Hockney-Falco theory have any real bearing on appreciating his work? Vermeer famously left no record of how he achieved his elegant handwrought touch, which has left many to become obsessed with the question, even taking the trouble (as Tim Jennison, subject of the controversial Penn and Teller documentary, did) to learn Dutch, which is a maddening language by all reasonable standards.
The great mystery of how this genius mastered light purely by eye and through no apparent line work, all two centuries before the camera's invention, has been taken up by such feverishly committed investigators as Philip Steadman, an architect who meticulously measured Vermeer's interiors and constructed a one-sixth scale model of his room to uphold the theory that Vermeer used a camera obscura. For now, our attentions are with Lawrence Gowing, a self-taught art historian whose Vermeer obsession resulted in a highly useful and slyly passionate book, a short but smart volume bizarrely downplayed in The New York Times's Gowing obituary, but a title that the Modern Library judges were at least munificent enough to rank above the likes of Robert Caro eight years after Gowing kicked the proverbial bucket of paint.
Gowing frames Vermeer's achievements by observing that this painter, unlike his 17th century Dutch peers Gabriël Metsu and Jan Steen, eschewed line and overt modelling work. Vermeer's purity as an artist emerged with his curious pursuit of diffuse light at all costs. He remained quite impartial about how light spilled into his scenes. As Gowing notes, even a detail such as The Lacemaker's cushion tassels (pictured left) "have an enticing and baffling bluntness of focus." In an age when anyone can instantly snap a picture to memorialize how light drifts into a room, this revolutionary approach cannot be understated, especially because Vermeer was confident enough in his aesthetic to push against the mercantile herd even as he served as head of the Guild of Saint Luke. In the seventeenth century, painters wanted to be noticed. They were, after all, artists with constantly grumbling bellies. So they tended to emphasize particular objects, even if it meant exaggerating the look, in an attempt to stand out. They might approach a patron and say, "Ha ha! I am Hendrik Van de Berg, the greatest painter of Maastricht! I have fifty thousand followers on…well, just imagine a world, prepost | [
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erous as this may sound, in which short text messages determine your stature among peers and, yup, that would be me! Art King of Maastricht! Anyway, that nifty apple in the far right corner may look a little unnatural, but, dude, I think we can both agree that it really pops! And it will look good in your study while your starving servant polishes your boots and dreams of something to eat! Oh, I know you can't pay your servants and that you are, in fact, fond of flogging them. But I am an artist and surely you can pay me! I'll even throw in a complimentary whipping if you buy my work! Think of it as a patron reward!" Vermeer, by contrast, willfully blurred the apple. Vermeer's peers in his hometown of Delift understood what he was doing, but the cost of being an artist was, alas, premature death due to exasperated financial stress.
Gowing's gushing critical distinctions are a welcome reminder that it's sometimes more important to know why art stands out rather than how it is created. The "No haters" crowd, fed on the soothing alfalfa sprouts of director's commentaries and lengthy pop culture oral histories, would rather view Vermeer as a magician or a technical wizard than an artist. If Vermeer did use a camera obscura, he was certainly not the only Dutch painter doing so at the time. Gowing emphasizes that Vermeer's style went above and beyond merely accumulating details. What should concern us is why he was so committed to the optical. What counts is Vermeer's commitment to the visual experience: commonplace scenes that are somehow both radiant and persuasive depictions of reality. Gowing helpfully points out that any Vermeer investigation of life was never direct. The paintings were often established at an oblique angle. He singles out Vermeer's "inhuman fineness of temper," a tranquility that is quite extraordinary given that Vermeer was working with ten kids running around and the financial turmoil he had to endure.
Gowing is also very good at only drawing upon Vermeer's biography when it is pertinent. Vermeer's detachment and his slow output certainly hinges upon disappointments and setbacks he contended with during the last years of his life. Still, one only needs to look at Vermeer's paintings to feel their somewhat passive but stirring view of humanity. Gowing distinguishes Vermeer from other painters by observing that "with the passivity characteristic of his thought, he accepted this part of his nature as the basis of the expressive content of his style." Somehow Vermeer could inject his view on humanity purely through style. And somehow in this stylistic transformation, what seems passive is actually carefully rendered depth. Despite confining his paintings to two rooms, Gowing finds enough common qualities within these limitations for us to get a sense of what Vermeer was up to:
In only three of the twenty-six interiors that we have is the space between painter and sitter at all uninterrupted. In five of the others passage is considerably encumbered, in eight more the heavy objects interposed amount to something like a barrier and in the remaining ten they are veritable fortifications. It is hard to think that this preference tells us nothing about the painter's nature. In it the whole of his dilemma is conveyed.
The book's second part is more akin to descriptive liner notes for a must have box set and doesn't quite match the first part's perspicacity. But Gowing does provide several useful antecedents (such as Jan Van Bronkhorst's The Procuress) that allow us to track Vermeer's development as an artist. Again, because Vermeer didn't leave much behind on his life or methods, it has been left for us to speculate on how he cultivated his exquisite style. But Gowing is too sharp a critic to be seduced by gossip and thankfully confines his findings to other paintings, showing us several paths leading us to Utrecht Caravaggism and trompe l'oeil.
I must warn you, however, that Gowing's Vermeer, despite its ostensibly breezy length, will likely have you losing many hours studying Vermeer. What Gowing could not have foreseen is that his ruminations would be even more vital in a | [
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climate where some otherwise smart people believe that an ire-inducing and ill-considered think piece cobbled together in an hour constitutes serious thought.
Next Up: George Dangerfield's The Strange Death of Liberal England!
June 7, 2013 July 9, 2013 by Edward Champion
Lisa Hanawalt (The Bat Segundo Show #502)
In this one hour conversation, artist Lisa Hanawalt discusses her collection My Dirty Dumb Eyes, informs us of the appropriate method to neigh like a horses, describes the bizarre business politics she observed at a toy fair, delineates the trappings of pop culture, tells us how to contend with online trolls, and even offers a few sartorial views. During the majority of this conversation, Our Correspondent is licked copiously by Ms. Hanawalt's extremely friendly dog.
Bat Segundo, Comics, hanawalt-lisa, interview
Art, Comics, greenpoint, horses, interview, lisa hanawalt, my dirty dumb eyes
Lisa Hanawalt is most recently the author of My Dirty Dumb Eyes. Please note the prefatory reading contains wild and rambunctious horse noises to simulate accompanying images in audio form.
Listen: Play in new window | Download
Author: Lisa Hanawalt
Subjects Discussed: Language that perplexes Planet of the Apes aficionados, revolting against natural euphony, being a native Californian, San Francisco Bay Area people who end up in Brooklyn, Alternative Press Expo, Buenaventura Press, how UCLA grooms its art students, immersing yourself in the comics scene, the disadvantages of hyphenates, drawing animal humanoid figures, being a "horse girl," the best horse sounds, interspecies relationships, childhood notions of marriage, crawling around on all fours, having parents as scientists, taxonomic qualities in genotypes, the inspirational qualities of illustrated guides, the single comic strip as batty syllogism, unlimited space, The Vow, "based on a true story," scribbling notes after seeing a movie, War Horse, imagining that you're a horse, venturing into surrealistic realms to get into personal truths, Hanawalt not drawing herself, Julia Wertz, how voice translates generic labels, artists who lean too much on pop culture, the horrors of Slate Culture Gabfest, recap culture, the artistic response as a way to avoid pop culture trappings, Hanawalt's toy fair report, why the tangible and the physical is more rewarding than the pop cultural, going into a war zone, Sarah Glidden, Israel, being shy around strangers, David Foster Wallace, the comics answer to the footnote, the animalized person as a form of armor, ribald sexuality, wedding registries, seeking permission to draw friends within pieces, varieties of "in vino veritas," art professors who are obsessive about faces, teachers who are too nice, sculpting, dogs who bark once a day, taking a break from two-dimensional work, visual cues from movies and visual cues from comics, having friends who are comics, the toy company pecking order, why power structures are interesting, commenting upon politics, the advantages of presenting yourself as an idiot, the New York Times's veto of "butt turkey," restrictions from family newspapers, balancing artistic integrity and paying the rent, being read comics by her dad, not leaving the house, living in Greenpoint, shifting from hating to loving New York, anxieties about public transportation, the hermetic seal of a car, the use of colors to enhance personal stories, the unsettling nature of sickly blues, the pristine look of Apple advertisements, white space, enhancing Ryan Gosling's costume in Drive, deepening visual observations with the sartorial, the pleasant sounds of dogs lapping at water, Roger Corman's Twitter presence, judging people from what they wear, paying attention to men's clothing, best dressed cartoonists, how Jason Diamond dresses, Johnny Negron, how people get offended by everything, feeling like you're on display for putting yourself out there, blocking people, the appeal of lines, silly statistics, the New York approval matrix, and infographics as the perfect joke structure.
EXCERPT FROM SHOW:
Correspond | [
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ent: I wanted to ask you about the title. Because in light of the Planet of the Apes story you have in this, I kept thinking that your title was My Damn Dirty Eyes.
Hanawalt: (laughs)
Correspondent: It's like you deliberately designed a title to make Planet of the Apes fans, to just throw them off. I'm not sure if that was conscious.
Hanawalt: I didn't even think about that until now. You just blew my mind. I didn't think about that.
Correspondent: Especially since there's the Rise of the Planet of the Apes review. And I was thinking…
Hanawalt: And that's something I say to my boyfriend. I call him, "You damn dirty ape!" Whenever he's doing anything.
Correspondent: So you generally say "my dumb dirty" instead of "my dirty dumb"? How did that get swipped? Swapped?
Hanawalt: It's Dirty Dumb, right?
Correspondent: Yes, it's Dirty Dumb.
Hanawalt: I actually tried it both ways and I just liked the way "dirty dumb" sounded. I thought "dumb dirty" is the more natural way to say it. But I just like…it sounded like a musical. Dirty Dumb. Dirty Dumb. I don't know.
Correspondent: You were revolting against natural euphony, basically.
Hanawalt: Yeah. I guess so. People keep switching them in reviews and stuff.
Correspondent: I was determined to get it right.
Hanawalt: Thank you. I appreciate it.
Correspondent: So you went to UCLA. And I'm a fellow Californian.
Hanawalt: Oh!
Correspondent: Although I was a northern Californian and you were a southern Californian.
Hanawalt: No, I"m from northern California originally.
Correspondent: You are!
Hanawalt: Yes.
Correspondent: Where were you at?
Hanawalt: Palo Alto.
Correspondent: Palo Alto! Oh my god, I was born in Santa Clara.
Hanawalt: Whoa.
Correspondent: So we're Bay Areaites.
Hanawalt: Yup.
Correspondent: So how did we both end up in Brooklyn? You first. Actually, you only. (laughs)
Hanawalt: (laughs) Me only. Well, I met my boyfriend. So that was big.
Correspondent: Oh! Well, I met a girl too. Oh my god.
Hanawalt: It's a good reason to move.
Correspondent: How did we not run into each other until now?
Hanawalt: I don't know. But that was not the official reason I moved for a long time. Just in case it didn't work out. I didn't want to say that. So I said it was to become part of a more vibrant comics community in Brooklyn, for more people of my age making comics here.
Correspondent: How did we not run into each other at Alternative Press Expo?
Hanawalt: I've been there.
Correspondent: I've been there multiple times. I covered it. I would go and I would interview everybody. Every person with minicomics there.
Hanawalt: Really? I used to go every year.
Correspondent: I went every year too. And I miss it. It was great.
Hanawalt: I would table with Buenaventura when I was there. I think I went 2008, 2009.
Correspondent: Yeah. Just a little after I did.
Hanawalt: We just missed each other.
Correspondent: We just missed each other. Well, now we're talking.
Correspondent: So you went to UCLA.
Correspondent: And you wanted to become a part of a comics community? Is that how you ended up in Greenpoint?
Hanawalt: Eventually. When I was at UCLA, I thought I wanted to be like a studio artist. Like an actual gallery painter. And that's what they were sort of grooming me to be. But I guess once I graduated and didn't immediately become a famous painter with solo shows in Chelsea, I was like | [
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, "Oh, I guess I'll keep making these comics that I make at Kinko's and write with my friends. Then eventually I got more into the comics scene as I started going to conventions and I met my first publisher.
Correspondent: So it was really kind of an accidental existence going into…
Hanawalt: Yeah, it was.
Correspondent: I read one interview where you said you didn't feel that you were a cartoonist.
Hanawalt: Oh really? Did I?
Correspondent: Yes. You said that in 2010.
Hanawalt: Oh, I guess I changed my mind about it.
Correspondent: You are officially a cartoonist.
Hanawalt: Yeah, I do. You know, I make comics. If people ask me if I'm an artist, an illustrator, or a cartoonist, I say that I'm all three. And depending on my mood, I'll introduce myself as one of the three.
Correspondent: And you can't just call yourself a hyphenate or something.
Hanawalt: No, it's just too complicated. And at that point, people — their eyes start to wander and they lose interest in talking with me. So….(laughs)
Correspondent: So what was the first animal humanoid figure that you ever drew? I was curious about that. They're throughout your work. And I'm wondering when you started putting, say, lizard heads on regular people or pop cultural figures. Things like that.
Hanawalt: I started drawing cats as people when I was like five or six. And I was drawing myself. What I wanted to be when I grew up was a black cat that was also a human who wore an orange Hawaiian shirt. Because I was really into Weird Al Yankovic at the time. So I would draw my self-portrait as a black kitty cat. And then later I started drawing horses as people. When I was like seven, eight.
Correspondent: I know you were a "horse girl." What does that entail? Did you ride horses? Did you enact a life as a horse? Did you do a lot of horse sounds? "Neeeeeeeeeigh" and all that?
Hanawalt: Yeah. I was a cat girl until I took my first riding lesson at eight. And it set off a bomb in my brain. And I just was like "Horses! Horses! Horses! I want to marry a horse. I want to be a horse. I just want to…"
Correspondent: You want to marry a horse?
Hanawalt: Yes. I used to want to marry a horse. I asked my mom if I could and she was like, "Maybe that will be legal someday." She had a very…
Correspondent: A lax view on bestiality.
Hanawalt: I guess.
Correspondent: Interspecies relations.
Hanawalt: I didn't know at the time that marrying kind of meant that you were sexually partnered.
Correspondent: Oh, it was a more romantic image!
Hanawalt: Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I was only six or eight. And I just wanted to be linked with a horse forever.
Correspondent: It's sort of that moment where you're playing with Barbie and Ken in the Dreamhouse. Then all of a sudden you realize, "Oh! They're actually going to have sex as well."
Hanawalt: Yeah. You figure that part out later. But yeah, I made a lot of horse noises. I drew horses. I crawled around on all fours.
Correspondent: Do you make horse noises to this very day?
Hanawalt: I can make a snorting sound. [highly commendable snorting sound]
Correspondent: Oh! That's pretty good.
(Loops for this program provided by HardstyleRythm, ShortBusMusic, and Reed1415.)
The Bat Segundo Show #502: Lisa Hanawalt (Download MP3)
January 20, 2013 March 1, 2013 by Edward Champion
Christian Marclay's The Clock
In which our correspondent attends five hours of Christian Marclay's 24 hour film and learns much about how he feels about commitments and other people.
Film | [
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, marclay-christian, The Clock, Time
Art, christian marclay, Film, movie, review, the clock
Wait in line for a few hours, saunter into a dark and expansive theater where you'll be standing anywhere from five to forty-five minutes to take a seat (all depending upon how polite or mercenary you are), and settle onto one of the couches (partitioned in sets of three) once a stranger has had enough. But be careful with the way you spend your time. Because once you leave the area, whether for snack or bathroom break, there's no coming back unless you stand in the snaking queue again.
Christian Marclay's The Clock may favor the determined, but it's something of a rigged game. Supply and demand is carefully calibrated by making the seats precious real estate. It's a perfect laboratory for behavioral economist Dan Ariely to conduct new experiments. Yet the clips of people standing on train platforms or waiting in sordid rooms may strengthen your resolve to stay on your feet. Still, after a few hours, the impulse to slump into the next free seat only increases.
Inside the room, the projected images are recognizable and faintly exotic, liberated from cinematic sources both pop and obscure, and ineluctably locked into the very minute you are experiencing. At 3:00 PM, Woody Allen shows up for his appointment with Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite and the joke about Sorvino's prostitute telling Allen that she has "a great sense of humor" after showing him a clock with two fornicating pigs gets a new context. Little changes with Harold Lloyd's famous clock-hanging moment, but when Peter Parker is fired for delivering a pizza late in Spider-Man 2, his fate at the hands of spoiled materialists is crueler because we are more aware of the temporal qualities.
Then there are the cinematic moments in which one was never especially aware of the time in the original context, even when clocks were heavily involved. Cathryn Harrison throws an old woman's alarm clock collection out the window in Louis Malle's Black Moon, but did the actual time ever really matter? Patrick McGoohan secures the electropass watch to escape the Village in "Arrival," but without the roaring white balloon or Number Two to taunt him, he could very well be confused with a disgruntled bureaucrat. Jack Nicholson's droll wooing of Ann-Margaret as he sings "Go to the Mirror" in Ken Russell's Tommy becomes less about seduction and more about a doctor using time as sparingly as possible. When we see Nicholson again in a clip from About Schmidt, waiting for the last moments of 5:00 PM to tick away on his last day in a drab and lonely office, I couldn't help but wonder if his fixation on time caused him to lose Ann-Margaret.
I had feared that The Clock would be a Wagnerian bauble: a novelty requiring only time and fortitude to embrace its contextual charms. But I discovered that Marclay's massive opus tinkered not only with my passion for cinema, but upon my temporal prejudices. I experienced an undeniable joy for kitsch upon witnessing a preposterous fight scene from MacGyver and realized that my reverence for a certain period of 1980s cinema was more bountiful than expected. Yet I felt somewhat saddened when the film denied me clips of people fleeing the workplace after 5PM. I have always felt that there was something romantic about people liberated from their daily capitalist commitments to live out the true joys of their lives, but I didn't feel The Clock properly acknowledged it. We do, however, see a moribund commuting moment on a packed subway. And I did notice that Marclay included a sad quotidian moment from Mike Leigh's All or Nothing. So clearly the assumptive fault is mine.
The Clock isn't just about exposing our our enslavement to time. There is an inescapable physical component to this endurance test. If you are with friends, you may end up leapfrogging from couch to couch, slowly traveling back to your dear companions initially stranded in the IKEA archipelago. Because you are among an artistically sensitive crowd, you may find yourself throwing your dark coat over your | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.736956 | 0.179738 | 0.294206 | -0.115989 |
head with a theatrical whoosh (as I did) to stub out the searing light from your phone as you text your coordinates to the people you came with, hoping that they will find you later. I witnessed some couples squeezing closer together, and I could suss out the degree to which friends wanted to be together by the way they raced to seating that had just opened up. But when a clip from Michael Powell's Peeping Tom played, stretching my mild voyeurism onto the discomfiting canvas of Carl Boehm's hungry and sociopathic eyes, I become consumed by tremendous guilt in watching other people. If cinema was a communal experience, why should I have to be punished for it? Was there something pornographic in being curious about others? Or was The Clock something of an impetuous tot stomping its feet for attention?
I did feel that The Clock was very much a pleasant narcotic that was difficult for me to resist, yet these social concerns recalled Jason Rohrer's Passage, a sidescrolling video game art project which confronts the manner in which you parcel out your life and pits individual ambition against love and communion. After nearly five hours inside Marclay's fish tank, I was confident that I could spend at least four more, despite the fact that I had not slept much. But my companions had maxed out and I did not wish to abandon them.
We went to dinner. I had no desire to look at the time.
May 22, 2012 June 24, 2012 by Edward Champion
The Bat Segundo Show: Molly Crabapple
In this 30 minute radio interview, artist Molly Crabapple discusses her Week in Hell, surviving as an artist, the boundaries between art and commercialism, and the benefits that accordion players offer for illustration.
Art, Bat Segundo, crabapple-molly, interview
Art, author, interview, kickstarter, molly crabapple, New York, Radio, scarlett takes manhattan, week in hell
Molly Crabapple appeared on The Bat Segundo Show #456. She is most recently the author of The Art of Molly Crabapple Volume 1: Week in Hell.
Condition of Mr. Segundo: Wondering if he can start a Kickstarter campaign for someone to send him tequila money.
Author: Molly Crabapple
Subjects Discussed: Daily walks to McNally Jackson, the logistics of setting up the Week in Hell experiment, the logistics of sneaking people and materials in a hotel, eluding maids, Philippe Petit, the similarities and differences between photographers and visual artists, conversation and dreams as inspirational forces, aerial hoops, the Internet as an idea source, prototypes of the Week in Hell experiment, the necessity of changing up artistic routine, Susan Sontag, education as a birthright vs. education as an adult, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Dick Clark's death and those who shamed people on Twitter for not knowing who Dick Clark is, the infinite storehouse of online knowledge, the benefits of accordion players in producing art, Kim Boekbinder, how performers inspire Crabapple, drawing faceless girlthings with parasols, Crabapple's tendency towards the curved line, Scarlett Takes Manhattan, drawing an undersea Algonquin roundtable, Alexander Woollcott, illustrating in response to current events and the Arab Spring, the Wikileaks squid, Occupy Wall Street, pigs and depraved nightclubs, the first animals Crabapple was drawn to, the allure of drawing grotesque items, allegorical pity parties, bitching about people who are more successful, a thought experiment involving Napoleon having a pity party, despair, self-pity, and depression as inspirational forces, Kay Redfield Jamison, not having down time, avoiding repeating yourself, Damien Hirst, unethical business practices, saying no to certain corporate clients, feeling bad about drawing a topless picture of Hillary Clinton for a conservative publisher out of financial desperation, the lines between the artistic and the commercial, whoring out your heart of hearts, the myth of artistic purity, Howard Roark and the Randian ideal, nude modeling, the need for expensive promotional campaigns, how a young and emerging artist who can't do nude modeling can survive when she first starts out, retail jobs, New York as | [
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a place hostile to certain strains of art, Zoe Strauss, being declared "not a real artist" by The New York Times Book Review, Luc Sante's Low Life, whether research bogs down art, and the value of lipstick planted upon art.
Correspondent: I wanted to ask you about the logistics of this Week in Hell experiment. The first thing I have to say, in seeing the television covered up and in seeing the thermostat on the wall, what negotiations were there with the hotel management to actually allow this to happen?
Crabapple: Oh, we didn't ask the hotel.
Correspondent: (laughs) Oh, you didn't? They found out while it was happening?
Crabapple: They didn't find out at all.
Correspondent: Really?
Crabapple: This was entirely surreptitiously.
Correspondent: Wow. (laughs)
Crabapple: I will probably send them a copy of the book. The reason was that we initially wanted to do it at another hotel and we had all this money from the Kickstarter. And we were like, "Golly, mister, here's $4,500 to do our crazy art project." And they were like, "Oh no! You must speak with our creative directors to see if you're in line with our creative vision." And I thought that was bullshit. So I just dressed up like a fancy person and borrowed a Ralph Lauren suitcase to hide all those rolls of paper in.
Correspondent: Really? (laughs) It's like a bank heist.
Crabapple: We totally ran it like a bank heist. Snuck everything in. Told the maid not to come all week.
Correspondent: Was that the 57 minutes that you spent eluding the maid, which you refer to?
Crabapple: Yes! Exactly!
Correspondent: Wow. So you actually had to plan this like a bank heist. I mean, I understand. I've done some of these interviews in hotels and I'm told that I can't actually sit down with these microphones with another person. Just having a conversation. So why did you have to go ahead and do this almost like you were shooting without a film permit? What steps did you take to plan this bank heist?
Crabapple: So me and Melissa, who's my amazing assistant.
Correspondent: Yes.
Crabapple: Who is actually the brains behind all of my harebrained ideas. We made a long list of everything that could possibly go wrong. We did everything from testing the right type of tape to hold the paper off, that wouldn't peel off the paint, to getting the right fancy people suitcases. So we wouldn't look all sketchy sneaking into the Gramercy Park Hotel with duffel bags.
Correspondent: Did you have any consultants say, "Hey, you actually look professional enough to pass muster with the scrupulous guards"?
Crabapple: (laughs) What was so funny was that I had this whole outfit, which can only be described as rich people's whore.
Correspondent: (laughs)
Crabapple: It was all Alexander McQueen and Louis Vuittons and shit. And I went in and everybody is wearing sweatpants. And I was so disappointed.
Correspondent: Well, these tests about not peeling the paint off the walls. And the paper itself. The specific markers you used. I'm wondering. What were the logistics here? I'm really curious.
Crabapple: The paper and markers?
Correspondent: Yeah. How many types of paper did you have to go through?
Crabapple: We didn't go through types of paper. Because I got that sponsored.
Correspondent: Okay.
Crabapple: It was more — Melissa's whole wall was covered with different strands of paper being held up with different types of tape.
Correspondent: Fantastic. What other logistics were needed aside from this? Anything else that you're missing?
Crabapple: We had tons and tons of friends sneaking in the entire week and we found a back staircase for them to sneak up. Because we didn't — I mean, especially when we had the wild closing party.
Correspondent: This is like Philippe Petit walking across the World Trade Center | [
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. How he had friends gradually get all the supplies up over the course of several weeks in advance. Was it similar here?
Crabapple: It was kind of like that. I even had one of my friends go into the hotel, looking super-sketchy so that he could see how much scrutiny he would get.
Correspondent: (laughs) Oh really? Did you have any input into his skeeziness?
Crabapple: No, we just went with his natural dress.
Correspondent: Oh, I see. I got it. Now for many of the visitors who came into this hotel room during this week, I'm wondering if you asked permission to draw them. I mean, this raises an interesting question for me. Because you have one particular drawing that's part of this elaborate project where you have the photographers, who are drawn like lizards to your friend. Because they're ogling her with their cameras. And so I'm wondering. This made me think. How much is any artist, who illustrates or sketches or paints, different from, say, a photographer of any stripe? What are your thoughts on this? And what are your thoughts in terms of drawing people at will who happen to come into the room? Or was that the agreement for anyone who came through the room?
Crabapple: Well, people usually want to be drawn by me. But that's actually an awesome question. I've always thought that the instinct of the photographer and the visual artist are very similar — in that we're generally twitchy weirdos who want to hang out with the cool people and we use our camera or our sketchpad as a way to kind of bribe the cool people to hang out with us. But the thing is that photography has become so ubiquitous that people don't feel impressed anymore by having their picture taken. And, in fact, it can become like really grabby and soul-stealing. Like — I used to march a lot at the [Coney Island] Mermaid Day Parade and sometimes there would be such a crush of photographers — like yelling at you how to pose and demanding that you arch your back this way or demanding that you look at them — that it wasn't a fun thing at all. Whereas most people only get drawn a few times in their life. So it still has a novelty to it. And I've always kind of used my sketchpad as this key to sneak into scenes where I really didn't belong.
Correspondent: But stealing another person's soul. It seems to me that you've always been very conscious about this. Even from the Dr. Sketchy stuff. So my question is: how do we return the balance so that the person who is photographed or the person who is drawn actually feels comfortable and doesn't feel as if she has her soul stolen through the process of art?
Crabapple: Well, with me, what I always try to do is I always try and capture the person's personality, as well as just how hot they look. Like when I did the picture of Stoya on that door, I'm talking to her. And I do like her beautiful, beautiful, perfect, mathematically perfect face. Then I also — since I'm friends with her, I draw her making her own costumes — she's a brilliant costumer — and on her aerial hoop. And then I talk with her. And she complains about obnoxious photographers. And so I draw them swarming around her.
Correspondent: So much of the input came from what she was telling you. As you were actually drawing her.
Crabapple: Exactly. It was just as much a portrait of our conversation.
Correspondent: In terms of the hoop, that was based off of memory. Did you have any source material for that?
Crabapple: That was based off of memory. I've seen a lot of aerialists in my time.
Correspondent: You note that you were drawing the top of the wall at the very beginning of this. So that you would have some inspiration for your dreams. And it seems to me that between that and the influx of stories that you had plenty of inspiration. This leads me to ask, well, what do you do if you run out of ideas to sketch during this situation?
Crabapple: I asked the Internet. I had a livestream going along. And my livestream audience would be saying, "Draw hippos on the moon! Draw undersea Algonquin round table!" And I would put that in if I was running out of inspiration.
Correspond | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.522429 | -0.809823 | -0.805936 | -0.150141 |
ent: So did you feel that sometimes the list of suggestions was too intrusive a presence? Or there were a lot of bad ideas sifting through this? Were you playing Beat the Clock because you had only a week to cover this entire surface?
Crabapple: There was a certain amount of Beat the Clock going on. I drew pretty much every waking hour. Like in the back of all my glamorous friends partying, there was usually me standing up on top of a shelf frantically sketching things.
Correspondent: Really? Well, were there any trial runs of you sketching things? Like say in your bathroom for half a day? Or anything like that?
Crabapple: I was at Stumptown Comics Festival. They had me as a guest. And I didn't want to sit behind a table and sign things. Because I don't know. I felt like I was at a craft fair or something. So instead I was like, "Why don't you just hang up a giant piece of paper where my table would be and I'll just draw on it over the course of the convention"? And I did a six foot by six foot drawing.
Correspondent: So that was the trial run.
Crabapple: That was where I got the idea.
Correspondent: Were there any other runs before that? Maybe three by three?
Crabapple: (laughs) That's just my career.
Correspondent: Exactly. So what do you need often to keep your routine changed up? I mean, you suggested that this was the end of a particular period in your life. It was sort of your renouncement of pen and ink. How often do you need to change things up in order to stay fresh as an artist? I'm curious. Do you anticipate the next move? Does it come organically? Do you just do it and it becomes ambitious by default?
Crabapple: I'm not a very thoughtful person. And I'm incapable of thinking in Five Year Plans. And also I'm kind of young. So I don't really know — like I just don't have that many periods in my work. I don't know. I was in this deep fucked up almost clinical depression when I was 27. And I don't know why. My brain was just wonky. And I needed to do something to do violence to all of this stuff in my art that I was tired of. And this was how I did it. And I'm sure I'll need to do it again. But I don't know when or how.
The Bat Segundo Show #456: Molly Crabapple (Download MP3)
May 2, 2012 June 24, 2012 by Edward Champion
The Bat Segundo Show: Eric Kandel
In this 30 minute radio interview with the Novel laureate, Eric Kandel discusses his new book The Age of Insight, the intersection between art and neuroscience, and the Vienna Secession.
Bat Segundo, interview, kandel-eric
Art, author, eric kandel, freud, interview, klimt, neuroscience, schiele, the age of insight
Eric Kandel recently appeared on The Bat Segundo Show #452. He is most recently the author of The Age of Insight and was the 2000 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Condition of Mr. Segundo: Checking his brain in for artistic purposes.
Author: Eric Kandel
Subjects Discussed: The interdisciplinary possibilities in Vienna 1900, Gustav Klimt, Berta Zuckerkandl, how Rokitansky's leadership at the Vienna School of Medicine influenced Freud and numerous others, Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, how the beholder plays into artistic representation, Semir Zeki and the Kanizsa triangle, how the brain distinguishes between artists based on cues, the effect of Klimt's Judith I upon the brain, unity between the science and the humanities, Leonardo da Vinci's reliance upon anatomy, two-directional relationships between art and neuroscience, the region of the brain that is devoted to facial representation, prosopagnosia, autism and empathy, theory of mind, Freud's "Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood," Freud and art history, Alois Riegl's historic and critical innovations, external | [
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coherence, the futility of psychoanalyzing an artist when he's dead, Ernst Gombrich, modern cognitive psychology emerging from Freud, an artist's biographical details in the relationship between art and neuroscience, Kokoschka's The Wind's Fiancée and Schiele's Death and the Maiden, recruiting different parts of the brain to respond to different emotional states, how the brain responds to exaggeration and hands, faces and the inferotemporal cortex, caricatures and the brain, autism and responding to bodily motion, James-Lange theory, Walter Cannon, Hugo Critchley, how much we presently understand the insula, top-down processing, the universal functions of art, Dennis Dutton's two views of art (the mind as a blank slate, art as an instinctive evolutionary trait), Arthur Schnitzler's interior monologues, whether art can be on the same evolutionary level as the opposable thumb, retinal ganglion cells, Stephen W. Kuffler and on-center and off-center neurons, Mach bands, the dalmatian illusion, how the brain uses contrast, Ramachandran and peak shift, gestaltian intake of faces, the symbolic value of Velázquez's Las Meninas, and when reductionist approaches to science are helpful.
Correspondent: You point out quite early on in this book that there was something about the liberal intellectual spirit in Vienna 1900 that permitted all these fascinating interdisciplinary possibilities. You have the Vienna School of Medicine, which becomes this vital part of culture for Viennese artists and intellectuals. You have Klimt, who's studying biology informally with Berta Zuckerkandl and he also has these amazing three panels that he does for the University of Vienna. As you point, they are rejected for being too radical, too pornographic, and too ugly. So just to start things off here, and we'll get into the science in a bit, what specific factors do you feel allowed this golden age of collisional ideas to happen? I mean, from the vantage point of the 21st century, what lessons can neuroscience and biology take away from this really flourishing period?
Kandel: I think what is really so important is, as you pointed out, that there was an interaction between science, literature, and arts that was really unusual. And this began with the School of Medicine, which had great leadership at that time. Under the leadership of a guy called Rokitansky who introduced modern scientific medical practice by developing clinical/pathological correlations to a more systematic way than it had ever been. He felt that when you listened to a patient's heart and you hear an abnormal sound, you don't know which valve it's coming from or exactly what is the disorder of the valve. And so he collaborated with a clinician. And the clinician described the patient's sounds from the heart and the lungs in great detail. But if the patient died, they collaborated together to do an autopsy on him to figure out exactly what valve was involved and how. And that gave rise to the scientific medicine we now practice. And Rokitansky realized that the truth is often hidden from the surface. And you have to go deep below the surface to get there.
And that is a metaphor that influenced Freud, that influenced Klimt, that influenced all of these people. That surface appearances are misleading. They were also influenced by Darwin and they realized that humans are wonderful creatures, but they involved from simple animal ancestors and we have instinctual drives that we share with other animals. And Freud picked this up — he was sort of the Darwin of the mind — and realized that when human beings interact, they interact through surface appearances. There are a lot of processes that are hidden from them. The unconscious mind, which he really developed in great detail. And these ideas were also picked up by the artists. They were in part influenced by Freud, but in part on their own. So Freud had a very good understanding of many aspects of the human mind, but didn't understand female sexuality at all. Klimt had a very profound understanding of female sexuality and in his drawings of women, which are absolutely just marvelous, he depicts women having their own independent sexual life, masturbating, pleasuring themselves without the presence of a man, without feeling obligated to look out at the viewer, as if that was the necessary thing for satisfying them. They could have their own fantasy life. And | [
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also that eroticism could be fused with aggression, as in a very famous painting of Judith and Holofernes. So he had tremendous insight into the human psychology. This was carried further by Kokoschka and Schiele, two of his disciples if you will. Kokoschka focused this self-analysis on himself. This analysis on himself showed how his own unconscious processes were recruited, realized that he could depict adolescent sexuality. He was the first artist to depict adolescent female nudes, pointed out sexual struggles between really young children. He has a very famous painting of the Stein children. A brother and sister. Both aggressive and erotic components involved in their interaction. And then finally Schiele, who studied himself almost exclusively, using himself as an object for exploring unconscious mental processes. Just an extraordinary period.
Correspondent: Sure. Well, let's talk about Egon Schiele. His self-portraits in the book, many of which expressed, as you were saying here, this eroticism, this anxiety. In the case of Self-Portrait with Striped Armlets, it depicts him as a fool. He depicts himself as a fool. So his anxiety may very well evoke this fear in the beholder, or the viewer. But there's a difference between what Schiele experienced and what he chose to express. So it's possible that he may have exaggerated or distorted.
Kandel: Oh, there's no question. I mean, I think what he tried to depict is the essential anxiety of modern man. And he depicted this in a lot of artificial ways in order to bring them out. He was very much influenced by Charcot and the postures that people could assume while under hypnosis. And he actually postured in order to convey these emotions. And also he was shocking. He painted himself masturbating in the mirror in order to make clear that no emotion is alien to him. And he's willing to share that with the beholder.
Correspondent: Well, if a painting is a buffer between the artist and the beholder, how do scientific developments account for what the artist withholds or decides to distort? Or what the beholder might in fact misinterpreted or be tricked into interpreting? There are many illusions in this book too.
Kandeel: This is, of course, true. The sign of a great painting is its ambiguity. It allows you and me to bring different things to bear on it. And depending upon our relative sophistication on a particular subject, or a particular sub-subject, we would interpret it in different ways. So I think this is part of the greatness of art, that it allows different people to bring their own experiences to bear on it in an individualistic way.
Correspondent: The key element in assessing the relationship between art and neuroscience is the beholder. Now Semir Zeki has argued that the Kanizsa triangle, where we see these three…
Kandel: These illusory contours. They're not there. We make them up. Zeki, of course, one of the pioneers in visual perception, is in an ideal position to point out that the brain is a creativity machine, which art historians in Vienna 1900 began to appreciate. That we don't reproduce in our head what we see in the outside world. That's not a detail of reproduction. We construct it. We take it apart. And we build it together again. So the beholder undergoes a creative process that parallels what the artist undergoes. It's an amazing set of insights.
Correspondent: And that Zeki experiment is one example of the beholder responding to cues. Zeki also discovered in another experiment that no matter what type of art was presented to the subject, the same areas of the prefrontal cortex are going to light up. So if the biology of beauty, as you write, has varied very little over the centuries and also across cultures, my question to you is why are these cues and our biases so universal? I mean, how does the brain distinguish between, say, Klimt and Hopper?
Kandel: Well, it clearly sees different forms. But that does not mean that those two painters can evoke certain common responses. And what you're seeing is the common responses. There are also distinctive elements between the two. So there's a loneliness that Hopper depicts that you never see in Klimt.
Correspond | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.519591 | 0.94024 | 0.474425 | 0.967378 |
ent: You are very precise when speculating upon Klimt's Judith and its effect on the brain. You write that the gold hues, the soft body, and the colors trigger the release of dopamine and that Judith's sadistic gaze might release norepinephrine. And this demonstrates that art has an effect on neuroscience. But it also seems to imply that this connection is almost a one directional flow. In light of E.O. Wilson's hope for unity between biology and the humanities, and in consideration of the impact of Freud's ideas have had on the Viennese Secession, I'm wondering how 21st century neuroscience has an effect on art in the other direction.
Kandel: You mean, how neuroscientists are likely to influence the arts?
Correspondent: Exactly. Anything on the level of how they influenced in Vienna.
Kandel: As you pointed out, it's very easy to see how art influences science. Neuroscientists consider it as one of the great aspirations of the field to understand how we respond to works of art, how artists and how creativity takes place. What can art historians and artists take away from neuroscience? Well, Leonardo da Vinci spent a lot of time dissecting bodies when he was interested in getting a realistic depiction of human form, of people walking, of just how the various bones go together in order to form the body, and he learned an enormous amount by studying anatomy. So the hope is that as we know more about the biology of creativity, we know more about perception, we will excite artists to think about new art forms that may bring those things out even more effectively. Also, if they learn one of the kinds of stimuli that really turn on different regions of the brain, they might be able to play upon their skills to bring out those things even more. So one would hope this would be a dialogue that would go in both directions and have some impact on art as well.
The Bat Segundo Show #451: Eric Kandel (Download MP3)
October 20, 2008 by Edward Champion
It is a late hour, or, rather, an early one. But then it's possible that the hour I am writing this post matters very little to you. Nevertheless, I announce my temporal bearings not to recuse myself, but to put this post into some kind of perspective. I am now pondering a future without the delightful band, Blah Blah Blah, who recently announced on their MySpace page that they had given up. I'm saddened by this news. I am now very worried about all the other artists out there who are now considering giving it all up. I am concerned about a world in which anyone who beats their drum just a tad too fast or plucks their guitar just a tad too originally for the marketing people to understand throws in the towel.
Well, I am urging you not to give it up. Yes, times are tough for all of us. But it is very important for you to go on. To work in some form. Even without compensation, if that's all there is for a time. Even if you only half understand what it is you're all about. Even if you're not quite sure what your work amounts to. Even if nobody gives a good goddam about how hard you've toiled over your sentences, or how difficult it was for you to insert that subtle chord change in that song you uploaded somewhere that only five of your friends listened to. All this is work. It's supposed to be difficult. But it becomes even more difficult once you realize you're living in a society hostile to nearly anybody who decides to live this kind of life.
Being an "overnight success" is a myth. The ones who made it did so because they were stubborn, hopelessly devoted to what they could offer the world. They carried on and became better at their craft. Some of them didn't even know it. Most of them were misunderstood.
Understand that I am not advocating mediocrity. I am merely telling the truth. The market is not interested in taking chances on anyone who deviates from the formula. The market is hedging bets with the veterans, no matter if they are washed up. There are a few coins to be loosened from the sofa, but it takes some skill to survive on those coins. The true artists will find a way to carry on, because that is what they are and that is what they've been reduced to. This is the unwa | [
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vering itching at the bottom of the artistic soul. Scratch it at your own peril. You'll know if you can't stop scratching. And if you have even a scant success, you'll certainly appreciate it more than the dilettantes.
October 5, 2008 by Edward Champion
Similiveritude
Art, life, Reading, Writing
Art, life, Reading
The scholar and the world! The endless strife,
The discord in the harmonies of life!
The love of learning, the sequestered nooks,
And all the sweet serenity of books;
The market-place, the eager love of gain,
Whose aim is vanity, and whose end is pain!
— Longfellow, "Morituri Salutamus"
There exists a maximum amount of prearranged information, cultural reconfiguration, and other artistic offerings that one can ingest before it becomes necessary to splash bracing water upon one's face (or, to take this idea further, to permit dollops of grease to crease one's cheeks because of a self-administered oil change in one's figurative vehicle). This is where the frequently overlooked human experience comes into play. By venturing outside one's domicile or spending time with other humans commonly referred to as "friends" (as they are specified in the parlance of our time), or by participating in intimate activities that involve getting out of the house because the windows have fogged up and nobody wants to talk about the pleasant musky odor known to cause roommates to scurry, one can encounter a new sheath of information or perhaps a sequence of events that is not as neatly contrived or as conveniently cross-referenced as the hallowed narrative construct. The real world is refreshingly anarchic and, depending upon your degree of involvement, can prove to be more interesting than the cultural item that purports to represent it.
It is for these reasons, among many, that books which cannot live up to life must be thrown across the room. It is for these reasons, among many, that one should strive to emerge beyond the house, speak on the phone, meet up for coffee with deranged but amicable individuals, chat up strangers, and otherwise own up to one's responsibility to live, lest one takes the hypothetical hurling of the book across the room too seriously. (It is a mere parabolic flourish, but a pugilistic passion not to be entirely discounted!)
We speak of verisimilitude, but we don't speak so often of its dreaded cousin, similiveritude. And if you don't know what similiveritude is, it is not because I have coined the word. (As it so happens, I am not the originator. At the risk of adopting Googleveritude, another nonsense noun unfound through Googling, one encounters only two search terms for "similiveritude." Some gentleman named Felix appears to be the first to bandy this about. So I'll give Felix the proper plaudits — congrats, Felix! you were the one! can I have your baby? — and carry on with this febrile exegesis.)
You could very well be a simiiveritudinist, but you may not know it. And if you still don't know what this word is, well, then you haven't been paying attention to all the phonies and the charlatans laboring at "art" who refuse to admit that they have no real understanding of the world they live in, much less an emotional relationship to it. It is quite possible that they may capable practitioners of verisimilitudinous art, but this intuitive connection may very well be dwarfed by academia's rotten institutional walls.
For the similiveritudinist, life must not only reflect art. Art is the very life itself! The similiveritudinist gravitates to an artistic representation in lieu of a stunning natural moment. He may attend an artistic function, hoping that it will fill in certain ontological vacuities from not thinking about or otherwise ignoring the world. The similiveritudinists talk with others, but the conversational topics are limited mostly to art. My empirical state has revealed that similiveritudinists are found in greater frequency in New York than in San Francisco. Similiveritudinists may be socially maladjusted, apolitical, asexual, or otherwise fond of keeping their noggins | [
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lodged inconsolably in the sand. Understand that there is no set formula here aside from highly specialized chatter. They may create callow games like "Name That Author" and they may put up photos on their websites of otherwise pleasant individuals who appear more bored than a silo stacked with accountants on the eve of the apocalypse. They may spend all their time occupying movie theaters — and I have seen more than a few etiolated souls who live for the New York Film Festival's darkness over the past few weeks — but they cannot confess that they have enjoyed something, nor can they be authentic, stand apart, or otherwise inhabit the variegated identity within. They may indeed be employed primarily as critics, lacking the heart, the soul, the tenacity, or the talent to make a strike for the creative mother lode. The pursuit of art is, in the similiveritudinist's mind, always a serious business. The worst of the similiveritudinists will thumb their noses at genre, popular art, or anything sufficiently "lower." (This works, incidentally, both ways.) They believe that art, serving here as a surrogate plasma, must always be high, and that anything that falls beneath these cherished standards should be disregarded. They have perhaps inured themselves to the pleasures of a commonplace flagrance or the joys of a small child laughing as a sun sets over the playground. Joie de vivre? Try joie de livre! The similiveritudinist's vivre, scant as it may be, is likely to be the hell of other people.
If you're thinking that my wild ruminations here emerge in response to Horace Engdahl's remarks concerning the current state of American literature, well, your hunch is partially correct. Michael Orthofer, a gentleman and a scholar, has already exoriated Mr. Engdahl quite nicely (as well as Adam Kirsch's equally myopic remarks, which are perhaps a tad more pardonable because Mr. Kirsch is now out of a job and must now consort with the rabble, surviving hand-to-mouth like any other cultural freelance writer; which can't be easy, because I suspect that many of us live more frugally and enthusiastically, and certainly less similiveritudinously, than Mr. Kirsch). So my specific reaction to Mr. Engdahl's words isn't quite necessary. Mr. Orthofer has already gone to town here. But I suspect that Mr. Engdahl and I might share a few grave concerns over the similiveritudinists who have invaded American literature. The crux of his criticisms suggest very highly that he may be an asshole, but he is thankfully not a similiveritudinist.
To live for culture is not enough. Culture is no replacement for the real thing. It is a helpful prism with which to find and divine certain meanings, but it is only one great piece of the living puzzle. And Mr. Engdahl is quite right to suggest that certain literary clusters within the United States have become too isolated and too insular. Did Jonathan Franzen read any other emerging author aside from the tepid name he picked from his middlebrow hat when he was asked to name his 5 Under 35 choice? We'll never know, but his choice, which discounts the dozens of emerging voices who currently write for life and passion, is clearly that of a similiveritudinist. Likewise, David Remnick has been foolish enough to suggest that none of our celebrated writers are "ravaged by the horrors of Coca-Cola." This is clearly the remark of a tony avocet too terrified to leave his golden perch. A casual saunter through any three city blocks reveals this ruddy symbol of the beast, the hellish mire of advertising that threatens to subsume all human moments. Has Remnick's annual $1 million salary prevented him perhaps from, say, properly understanding what it is like to live under $30,000 a year? Or to work two jobs? Or to toil in the service sector?
If you do not know why you must tip a waiter in cash, but you can cite pitch-perfect passages from Milton, you are a similiveritudinist. If you do not know the price of a package of hamburger buns, but you're not keeping track of how much you are blowing at Amazon, you are a similiveritudinist. If you have not skipped a meal so | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.016934 | 0.226458 | -0.745863 | -0.756333 |
11.18 GOLF COURSE MANAGEMENT 67 Effect of species and cultivar on % turf cover Our results indicate that the three creep- ing bentgrass cultivars that we tested showed essentially no difference in establishment rate following a simulated winterkill event. Our effort to establish annual bluegrass using col - lected florets was relatively ineffective, with just over 50% of the plot area established at six weeks after emergence in 2007 and at 10 weeks after emergence in 2008. Effects of temperature Creeping bentgrass showed large differ - ences in percent turfgrass cover at two and four weeks after emergence between 2007 and 2008. At two weeks after emergence, the creeping bentgrass cultivars had a mean percent cover of 59% in 2007 and 11% in 2008. e difference in percent cover was likely caused by temperature differences fol - lowing seedling emergence. e mean high air temperature in the first two weeks after emergence was 73 F (23 C) in 2007 and 64 F (18 C) in 2008. e mean soil temperature at the 2-inch (51 mm) depth in the first two weeks after emergence was 61 F (16 C) in 2007 and 57 F (14 C) in 2008. Since the seed was broadcast and incorporated to a shallow depth of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm), air temperatures had a greater effect on establishment than soil temperatures. Our results indicate the date of seeding is less important than the temperatures follow - ing seedling emergence. In 2007, the creep- ing bentgrass seeding date was April 21, with emergence on May 10, an interval of 19 days. In 2008, the creeping bentgrass seeding date was May 2, with emergence on May 14, an interval of 12 days. Although the seeding date was earlier in 2007, days to emergence took longer than in 2008, and our results sug - gest that warmer temperatures in 2007 had a greater influence on speed to early establish - ment than an earlier seeding date. Effects of fertilizer program roughout the research, fertilizer treat - ments produced few differences. ere were differences in percent turfgrass cover on only two dates in 2007, four and five weeks after emergence (data not presented). On each date, the starter fertilizer program had the highest percent turfgrass cover. However, the numeri - cal difference in percent turfgrass cover be- tween the two programs was small. At four weeks after emergence, percent turfgrass cover was 48% for the urea fertilizer program and 50% for the starter program. At five weeks after emergence, percent turfgrass cover was 62% for the urea program and 68% for the starter fertilizer program. Cover effects Cover treatment had no significant ef - fects on percent turfgrass cover in 2007, but there were significant cover treatment effects in 2008 on three dates (Figure 1). From two through six weeks after emergence in 2008, the polyethylene cover treatment had higher percent turfgrass cover than the uncovered treatment. Although there were significant differences, the mean difference in percent cover between the polyethylene cover and no cover treatment was small: 5%. e polyeth - ylene cover treatment was used on 19 days in May 2007 and 27 days in May 2008. e dif - ference in night air temperatures between the two years resulted in small but significant dif - ferences between cover treatments from two through six weeks after emergence in 2008. Leaving covers in place during the day may have increased temperatures under the cover and possibly decreased the time for establish - ment, but leaving a clear polyethylene cover in place during the day may elevate temper - atures to the level that turf establishment is reduced either by disease or by smothering (13, 16). Further research on cover types and duration of cover is necessary to improve our understanding of how covers may be used to enhance establishment following winterkill. Acknowledgments e authors express thanks to the G | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.901311 | 0.280965 | 0.23234 | 0.474076 |
Tazeh Kand or Tazekhkend (Azerbaijani for "New (literally, "Young") Village") may refer to:
Ardabil Province
Tazeh Kand-e Mohammadiyeh, a village in Ardabil County
Tazeh Kand-e Rezaabad, a village in Ardabil County
Tazeh Kand-e Sharifabad, a village in Ardabil County
Tazehkand-e Chenaq, a village in Bileh Savar County
Tazeh Kand-e Aguti, a city in Germi County
Tazeh Kand-e Langan, a village in Germi County
Tazeh Kand-e Muran, a village in Germi County
Tazeh Kand-e Qarah Bolagh, a village in Germi County
Tazeh Kand-e Galvazan, a village in Khalkhal County
Tazeh Kand Gandomabad, a village in Khalkhal County
Tazeh Kand, Meshgin Shahr, a village in Meshgin Shahr County
Tazeh Kand-e Hajji Khan, a village in Meshgin Shahr County
Tazeh Kand-e Yuzbashi, a village in Meshgin Shahr County
Tazeh Kand, Namin, a village in Namin County
Tazeh Kand-e Jadid, a village in Parsabad County
Tazeh Kand-e Kian, a village in Parsabad County
Tazeh Kand-e Qadim, a city in Parsabad County
Tazeh Kand-e Sabalan, a village in Sareyn County
Tazeh Kand Rural District (Parsabad County)
East Azerbaijan Province
Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Davudlu, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Masqaran, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Nasirabad, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Niq, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Shahverdi, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Tahmasb, a village in Ahar County
Tazeh Kand-e Yaft, a village in Ahar County
Bonab County
Tazeh Kand-e Isa Khani, a village in Bonab County
Tazeh Kand-e Khusheh Mehr, a village in Bonab County
Tazeh Kand-e Zavaraq, a village in Bonab County
Bostanabad County
Tazeh Kand, Bostanabad, a village in Bostanabad County
Tazeh Kand, Abbas-e Gharbi, a village in Bostanabad County
Tazeh Kand, Ujan-e Sharqi, a village in Bostanabad County
Charuymaq County
Tazeh Kand-e Sowlati, a village in Charuymaq County
Hashtrud County
Tazeh Kand-e Qarajeh Qayah, a village in Hashtrud County
Heris County
Tazeh Kand, Heris, a village in Heris County
Tazeh Kand, alternate name of Guydaraq Kandi, a village in Heris County
Tazeh Kand-e Nahand, a village in Heris County
Tazeh Kand-e Olya, Heris, a village in Heris County
Tazeh Kand-e Sarand, a village in Heris County
Jolfa County
Tazeh Kand, Jolfa, a village in Jolfa County
Khoda Afarin County
Tazeh Kand-e Vinaq, a village in Khoda Afarin County
Malekan County
Tazeh Kand-e Hurilar, a village in Malekan County
Tazeh Kand-e Khan Kandi, a village in Malekan County
Tazeh Kand-e Sheykh ol Eslam, a village in Malekan County
Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand, Maragheh, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Aliabad, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Gol Chavan, a village in Maragheh County
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eh Kand-e Nasirpur, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Olya, Maragheh, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Qarah Naz, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Sofla, a village in Maragheh County
Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq, East Azerbaijan, a village in Maragheh County
Marand County
Tazeh Kand-e Akhvond, a village in Marand County
Meyaneh County
Tazeh Kand-e Divan Ali, a village in Meyaneh County
Tazeh Kand-e Poruch, a village in Meyaneh County
Sarab County
Tazeh Kand, Howmeh, a village in Sarab County
Tazeh Kand, Sain, a village in Sarab County
Shabestar County
Tazeh Kand, Chelleh Khaneh, a village in Shabestar County
Tazeh Kand, Rudqat, a village in Shabestar County
Tazeh Kand, Sis, a village in Shabestar County
Tabriz County
Tazeh Kand, Tabriz, a village in Tabriz County
Tazeh Kand Rural District (Tabriz County)
Varzaqan County
Tazeh Kand, Varzaqan, a village in Varzaqan County
Hamadan Province
Tazeh Kand, Bahar, a village in Bahar County
Tazeh Kand, alternate name of Deh Now, Bahar, a village in Bahar County
Tazeh Kand, Hamadan, a village in Hamadan County
Tazeh Kand, Razan, a village in Razan County
Roderick Syme
Kurdistan Province
Tazeh Kand-e Madan, a village in Kurdistan Province
West Azerbaijan Province
Chaldoran County
Tazeh Kand, Baba Jik, a village in Chaldoran County
Tazehkand, Chaldoran-e Shomali, a village in Chaldoran County
Khoy County
Tazeh Kand, Khoy, a village in Khoy County
Maku County
Tazeh Kand, Maku, a village in Maku County
Tazeh Kand-e Adaghan, a village in Maku County
Tazeh Kand-e Ilan Qarah, a village in Maku County
Tazeh Kand-e Towlim Khan, a village in Maku County
Miandoab County
Tazeh Kand, Miandoab, a village in Miandoab County
Tazeh Kand, Baruq, a village in Miandoab County
Tazeh Kand-e Hajj Hasan, a village in Miandoab County
Tazeh Kand-e Hasel-e Qubi, a village in Miandoab County
Tazeh Kand-e Lalaklu, a village in Miandoab County
Naqadeh County
Tazeh Kand-e Deym, a village in Naqadeh County
Tazeh Kand-e Jabal, a village in Naqadeh County
Poldasht County
Tazehkand, Poldasht, a village in Poldasht County
Tazehkand, Zangebar, a village in Poldasht County
Shahin Dezh County
Tazeh Kand, Shahin Dezh, a village in Shahin Dezh County
Showt County
Tazeh Kand, Showt, a village in Showt County
Takab County
Tazeh Kand-e Nosratabad, a village in Takab County
Urmia County
Tazeh Kand, Urmia, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand, Nazlu, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand, Sumay-ye Beradust, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand-e Afshar, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand-e Anhar, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh, a village in Urmia County
Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan, a village | [
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Home » The Invisible Competition: Mental Health Within Athletics
The Invisible Competition: Mental Health Within Athletics
By Olivia Lubarsky, Student-Athlete, Towson University
Imagine a common scenario, two athletes on the bench. One struggling with depression, and one recovering from surgery to repair a ruptured Achilles tendon. Which seems more severe? Glaring social stigma points to the athlete with the physical injury. But mental illnesses are just as detrimental to performance. After battling depression my freshman year, and rupturing my Achilles during my sophomore year, I can declare firsthand that both setbacks are equally valid.
Committing to Towson University's gymnastics team was a dream come true. Since the moment I started gymnastics, my heart was set on obtaining an exclusive roster spot on an NCAA Division 1 team. But what I envisioned to become the perfect experience was tumultuously challenged. Beyond the sparkly leotards are grueling workouts, intense academic course-loads and high expectations to uphold the prestige of a student-athlete.
Society admires collegiate athletes with an often overly glamorized perception characterized by misconceptions of a "free ride." We often neglect to acknowledge the prevalence of mental illness that accompanies this demanding lifestyle. According to researchers at Drexel University and Kean University, nearly 25% of collegiate athletes reported "clinically relevant" levels of depressive symptoms.
The nature of the NCAA conditions student-athletes to withhold displays of weakness, while facing stressors that accompany performing at a high level academically, athletically, and socially.
Mental illness is a hidden epidemic; that simple phrase speaks volumes.
Personally, as I hid it from the world, I relentlessly tried to hide it from myself. While finding wellness, I learned to use athletics as my outlet before suffering a season-ending injury. I instantly noted a disconnect between support and treatment I received for mental illness versus physical injury. Twelve hours after surgery, I phoned the administration to begin concrete planning for a mental health initiative I was determined to enact. I founded Own Your Roar, a program devoted to eradicating the disparity between how mental illness and physical injury are perceived.
Since there may be no tangible proof of setback to accompany a mental illness, it is often overlooked, dismissed, and hidden. This requires a demand for mental health resources for student-athletes.
A typical day begins in the training room to prepare for 7:00-11:00am practice, followed by preventative physical therapy back in the training room before classes. Every day, student-athletes take care of their bodies to excel, and I believe that every day student-athletes should take care of their mental health to the same extent.
Athletes have access to top athletic trainers, and other physical modes of healing, but lack support for the illnesses and struggles we face internally.
At Towson, and across the NCAA, many student-athletes do not have mental health professionals within the department. While budget restrictions pose a barrier, the NCAA may find it simpler to quantify productivity of a physical therapist through the number of ankles taped, than to quantify productivity of a mental health professional. Counselors on and off campus are often not familiar with the unique demands that sport presents, leading student-athletes to feel unheard and misunderstood. Creating an environment in which student-athletes are comfortable to express themselves will serve to increase their competitive advantage on and off the field. Building solidarity to get rid of obstacles that athletes from various communities face is of paramount importance.
Own Your Roar brings light to mental health; if campaigns like this were encouraged by the NCAA, I foresee a significantly positive impact on student-athletes. Leading Towson Athletics in the movement to end the stigma is unifying our community and setting an example across the NCAA about the validity of mental illness and necessity for support and resources.
Born and raised in Santa Monica, California, Olivia Lubarsky is a junior on the Division 1 gymnastics team at Towson University. She is pursuing a major in Business Administration with a Legal Studies concentration, and a minor in Psychology. Olivia serves as a member of this year's Collegiate Mental Health | [
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August/September 2008 (Volume 17, Number 8)
Team Overcomes Politics to Broadcast Eclipse
On August 1, a total solar eclipse traversed Greenland, the Arctic Ocean, Russia, Mongolia, and China. Totality only lasted for about two minutes, but preparations took more than a year for an Exploratorium team that traveled to the edge of the Gobi Desert to webcast the event. In order to broadcast out of a remote location in China, they had to get past a number of difficulties. "There's technical challenges and also political challenges that we've had to work through," said APS member Rob Semper, Executive Associate Director of the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco.
The location they picked, in the town of Yiwu, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China, had the lowest average cloud cover along the eclipse path, and thus offered the best chance of seeing the eclipse. "We've put a lot of energy into making the arrangements, but it's a sensitive time, of course," said Semper. The Chinese government always requires permission for any live broadcast, but has been especially careful around the time of the Olympics.
"We've been working on the issue of securing permission because there haven't been any live video broadcasts out of this part of China. In fact, there are rarely broadcasts out of China, even for a closed circuit project like this one," said Semper before the trip.
Semper made several visits to the site in advance, making connections at the local, provincial, and national levels. Everything seemed to be on track, but as the date approached, the Chinese government began applying extra scrutiny, and additional negotiations were necessary. "This heightened concern has made things more difficult for us," said Semper.
The Chinese government wasn't objecting to the eclipse project per se, said Semper. In fact, it was planned as a collaborative project with the Chinese science television channel, which intended to use the Exploratorium's imagery for educational purposes within the country. "So there's a lot of excitement about our project, actually," said Semper.
As a backup, the Exploratorium planned to send a secondary crew to broadcast the eclipse from Mongolia. The site, in the mountains of southwestern Mongolia, about 400 miles from the Chinese location, was even more difficult to travel to, and, with slightly greater cloud cover, offered a somewhat reduced probability of seeing the eclipse.
In addition to the political difficulties, traveling to the site itself with a film crew of twelve people and tons of special equipment was a challenge. "We do a large, broadcast quality television production, which is three cameras and really high quality telescopes connected to high quality video outputs," said Semper. "Another challenge is this is a place without much in terms of support facilities or accommodations," he said. To get there, the crew flew to Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang region, then traveled by bus for more than 10 hours, with a police escort, to get to the remote village of Yiwu. The village set up a tent camp for the tens of thousands of people who descended on the area for the eclipse, coming from all over China and the world.
The Exploratorium's mission was not cheap: though some of the equipment was donated, Semper estimates the total cost of the expedition and broadcast was on the order of $100,000.
Fortunately, the permission for the Chinese site did come through in time, and the broadcast went smoothly. A passing cloud briefly threatened to block views of the eclipse a few minutes before totality, but it passed in time, and the telescopes caught beautiful images. Semper, along with Exploratorium scientist Paul Doherty and NASA physicist Erik Christian, showed imagery of the sun and described the features visible during the eclipse.
The eclipse is certainly dramatic, but why would the Exploratorium team go through all of that trouble to get to a remote location for an event that lasts only a couple minutes? Because the broadcast attracts millions of viewers, and it's a great chance to talk about science, says Semper. "People are just always intrigued by this event, and most people don't get the chance to travel to see it," he says.
The Exploratorium has broadcast the past five eclipses, and they have all been very popular. Hundreds of thousands of people watch the broadcast live on the web, and millions more | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.063125 | 0.273178 | 1.744027 | 1.270948 |
Nurture children who lack physical, emotional, social, or spiritual necessities. Introduce them to the love of Jesus.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Intern with the organization We Help Children, focusing on prayer and service in an orphanage setting. Be a part of the healing journey for the children living there.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Work with the Life Enrichment Church (LEC) — a Thai-Issan house church network in northeast Thailand — in giving leadership to developing the church's ministry to the children, youth, and families of their districts. Engage with other possible avenues of ministry, such as working for child abuse prevention and rescue or broader involvement with the LEC. Position is suitable for an individual, couple, or family interested in serving multiple terms. An initial three- to four-year minimum commitment is required for focused language and culture study.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Work with the EMM team and a local Chilean couple to develop a Christian retreat center/camp on a beautiful island property near Puerto Montt. This position is ideal for those with skills in design and creativity, construction, and/or gardening and upkeep. Intermediate proficiency in Spanish is necessary.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Join a small group of Moldavian believers who are living and ministering in the village of Paicu and the surrounding villages. Work may include — but is not limited to — caring for the elderly, working with children at risk, farming and gardening, and discipling new believers.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Work alongside the Evangelical Church of Tuzla in its various ministries, possibly including outreach to a minority ethnic group.
Church planting team member | Queens, N.Y., U.S.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Move into the bustling NYC neighborhood of Flushing, Queens, and join a church-planting team in partnership with Immanuel Community Church. While a multitude of people groups live in this neighborhood, the majority of the team's interactions will be with Chinese and Spanish speaking people. Build redemptive relationships in the community; explore the possibility of securing a local job and/or raising support.
Community worker | Queens, N.Y., U.S.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Assist and/or direct community summer programs at Immanuel Community Church (ICC) and Murray Hill Neighborhood Association (MHNA) in New York City, including VBS, daily enrichment, tutoring programs for children, and a sports program. Disciple youth and expand/develop a computer lab and ESL programs. Assist with a food pantry, clothing ministry, and prayer station outreaches.Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Join a Deaf Mennonite church in ministering to Deaf children and young adults, who are often marginalized. Interpret for Deaf youth in high school. Explore employment possibilities for Deaf youth. Proficiency in American Sign Language required.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Teach at PROMESA, a bilingual Christian school in Cusco. ESL training or experience preferred. The school year runs from March 1 through mid-December. Some proficiency in Spanish is necessary.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Teach in isolated rural or island schools near Puerto Montt. The school year runs from March through December. Intermediate Spanish ability is required. Also possible to teach English to professionals to build relationships and for simple church networking.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Mentor children and youth while teaching basic English skills. ESL training or experience preferred.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. Assist at Siloé, a ministry center on Tenglo Island that offers a place for camping, retreats, and summer workshops for children. Camp development experience helpful.
Every EMM worker's primary focus is to make disciples of Jesus. | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.162419 | -0.117455 | -0.044713 | 0.967378 |
World University Games crucial in Sports Medicine pathway to Olympics
As outlined in the paper "Preparing for an NZOC Health Team Role: What is involved?" by Bruce Hamilton, Jordan Salesa and Fiona Mather, both High Performance Sport NZ (HPSNZ) and the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) have recognised that articulating a pathway for sports medicine providers into the arena of sports medicine for elite athletes is essential to ensure the ongoing availability of high quality, experienced practitioners at pinnacle events.
Selector Bruce Hamilton, Director of Performance Health at HPSNZ believes "New Zealand needs to have pathways for sports medicine providers into the arena of sports medicine care for elite athletes. This is essential to ensure the ongoing availability of high-quality, experienced practitioners for world multisport events like the Olympics. The World University Games is a crucial event for developing capable and enthusiastic health professionals and sustaining the standards of care for elite NZ athletes in the future."
The paper by Hamilton, Salesa and Mather goes on to explain that the "clinical care of the elite athletes during international camps and competitions is a relatively unique feature of sports medicine support. Events impose quite distinct demands on practitioners, with unfamiliar environments, conflicts of interest, scope of practice extensions, long working days and clinical isolation all creating challenges that must be adapted too in order to be successful. Like all clinical skills, team travel is a capability that must be learnt".
With regards to recruitment and consideration of applications for pinnacle events such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, some of the attributes of individual health team members at a pinnacle multi-sport events being sought include:
Event experience - experience and proven capability at an international competition level, and preferably a multisport event.
Proven ability to work in a complex team environment – an established record of effective inter-disciplinary team involvement in the management of elite athletes.
Advanced communication skills - effective communication of timely, relevant and accurate information to inform multi-disciplinary decision making under pressure of time and conflicting imperatives.
Skills under pressure - the ability to remain positive and effective despite the challenging multi-sport environment.
The World University Games has long been used as a springboard to a successful international sporting career by many student-athletes and is often the first major multi-sport event not only for athletes, but also sports administrators (including coaches, managers, medical and operations staff), providing an invaluable performance learning tool and environment.
26-year-old AUT graduate, Ben Park was one of the three physiotherapists who took up this professional development opportunity, recently travelling with the New Zealand Team to the Napoli 2019 World University Games. A former NZ cycling representative, Ben gave up his cycling career to focus on his studies and is currently the men's Black Sticks' physiotherapist commencing this role at the end of 2018. As part of the 2019 World University Games Performance Support Team, Ben hopes his experience will help him qualify for a medical role at the 2020 Olympic Games.
Interview with Ben Park – Team Physiotherapist WUG 2019
Why did you apply for the position of Team NZ physio at the World University Games?
As a cyclist my goal was to go to the Olympics. That goal never came true so I shifted it to attend the Olympic Games in a different capacity. My goal became to be the best sport physiotherapist that I could be. I've been involved in many sports from hockey to netball, to rugby, to volleyball, to cycling; with the direction of hoping to get myself to the Olympics. I've never been to an event like this [WUG] before, that is a multisport event where there are athletes representing across all types of different sports and codes. That's why a position in the World University Games team felt like a really good opportunity to apply for in an attempt to an expose myself to a multi-sport Games and Olympic style event – this before applying to go to the big event next year in Tokyo.
Do you think being at the World University Games is necessary for going to the Olympic Games, or could you have gone directly to the Olympic Games?
I think that this is an ideal stepping stone. The Olympic Games is a complex beast. There's a lot going on and you're dealing with athletes at the height of stress for the biggest show that everyone talks about. The | [
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How do I know if I'm paying too much for conveyancing fees?
When we are buying or selling our home, one of our most pressing concerns is knowing whether we are paying the right amount for the legal and other fees associated with the house move. So how do we know if we are getting value for money?
The most important advice I can give you on this is to go with a personal recommendation from someone you trust. There is nothing better than word of mouth referrals (I should know, I have built my business on them!) I would also make sure you know that the solicitor will handle your sale personally. A cheap mass-volume conveyancer simply won't have the time to get to know your individual case, is more prone to errors and will likely take longer to do the same work. Always remember that you will have to live with the consequences of any mistakes, not them, so it is worth paying that bit extra to make sure the job is done right first time.
If you don't have a personal recommendation, then my guide to understanding conveyancing fees should help you to choose wisely.
What exactly are conveyancing fees?
Conveyancing fees are the total bill you will pay for a solicitor or conveyancer to handle the purchase or sale of a house. They are made up of two elements, the legal fees set by your solicitor, plus any extras charged by third parties for necessary services, known as disbursements.
How much should expect to pay?
How long is a piece of string? Conveyancing fees depend on many factors, and how many 'extras' you might need. For example, if you're buying a house in a flood risk area or in a former mining area, then extra searches will need to be done to asses the risk to your property. I advise that you agree a preset figure for the legal work carried out by your solicitor or conveyancer, which can range from around £500 to over £1000. The disbursements will be on top of this.
On top of the legal costs, what are the main disbursements I can expect to pay?
It depends on whether you're buying or selling a home, but extra costs can vary from a few pounds for things like bankruptcy searches, anti-money laundering checks and copies of the title deeds, to a few hundred pounds for local authority checks and the transferring of ownership. Then of course there is the Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) which is due on properties worth more than £125,000 and is calculated as a percentage on a sliding scale, up to 12%. Of course, if you are buying a second home or as part of your portfolio, there is an additional 3% SDLT levy.
Are the fees different for leasehold properties?
Yes, because the legal work involved is more complicated. The length of the lease may need to be addressed and also issues such as legal agreements between the landlord or management company and the buyer, about who is responsible for things like maintenance of the building and communal or outside areas.
Not quite. These days, your solicitor would expect to see safety certificates for certain works that have been carried out on a property, for example electrical or plumbing work, loft conversions and double glazing. If the certificates can't be produced, then an insurance policy will potentially have to be taken out.
Do I have to pay the fees even if the sale falls through?
It depends on what you have agreed with your solicitor. Some offer 'No Sale, No Fee', but you need to make sure you know what you are expected to pay, if anything, should the sale falter. If the solicitor has incurred any third party costs then you are likely to have to cover them, but they do sometimes reduce the legal part of the bill if a sale is reagreed down the line.
How do I choose the right conveyancing solicitor if one hasn't been recommended to me?
Shop around and compare fees and what's included in those fees. Conveyancing is a complicated business, so look for someone with experience. Be mindful that there are now internet conveyancing services, that can seem cheap, but personally I wouldn't touch them with a barge pole. Buying and selling houses is a legal minefield and every case is different, so the 'one size fits all' approach of the online community can lead to serious problems down the line. You need an expert who understands the process inside out and who will handle your case individually.
Hopefully, these guidelines | [
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Food was delicious and our server was amazing!
Very expensive for ordinary entree of Chicken Marsala. Did not like bread or salad. Needs to up game.
I loved how I felt welcomed from the moment me and and my boyfriend walked in. Excellent service, our drinks and food were amazing. The environment was very calm and perfect for a date night. I will definitely be returning again.
My husband and I went to the restaurant for the first time on Valentine's Day. The only reason I have a 3 star in the value is because the flavor of the food and presentation was great, but the portions were way too small for the price. I had the surf and turf. My plate came with 2 small scallops, 2 small shrimp and with a less than a 4oz filet minion. The value was not there. I'm not sure if I will go back. I don't mind paying a high price but the portions should be bigger than was served. After the experience, I question if even more expensive dishes such as the four course dinner offered on that day were the same on the portions. I'm not sure if it was because the restaurant was very busy, it affected the portions too.
It is a wonderful place for a night out with that special someone. The food was incredibly delicious, the servers were courteous, and there were many happy people dining at Scuzzi's.
To note, it is very casual which is excellent for families but may not be the exact amount of formality some may expect at a seemingly traditional Italian restaurant.
Fixed menu for Valentine's Day—not a big selection of choices—low quality chicken & fish selections—lack of flavor masked by too much salt—nice waiter but he was unsophisticated & lacked culinary knowledge—thinking they hired fill in waitstaff on the fly to handle the V-day crowd—bad lighting & noisy atmosphere for an intimate dinner.
This was our fifth or sixth time in Scuzzi's and it has been extremely enjoyable each time. I can honestly say you get what you pay for. The food was excellent as well as the service. If you like or should I say love Italian, Scuzzi's is the place to go.
The meal was outstanding as was the service. Good table conservation was attained without undue disturbance.
There was a very strong air freshener smell that was emitted periodically while dining. The air freshener belonged in the bathroom not the main dining area. It was very unappetizing. Upon visiting the bathroom it was apparent the restaurant has some sewer issues which was perhaps the reason for the air fresher in the dining area. Would not dine there again by choice.
Experienced and excellent New Year's eve dinner with family.
This was for New Year's Eve dinner with friends. We were placed in a rectangular shaped table(s) in the back corner of the second room. Not great! I prefer 4 so you can visit easily. And the noise level Monday night was such that I would have had to YELL to diagonally across table friend to talk! So I talked very little, really. The food and service were great as usual. My husband and I come to Scuzzi's for special occasions for dinner. I've been coming here for 7 years now for lunch with organizations and friend groups. So it has been one of our faves for many years now. Thank you for the continued consistently great food. YUM! I am a walking advertisement for your shop. Keep up the good work, please. Not that many "nice" restaurants that have great food and service.
I have eaten the sea bass before and will again.
The creme brûlée was runny. I will not order again or recommend it to others.
Fabulous dinner on New Years Eve. Service was fantastic and food was properly portioned. It was not an overwhelming amount of food that would necessitate to go boxes. It was just perfect and worth every penny.
We have been driving by for years and finally decided to stop in. The service is very attentive and our meal flowed smoothly from drinks and apps all the way through to dessert. The food was excellent. Our table ordered a variety from the linguine with clam sauce to the ribeye. All well prepared and very flavorful. The restaurant itself is a comfortable little spot. Not overly fancy but still inviting.
To be honest, I was very | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.010942 | -1.901909 | -1.469429 | -1.177853 |
AfricaAsiaCentral AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaOceanianSouth America
Mount Baker Ski Area, Washington
Mount Rainier, Washington
Niseko, Japan
Glacier National Park, Canada
Alta, Utah
Alyeska, Alaska
Kirkwood Mountain, California
Nagano, Japan
Chamonix, France
Mount Washington, New Hampshire
Heavy snowfall always evokes mixed feelings among different groups of people. For snow lovers and winter sports enthusiasts, it means more fun and excitement. On the other hand, drivers and commuters might feel the exact opposite as it means some gruelling traffic, treacherous driving conditions, and slippery sidewalks.
Whichever way you feel about snow, you can't take away the fact that it plays a vital role in balancing the ecosystem. This is because the snow, which you may, or may not like in winter, will melt in spring and summer, thus replenishing fresh water in rivers and springs.
Anyway, have you ever wondered how your town or city would fare when ranked alongside the snowiest places on earth? Well, there is no need to. This is because the chances of it appearing in the top ten are pretty low as there are several places out there that record hundreds of inches of snowfall every year.
In this list, we are going to explore the ten snowiest places on the planet. Almost all the places that made it to the top 10 list are located at a high altitude or close to a large water body and have at least several hundred inches of annual snowfall. As you continue pondering about this fact, let's take a deep dive and explore some of the snowiest places in the world.
Mount Baker Ski Area, located in Washington state, about 16 kilometres south of the Canadian border, is officially the snowiest place on earth. It currently holds the world record for the most snowfall in a single season. It achieved this milestone in the 1998-99 season when about 1141 inches (95 meters) of snow fell in the area. On average, Mt. Baker Ski Area records an annual snowfall of 641 inches (16.3 meters).
Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano located in Washington state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, ranks as the second snowiest place on earth. The mountain has a peak elevation of 14,411 feet (4,392 meters), making it the tallest mountain in Washington.
The snowiest place on Mount Rainier is Paradise Range Station, which records an annual snowfall of 669 inches (17 meters).
Niseko is a ski town located in Hokkaido, the northernmost island in Japan. The town covers an area of 197.13 square kilometres and is home to about 5,000 people.
The skiing scenery in Niseko consists of six resorts which usually are open from November to May. Niseko is the third snowiest place on earth, recording an annual snow accumulation of 590 inches (15 meters). For a brief period in 2007, the city moved a rank higher and was the world's second snowiest location with an annual snowfall of 595 inches (15.1 meters).
Glacier National Park is located in the Columbia Mountains in the Canadian Province of British Columbia. The park was established in 1886 and is bisected by the Canadian Pacific Rainfall and the Trans-Canada Highway. Glacier National Park is famous for its high peaks, active glaciers, and the Rogers Pass National Historic Site located within the park.
The snowiest place in Glacier National Park is Mount Fidelity, at the height of 2,531 feet (8,304 meters). Mount Fidelity records an annual snowfall accumulation of 590 inches (15 meters) despite its location deep in the interior and far from the ocean. The heavy snowfall in the region is linked to the large lakes in the area that rarely freezes in winter.
Despite a third of its landmass being a true desert, Utah still ranks as one of the most precipitous states in the U.S., thanks to the heavy snowfall that pelts the state annually. The state has several ski resorts, the most famous being Alta Ski Area, located in Little Cottonwood Canyon in Wasatch Mountains.
The resort's proximity to the Great Salt Lake means it is prone to the lake snow effect, which explains the heavy snowfall in the region | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.431408 | -0.493813 | 2.145709 | 0.413362 |
{{Ficha de arma
|imagen=
|pie= Una Tokarev TT-33.
|nombre=TT-33
|marca=Tókarev
|nación=
|época=Segunda Guerra Mundial
|fecha=1930 - 1950
|prod_fecha=1930–1952<ref>Monetchikov, S. TT: Small Russian miracle. Página web de la revista "Bratishka". Diciembre de 2007.</ref>
|serv_fecha=1930–al presente
|operadores=
|guerra= Guerra Civil Española Segunda Guerra Mundial Guerra de Corea Guerra de Vietnam Guerra Civil Siria Guerra civil en el este de UcraniaDiversos conflictos locales en Asia y África
|spec_tipo=Pistola semiautomática
|calibre= 7,62 mm 9 mm
|cañón= 116 mm
|munición= 7,62 x 25 Tokarev 9 x 19 Parabellum
|cargador= Monohilera de 8 cartuchos, extraíble
|sistema= Recarga accionada por retroceso
|cadencia=
|velocidad= 420 m/s
|peso= 840 g
|longitud= 196 mm
|variantes= Tipo 51/54 (China) TTC o Tokarev Cugir (Rumania) M57 (Yugoslavia) Tipo 68 (Corea del Norte) Tokagypt (fabricada en Hungría para Egipto, en calibre 9 x 19 mm)
|número= 1.700.000
|alcance=
}}
La TT-30, posteriormente TT-33, aunque su designación militar es 7,62 mm Samozarjadnyj Pistolet Tókareva 1933 goda (Pistola Semiautomática Tókarev año 1933), es una pistola semiautomática desarrollada por Fiódor Tókarev como pistola de servicio para el Ejército Soviético y para reemplazar al revólver Nagant M1895, en uso desde la época del Imperio ruso.
Historia
En 1930, el Consejo Militar Revolucionario aprobó una resolución para probar nuevas armas auxiliares que reemplazarían a los anticuados revólveres Nagant M1895. Durante las pruebas, se hizo notar el potencial de la pistola diseñada por Fedor Tokarev. Unas semanas más tarde, fueron ordenadas 1000 pistolas TT-30 para pruebas de campo y la pistola entró en servicio con el Ejército Rojo.
Pero mientras la TT-30 entraba en producción, se hicieron algunos cambios al diseño para simplificar su producción. Se hicieron modificaciones menores en el cañón, seguro, gatillo y armazón de la pistola, siendo las más importantes la omisión del lomo removible del mango y unos cambios a los rieles de acerrojado del cañón. Esta pistola rediseñada era la TT-33. La TT-33 fue ampliamente utilizada por las tropas soviéticas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, aunque no llegó a reemplazar completamente al revólver Nagant
Diseño
Externamente, la TT-33 es muy similar a la pistola FN Modelo 1903 diseñada por John Browning, pero también emplea el sistema de retroceso corto y un sistema de martillo y gatillo muy similar, con un martillo externo, de la Colt 1911 A1. Este sistema puede retirarse del arma como una unidad modular e incluye guías para cartuchos que le otorgan un funcionamiento confiable. Los ingenieros soviéticos también le añadieron varias otras características, como rieles de acerrojado alrededor de toda la circunferencia del cañón (no solamente en | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.580613 | 0.073319 | 0.537188 | -0.574507 |
su parte superior) y otras tantas que facilitaran la producción y mantenimiento de la pistola. Incluso se llegó a incorporar al armazón los labios de alimentación que habitualmente van en el cargador, para así evitar daños y bloqueos en caso de introducirse un cargador deformado en la pistola.
La TT-33 está calibrada para el cartucho 7,62 x 25 Tokarev, que a su vez está basado en el cartucho similar 7,63 x 25 Mauser, empleado en la pistola Mauser C-96. Capaz de soportar abuso repetido, una gran cantidad de pistolas Tokarev fueron producidas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y hasta bien entrados los años 50.
Empleo en otros países
El Ejército alemán capturó una buena cantidad de pistolas Tokarev durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y las suministró a sus unidades bajo la denominación de Pistole 615(r). Esto fue posible debido al hecho de que los cartuchos soviéticos 7,62 x 25 Modelo 1930 Tipo P eran prácticamente idénticos a los cartuchos alemanes 7,63 x 25 Mauser, por lo que podían ser utilizados en las pistolas capturadas.
La producción de la TT-33 en la URSS cesó en 1954, pero se fabricaron copias (bajo licencia o sin ella) en China (como Tipo 51, Tipo 54, M20 y TU-90) y Polonia. Hungría recalibró la pistola para poder emplear el cartucho 9 x 19 Parabellum (como M48) y produjo una versión de exportación para Egipto (Tokagypt 58) que fue ampliamente utilizada por las fuerzas policiales. Yugoslavia produjo la TT-33 (como M57, M65 y M70A), así como Corea del Norte (como Tipo 68 o M68''). Rumania también produjo una copia de la Tokarev (la TTC o Tokarev Cugir) hasta bien entrados los años 50. Estas han sido importadas en gran número a los Estados Unidos en años recientes. Pero para poder ser importables, se les agregó un seguro que bloquea el gatillo.
La mayoría de países del Bloque del Este produjeron en algún momento dado variantes de la TT-33, hasta que fue reemplazada y retirada del servicio de las tropas de primera línea por la pistola Makarov PM con cargador de 8 cartuchos 9 x 18 Makarov en 1952.
Norinco, la fábrica estatal de armas para el Ejército de Liberación Popular de China, aún produce una variante comercial de la Tokarev calibrada para el cartucho más corriente 9 x 19 Parabellum, conocida como la Tokarev Modelo 213, así como la original en 7,62 x 25 Tokarev. Esta tiene un seguro, el cual falta en las TT-33 de producción soviética. Además, el Modelo 213 tiene estrías de agarre delgadas en la corredera, a diferencia de las estrías de agarre gruesas de los modelos rusos. El modelo calibre 9 mm tiene un bloque montado en la parte posterior del brocal del cargador para aceptar cargadores sin modificar. El modelo actualmente producido por Norinco no está disponible en los Estados Unidos debido a la prohibición sobre la importación de armas chinas, aunque viejas pistolas Modelo 213 importadas durante los años 60 y 70 son comunes.
La TT-33 hoy
La Tokarev está ganando popularidad entre los coleccionistas y tiradores occidentales a causa de su resistencia, fiabilidad y disponibilidad de munición barata (en los Estados Unidos). Pero entre sus problemas comunes están las cachas de baja calidad (muchas veces reemplazadas | [
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February 4, 2020 Adeline Agut
The Stanford Club of France held his annual General Assembly on January 30th at the Hôtel de l'Industrie.
You can find a summary of the General Assembly - including 2019 accomplishments, 2020 objectives, board election and votes - here.
The General Assembly was followed by a champaigne cocktail with Galette des Rois attended by SCF members and Stanford in Paris students.
All California Alumni Happy Hour
October 2, 2019 Erik Uzureau
Our monthly after-work / happy-hour on October 1st at the Hotel Melia Place Vendome.
Stanford International Weekend
June 21, 2019 Erik Uzureau
'Youthquake: how millennials are transforming society, politics, business and education'
Alumni and friends from all over the world came together in Paris from Friday, June 21st to Sunday, June 23rd for a weekend of inspiring talks, networking events and exciting time together.
For more pictures from this beautiful weekend of events, see Stanford International Weekend on Google Photos.
About the theme:
The past couple of years have been years of transformational change in Society, in Politics, in Business & in Education across the globe and particularly in Europe. In politics, millennials bring new perspectives, concerns and broadly propagate information that contributes to redefine democracy and its institutions. In business, corporations are looking to engage millennials both as consumers and as a workforce. In entrepreneurship, millennials are founding unicorns with a disruptive mentality and are showing their emerging economic influence. In the social domain, millennials are deepening their focus on social, environmental and equality issues.
We believe this transformation will have profound consequences in the way we live and apprehend the world in the years to come. The Stanford Club of France is looking at helping us better understand this phenomenon, its consequences and its future during our Stanford International Weekend.
For more info on Speakers, Program, and Sponsors, you can see the original Stanford International Weekend 2019 page from our site.
Opportunities and Challenges in Building a Machine Learning-Centric Company
May 29, 2019 Erik Uzureau
On May 23 the Stanford Club of France was invited by Criteo for an evening of talks about Machine learning, followed by a tour of the Criteo AI Lab and a cocktail on the Criteo panoramic rooftop terrace.
About Criteo:
In 2005, Criteo has developed into a $2.5B global business by competing against companies such as Google, Facebook, or Amazon. The "secret sauce" of Criteo is its Engine, an application of various machine learning techniques that have been carefully optimized over time. Last year, they opened their AI Lab, which currently comprises over 80 world-class researchers and engineers.
In this presentation, we discussed what has prompted the need for this considerable investment in machine learning, as well as some of Criteos success stories and pitfalls. We argue that the state of the art of machine learning, as reflected in our experience, may have profound implications on the dynamics of whole industries. The investments required risk dividing players into "haves" and "have-nots", something that may disrupt whole industries in the coming years and decades.
Intro and overview of machine learning at Criteo (Dan Teodosiu)
The difference between theory and practice: a brief history of the Engine (Romain Lerallut)
State of the art in machine learning and what's next (Flavian Vasile)
Q&A (all)
Dan Teodosiu - Chief Technology Officer
Dan has extensive leadership experience in both startups and large companies, as well as an entrepreneur in Silicon Valley, Seattle, and Europe. He's passionate about using technology to solve challenging business problems, building world-class engineering and research teams, and creating a strong, empowerment-based engineering culture. Dan joined Criteo in 2013 and leads all engineering, research and production. He has successfully scaled Criteo's world class R&D team to over 600 engineers, enabling the company's successful IPO in 2013 and setting | [
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the stage for long-term growth. Prior to Criteo, he worked at Google, Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard, and co-founded two companies in the Bay Area, one of which was acquired by Microsoft. Dan holds an MS ('96) and PhD ('00) in Computer Science from Stanford University, and is an inventor on over 50 patents.
Romain Lerallut - Engineering Director
Romain Lerallut leads the Engineering branch of the Criteo AI Lab that is developing the Machine Learning platform supporting all Research and Product uses of AI at Criteo. Before the launch of the Lab in 2018, he spent 6 years as a manager in the Engine department, in charge of building large-scale machine learning algorithms to solve actual problems such as product recommendation or graphical layout optimization. Before joining Criteo, he was teaching computers how to read cursive handwriting at A2iA, a world-leading company in this field. Romain holds an engineering degree from Ecole des Ponts-Paristech and a PhD in Computer Science from Ecoles des Mines-Paristech.
Flavian Vasile - Research Lead
Flavian Vasile is a Research Lead in the Criteo AI Lab, where he works on the development of Deep Learning-based Recommendation Systems. Before joining Criteo, he worked as a Senior Researcher in the Twitter Advertising Science team; before that, in the Yahoo! Research Lab where he mostly focused on Content Understanding problems. His current research interests include Deep Sequential Models for Recommendation and understanding Recommendation as a decision-making system with reward uncertainty. Among his recent research publications, the work on Causal Embeddings for Recommendation received the best paper award at RecSys 2018 and he is the co-organizer of the Workshop on Offline Evaluation for Recommender Systems. Flavian holds an MSc degree in Machine Learning from Iowa State University.
Stanford Faculty Series: Five Recent Surprising Discoveries about Longevity
March 15, 2019 Erik Uzureau
There is no shortage of headlines about how to live healthier and longer, and myriad products and programs promise to give one extra years of life. Professor Rehkopf discussed what laboratory and epidemiological studies over the past decade have taught us about what is most likely to be true and what isn't, focusing on what he consider to be the five most surprising and important recent discoveries.
For more details, see 19_Rehkopf_StanfordFrance_longevity
Professor David Rehkopf
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE (PRIMARY CARE AND POPULATION HEALTH) AND, BY COURTESY, OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND POLICY (EPIDEMIOLOGY)
Professor Rehkopf's work focuses on the way in which social and economic factors impact health and mortality across the lifespan, with particular attention to the impact of work and earnings on cardiovascular biomarkers and obesity. He completed his dissertation at the Harvard School of Public Health in March of 2006 in the Department of Society, Human Development and Health. His dissertation, entitled "The non-linear impacts of income on mortality, biomarkers and growth," documents the ways in which higher income has different returns to health and human development depending on a household's position in the income distribution.
February 3, 2019 Erik Uzureau
On Tuesday, January 29th, we had our annual meeting (the "Assemblée Générale") at the Hotel de l'Industrie.
We had a great turnout with over sixty attendees, including many Stanford in Paris students, staff, and professor in residence David Rehkopf.
The actions and financial results of the club for 2018 were unanimously approved by the members present. The Stanford International Weekend event was discussed and fully approved. Part of the Board of Directors was renewed.
For more details, see the event agenda or have a look at the Major Events of 2018 at Stanford.
An evening with acclaimed opera singer Arturo Chacón
January 19, 2019 Adeline Agut
Arturo Chacón has established himself in recent years as a leading tenor with | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.704472 | 0.197907 | 0.739822 | 0.84848 |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:org542a23b}
Let \(h\) be a function on a Riemannian manifold \((M,g)\) with
\(\hess h = Ug\). We will prove a monotonicity
theorem for minimal surfaces (\(k\)-dimensional orientable submanifolds with vanishing mean
curvature) in \(M\) where the area functional is weighted
by \(U\). The theorem also holds for exterior extension of a minimal surface by the
gradient flow of \(h\) in the same fashion as the extended monotonicity theorem of
Ekholm, White and Wienholtz \cite{Ekholm.etal02_EmbeddednessMinimalSurfaces}.
The existence of such function \(h\) was proved by Cheeger and Colding
\cite{Cheeger.Colding96_LowerBoundsRicci} to be equivalent to the metric locally being a warped product.
The manifold \(M\) can therefore be specialised to be the hyperbolic space \(\mathbb{H}^n\) or the round sphere \(\mathbb{S}^n\), on which the
Minkowskian coordinates \(\xi_\alpha\) and the Euclidean coordinates \(x_i\) satisfy \(\hess \xi_\alpha
= \xi_\alpha g_{\mathbb{H}^n}\) and \(\hess x_i = -x_i g_{\mathbb{S}^n}\) respectively.
On \(\mathbb{R}^n\), there are only 2 ways to write the
Euclidean metric locally as a warped product, either by the coordinate functions \(x_i\), in which
case the weighted monotonicity theorem trivialises, or by the distance function \(\rho
= \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2\) whose
corresponding monotonicity theorem is the classical one.
In hyperbolic space, an unweighted monotonicity theorem was proved by Anderson in
\cite{Anderson82_CompleteMinimalVarieties}. We will show by a Comparison Lemma (Lemma \ref{lem:comparison}) that the
monotonicity theorem corresponding to the time coordinate implies
the unweighted version. For any surface not necessarily minimal, the Comparison Lemma
says that if its density with respect to a weight function is increasing
then so is the density with respect to any \emph{weaker}
weight. In particular, for the unit ball \(\mathbb{B}^n\) equipped
with the Poincaré, Euclidean and round-sphere metrics, one has the following chain of monotonicity
\[
\text{time-weighted } g_{\mathbb{H}^n} \gg \text{unweighted } g_{\mathbb{H}^n}
\gg g_E \gg \text{unweighted } g_{\mathbb{S}^n} \gg \text{weighted } g_{\mathbb{S}^n}.
\]
A surface having increasing density with respect to an area functional in the chain
automatically has increasing density with respect to any area functional on the right of it.
This is partly the reason why our statements concerning minimal surfaces in \(\mathbb{H}^n\), which
are time-monotone, outnumber what we can say about their counterparts in \(\mathbb{S}^n\) which are at the opposite end of the chain.
While minimal surfaces in \(\mathbb{S}^n\) are weighted-monotone, the Clifford torus of \(\mathbb{S}^3\) shows that unweighted monotonicity does not hold even in a
hemisphere. Despite this, there is a way to use Lemma \ref{lem:comparison} to obtain meaningful
statements about the unweighted area. We illustrate this by giving a geometric proof of
some results in \cite{Cheng.etal84_HeatEquationsMinimal} and
\cite{Hoffman.Spruck74_SobolevIsoperimetricInequalities}.
One application of the monotonicity chain is the following statement about minimising cones
from \cite{Anderson82_CompleteMinimalVarieties}.
\begin{theorem}[cf. Theorem 9 of \cite{Anderson82_CompleteMinimalVarieties}]
\label{thm:minimising-cone}
If a \(k\)-dimensional radial cone \(C_\gamma\), constructed over a submanifold \(\gamma\) on the sphere at infinity of the Poincaré model is Euclidean area-minimising | [
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