praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects? 

answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe? 

answer: eternality

question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas? 

answer: sublime

question: What concept did Ledoux address? 

answer: architectural character

question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer? 

answer: building should immediately communicate its function
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

question: What century were most four influential books published? 

answer: 18th century

question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus? 

answer: Colen Campbell

question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established? 

answer: 18th-century

question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published? 

answer: 1727
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

question: Who was the "architect earl"? 

answer: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

question: When was Chiswick House designed? 

answer: 1729

question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation? 

answer: Palladio's Villa Capra

question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk? 

answer: Holkham Hall
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century? 

answer: Ancient Greece

question: What englishman excavated pompeii? 

answer: Sir William Hamilton

question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles? 

answer: Rome

question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical? 

answer: Sweden and Russia.
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture? 

answer: Napoleonic Empire

question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France? 

answer: Louis XVI style

question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called? 

answer: "Directoire" or Empire

question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy? 

answer: The Rococo style
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism? 

answer: Pompeii and Herculaneum.

question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses? 

answer: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).

question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries? 

answer: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts

question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from? 

answer: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

question: What were interiors seeking to recreate? 

answer: authentically Roman

question: What colors were utilized for interiors? 

answer: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours

question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court? 

answer: Marie Antoinette

question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs? 

answer: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones

question: What were styles in France initially? 

answer: Parisian
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design? 

answer: Robert and James Adam

question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered? 

answer: Italy and Dalmatia

question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase? 

answer: The Works in Architecture

question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles? 

answer: rococo and baroque styles

question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design? 

answer: lighter and more elegant feel
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where? 

answer: Greek architectural

question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism? 

answer: Greek Revival

question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization? 

answer: 18th century

question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751? 

answer: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

question: What was the first Greek building in England? 

answer: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

question: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture? 

answer: William Wilkins

question: What monument was created in 1818? 

answer: Burns Monument at Alloway

question: When was the General Post Office built? 

answer: 1824–29

question: In what year was the British Museum built? 

answer: 1823–48

question: When was the National Gallery constructed? 

answer: 1832–38
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

question: How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison? 

answer: more grandiose

question: What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style? 

answer: Napoleon I

question: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain? 

answer: Regency

question: In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what? 

answer: Federal style
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

question: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary? 

answer: Late Baroque architecture

question: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque? 

answer: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

question: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic? 

answer: isolated rather than interpenetrating

question: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism? 

answer: international movement
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

question: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning? 

answer: ancient Romans

question: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism? 

answer: grid system

question: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning? 

answer: very logical and orderly
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

question: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century? 

answer: Ancient Greco-Roman ideal

question: What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century? 

answer: Palmyra and Baalbec

question: Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain? 

answer: James 'Athenian' Stuart

question: What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism? 

answer: Adam Brothers
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

question: What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design? 

answer: Albert Richardson

question: In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical? 

answer: interwar period

question: Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design? 

answer: New Delhi

question: What new design was trending after neoclassical? 

answer: Gothic Revival
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France? 

answer: Louis XVI style

question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what? 

answer: Directoire and "Empire"

question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England? 

answer: Robert Adam

question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical? 

answer: Sir John Soane

question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771? 

answer: Marie Antoinette
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.

question: What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France? 

answer: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

question: How concerned was France with Greek architecture? 

answer: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

question: Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France? 

answer: Laboustre

question: In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France? 

answer: second Empire
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary? 

answer: Vác

question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s? 

answer: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace? 

answer: Charles Moreau

question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom? 

answer: József Hild
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).

question: When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture? 

answer: late 18th century

question: What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction? 

answer: Hospitaller

question: When was RNH Bighi built? 

answer: 1832

question: In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built?  

answer: 1844
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Context: As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.

question: In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed? 

answer: New Classical Architecture

question: What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture? 

answer: Traditional Architecture

question: What is another name for New Classical Architecture? 

answer: Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism

question: What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century? 

answer: The Driehaus Architecture Prize