praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Anthropology
Context: One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.

question: What is a cultural phenomenon?  

answer: art

question: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts? 

answer: do not exist

question: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on? 

answer: evident 'aesthetic' qualities

question: When was Art as Cultural System penned? 

answer: 1983

question: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of? 

answer: culturally specific 'aesthetics'
Title: Anthropology
Context: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.

question: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man? 

answer: Étienne Serres

question: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy? 

answer: 1838

question: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History? 

answer: 1850

question: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located? 

answer: France

question: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery? 

answer: Société Ethnologique de Paris
Title: Anthropology
Context: Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.

question: What is anthropology the intellectual results of? 

answer: comparative methods

question: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages? 

answer: similarities

question: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of? 

answer: processes or laws unknown to them then

question: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists? 

answer: epiphany

question: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions? 

answer: comparison of species
Title: Anthropology
Context: Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".

question: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution? 

answer: late 1850s.

question: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution? 

answer: bring it into the social sciences

question: Where did Paul Broca reside? 

answer: Paris

question: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from? 

answer: Société de biologie

question: What did the French call evolutionism? 

answer: Transformisme
Title: Anthropology
Context: Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.

question: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be? 

answer: neurosurgeon

question: What particularly interested Broca? 

answer: the pathology of speech

question: What did Broca discover in the human brain? 

answer: speech center

question: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in? 

answer: psychology

question: How many volumes was Waitz work? 

answer: six
Title: Anthropology
Context: Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

question: How did Waitz define anthropology? 

answer: the science of the nature of man

question: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold? 

answer: an animist

question: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him? 

answer: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology

question: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be? 

answer: empirical

question: What history was to be brought into the comparison? 

answer: civilization
Title: Anthropology
Context: Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

question: Who was Waitz influential among? 

answer: British ethnologists

question: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London? 

answer: 1863

question: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow? 

answer: anthropology

question: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London? 

answer: French Société

question: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review? 

answer: Waitz
Title: Anthropology
Context: This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.

question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into? 

answer: majority of the world's higher educational institutions

question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of? 

answer: subdivisions

question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems? 

answer: Practical

question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims? 

answer: recreate the final scene

question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from? 

answer: about three dozen
Title: Anthropology
Context: Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media? 

answer: Media anthropology

question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context? 

answer: ethnographic

question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years? 

answer: early 1990s

question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context? 

answer: media reception

question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search? 

answer: cyber
Title: Anthropology
Context: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film? 

answer: Visual

question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under? 

answer: visual representation

question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology? 

answer: all

question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with? 

answer: ethnographic film
Title: Anthropology
Context: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior? 

answer: Economic

question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior? 

answer: historic, geographic and cultural

question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of? 

answer: discipline of economics

question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology? 

answer: Bronislaw Malinowski

question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon? 

answer: exchange
Title: Anthropology
Context: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to? 

answer: traditional concerns

question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture? 

answer: history and colonialism

question: Who were the original affluent society? 

answer: Hunter-gatherers

question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? 

answer: population

question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of? 

answer: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
Title: Anthropology
Context: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems? 

answer: Applied

question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce? 

answer: change or stability

question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate? 

answer: direct

question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology? 

answer: the practical side

question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities? 

answer: participating
Title: Anthropology
Context: Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

question: What perspective does development anthropology view development from? 

answer: critical

question: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of? 

answer: pondering

question: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what? 

answer: increasing

question: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them? 

answer: gap

question: What does a lot of planned development apparently do? 

answer: fail
Title: Anthropology
Context: Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

question: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures? 

answer: Kinship

question: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms? 

answer: anthropology

question: When has anthropology developed related terms? 

answer: Over its history

question: What does it mean if people are related by descent? 

answer: one's social relations during development

question: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry? 

answer: marriage
Title: Anthropology
Context: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science? 

answer: Feminist

question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings? 

answer: male bias

question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct? 

answer: systematic bias

question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about? 

answer: gender

question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in? 

answer: birth anthropology
Title: Anthropology
Context: Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.

question: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security? 

answer: Nutritional

question: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what? 

answer: food security

question: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what? 

answer: globalization

question: What affects overall health status? 

answer: Nutritional status

question: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of? 

answer: economic
Title: Anthropology
Context: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes?  

answer: Psychological

question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group? 

answer: humans' development and enculturation

question: What aspects define a cultural group? 

answer: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

question: What shapes processes of human cognition? 

answer: cultural group

question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what? 

answer: understanding
Title: Anthropology
Context: Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

question: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge? 

answer: Cognitive

question: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation? 

answer: cognitive sciences

question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science? 

answer: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology

question: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what? 

answer: implicit knowledge