praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Film_speed
Context: The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

question: What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers?  

answer: to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily

question: What is another name for multi-zone metering? 

answer: pattern metering

question: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have? 

answer: the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space

question: When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced? 

answer: 2006

question: What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used? 

answer: Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique
Title: Film_speed
Context: The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images—typically JPEG—and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.

question: What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced? 

answer: 2006

question: What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to? 

answer: sRGB images—typically JPEG

question: What is the output level measured in? 

answer: the sRGB output from the camera

question: With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used? 

answer: multi-zone metering

question: With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated? 

answer: ISO 2721
Title: Film_speed
Context: The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.

question: Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004? 

answer: REI or SOS techniques

question: In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used? 

answer: approximately 2007 and later

question: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used? 

answer: cameras that produce images only in JPEG format

question: What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to? 

answer: Japanese

question: What does the DC-008 change? 

answer: the Exif specification
Title: Film_speed
Context: where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/√2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.

question: What does the sensor usually determine? 

answer: lower limit of the saturation speed

question: How can the saturation speed be increased? 

answer: with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter

question: What is indicated by the factor √2? 

answer: there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface

question: What can too much exposure lead to? 

answer: clipped or bloomed camera output
Title: Film_speed
Context: The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.

question: Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed? 

answer: the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio

question: What is the noise-based speed? 

answer: the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels

question: How are the two ratios found? 

answer: subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance

question: What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio? 

answer: the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels

question: What factors influence the noise-based speed? 

answer: the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter
Title: Film_speed
Context: The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.

question: What is the range for exposure latitude? 

answer: from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed

question: What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera? 

answer: SOS-based speed

question: When should the noise-based speed be used? 

answer: the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed

question: Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard? 

answer: exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image

question: What does the standard specify? 

answer: how speed ratings should be reported by the camera
Title: Film_speed
Context: Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]

question: What measures might the user "ISO" setting correspond to? 

answer: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

question: What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit? 

answer: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

question: What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera? 

answer: REI or SOS

question: What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify? 

answer: CIPA DC-004

question: In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced? 

answer: 2006
Title: Mexico_City
Context: Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de México  audio (help·info) American Spanish: [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈméxiko]; abbreviated as "CDMX"), is the capital of Mexico. As an "alpha" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).

question: How man feet above sea level is Mexico City 

answer: 7,350

question: How many municipalities are in Mexico City? 

answer: sixteen

question: What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City? 

answer: boroughs

question: What is the Spanish word for Mexico City? 

answer: Ciudad de México

question: How many meters above sea is Mexico City? 

answer: 2,240
Title: Mexico_City
Context: The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.

question: How big is Mexico City's GDP? 

answer: US$411 billion

question: How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's? 

answer: five times

question: What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for? 

answer: 22%

question: Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city? 

answer: Peru
Title: Mexico_City
Context: Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.

question: What was the original name of Mexico City? 

answer: Tenochtitlan

question: Who originally built Mexico City? 

answer: the Aztecs

question: When was the Federal District formed? 

answer: 1824

question: Where was the city first built? 

answer: on an island of Lake Texcoco

question: When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish? 

answer: 1585
Title: Mexico_City
Context: After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.

question: Why can't Mexico City become a state? 

answer: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution

question: When did people become able to vote for representation? 

answer: 1997

question: What political party controls the Mexico City legislature?  

answer: Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)

question: What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico? 

answer: Federal District

question: How are officials elected to the legislature?  

answer: popular vote
Title: Mexico_City
Context: The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

question: What was the labor draft called? 

answer: the desagüe

question: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake? 

answer: Indians

question: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake? 

answer: flooding

question: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height? 

answer: changed the habitat for fish and birds

question: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure?  

answer: thousands
Title: Mexico_City
Context: The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

question: What is a common nickname for Mexico City? 

answer: The city of palaces

question: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City? 

answer: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes

question: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down? 

answer: the last half of the 18th century
Title: Mexico_City
Context: The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

question: When did Mexico gain independence?  

answer: September 27, 1821

question: How long was the war? 

answer: a decade

question: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called?  

answer: The Battle of Guanajuato

question: What was the battle cry of the war? 

answer: Grito

question: When did the war begin? 

answer: September 16, 1810
Title: Mexico_City
Context: The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.

question: Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City? 

answer: Winfield Scott

question: What war did America and Mexico fight in? 

answer: Mexican–American War

question: When did the battle for Mexico City take place 

answer: September 8 to September 15, 1847

question: What American divisions got into Mexico City? 

answer: U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Title: Mexico_City
Context: During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.

question: Who led the 4th division? 

answer: John A. Quitman

question: What treaty was signed? 

answer: Guadalupe Hidalgo

question: Who were the future confederate generals? 

answer: George E. Pickett and James Longstreet

question: Who carried the castle? 

answer: the 4th Division

question: When did the castle fall? 

answer: on September 13
Title: Mexico_City
Context: During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

question: When was most of the urbanization completed?  

answer: by 1908

question: The extensive modernization started with what? 

answer: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed

question: What was built during the modernization? 

answer: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works

question: What famous street was built during this period of modernization? 

answer: Reforma Avenue
Title: Mexico_City
Context: Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

question: What was turned into a monument after the war?  

answer: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall

question: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City? 

answer: Diaz

question: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed?  

answer: the Mexican Revolution

question: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City? 

answer: Porfirian/French style

question: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style? 

answer: Colonia Roma
Title: Mexico_City
Context: Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution.

question: Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution? 

answer: Plutarco Elias Calles

question: Where was Alvaro Obregon killed?  

answer: in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel

question: When was Alvaro Obregon killed?  

answer: 1928

question: Where were the Zapatist forces from? 

answer: Morelos

question: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution? 

answer: Adolfo de la Huerta