praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Context: According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.

question: What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes? 

answer: exotic pet trade

question: What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors? 

answer: no provisions are made for in-state commerce

question: What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations? 

answer: the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold

question: How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife? 

answer: in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party.

question: Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce? 

answer: the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Context: Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole, but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA.

question: The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade? 

answer: cotton-top tamarin

question: What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger? 

answer: over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States

question: What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center? 

answer: Harvard
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Context: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.

question: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose? 

answer: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

question: What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists? 

answer: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

question: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states? 

answer: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Context: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.

question: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations? 

answer: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license

question: Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife? 

answer: The Secretary

question: Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund? 

answer: $500,000
Title: Vacuum
Context: Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

question: The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective? 

answer: vacuus

question: What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to? 

answer: imperfect vacuum

question: What is a vacuum? 

answer: space void of matter

question: What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum? 

answer: gaseous

question: What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum? 

answer: in vacuo
Title: Vacuum
Context: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

question: The Vacuum state is considered what? 

answer: the ground state of matter.

question: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure? 

answer: reduce air pressure by around 20%

question: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what? 

answer: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum

question: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent? 

answer: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter

question: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space? 

answer: it would still not be "empty"
Title: Vacuum
Context: Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.

question: What did Aristotle believe about a void? 

answer: no void could occur naturally,

question: What was historically disputed about vacuums? 

answer: whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist.

question: What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean? 

answer: cannot rightly be said to exist

question: Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void? 

answer: denser surrounding material continuum
Title: Vacuum
Context: In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

question: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void? 

answer: 14th century

question: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums? 

answer: Stoic physics

question: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century? 

answer: 13th and 14th

question: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century? 

answer: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself
Title: Vacuum
Context: Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.

question: What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs? 

answer: rupture of the delicate alveoli

question: What causes barotrauma? 

answer: rapid decompression

question: What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly? 

answer: 13 kPa (100 Torr),

question: What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do? 

answer: hypoxia

question: rapid decompression is more dangerous than what? 

answer: vacuum exposure
Title: Vacuum
Context: Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.

question: What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature? 

answer: that a vacuum does not occur in nature

question: Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space? 

answer: Descartes

question: What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century? 

answer: Cartesian mechanical philosophy
Title: Vacuum
Context: In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.

question: An infinite sea of particles with negative energy  was a model propesed by whom? 

answer: Paul Dirac

question: What year was the Dirac sea modeled? 

answer: 1930

question: When werer virtual particles confirmed? 

answer: late 20th century

question: What year was the uncertainty principle formed? 

answer: 1927,

question: What theorized that time and energy can be measured? 

answer: Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Title: Vacuum
Context: In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.

question: what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature? 

answer: The black hole

question: Who's equations  helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor? 

answer: Einstein

question: what produces curvature in a vacuum? 

answer: tidal forces and gravitational waves

question: What has no electric charge? 

answer: black hole
Title: Vacuum
Context: But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

question: Where do most satellites operate? 

answer: low Earth orbit

question: What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel? 

answer: solar sails

question: why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit? 

answer: atmospheric density

question: above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit? 

answer: Kármán line
Title: Vacuum
Context: In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what? 

answer: handheld plungers in water.

question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what? 

answer: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body

question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum? 

answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space 

answer: air's volume

question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century? 

answer: suction pump
Title: Vacuum
Context: Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

question: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power? 

answer: Bishop Etienne Tempier

question: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port? 

answer: 14th century

question: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion? 

answer: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.

question: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature? 

answer: nature abhorred a vacuum

question: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called? 

answer: horror vacui
Title: Vacuum
Context: In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.

question: What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump? 

answer: partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).

question: What year was the Toepler Pump invented? 

answer: 1850

question: What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ? 

answer: vacuum pump

question: Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment? 

answer: Otto von Guericke

question: What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa? 

answer: A number of electrical properties
Title: Vacuum
Context: While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".

question: What was originally believed the heavens were filled with? 

answer: aether

question: Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century? 

answer: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris

question: Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether? 

answer: Henry Pickering

question: Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums? 

answer: outer space

question: What was ether originally thought to be made of? 

answer: rigid indestructible material
Title: Vacuum
Context: The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.

question: What indicated the quality of a vacuum? 

answer: amount of matter remaining in the system

question: How is vacuum generally measured? 

answer: its absolute pressure

question: What does the MFP of residual gases show? 

answer: average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.

question: What is particle gas dynamics? 

answer: study of fluid flows