praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

question: When did Cassander die? 

answer: 298 BCE

question: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne? 

answer: 294

question: Who captured Demetrius? 

answer: Seleucus

question: What year was Seleucus killed? 

answer: 281 BCE

question: At what battle was Seleucus killed ? 

answer: Battle of Corupedium
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

question: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt? 

answer: Alexandria

question: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria? 

answer: Antioch

question: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture? 

answer: Hellenistic

question: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world? 

answer: Alexander

question: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires? 

answer: young and ambitious
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

question: When was the Lamian war? 

answer: 323-322

question: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens? 

answer: 307

question: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father? 

answer: Antigonus

question: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule? 

answer: Ptolemaic Egypt

question: When was the Chremonidean War? 

answer: 267-61
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.

question: What years did Cleomenes III rule? 

answer: 235–222 BCE

question: In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle? 

answer: Battle of Sellasia

question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia? 

answer: Sparta

question: What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese? 

answer: independent

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.  

answer: refor
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

question: When was the Aetolian League formed? 

answer: 370 BCE

question: When was the Achaean League formed? 

answer: 280 BCE

question: Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league? 

answer: Northern League

question: What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states? 

answer: sympoliteia

question: What league freed Corinth? 

answer: Achean
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.

question: What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes? 

answer: Colossus of Rhodes

question: What period did Rhodes prosper? 

answer: Hellenistic

question: What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence? 

answer: navy

question: What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes? 

answer: 304-305 BCE

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.  

answer: tes (3
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

question: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians? 

answer: Chremonidean War

question: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids? 

answer: Pangaeum

question: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids? 

answer: 25,000 men

question: Who taught Antigonus II? 

answer: Zeno of Citium

question: Who did Antigonus II defend against? 

answer: Epirus
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

question: When did Doson die? 

answer: 221 BC

question: Who took control when Doson died? 

answer: Philip V

question: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece? 

answer: Philip V

question: What was Philip V known as? 

answer: the darling of Hellas

question: When was the Peace of Naupactus? 

answer: 217 BC
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).

question: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage? 

answer: 215 BC

question: When did the First Macedonian War begin? 

answer: 212 BC

question: When did the First Macedonian War end? 

answer: 205 BC

question: How did the First Macedonian War end? 

answer: inconclusively

question: Who defeated Philip? 

answer: Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).

question: What years did Queen Teutra reign? 

answer: 231 BC to 227 BCE

question: From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor? 

answer: Ancient Greeks

question: What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts? 

answer: Ancient Macedon

question: What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast? 

answer: Illyrian

question: What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia? 

answer: Agrianes
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.

question: What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom? 

answer: Thrace

question: Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry? 

answer: Alexander

question: What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes? 

answer: one fifth

question: What language was spoken by the Odrysians? 

answer: Greek

question: Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized? 

answer: Thracian
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.

question: What was Southern Italy refered to as? 

answer: Magna Graecia

question: Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century? 

answer: 8th

question: In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army? 

answer: Carthaginian

question: Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period? 

answer: Agathocles of Syracuse

question: In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy? 

answer: 300 BCE
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.

question: What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean? 

answer: Massalia

question: How many inhabitants were in Massalia? 

answer: 6,000

question: Who controlled Nice and Agde? 

answer: Massalia

question: Massalia was the center of education according to whom? 

answer: Strabo

question: When did Massalia side with Pompey? 

answer: 49 BCE
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.

question: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt? 

answer: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors

question: Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues? 

answer: military and paramilitary forces

question: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion? 

answer: the monarch

question: What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms? 

answer: royal estates

question: Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt? 

answer: Greco-Macedonian settlers
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

question: Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death? 

answer: Ptolemy

question: When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position? 

answer: 323 BC

question: When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I? 

answer: 305 BC

question: What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy? 

answer: Soter

question: Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans? 

answer: Faiyum
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.

question: Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt? 

answer: Egyptian Pharaohs

question: What god did Ptolemy I create? 

answer: Serapis

question: Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom? 

answer: strategoi

question: By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy? 

answer: Ancient Egyptian

question: Apis and Osiris combined to make which god? 

answer: Serapis
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

question: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom? 

answer: the Seleucids

question: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars? 

answer: Coele-Syria

question: Who won the great battle of Raphia? 

answer: Ptolemy IV

question: When was the great battle of Raphia? 

answer: 217 BCE

question: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia? 

answer: Seleucids
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

question: Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt? 

answer: 30 BC

question: All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty? 

answer: Ptolemy

question: Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom? 

answer: Ptolemaic queens

question: Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty? 

answer: Cleopatra VII

question: How did Cleoptra die? 

answer: suicide