praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

question: When did the French obtain Algeria? 

answer: 1833

question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from? 

answer: Northern Catalonia and Minorca

question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called? 

answer: patuet

question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911? 

answer: around 100,000

question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia? 

answer: 1962
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

question: What is the official language of France? 

answer: French

question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan? 

answer: in public life and education

question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language? 

answer: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales

question: What language does the General Council want to promote? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries? 

answer: Catalan

question: Where did Catalan experience defeat? 

answer: War of Spanish Succession

question: When was the war of Spanish Succession? 

answer: 1714

question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation? 

answer: Spanish

question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature? 

answer: revival

question: What is Renaixenca? 

answer: Catalan literary revival

question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland? 

answer: 1833

question: When did this revival period begin? 

answer: 1833

question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte? 

answer: early 20th
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools? 

answer: Catalan

question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory? 

answer: in all schools

question: Since the transition, what is the official language? 

answer: Catalan

question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language? 

answer: mass media
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

question: Where has Catalan always been the only language? 

answer: Andorra

question: When was the Andorran constitution produced? 

answer: 1993

question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing? 

answer: Andorranization policies

question: What is an Andorran school policy? 

answer: Catalan medium education

question: What is the only language of Andorra? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas? 

answer: language shift processes

question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia? 

answer: 60 or older

question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older? 

answer: 2004

question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language? 

answer: 30%

question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante? 

answer: Spanish

question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero? 

answer: Italian

question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza? 

answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes

question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes? 

answer: diglossic attitudes

question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed? 

answer: Occitano-Romance

question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch? 

answer: linguists

question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category? 

answer: Spanish ones
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

question: What is Catalan a variety of? 

answer: Occitan language

question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages? 

answer: varying degrees

question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan? 

answer: differences

question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages? 

answer: many traits

question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages? 

answer: closely related
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages? 

answer: many traits

question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located? 

answer: Iberian Peninsula

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from? 

answer: Ibero-Romance group

question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages? 

answer: Spanish and Portuguese

question: To what group is Catalan most closely related? 

answer: Occitan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian? 

answer: 87%

question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese? 

answer: 85%

question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish? 

answer: 80%

question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin? 

answer: 76%

question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan? 

answer: 75%
Title: Catalan_language
Context: During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

question: What has Catalan often been considered? 

answer: dialect of Spanish

question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect? 

answer: Francoist
Title: Catalan_language
Context: There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from? 

answer: rest of Roman Hispania

question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with? 

answer: Occitan

question: What is Occitan a branch of? 

answer: Western Romance
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish? 

answer: Germanic

question: What is the origin of some Spanish words? 

answer: Latin origin

question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan? 

answer: Germanic superstrate
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan? 

answer: Arabic element

question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan? 

answer: Arabic loanwords

question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more? 

answer: Spanish

question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from? 

answer: of Arabic origin

question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja? 

answer: Latin origin
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between? 

answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance

question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have? 

answer: unique

question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have? 

answer: lexical

question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody? 

answer: enyorar
Title: Catalan_language
Context: These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

question: What are the Paisos Catalans 

answer: Catalan Countries

question: What is that determination based on? 

answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

question: What status does Catalan Countries have? 

answer: no official status

question: What is the interpretation of the term? 

answer: Various interpretations

question: What is the term for Catalan Countries? 

answer: Països Catalans
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages? 

answer: many monosyllabic words

question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have? 

answer: consonant clusters

question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have? 

answer: obstruent

question: What do many words feature? 

answer: couplets
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan? 

answer: Central Catalan

question: What is Central Catalan? 

answer: standard pronunciation

question: What are the descriptions for? 

answer: standard pronunciation

question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects? 

answer: section pronunciation
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system? 

answer: Vulgar Latin

question: How many stressed phenoms are there? 

answer: seven

question: Where is this a common feature? 

answer: Western Romance

question: What is the exception to this common characteristic? 

answer: Spanish

question: What differs in vowel reduction? 

answer: Dialects
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan? 

answer: three

question: What vowel stays distinct? 

answer: /i/

question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have? 

answer: different

question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? 

answer: In Central Catalan

question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions? 

answer: section pronunciation
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world? 

answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan? 

answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

question: What is this a subdiscipline of? 

answer: Catalan philology

question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality? 

answer: analyse the relation

question: What outside affects does this study include? 

answer: other languages in contact
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature? 

answer: uniformity

question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform? 

answer: other Romance languages

question: What is high among dialects? 

answer: intelligibility

question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects? 

answer: 90% to 95%

question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility? 

answer: Alguerese
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

question: What is the major difference between the two blocks? 

answer: treatment of unstressed a and e

question: How are a and e in western dialects? 

answer: distinct

question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects? 

answer: merged
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include? 

answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian

question: How many dialects are in the eastern group? 

answer: four

question: To what division does Central Catalan belong? 

answer: Eastern block

question: What other divisions can be made of dialects? 

answer: subdialects

question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to? 

answer: Western Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan? 

answer: Central Catalan

question: Where are the most speakers found? 

answer: Central Catalan

question: In what densely populated area is it spoken? 

answer: Barcelona province

question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken? 

answer: eastern half
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

question: What is the vowel system of Catalan? 

answer: Vulgar Latin

question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan? 

answer: seven

question: Where is this system common? 

answer: Western Romance

question: What language is the exception? 

answer: Spanish

question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction? 

answer: Dialects
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? 

answer: Eastern Catalan

question: What is the exception to this reduction? 

answer: Majorcan

question: Which vowel remains distinct? 

answer: /i/
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four? 

answer: Majorcan

question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow? 

answer: Eastern Catalan

question: What other pattern do other vowels follow? 

answer: Western Catalan

question: What letter remains distinct? 

answer: /u/

question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan? 

answer: Western Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan? 

answer: five

question: Which letters remain distinct? 

answer: /a u i/

question: Where did this pattern come from? 

answer: Proto-Romance

question: In what other languages is this pattern found? 

answer: Italian and Portuguese

question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer? 

answer: further reduction
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western? 

answer: Balearic

question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of? 

answer: /e/

question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic? 

answer: higher incidence
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

question: What language is parle or tem ? 

answer: Valencian

question: What language  is parlo or temo ? 

answer: Northwestern

question: What language is parl? 

answer: Balearic

question: What language form is parli? 

answer: Northern
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

question: Where do you find medieval plurals? 

answer: nouns and adjectives

question: What letter is lost in some words? 

answer: /n/

question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word? 

answer: homes

question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word? 

answer: joves

question: What kind of plural words lose /n/? 

answer: proparoxytone