praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Tibet
Context: Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

question: What is the highest elevation in Tibet? 

answer: Mount Everest

question: Which continent contains Tibet? 

answer: Asia

question: What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet? 

answer: 16,000

question: How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise? 

answer: 29,029

question: Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples? 

answer: Tibet
Title: Tibet
Context: The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.

question: When were the current borders of Tibet established? 

answer: 18th century

question: When did the Tibetan empire emerge? 

answer: 7th century

question: Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet? 

answer: Sichuan and Qinghai

question: Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule? 

answer: Battle of Chamdo
Title: Tibet
Context: Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

question: In what year was the Tibetan government abolished? 

answer: 1959

question: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty? 

answer: 1912

question: Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region? 

answer: western and central Tibet

question: Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China? 

answer: Battle of Chamdo
Title: Tibet
Context: The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.

question: What is the economy of Tibet dominated by? 

answer: subsistence agriculture

question: What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet? 

answer: tourism

question: What is the dominant religion in Tibet? 

answer: Tibetan Buddhism

question: What is a staple food in Tibet? 

answer: yak meat

question: Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect? 

answer: Chinese and Indian
Title: Tibet
Context: The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [pʰøʔ˨˧˨], is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod "Tibet" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition.

question: What is the Tibetan name for the area? 

answer: Bod

question: Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod "Tibet"? 

answer: Bautai

question: What area did Bod originally refer to? 

answer: central region around Lhasa
Title: Tibet
Context: The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng) although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.

question: How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym? 

answer: Zangqu

question: How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture? 

answer: Zang

question: During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used? 

answer: Qing

question: Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"? 

answer: qū
Title: Tibet
Context: The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

question: What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet? 

answer: Tubo

question: When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters? 

answer: 7th century

question: Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century? 

answer: William H. Baxter
Title: Tibet
Context: Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]), Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè), and Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

question: Who is an American Tibetologist? 

answer: Elliot Sperling

question: What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau? 

answer: Tubote

question: What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet? 

answer: Wusiguo
Title: Tibet
Context: The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

question: How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'? 

answer: approximately 6 million

question: How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan? 

answer: approximately 150,000

question: Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages? 

answer: political reasons
Title: Tibet
Context: Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

question: What is written Tibetan base on? 

answer: Classical Tibetan

question: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language? 

answer: Tibetan empire

question: From what was the Tibetan language's script derived? 

answer: ancient Indian Brāhmī script
Title: Tibet
Context: The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from? 

answer: Amdo region

question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to? 

answer: western Tibet

question: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion? 

answer: Zhang Zhung

question: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung? 

answer: Drigum Tsenpo

question: Who was the first factual king of Tibet? 

answer: Songtsän Gampo
Title: Tibet
Context: The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

question: Who founded the Tibetan Empire? 

answer: Songtsän Gampo

question: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640? 

answer: Princess Wencheng

question: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife? 

answer: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

question: What did Songtsan Gampo unite? 

answer: parts of the Yarlung River Valley
Title: Tibet
Context: In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

question: When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty? 

answer: 821/822 CE

question: Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist? 

answer: Jokhang temple in Lhasa

question: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet? 

answer: mid-9th century

question: What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet? 

answer: Era of Fragmentation

question: What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority? 

answer: political control over Tibet
Title: Tibet
Context: The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

question: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department? 

answer: Mongol Yuan

question: What was a dpon-chen? 

answer: great administrator

question: Who confirmed the dpon-chen? 

answer: Mongol emperor

question: Who was the political authority of the region? 

answer: Sakya lama

question: Who held administrative and military power? 

answer: dpon-chen
Title: Tibet
Context: Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

question: Who managed religious and regional political affairs? 

answer: Tibet

question: Who managed structural and administrative rule? 

answer: Mongols

question: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s? 

answer: Mongolian prince Khuden

question: Who founded the Yuan dynasty? 

answer: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan
Title: Tibet
Context: Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

question: When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded? 

answer: Between 1346 and 1354

question: Who founded the Gelug school? 

answer: disciples of Je Tsongkhapa

question: Who dominated politics after 1435? 

answer: minister family Rinpungpa

question: What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor? 

answer: Karma Kagyu
Title: Tibet
Context: The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.

question: Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland? 

answer: 5th Dalai Lama

question: Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama? 

answer: Güshi Khan

question: What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish? 

answer: Lhasa state

question: What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as? 

answer: Ganden Phodrang
Title: Tibet
Context: Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

question: When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet? 

answer: 1720

question: When did Amdo come under Qing control? 

answer: 1724

question: When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces? 

answer: 1728

question: Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler? 

answer: Qing

question: What was the governing councel called? 

answer: Kashag
Title: Tibet
Context: For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

question: When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet? 

answer: 1792

question: Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet? 

answer: push the invading Nepalese out

question: What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called? 

answer: Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet

question: When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus? 

answer: 18th century
Title: Tibet
Context: This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

question: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade. 

answer: 1774

question: Who came to Tibet from Europe? 

answer: Jesuits and Capuchins

question: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet? 

answer: 19th century
Title: Tibet
Context: In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

question: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country? 

answer: 1904

question: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate? 

answer: 13th Dalai Lama

question: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko? 

answer: 600

question: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko? 

answer: 12

question: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa? 

answer: Francis Younghusband
Title: Tibet
Context: After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

question: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty? 

answer: 1911–12

question: Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet? 

answer: Dalai Lama

question: When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition? 

answer: 1913

question: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain? 

answer: 1914

question: Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord? 

answer: illegal