praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

question: Who is famous for natural beauty? 

answer: Himachal Pradesh

question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War? 

answer: 1814–1816

question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt? 

answer: snow

question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh? 

answer: In the lap of Himalayas

question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh? 

answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers? 

answer: Himachal Pradesh

question: What are the newspapers famous for? 

answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters? 

answer: All major English daily newspapers

question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely? 

answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

question: What has grown significantly? 

answer: Radio and TV
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India? 

answer: Virbhadra Singh

question: How many seats did the BJP win? 

answer: 41 of the 68 seats

question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh? 

answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal

question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory? 

answer: December 2007

question: When was he sworn in? 

answer: 30 December 2007
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

question: What type of agriculture is in the state? 

answer: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig

question: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state? 

answer: Solan

question: Where is seed potato mostly grown? 

answer: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas

question: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for? 

answer: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state

question: What is the state deficient in? 

answer: food grains
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

question: Who was largely untouched by external customs? 

answer: Himachal

question: What has made the state change very rapidly? 

answer: technological advancements

question: What are the common languages spoken? 

answer: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri

question: Who makes up the tribal populations? 

answer: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis

question: Himachal is? 

answer: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

question: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started? 

answer: 2006 at Sundernagar

question: What is the most renowned argricultural institues? 

answer: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur

question: What are a few pioneer universities in the state? 

answer: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)

question: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned? 

answer: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

question: What is Doordarshan? 

answer: state-owned television broadcaster

question: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state? 

answer: Dial-up access

question: What is available in few cities? 

answer: Private FM stations

question: Who are the cellular phone operators available? 

answer: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel

question: What is All India Radio? 

answer: public radio station
Title: Himachal_Pradesh
Context: Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

question: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh? 

answer: villages and towns

question: No single house is without? 

answer: a toilet

question: What are the villages well connected to? 

answer: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband

question: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey? 

answer: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala

question: What are the most visited places in the country? 

answer: The hill stations
Title: Communication
Context: Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

question: What is nonverbal communication? 

answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

question: What is one example of nonverbal communication? 

answer: body language

question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication? 

answer: shaking a hand

question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication? 

answer: sweating

question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions? 

answer: 55%
Title: Communication
Context: Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

question: Why do fungi communicate? 

answer: to coordinate and organize their growth and development

question: How do fungi communicate with insects? 

answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin

question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns? 

answer: five

question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other? 

answer: interpretation processes

question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes? 

answer: similar molecules without biotic content
Title: Communication
Context: Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

question: What acts are included in communication between parties? 

answer: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions

question: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what? 

answer: abilities of the group communicating

question: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along? 

answer: channel (through which medium)

question: What is one target of communication? 

answer: another person or being

question: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message? 

answer: Wilbur Schram
Title: Communication
Context: Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

question: What is human communication defined as? 

answer: a system of symbols

question: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively? 

answer: during human childhood

question: How many human languages are there? 

answer: thousands

question: What do human languages use to communicate with others? 

answer: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols

question: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language? 

answer: programming languages
Title: Communication
Context: Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members? 

answer: family rules, family roles or family dialectics

question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at? 

answer: marriage, parenthood or divorce

question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to? 

answer: a well constructed family
Title: Communication
Context: The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

question: How is animal communication defined? 

answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

question: What is the study of animal communication called? 

answer: zoo semiotics

question: What is the study of human communication called? 

answer: anthroposemiotics

question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century? 

answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning

question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly? 

answer: vibrational communication
Title: Communication
Context: The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949? 

answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

question: What did the first model for communication consist of? 

answer: sender, channel, and receiver

question: What was the sender in the initial model? 

answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into

question: What was the channel in the initial model? 

answer: the telephone itself

question: What was the receiver in the initial model? 

answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
Title: Communication
Context: In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

question: A simple model is also referred to as what? 

answer: transmission model

question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model? 

answer: a message in natural language

question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model? 

answer: spoken language

question: How is information sent through a simple model? 

answer: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder

question: What are the strengths of the simple model? 

answer: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability
Title: Communication
Context: In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model? 

answer: reciprocally

question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called? 

answer: constitutive model or constructionist view

question: What is communication viewed as? 

answer: a conduit

question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message? 

answer: different regional traditions

question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty? 

answer: communication noise