praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Virgil
Context: According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near Megara. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect. Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate.

question: According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid? 

answer: Greece

question: Where did Virgil die? 

answer: Brundisium harbor

question: What date did Virgil die? 

answer: September 21, 19 BC

question: Who were Virgil's literary executors? 

answer: Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca

question: What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard? 

answer: the poem be burned
Title: Virgil
Context: The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called "mini-Aeneid", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to "rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps." In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called "Messianic" Fourth Eclogue—widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ—Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.

question: Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic? 

answer: Silius Italicus

question: .What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line? 

answer: Punica

question: Who bought Virgil's tomb? 

answer: Silius

question: Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ? 

answer: Fourth Eclogue
Title: Virgil
Context: Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet. Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death."

question: Who cautioned "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death"? 

answer: Gregory of Tours

question: Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing? 

answer: Western Roman

question: Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet? 

answer: master
Title: Virgil
Context: Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Dante also mentions Virgil in De vulgari eloquentia, along with Ovid, Lucan and Statius, as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7).

question: In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory? 

answer: Divine Comedy

question: Who was the author of the Divine Comedy? 

answer: Dante

question: Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy? 

answer: Virgil
Title: Virgil
Context: In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity.

question: Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth? 

answer: Eclogues 4

question: Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in? 

answer: Christianity

question: During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy? 

answer: Middle Ages
Title: Virgil
Context: Possibly as early as the second century AD, Virgil's works were seen as having magical properties and were used for divination. In what became known as the Sortes Vergilianae (Virgilian Lots), passages would be selected at random and interpreted to answer questions. In the 12th century, starting around Naples but eventually spreading widely throughout Europe, a tradition developed in which Virgil was regarded as a great magician. Legends about Virgil and his magical powers remained popular for over two hundred years, arguably becoming as prominent as his writings themselves. Virgil's legacy in medieval Wales was such that the Welsh version of his name, Fferyllt or Pheryllt, became a generic term for magic-worker, and survives in the modern Welsh word for pharmacist, fferyllydd.

question: Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician? 

answer: Naples

question: How long did legends of Virgil's magical powers remain popular? 

answer: over two hundred years

question: What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist? 

answer: fferyllydd

question: Where did Virgil's name become a generic term for magic-worker? 

answer: medieval Wales

question: When did Virgil's reputation as a great magician begin? 

answer: 12th century
Title: Virgil
Context: The legend of Virgil in his Basket arose in the Middle Ages, and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the Power of Women literary topos, demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men. In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman, sometimes described as the emperor's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia. She played him along and agreed to an assignation at her house, which he was to sneak into at night by climbing into a large basket let down from a window. When he did so he was only hoisted halfway up the wall and then left him trapped there into the next day, exposed to public ridicule. The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle. Among other artists depicting the scene, Lucas van Leyden made a woodcut and later an engraving.

question: During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise? 

answer: Middle Ages

question: What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured? 

answer: Lucretia

question: Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel? 

answer: Phyllis riding Aristotle

question: Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket? 

answer: Lucas van Leyden
Title: Virgil
Context: The structure known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.

question: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers? 

answer: Middle Ages

question: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located? 

answer: Piedigrotta

question: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil's tomb" is located also called? 

answer: grotta vecchia
Title: Virgil
Context: In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo ("maiden" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, "maiden"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga ("wand") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet "The Swan of Mantua".[citation needed]

question: Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage? 

answer: Vergilius

question: During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius? 

answer: Late Empire and Middle Ages

question: In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil? 

answer: 19th

question: Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus? 

answer: Oxford
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps (/ælps/; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈʔalpm̩]; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,123 ft), known as the "four-thousanders".

question: What Country are the Alps located in? 

answer: Europe

question: How many kilometres do the Alps stretch? 

answer: 1,200 kilometres

question: How long has it taken for the Alps to form?  

answer: over tens of millions of years

question: What is the highest mountain in the Alps? 

answer: Mont Blanc

question: The Alpine region is also known as what?  

answer: the "four-thousanders"
Title: Alps
Context: The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

question: What affects the climate in Europe?  

answer: The altitude and size of the range

question: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks? 

answer: ibex

question: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range? 

answer: Edelweiss

question: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era?  

answer: Paleolithic era
Title: Alps
Context: A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.

question: How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored? 

answer: 5,000 years old

question: What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC?  

answer: the Celtic La Tène culture

question: Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants?  

answer: Hannibal

question: What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes?  

answer: Napoleon

question: Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2? 

answer: Bavarian Alps
Title: Alps
Context: The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.

question: The alps is home to how many people? 

answer: 14 million people

question: How many visitors go to the Alps annually? 

answer: 120 million

question: What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region?  

answer: tourist industry
Title: Alps
Context: The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

question: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word?  

answer: Alpes

question: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts? 

answer: Maurus Servius Honoratus

question: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?  

answer: Celtic languages
Title: Alps
Context: This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

question: There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?  

answer: Indo-European origin

question: What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?  

answer: Albania

question: Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?  

answer: the eastern Caucasus

question: Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?  

answer: Scotland
Title: Alps
Context: It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

question: What words are likely to have common origins? 

answer: alb ("white") and albus

question: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from? 

answer: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

question: Alb can also mean what?  

answer: white
Title: Alps
Context: In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont, pic, dent and aiguille in French speaking regions; and monte, picco or cima in Italian speaking regions.

question: The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages?  

answer: a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks

question: What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months? 

answer: An alp

question: Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions? 

answer: German speaking regions

question: Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions? 

answer: French speaking regions
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues toward Vienna in Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and into Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the south border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Neuschwanstein, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.

question: What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe? 

answer: The Alps

question: What is the mean height of the Alp's peak? 

answer: 2.5 km (1.6 mi)

question: How far does the Alps range stretch? 

answer: the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland

question: Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?  

answer: alpine territory
Title: Alps
Context: The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

question: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?  

answer: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley

question: Where are the peaks smaller in the range?  

answer: the easterly portion

question: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?  

answer: northern
Title: Alps
Context: The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splügen Pass.

question: What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult? 

answer: The variances in nomenclature

question: Who came up with the general classification? 

answer: geologist Stefan Schmid

question: Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near? 

answer: Splügen Pass
Title: Alps
Context: The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

question: The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?  

answer: Mont Blanc

question: How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?  

answer: 4,810 m

question: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where? 

answer: Piz Bernina

question: How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina 

answer: 4,049 metres
Title: Alps
Context: Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

question: Where are the French Prealps located?  

answer: France

question: What mountains are located in Switzerland and France? 

answer: the Jura Mountains

question: What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald? 

answer: The secondary chain of the Alps

question: What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored? 

answer: the line of the main chain
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.

question: What have been crossed for war and commerce?  

answer: The Alps

question: What was established during medieval periods by religious orders? 

answer: hospices

question: Where were hospices established?  

answer: the summits of many of the main passes

question: What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps? 

answer: Col de l'Iseran