praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Central_African_Republic
Context: Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.

question: What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR? 

answer: Socatel

question: Which body regulated communications? 

answer: Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies

question: What type of access is available? 

answer: internet service

question: Who assists CAR with telecommunications? 

answer: ITU Telecommunication Development Sector

question: What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D? 

answer: improve infrastructure
Title: Central_African_Republic
Context: The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers' rights.

question: How are the human rights in the CAR? 

answer: poor

question: What concerns are there regarding to human rights? 

answer: government abuses

question: What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept? 

answer: extrajudicial executions

question: How is the prison quality in the CAR? 

answer: harsh and life-threatening conditions

question: What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation? 

answer: arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial
Title: Asthma
Context: Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

question: What two factors cause asthma? 

answer: genetic and environmental factors

question: What are two enviromental factors? 

answer: exposure to air pollution and allergens

question: What medications can also trigger asthma? 

answer: aspirin and beta blockers

question: What patterns are used to diagnose asthma? 

answer: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry

question: How is asthma classified? 

answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Title: Asthma
Context: There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.

question: Is there a cure for asthma? 

answer: There is no cure for asthma

question: How can symptoms be prevented? 

answer: by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids

question: What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms? 

answer: an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids

question: What happens in very severe cases of asthma? 

answer: intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required
Title: Asthma
Context: Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.

question: What are the characteristics of asthma? 

answer: recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing

question: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse? 

answer: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air

question: What is produced in the lungs by coughing? 

answer: Sputum

question: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time? 

answer: worse at night

question: Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma? 

answer: Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u
Title: Asthma
Context: A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is not known if asthma causes psychological problems or if psychological problems lead to asthma. Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions.

question: Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma? 

answer: more frequently

question: What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma? 

answer: gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea

question: What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers? 

answer: Psychological disorders

question: What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to?  

answer: radiocontrast reactions
Title: Asthma
Context: Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. Also, phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults.

question: What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma? 

answer: allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals

question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms? 

answer: Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery

question: What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change? 

answer: Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels

question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma? 

answer: indoor volatile organic compounds
Title: Asthma
Context: The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

question: What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide? 

answer: The hygiene hypothesis

question: How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma? 

answer: a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses

question: What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood? 

answer: increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies

question: What could prevent asthma? 

answer: Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood

question: What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis? 

answer: lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.
Title: Asthma
Context: Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.

question: What else is a risk factor for asthma? 

answer: Family history

question: If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma? 

answer: approximately 25%

question: How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005? 

answer: 25 genes

question: How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006? 

answer: over 100 genes

question: What else are these genes closely related to? 

answer: the immune system or modulating inflammation
Title: Asthma
Context: Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.

question: What is asthma the result of? 

answer: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways

question: What two airways are most effected by asthma? 

answer: the bronchi and bronchioles

question: In what ways do airways change? 

answer: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis

question: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways? 

answer: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

question: What other components of the immune systems are included? 

answer: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others
Title: Asthma
Context: While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment".

question: Is there a universal definition of astham? 

answer: there is not one universal agreed upon definition

question: What main components play a role in asthma? 

answer: many cells and cellular elements play a role

question: What is the inflamation a result of? 

answer: airway hyper-responsiveness

question: What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause? 

answer: episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing

question: What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack? 

answer: spontaneously or with treatment
Title: Asthma
Context: There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.

question: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual? 

answer: There is currently no precise test

question: What is diagnosis based on typically? 

answer: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time

question: When should you suspect asthma? 

answer: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing

question: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma? 

answer: Spirometry

question: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma? 

answer: children under the age of six
Title: Asthma
Context: Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled.

question: What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma? 

answer: Spirometry

question: Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma? 

answer: It is the single best test for asthma

question: What helps support the evidence of asthma? 

answer: If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator

question: What substance can skew the results of an asthma test? 

answer: caffeine

question: What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD? 

answer: Single-breath diffusing capacity
Title: Asthma
Context: Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry, however, and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis. It may be useful for daily self-monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations.

question: What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence? 

answer: ≥20%

question: What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended? 

answer: . Testing peak expiratory flow
Title: Asthma
Context: Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

question: How is asthma clinically classified? 

answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

question: How else is asthma classified? 

answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)

question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?  

answer: atopic

question: What  is asthma usually classified based on? 

answer: severity

question: What is a important goal of asthma research? 

answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Title: Asthma
Context: Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.

question: What kind of condition is asthma? 

answer: a chronic obstructive condition

question: What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? 

answer: bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

question: Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma? 

answer: asthma is usually reversible

question: What part of the airway does emphysema affect? 

answer: alveoli

question: What part of the airway does asthma affect? 

answer: the bronchi
Title: Asthma
Context: Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

question: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession? 

answer: professional athletes

question: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? 

answer: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers

question: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? 

answer: when it is dry and cold

question: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma? 

answer: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Title: Asthma
Context: Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.

question: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what? 

answer: occupational disease

question: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related? 

answer: It is estimated that 5–25%

question: What are some of the most common agents? 

answer: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes

question: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems? 

answer: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers
Title: Asthma
Context: Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.

question: What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children? 

answer: allergic rhinitis and sinusitis

question: What are some other causes of airway obstruction? 

answer: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses

question: What other conditions can cause wheezing? 

answer: Bronchiolitis and other viral infections

question: In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma? 

answer: COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors
Title: Asthma
Context: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

question: What is a complication of chronic asthma? 

answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

question: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions? 

answer: asthma and COPD

question: How is COPD differentiated? 

answer: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi

question: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD? 

answer: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management

question: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD? 

answer: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation