praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus? 

answer: baptism of Jesus

question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened? 

answer: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for? 

answer: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established. 

answer: Eddy

question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent? 

answer: James Dunn
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

question: Are all sources of the crucification literary? 

answer: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary

question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen? 

answer: the 1968 archeological discovery

question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find? 

answer: ben Hagkol

question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified? 

answer: about 70 AD

question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted? 

answer: Israel Museum
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus? 

answer: four canonical gospels

question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus? 

answer: New Testament epistles

question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death? 

answer: three

question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels? 

answer: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection

question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death? 

answer: hour-by-hour account
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.

question: Where was Jesus arrested? 

answer: Gethsemane

question: What did Jesus do before he was arrested? 

answer: the Last Supper

question: How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper? 

answer: Twelve Apostles

question: How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified? 

answer: flogged

question: What was placed on Jesus' head? 

answer: crowned with thorns
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.

question: What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest? 

answer: wine mixed with gall

question: Where was Jesus Crucified? 

answer: hung between two convicted thieves

question: How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion? 

answer: six hours

question: How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words? 

answer: seven statements altogether

question: Who removed Jesus from the cross? 

answer: Joseph of Arimathea
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel? 

answer: an earthquake

question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction? 

answer: Mark

question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke? 

answer: words to the women who were mourning

question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs? 

answer: John

question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side? 

answer: Old Testament prophecy
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.

question: Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus? 

answer: First Epistle to the Corinthians

question: Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension? 

answer: canonical Gospels

question: How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles? 

answer: forty days

question: What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension? 

answer: Easter Sunday

question: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension? 

answer: St. Luke
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark? 

answer: two rebels

question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends? 

answer: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died? 

answer: an earthquake

question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does? 

answer: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion? 

answer: impassive
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

question: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion? 

answer: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son

question: What is the author of the letter assumed to be? 

answer: pagan

question: What does the letter reference? 

answer: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men

question: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen? 

answer: Socrates

question: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter? 

answer: others place less value in the letter
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened? 

answer: Friday

question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible? 

answer: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath

question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday? 

answer: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew

question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb? 

answer: three days and three nights

question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours? 

answer: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.

question: What time was the crucifiction per Mark? 

answer: 9 a.m.

question: What time did Jesus die per Mark? 

answer: 3 p.m.

question: Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in? 

answer: based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark

question: What is another reason the times differ so much? 

answer: no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available

question: How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels? 

answer: approximated to the closest three-hour period
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women? 

answer: Luke's gospel

question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd? 

answer: do not weep for me

question: Where are the words found in the Gospel? 

answer: Lk. 23:28-31

question: What followed Jesus around? 

answer: crowd of mourners
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

question: Where was Jesus Crucified? 

answer: Calvary

question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed? 

answer: all four Gospels

question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen? 

answer: a place of public execution

question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary? 

answer: skulls of abandoned victims

question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary? 

answer: the name was derived from the physical contour
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; "the soldiers", "the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus"; passers-by; "bystanders", "the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle"; and "his acquaintances"

question: Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion? 

answer: many women

question: The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests? 

answer: the chief priests

question: How many people were crucified with Jesus? 

answer: two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left

question: Who kept watch over Jesus? 

answer: the soldiers

question: Name one other group present at the Crucifixion? 

answer: acquaintances
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

question: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on? 

answer: traditional two-beamed cross

question: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on? 

answer: single upright stake

question: What causes the different accounts of the cross used? 

answer: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous

question: What latin word was used to describe the cross used? 

answer: crux

question: Why was there doubt about the Latin word? 

answer: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

question: What Epistle described the cross? 

answer: Epistle of Barnabas

question: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams? 

answer: Justin Martyr

question: Why was that type of cross important? 

answer: a symbol of the suffering

question: How many ends did the cross supposedly have? 

answer: five extremities

question: How is one attached to the cross? 

answer: fixed by the nails
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

question: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion? 

answer: three nails

question: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used? 

answer: 14 nails

question: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used? 

answer: artistic depictions of the crucifixion

question: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion? 

answer: Nails are almost always depicted

question: Jesuits claim how many nails were used? 

answer: three nails
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

question: Where were the nails placed? 

answer: the hands, or the wrists

question: Who claims the hands were pierced? 

answer: the Greek

question: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what? 

answer: without fracturing any bones

question: What other location is offered by the Greek? 

answer: forearm

question: What other way to affix to the cross is there? 

answer: Ropes
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Context: Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

question: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion? 

answer: a hypopodium

question: Why was a platform used? 

answer: the hands may not have been able to support the weight

question: Who considered this topic in the 17th century? 

answer: Rasmus Bartholin

question: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories? 

answer: Frederick Zugibe

question: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment? 

answer: Nazis