praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Copper
Context: Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for? 

answer: wood preservative

question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent? 

answer: moss

question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers? 

answer: antimicrobial protective fabrics

question: How is copper used with nickel? 

answer: as a base

question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot? 

answer: Copper compounds
Title: Copper
Context: Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.

question: How long has copper been in use? 

answer: at least 10,000 years

question: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900? 

answer: 95%

question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years? 

answer: more than half

question: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth? 

answer: 1014 tons

question: What is a major source of cooper in modern times? 

answer: Recycling
Title: Copper
Context: The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC? 

answer: copper lumps

question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins? 

answer: the shape and look

question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass? 

answer: Julius Caesar

question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome? 

answer: 15,000 t

question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys? 

answer: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys
Title: Copper
Context: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.

question: What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires? 

answer: 60%

question: What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing? 

answer: 20%

question: What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery? 

answer: 15%

question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create? 

answer: hardness

question: What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness? 

answer: brass
Title: Copper
Context: The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.

question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity? 

answer: The softness

question: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper? 

answer: silver

question: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper? 

answer: 3.1×106 A/m2

question: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal? 

answer: corrosion

question: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high? 

answer: it begins to heat excessively
Title: Copper
Context: Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.

question: In what form is copper extracted? 

answer: copper sulfides

question: From what types of mines is copper extracted? 

answer: open pit mines

question: What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted? 

answer: 0.4 to 1.0% copper

question: What country was the top producer of copper in 2005? 

answer: Chile

question: What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered? 

answer: in-situ leach process
Title: Copper
Context: Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).

question: What percent of copper is recyclable? 

answer: 100%

question: What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today? 

answer: 80%

question: What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable? 

answer: aluminium

question: Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper? 

answer: aluminium

question: What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally? 

answer: 35–55 kg
Title: Copper
Context: The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.

question: What pigment color is natural to copper? 

answer: green

question: What property does the final patina on cooper have? 

answer: highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion

question: What mixture of compounds is the final patina? 

answer: carbonate and sulfate

question: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper? 

answer: environmental

question: What can be done to copper to give it a certain look? 

answer: finished
Title: Copper
Context: Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.

question: What are copper salts sometimes used for? 

answer: suicide attempts

question: When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? 

answer: copper toxicity

question: What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet? 

answer: 3 ppm

question: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet? 

answer: growth rates

question: What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals? 

answer: 30 mg/kg
Title: Copper
Context: Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd–2nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.

question: When did Britain first use brass? 

answer: 3rd–2nd century BC

question: Who were the first copper miners in North America? 

answer: Native Americans

question: Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600? 

answer: Isle Royale

question: What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD 

answer: Peru

question: When did commercial production of copper begin? 

answer: early 20th century
Title: Copper
Context: There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β−, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.

question: How many isotopes are there of copper? 

answer: 29

question: What are the two stable isotopes of cooper? 

answer: 63Cu and 65Cu

question: Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper? 

answer: 63Cu

question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu? 

answer: 3.8 minutes

question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu? 

answer: 61.83 hours
Title: Copper
Context: The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

question: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called? 

answer: cupronickel

question: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for? 

answer: low-denomination coins

question: What is the metal composition of a US nickel? 

answer: 75% copper and 25% nickel

question: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess? 

answer: resistance to corrosion

question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined? 

answer: golden
Title: Copper
Context: Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

question: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group? 

answer: Polyols

question: What are copper salts used to test? 

answer: reducing sugars

question: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution? 

answer: color change

question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present? 

answer: reddish

question: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve? 

answer: cellulose
Title: Copper
Context: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered? 

answer: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture? 

answer: 4500 BC

question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe? 

answer: 3700–3300 BC

question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called? 

answer: Chalcolithic

question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc? 

answer: Brass
Title: Copper
Context: Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.

question: What is the level of copper in the human body? 

answer: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass

question: How is copper absorbed in humans? 

answer: in the gut

question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver? 

answer: albumin

question: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood? 

answer: Ceruloplasmin

question: How can the body get rid of excess copper? 

answer: via bile
Title: Copper
Context: The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

question: What is the average concentration of copper in ores? 

answer: 0.6%

question: What are most commercial ores? 

answer: sulfides

question: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process? 

answer: floats on top

question: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove? 

answer: iron

question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted? 

answer: oxides
Title: Copper
Context: Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium.

question: How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray? 

answer: four

question: What color is pure copper? 

answer: orange-red

question: What does copper aquire when exposed to air? 

answer: reddish tarnish

question: The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light? 

answer: orange light

question: What color is the metal caesium? 

answer: yellow
Title: Copper
Context: Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.

question: What has copper been used for since ancient times? 

answer: architectural material

question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include? 

answer: antimicrobial indoor products

question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material? 

answer: low thermal movement

question: How long has copper been used in building construction? 

answer: hundreds or thousands of years

question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails? 

answer: antimicrobial
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Context: A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).

question: Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what? 

answer: A psychological identity

question: What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out? 

answer: ethnic identity

question: What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future? 

answer: identity

question: A person's identity is defined as the totality of what? 

answer: one's self-construal
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Context: The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

question: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics? 

answer: individual and group identity

question: Who developed the ISA? 

answer: Weinreich

question: ISA stands for what? 

answer: Identity Structure Analysis