praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Yale_University
Context: In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

question: Who was Calhoun college named for? 

answer: John C. Calhoun

question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun? 

answer: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century

question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions? 

answer: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”

question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college? 

answer: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."

question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015? 

answer: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika
Title: Yale_University
Context: The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine? 

answer: The Yale Record

question: What year was The Yale Record first published? 

answer: 1872

question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established? 

answer: 1878

question: When was the Yale Herald established? 

answer: 1986

question: What is the name of the campus radio station? 

answer: WYBC Yale Radio
Title: Yale_University
Context: Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation? 

answer: clay pipes

question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes? 

answer: bubble pipes

question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub? 

answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub? 

answer: the toe

question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration? 

answer: Bladderball
Title: Yale_University
Context: Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium? 

answer: Yale Bowl

question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence? 

answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building? 

answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established? 

answer: October 21, 2000

question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct? 

answer: $7.5 million
Title: Yale_University
Context: Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013? 

answer: $250 million

question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion? 

answer: $70 million

question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation? 

answer: Richard Gilder
Title: Yale_University
Context: Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

question: What royalty has attended Yale? 

answer: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo

question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale? 

answer: Mario Monti

question: What Mexican president attended Yale? 

answer: Ernesto Zedillo

question: Who was the father of American football? 

answer: Walter Camp

question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale? 

answer: Henry Luce
Title: Yale_University
Context: Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale? 

answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of? 

answer: The Great Gatsby

question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News? 

answer: Nick Carraway

question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale? 

answer: Tom Buchanan

question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale? 

answer: Owen Johnson
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church? 

answer: the Western Schism

question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as? 

answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

question: In what years was the Great Famine? 

answer: 1315–1317

question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings? 

answer: France and England

question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages? 

answer: Hundred Years' War
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

question: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance? 

answer: Greek and Roman

question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century? 

answer: the Crusades

question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe? 

answer: Constantinople

question: Who captured Constantinople? 

answer: Ottoman Turks

question: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople? 

answer: Greek
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

question: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word? 

answer: printing

question: In what year did Constantinople fall? 

answer: 1453

question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa? 

answer: 1498

question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas? 

answer: 1492

question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing? 

answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages? 

answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published? 

answer: 1442

question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni? 

answer: tripartite periodization

question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire 

answer: Flavio Biondo

question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? 

answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis? 

answer: economic and demographic

question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book? 

answer: Johan Huizinga

question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages? 

answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research? 

answer: France and the Low Countries

question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne? 

answer: Belgian
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages? 

answer: the nation state

question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages? 

answer: the Alps

question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages? 

answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic

question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages? 

answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century

question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion? 

answer: the end of western religious unity
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

question: When was the Kalmar Union formed? 

answer: 1397

question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? 

answer: King Christian II

question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union? 

answer: 1523

question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year? 

answer: 1814

question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place? 

answer: 1520
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved? 

answer: 1806

question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors? 

answer: 1356

question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution? 

answer: financial

question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty? 

answer: the Habsburgs
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

question: In what year did Louis die? 

answer: 1382

question: Who did Louis name as his heir? 

answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg

question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir? 

answer: 11

question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court? 

answer: Buda and Visegrád

question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? 

answer: internal war