praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: London
Context: Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.

question: What river is a tributary of the River Thames? 

answer: the River Wandle

question: What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as? 

answer: "Loop"

question: What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely? 

answer: the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk

question: What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience? 

answer: Access to canals and rivers

question: Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named? 

answer: the Thames Path
Title: London
Context: London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United. Among other professional teams based in London include Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Charlton Athletic. In May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League. Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.

question: What is London's most popular athletic sport? 

answer: football

question: How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London? 

answer: five

question: When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title? 

answer: May 2012

question: How many professional football clubs call London their home? 

answer: fourteen

question: Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie? 

answer: none
Title: London
Context: Three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London, (London Irish, Saracens, and Harlequins), although currently only Harlequins and Saracens play their home games within Greater London. London Scottish and London Welsh play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.

question: What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London? 

answer: Twickenham Stadium

question: What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium? 

answer: 82,000

question: Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area? 

answer: Harlequins and Saracens

question: Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games? 

answer: in the RFU Championship club
Title: London
Context: London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 and Paris €11,229.

question: London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP? 

answer: Brazil

question: What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014? 

answer: €24,252

question: A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years? 

answer: three

question: What city has the highest prices for property in Europe? 

answer: London

question: What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014? 

answer: €3,306
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

question: What is the foundation of the United States federal government? 

answer: United States Constitution

question: In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law? 

answer: The Constitution

question: What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law? 

answer: The United States Code

question: What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law? 

answer: law of the United States

question: The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where? 

answer: federal judiciary

question: What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government? 

answer: the United States Constitution

question: What sets out the boundries of federal law? 

answer: The Constitution

question: What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States? 

answer: codified and uncodified

question: What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called? 

answer: The United States Code

question: What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States? 

answer: codified and uncodified

question: What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws? 

answer: the United States Constitution

question: What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties? 

answer: Senate

question: With branch of government deals with new regulations? 

answer: the executive branch

question: Who's responsibility is case law? 

answer: the federal judiciary
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

question: What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states? 

answer: Federal law and treaties

question: Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what? 

answer: the Constitution

question: States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what? 

answer: federal constitutional rights

question: Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law? 

answer: state law

question: Does every state have the same laws? 

answer: vary greatly from one state to the next.

question: Federal law overrides what laws? 

answer: conflicting state and territorial laws

question: The scope of federal power is not what? 

answer: universal

question: What type of system is American Federalism? 

answer: dual-sovereign system

question: American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what? 

answer: Indian reservations

question: States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document? 

answer: the federal Constitution

question: Is there anything that trumps state law? 

answer: Federal law and treaties

question: How many state make up the United States? 

answer: 50

question: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution? 

answer: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights

question: What is day-to-day, operational law considered? 

answer: "living law"

question: What is living law mostly made up of? 

answer: state law
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.

question: In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?   

answer: a subsequent statute

question: What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional?  

answer: federal and state statutes

question: What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue?  

answer: stare decisis

question: Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling? 

answer: the Supreme Court

question: What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional? 

answer: it must be deleted

question: What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional? 

answer: a subsequent statute

question: Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional? 

answer: decades

question: What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute? 

answer: the principle of stare decisis

question: Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court? 

answer: the Supreme Court

question: If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed? 

answer: deleted by a subsequent statute

question: What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books? 

answer: no sensible lower court will enforce

question: What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute? 

answer: reversed by the Supreme Court

question: What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law? 

answer: constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases

question: What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law? 

answer: risk reversal by the Supreme Court
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.

question: The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law? 

answer: law of warranty

question: In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products? 

answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

question: What was most influential American 20th century tort law? 

answer: rule of strict liability for defective products

question: What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products? 

answer: 1963

question: What is one of the most influential changes to tort law? 

answer: rule of strict liability for defective products

question: Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products? 

answer: Roger J. Traynor

question: When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published? 

answer: 1964

question: What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws? 

answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

question: When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States? 

answer: 1985
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other, and of course, partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.

question: What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other? 

answer: Tort law

question: Why can American tort law not be easily summarized? 

answer: because of its immense size and diversity

question: While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called? 

answer: Restatement of Torts

question: What covers crimes of human against human? 

answer: Tort law

question: What does tort law overlap with? 

answer: wrongs also punishable by criminal law

question: What is attempting to standardize the tort law system? 

answer: Restatement of Torts

question: What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet? 

answer: many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections

question: Why is tort law hard to standardize? 

answer: immense size and diversity
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.

question: A lot of American common law diverged from where? 

answer: English common law

question: When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings? 

answer: there is no American ruling on point

question: Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what? 

answer: by each other's rulings

question: Most modern American common law came from what kind of law? 

answer: English common law

question: Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings? 

answer: each other's

question: What rulings do American courts rarely follow? 

answer: post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

question: What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances? 

answer: there is no American ruling on point

question: How close is current American law to English law? 

answer: diverged significantly

question: What differs about American and English law? 

answer: American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

question: When would American law be more likely to follow English law? 

answer: no American ruling on point

question: How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used? 

answer: nearly identical
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.

question: Reception statues are generally the same as what law? 

answer: the common law of England

question: Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law?  

answer: contemporary U.S. courts

question: Which US State did not  enact reception statues?  

answer: Louisiana

question: What do reception statutes state is the law of the state? 

answer: common law of England

question: What is the only state to not enact reception statutes? 

answer: Louisiana

question: Some reception statutes impose what? 

answer: a specific cutoff date

question: Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law? 

answer: pre-Revolution

question: What are reception statutes? 

answer: the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state

question: When are reception statutes invaild? 

answer: repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions

question: Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from? 

answer: English law

question: Which is the only stste without reception statutes? 

answer: Louisiana

question: What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle? 

answer: pre-Revolution
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."

question: early on American courts cited what cases? 

answer: contemporary English

question: What century were apellate decisions regularly reported? 

answer: 19th century

question: When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear? 

answer: 19th century

question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810? 

answer: eighteen

question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910? 

answer: over 8,000

question: When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? 

answer: mid-19th century

question: How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810? 

answer: eighteen

question: By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there? 

answer: 8,000

question: What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports? 

answer: By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining

question: What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in? 

answer: judicial literature
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Context: Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.

question: What does federal law come from? 

answer: the Constitution

question: What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes? 

answer: the Constitution

question: What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes? 

answer: The United States Code

question: Where are regulations published? 

answer: in the Federal Register

question: Where are regulations codified into? 

answer: Code of Federal Regulations

question: Where does federal law begin? 

answer: the Constitution

question: Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings? 

answer: Congress

question: What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes? 

answer: The United States Code

question: Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations? 

answer: executive branch agencies

question: Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found? 

answer: the Code of Federal Regulations