praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

question: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: NATO

question: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment?  

answer: Czechoslovakia

question: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress? 

answer: Solidarity

question: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment?  

answer: Czechoslovakia

question: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively?  

answer: 1989

question: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: Solidarity
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

question: In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place? 

answer: Hungary

question: Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?  

answer: Václav Havel
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

question: Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country? 

answer: the USSR

question: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: the USSR
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

question: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe? 

answer: socialism and communism

question: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? 

answer: Brezhnev

question: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy? 

answer: Western Europe
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

question: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? 

answer: West Germany

question: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament? 

answer: the USSR
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

question: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification? 

answer: Molotov

question: When was reunification first proposed as an idea? 

answer: 1952
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation", the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".

question: The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition? 

answer: the USA
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".

question: Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO? 

answer: Hastings Ismay

question: To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO? 

answer: burglar
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.

question: In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States? 

answer: 1954
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.

question: Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany? 

answer: France
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.

question: In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO? 

answer: 1954

question: Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member? 

answer: Norway
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".

question: In which month of 1955 was this pact declared? 

answer: May
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.

question: Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: East Germany

question: What was the name of the East German armed forces? 

answer: the National People's Army
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.

question: How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership? 

answer: eight
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.

question: In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: 1963

question: In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia?  

answer: 1966
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

question: What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? 

answer: containment

question: Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues? 

answer: Europe
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

question: In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? 

answer: 1956

question: Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? 

answer: Imre Nagy
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action? 

answer: 1968

question: Which country did the Pact conquer? 

answer: Czechoslovakia
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.

question: In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance? 

answer: Hungary

question: In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government? 

answer: 1989

question: For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist? 

answer: 36
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.

question: Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? 

answer: Albania

question: In which year did Poland join NATO? 

answer: 1999

question: In which year did Slovakia join NATO?  

answer: 2004
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Context: In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]

question: In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives? 

answer: 2005

question: How many documents remain classified? 

answer: 70

question: What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike? 

answer: Seven Days to the River Rhine

question: How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland? 

answer: 250

question: In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? 

answer: 1979
Title: Materialism
Context: Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

question: What is materialism? 

answer: a form of philosophical monism

question: In nature, this is an essential substance? 

answer: matter
Title: Materialism
Context: Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

question: What are some examples of philosophical physicalism? 

answer: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter

question: Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what? 

answer: Materialism
Title: Materialism
Context: Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

question: What class does materialism belong to? 

answer: monist ontology
Title: Materialism
Context: Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.

question: What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes? 

answer: "what does reality consist of?"

question: What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes? 

answer: "how does it originate?"

question: An idealist considers what as the most important? 

answer: spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)

question: A materialist considers what as the most important? 

answer: matter
Title: Materialism
Context: The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.

question: Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist? 

answer: materialist

question: Materialism does not define what? 

answer: how material substance should be characterized.
Title: Materialism
Context: During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.

question: What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy? 

answer: dialectical materialism
Title: Materialism
Context: Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

question: Who coined the Axial Age? 

answer: Karl Jaspers

question: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age? 

answer: Eurasia
Title: Materialism
Context: In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.

question: Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy? 

answer: 600 BC

question: At that time, who helped develop materialism? 

answer: Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy

question: What school advanced atomism? 

answer: Nyaya–Vaisesika school

question: Between what years did the school advance atomism? 

answer: 600 BC - 100 BC
Title: Materialism
Context: Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.

question: Materialism is linked to what? 

answer: reductionism