praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Korean_War
Context: In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August–September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny matériel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal.

question: Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge? 

answer: KPA

question: What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do? 

answer: to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night

question: Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council? 

answer: aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory

question: Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China? 

answer: Sweden

question: Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China? 

answer: the Soviets vetoed the US proposal
Title: Korean_War
Context: Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

question: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located? 

answer: San Francisco

question: What is Korea's largest port? 

answer: the port of Pusan

question: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea? 

answer: Japan

question: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea? 

answer: KPA

question: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter? 

answer: UN forces
Title: Korean_War
Context: Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.

question: Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon? 

answer: To relieve the Pusan Perimeter

question: Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack? 

answer: Major General Hobart R. Gay

question: Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from? 

answer: Yokohama, Japan

question: Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces? 

answer: the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied
Title: Korean_War
Context: Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.

question: Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan? 

answer: the Pentagon

question: What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division? 

answer: The X Corps

question: Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle? 

answer: General Edward Almond
Title: Korean_War
Context: After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.

question: Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'? 

answer: Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch

question: What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called? 

answer: the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout"

question: Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea? 

answer: the KPA
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.

question: Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung? 

answer: General H. M. Zakharov

question: Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops? 

answer: to defend Seoul

question: Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat? 

answer: Chinese commanders

question: When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon? 

answer: if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.

question: What emergency session was called by Stalin? 

answer: Politburo

question: How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating? 

answer: 25,000 to 30,000

question: Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops? 

answer: Soviet military advisers

question: Who reclaimed the Seoul? 

answer: South Korean forces.

question: What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat? 

answer: Pyongyang
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel." During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.

question: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel? 

answer: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1

question: Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea? 

answer: Syngman Rhee

question: Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel? 

answer: Defense Secretary George Marshall

question: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea? 

answer: ROK police

question: What year did the executions stop? 

answer: 1951
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.

question: Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel? 

answer: China

question: The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event? 

answer: Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns

question: Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan? 

answer: Bruce Cumings

question: What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea? 

answer: launch guerrilla raids

question: Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's? 

answer: Chiang Kai-shek
Title: Korean_War
Context: By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

question: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender? 

answer: MacArthur

question: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north? 

answer: the UN

question: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing? 

answer: cut the road north going to China

question: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces? 

answer: 135,000
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to "American aggression in the guise of the UN".

question: What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan? 

answer: dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait

question: What year did China decide to enter the war? 

answer: 1950

question: What provoked China to join the war? 

answer: American aggression in the guise of the UN

question: Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict? 

answer: the Politburo
Title: Korean_War
Context: In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2–5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).

question: What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders? 

answer: whether to send Chinese troops into Korea

question: Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea? 

answer: Mao

question: Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea? 

answer: Peng Dehuai

question: Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea? 

answer: Peng

question: What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become? 

answer: People's Volunteer Army
Title: Korean_War
Context: In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

question: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China? 

answer: the Black Sea

question: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist 

answer: two or three months

question: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time? 

answer: Chinese airspace

question: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support? 

answer: March 1951

question: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese? 

answer: the south side of the Yalu
Title: Korean_War
Context: UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.

question: What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day? 

answer: their march and bivouac discipline

question: What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by? 

answer: remain motionless

question: How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles? 

answer: 19

question: What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol? 

answer: shoot security violators

question: When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen? 

answer: 19:00–03:00
Title: Korean_War
Context: Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

question: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam? 

answer: KPA

question: What was the capital city in the North? 

answer: Pyongyang

question: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital? 

answer: Sinuiju

question: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time? 

answer: UNC forces approached

question: When was Pyongyang captured? 

answer: October 1950
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air force protection.

question: Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950? 

answer: Wake Island

question: Who refused to meet on continental United States? 

answer: General MacArthur

question: What was President Truman told at this meeting? 

answer: little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea

question: Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea? 

answer: General MacArthur

question: What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict? 

answer: the greatest slaughter
Title: Korean_War
Context: After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.

question: Who initiated the First Phase offensive? 

answer: PVA 13th Army Group

question: Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea? 

answer: Soviet Union

question: When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea? 

answer: 1 November 1950

question: Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack? 

answer: Ch'ongch'on River

question: What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack? 

answer: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts
Title: Korean_War
Context: On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–29 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000–15,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire—albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.

question: Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army? 

answer: U.S. Eighth Army's

question: Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat? 

answer: Turkish Brigade

question: How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir? 

answer: 12,000–15,000

question: What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle? 

answer: PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics