praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

question: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral? 

answer: five million

question: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize? 

answer: Suez Canal

question: What organization did Nasser create with Syria? 

answer: United Arab Republic

question: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in? 

answer: North Yemen Civil War

question: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President? 

answer: 1965
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

question: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded. 

answer: Aswan Dam and Helwan City

question: What century did Nasser rule in? 

answer: 20th

question: What was nasser's position toward imperialism? 

answer: anti-imperialist

question: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights? 

answer: human rights violations
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

question: What was Nasser's father's occupation? 

answer: postal worker

question: In what city was Nasser raised? 

answer: Alexandria

question: What year was Nasser born? 

answer: 1918

question: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to? 

answer: Glory of the Arabs

question: What siblings did Nasser have? 

answer: two more boys
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

question: What elementary school did Nasser attend? 

answer: Attarin

question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school? 

answer: Helwan

question: What secondary school did Nasser attend? 

answer: Ras el-Tin

question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations? 

answer: Manshia Square

question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed? 

answer: Young Egypt Society
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

question: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo? 

answer: al-Nahda al-Masria

question: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper? 

answer: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom

question: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against? 

answer: British rule

question: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration? 

answer: Two

question: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations? 

answer: constitution
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year? 

answer: 45

question: What treaty did Nasser object to? 

answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt? 

answer: British military bases

question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty? 

answer: declined significantly

question: From where did Nasser graduate? 

answer: al-Nahda
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

question: What did Nasser do in his spare time? 

answer: reading

question: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933? 

answer: National Library of Egypt

question: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth? 

answer: Egyptian society's class divisions

question: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society? 

answer: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite

question: What kind of biographies did Nasser read? 

answer: nationalist leaders
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

question: What political theory fascinated Nasser? 

answer: Egyptian nationalism

question: What politician did Nasser admire? 

answer: Mustafa Kamel

question: What poet did Nasser read? 

answer: Ahmed Shawqi

question: What novel influenced Nasser greatly? 

answer: Return of the Spirit

question: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher? 

answer: Royal Military Academy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

question: What was Nasser's goal? 

answer: a military career

question: Where did Nasser apply in 1937? 

answer: Royal Military Academy

question: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy? 

answer: record of anti-government protest

question: Where did Nasser attend law school? 

answer: King Fuad University

question: How long did Nasser attend law school? 

answer: one semester
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

question: What's another term for influential intermediary? 

answer: wasta

question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy? 

answer: Khairy Pasha

question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy? 

answer: Sadat and Amer

question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt? 

answer: widespread corruption

question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end? 

answer: monarchy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan? 

answer: 1941

question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943? 

answer: instructor

question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister? 

answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

question: What political group was Nasser associated with? 

answer: nationalist

question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers? 

answer: Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, "including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.

question: Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948? 

answer: Palestine

question: In what unit did Nasser serve? 

answer: 6th Infantry Battalion

question: How badly was Nasser wounded? 

answer: lightly

question: What army surrounded Nasser's brigade? 

answer: Israeli

question: What territory was given to Israel? 

answer: Faluja
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.

question: What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade? 

answer: Umm Kulthum

question: What book did Nasser start writing? 

answer: Philosophy of the Revolution

question: What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return? 

answer: royal government

question: Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception? 

answer: British

question: What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple? 

answer: monarchy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

question: What did Nasser do after the war ended? 

answer: instructor at the Royal Military Academy

question: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with? 

answer: Muslim Brotherhood

question: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood? 

answer: religious agenda

question: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel? 

answer: humiliating

question: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks? 

answer: Eilat
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.

question: What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt? 

answer: Syrian

question: Who questioned Nasser? 

answer: Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel

question: What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked? 

answer: convincingly denied the allegations

question: What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do? 

answer: speed up his group's activities
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

question: What group boycotted the 1950 elections? 

answer: Muslim Brotherhood

question: What party advanced in the 1950 elections? 

answer: Wafd

question: What were Wafd members accused of? 

answer: corruption

question: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics? 

answer: Free Officers

question: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers? 

answer: nearly two years
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.

question: What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate? 

answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

question: Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate? 

answer: Hussein Sirri Amer

question: Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt? 

answer: Hassan Ibrahim

question: What was general Amer's political affiliation? 

answer: royalist

question: Who was wounded in the assassination attempt? 

answer: an innocent female passerby
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

question: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club? 

answer: Sirri Amer

question: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers? 

answer: Muhammad Naguib

question: How many times was Naguib wounded? 

answer: three

question: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda? 

answer: al-Misri

question: In what war was Naguib wounded? 

answer: Palestine War
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.

question: In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate?  

answer: 1952

question: Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash? 

answer: Ismailia

question: How many people were killed in the Cairo riots? 

answer: 76

question: Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup? 

answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

question: What did Nasser want to end in Egypt? 

answer: feudalism
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

question: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish? 

answer: parliamentary democracy

question: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup? 

answer: General Naguib

question: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup? 

answer: exile

question: What did Nasser wear during the coup? 

answer: civilian clothing

question: What day did the revolution begin? 

answer: 22 July