praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Infection
Context: The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.

question: What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? 

answer: field of Infectious Disease

question: Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? 

answer: Epidemiology

question: Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? 

answer: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists

question: What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? 

answer: lung physician

question: Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? 

answer: infectious diseases specialist
Title: Infection
Context: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between? 

answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior

question: What is higher pathogen load associated with? 

answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area

question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce? 

answer: pathogen transmission

question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? 

answer: Higher pathogen load

question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? 

answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.
Title: Infection
Context: Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? 

answer: paleopathologists

question: What do paleopathologists study? 

answer: occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms

question: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? 

answer: Signs of infection

question: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? 

answer: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis

question: How did tyrannosaurs become infected? 

answer: being bitten during a fight
Title: Hunting
Context: Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal? 

answer: Hunting

question: Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife? 

answer: food

question: What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and? 

answer: poaching

question: What is poaching? 

answer: illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species

question: What is the species which is hunted referred to as? 

answer: prey

question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called? 

answer: Hunting

question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? 

answer: 2010s

question: Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what? 

answer: poaching

question: Hunted species are usually referred to as what? 

answer: game or prey

question: What animals are usually hunted? 

answer: mammals and birds

question: What is it called to kill or trap an animal? 

answer: Hunting

question: What species are usually hunted? 

answer: mammals and birds

question: Why do humans hunt? 

answer: food, recreation, to remove predators

question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? 

answer: 2010s

question: Species hunted are referred to as what?  

answer: game or prey
Title: Hunting
Context: Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.

question: What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of? 

answer: holocene megafauna

question: What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with? 

answer: Younger Dryas impact event

question: What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia? 

answer: extinction of the Australian megafauna

question: When was Australian's megafauna widespread? 

answer: prior to human occupation

question: What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna? 

answer: hunting

question: What replaced the holocene megafauna? 

answer: smaller herbivores

question: What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction?  

answer: Younger Dryas impact event

question: What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna? 

answer: humans
Title: Hunting
Context: While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

question: What is undisputed about early humans? 

answer: were hunters

question: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what? 

answer: earlier Australopithecines

question: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what? 

answer: hunting

question: What became a theme of stories and myths? 

answer: hunting

question: Hunting allowed what type of rituals? 

answer: dance and animal sacrifice

question: What is undisputed about earlier humans? 

answer: humans were hunters

question: What did hunting become a theme of? 

answer: stories and myths

question: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis?  

answer: hunting hypothesis
Title: Hunting
Context: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

question: What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery? 

answer: Hunter-gathering

question: Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline? 

answer: some tribal societies

question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? 

answer: paleolithic hunting-gathering

question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa? 

answer: the Hadza of Tanzania

question: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when? 

answer: European Age of Discovery

question: What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain? 

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia

question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa? 

answer: Hadza of Tanzania
Title: Hunting
Context: Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.

question: What is Louis Binford's profession? 

answer: Archaeologist

question: What idea did Binford take issue with? 

answer: that early hominids and early humans were hunters

question: What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters? 

answer: scavengers

question: What idea did Blumenschine propose? 

answer: idea of confrontational scavenging

question: What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill? 

answer: challenging and scaring off

question: Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters? 

answer: Louis Binford

question: Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals? 

answer: hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers

question: What did Robert Blumenschine propose? 

answer: confrontational scavenging

question: Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom? 

answer: archaeologists and paleoanthropologists

question: Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators? 

answer: challenging and scaring off
Title: Hunting
Context: Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

question: What was a significant contributor to the human food supply? 

answer: hunting

question: What did the supplementary meat from hunting include? 

answer: protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather

question: What was the leather from hunting used for? 

answer: clothing

question: Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what? 

answer: hunting weapons

question: Where is hunting still vital? 

answer: marginal climates

question: Hunt was a significant contributor to what? 

answer: human food supply

question: Where is hunting still vital? 

answer: marginal climates

question: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates? 

answer: unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture

question: How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap? 

answer: make kayaks, clothing, and footwear
Title: Hunting
Context: On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting.

question: What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs? 

answer: hunters

question: What are the kings portrayed as hunting? 

answer: big game

question: How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented? 

answer: by deities

question: What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of? 

answer: hunting restrictions

question: What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against? 

answer: disrespect of prey

question: Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot? 

answer: lions

question: What is often related to hunting? 

answer: Taboos

question: Deities represent what importance? 

answer: cultural and psychological

question: What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting? 

answer: Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon
Title: Hunting
Context: In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? 

answer: the upper class

question: What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of? 

answer: food and furs

question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? 

answer: Robin Hood

question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? 

answer: they "hunt the King's deer

question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? 

answer: the upper class

question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? 

answer: democratically in hunting for all

question: What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of? 

answer: food and furs

question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? 

answer: Robin Hood

question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? 

answer: they "hunt the King's deer

question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? 

answer: democratically in hunting for all

question: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas? 

answer: upper class

question: What was the game in feudal territory was used as? 

answer: food and furs

question: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory? 

answer: professional huntsmen

question: The importance of can be seen in what legends? 

answer: Robin Hood

question: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for? 

answer: all
Title: Hunting
Context: Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.

question: What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being? 

answer: acceptable

question: What is one of the names of the god Shiva? 

answer: Mrigavyadha

question: What is the translation of Mrigavyadha? 

answer: "the deer hunter"

question: What does Shiva destroy in human beings? 

answer: animal instincts

question: What talent does Dasharatha have? 

answer: hunt in the dark

question: What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? 

answer: Hindu

question: Godly figures have engaged in what activity? 

answer: hunting

question: Mrigavyadha means what? 

answer: deer hunter

question: Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who? 

answer: human beings

question: What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter? 

answer: died
Title: Hunting
Context: From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

question: Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times? 

answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics

question: Who forbid to all servants of God hunting? 

answer: Corpus Juris Canonici

question: What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under? 

answer: Pope Innocent III

question: What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply? 

answer: not all hunting is illicit

question: What type of hunting is unlawful? 

answer: clamorosa

question: Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time? 

answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics

question: What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons? 

answer: Corpus Juris Canonici

question: Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran? 

answer: Pope Innocent III

question: How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded? 

answer: mildly

question: Who stated quiet hunting is allowed? 

answer: Council of Trent
Title: Hunting
Context: Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

question: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible? 

answer: between lawful and unlawful hunting

question: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit? 

answer: all hunting

question: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at? 

answer: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere

question: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting? 

answer: not too severe

question: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics? 

answer: bishop

question: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who? 

answer: Benedict XIV

question: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do? 

answer: prohibit all hunting to the clerics