praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Freemasonry
Context: Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

question: Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England? 

answer: from 1999 to 2009

question: Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009? 

answer: Justice Secretary Jack Straw

question: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds? 

answer: the rule was considered disproportionate
Title: Freemasonry
Context: The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.

question: What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry? 

answer: The Masonic Lodge

question: Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge. 

answer: pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members

question: What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting? 

answer: a formal dinner
Title: Freemasonry
Context: During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.

question: When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason? 

answer: During the ceremony of initiation

question: What does a candidate swear on? 

answer: usually on a volume of sacred text

question: How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders? 

answer: three degrees

question: Are Freemasons free to explore the craft? 

answer: Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying
Title: Freemasonry
Context: Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

question: What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft? 

answer: Regularity

question: Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges? 

answer: Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition

question: When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular? 

answer: If the differences are significant
Title: Freemasonry
Context: All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

question: All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what? 

answer: Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry

question: The initiations are part allegory and part what? 

answer: lecture

question: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry? 

answer: Master Mason

question: Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon? 

answer: Hiram Abiff

question: How many versions of the Hiram myth are there? 

answer: at least two
Title: Freemasonry
Context: The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

question: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what? 

answer: GLE

question: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded? 

answer: 24 June 1717

question: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date? 

answer: 17 July 1751

question: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date? 

answer: 27 December 1813

question: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what? 

answer: the Moderns
Title: Freemasonry
Context: Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

question: When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge? 

answer: By the 1980s

question: Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to? 

answer: Prince Hall is open to all men

question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges? 

answer: The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges
Title: Freemasonry
Context: In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

question: When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges? 

answer: the 1890s

question: When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges? 

answer: 1999

question: What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons? 

answer: the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite

question: Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today? 

answer: most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons
Title: Freemasonry
Context: Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.

question: What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons? 

answer: Geoffrey Fisher

question: What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons? 

answer: Dr Rowan Williams

question: What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons? 

answer: 2003

question: Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what? 

answer: Bishop of Monmouth
Title: Freemasonry
Context: In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.

question: Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what? 

answer: Propaganda Due lodge

question: The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who? 

answer: Grande Oriente d'Italia

question: When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge? 

answer: 1877

question: The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what? 

answer: P2

question: When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2? 

answer: 1976
Title: Israel
Context: On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2]

question: When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan? 

answer: 29 November 1947

question: When was the end of the British Mandate set? 

answer: midnight on 14 May 1948

question: Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization? 

answer: David Ben-Gurion
Title: Israel
Context: Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎ Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل‎ Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

question: What is the official State of Israel? 

answer: Israel

question: Where is Israel located? 

answer: Middle East

question: What's Israel's financial and technology center? 

answer: Tel Aviv
Title: Israel
Context: The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia.

question: What was the population of Israel in 2016? 

answer: 8,476,600

question: How many citizens in Israel are Jewish? 

answer: 6,345,400

question: How many citizens in Israel are Arab? 

answer: 1,760,400
Title: Israel
Context: In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.

question: Israel defines itself as what? 

answer: Jewish and democratic state

question: Where is Israel's economy ranked? 

answer: 35th

question: Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia? 

answer: fourth
Title: Israel
Context: The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).

question: Who was Moses? 

answer: a great-great grandson of Jacob

question: Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus?" 

answer: Moses

question: What does the word "Israel" refer to? 

answer: Jacob
Title: Israel
Context: The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources.

question: What is the "Land of Israel" known as in Hebrew? 

answer: Eretz Yisrael

question: According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people? 

answer: three

question: When was the first Kingdom of Israel established? 

answer: early 2nd millennium BCE
Title: Israel
Context: The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.

question: When does the first record of the name Israel occurs? 

answer: Merneptah stele

question: Who did the ancestors of Israelites include? 

answer: Semites

question: What did Canaanites prohibit? 

answer: intermarriage
Title: Israel
Context: Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute.

question: When did the kingdom split? 

answer: 930 BCE

question: What was the name of the destroyed capital? 

answer: Samaria

question: Who captured Samaria? 

answer: Assyrian king Sargon II
Title: Israel
Context: In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return.

question: Who conquered Judah? 

answer: King Nebuchadnezzar II

question: How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah? 

answer: 50,000

question: How many Judeans did Ezra lead? 

answer: 5,000
Title: Israel
Context: With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.

question: When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt? 

answer: 167 BCE

question: What was established in the Maccabean Revolt? 

answer: Hasmonean Kingdom

question: Who dominated the society? 

answer: Judeans
Title: Israel
Context: With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.

question: When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region? 

answer: 132 CE

question: Who conquered the country in 628? 

answer: Byzantine Empire

question: What was evolving over Roman paganism? 

answer: Christianity