praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Zinc
Context: The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

question: What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode? 

answer: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

question: Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what? 

answer: cathodic protection

question: What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do? 

answer: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

question: Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding? 

answer: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked
Title: Zinc
Context: Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.

question: What has zinc replaced in pipe organs? 

answer: lead/tin alloy

question: Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery? 

answer: machine bearings

question: Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency? 

answer: one cent coins

question: What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies? 

answer: thin layer of copper
Title: Zinc
Context: Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.

question: Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for? 

answer: spin casting

question: Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what? 

answer: Zamak

question: What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy? 

answer: small and intricate shapes

question: What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic? 

answer: Prestal

question: What is used to mold Prestal? 

answer: die casts made of ceramics and cement.
Title: Zinc
Context: Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.

question: What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys? 

answer: cold-rolled into sheets

question: What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc? 

answer: stamping dies

question: Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal? 

answer: too expensive

question: Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications? 

answer: too brittle
Title: Zinc
Context: Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

question: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US? 

answer: zinc compounds

question: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber? 

answer: Zinc oxide

question: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation? 

answer: Zinc oxide

question: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products? 

answer: semiconductor

question: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle? 

answer: thermochemical
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.

question: What is added to wood in order to preserve it? 

answer: Zinc chloride

question: What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens? 

answer: luminescent pigments

question: What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in? 

answer: mid-infrared

question: Where is zinc pyrithion used? 

answer: antifouling paints.
Title: Zinc
Context: 64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.

question: What is the most abundant zinc isotope? 

answer: 64Zn

question: What does 65Zn produce? 

answer: intense gamma radiation

question: Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors? 

answer: anti-corrosion agent

question: What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out? 

answer: 65Zn
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

question: What consumable product is zinc included in? 

answer: vitamin and mineral supplements

question: What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging? 

answer: antioxidant

question: What is the benefit of zinc after injury? 

answer: speed up the healing
Title: Zinc
Context: Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.

question: What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill? 

answer: prostate

question: What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer? 

answer: chemotherapeutic

question: What could overuse of zinc possibly cause? 

answer: prostate cancer

question: Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body? 

answer: prostate.
Title: Zinc
Context: There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

question: What does organozinc chemisty describe? 

answer: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

question: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction? 

answer: The Barbier reaction

question: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail? 

answer: presence of just about any water

question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc? 

answer: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

question: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters? 

answer: structural

question: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA? 

answer: transcription factors,

question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to? 

answer: four

question: What does the transcription factor wrap around? 

answer: DNA helix
Title: Zinc
Context: Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

question: What is the most common supplement in the US? 

answer: zinc oxide

question: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body? 

answer: nearly insoluble

question: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults? 

answer: 20 mg/day

question: What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc? 

answer: 40 mg/day
Title: Zinc
Context: For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

question: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product? 

answer: cereals

question: In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption? 

answer: maize tortillas

question: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate? 

answer: zinc picolinate

question: What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound? 

answer: zinc glycinate
Title: Zinc
Context: Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

question: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what? 

answer: mild zinc deficiency

question: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess? 

answer: depresses immunity

question: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc? 

answer: twice as much food
Title: Zinc
Context: Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

question: What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc? 

answer: plant sources

question: What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption? 

answer: phytates

question: Where is zinc chelator phytate found? 

answer: seeds and cereal bran,

question: What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily? 

answer: diet is high in phytates,
Title: Zinc
Context: Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

question: What are two billion people in the world deficient in? 

answer: zinc

question: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what? 

answer: deficient in zinc

question: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea? 

answer: zinc supplementation

question: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies? 

answer: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

question: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common? 

answer: high-pH soils

question: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what? 

answer: disease.

question: Excess zinc has what effect on plants? 

answer: toxic

question: How is zinc primarily added to soil? 

answer: weathering of rocks
Title: Zinc
Context: There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

question: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily? 

answer: copper

question: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day? 

answer: urinary

question: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what? 

answer: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals

question: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide? 

answer: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"

question: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death? 

answer: denture cream
Title: Zinc
Context: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

question: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose? 

answer: nerve receptors

question: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's? 

answer: polio infections

question: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009? 

answer: zinc-based intranasal cold products

question: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer? 

answer: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione
Title: Zinc
Context: In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

question: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc? 

answer: pennies

question: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies? 

answer: zinc toxicosis

question: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what? 

answer: ataxia

question: Why have people reported zinc intoxication? 

answer: ingestion of zinc coins
Title: Zinc
Context: Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

question: What are dogs known to ingest? 

answer: Pennies

question: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause? 

answer: zinc toxicity

question: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous? 

answer: parrots

question: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc? 

answer: juices stored in galvanized cans