praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.

question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon? 

answer: class inequality

question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action? 

answer: Hispanic Americans

question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting? 

answer: lower-class European Americans

question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation? 

answer: class-based affirmative action

question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group? 

answer: people of color
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies.

question: Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category? 

answer: City University of New York

question: Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request? 

answer: 1976

question: What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under? 

answer: white

question: What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell? 

answer: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study

question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group? 

answer: to take advantage of group preference policies
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

question: What book did Frederick Lynch author? 

answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action

question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action? 

answer: reverse discrimination

question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold? 

answer: against affirmative action

question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is? 

answer: enforcing equal opportunity
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best – the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile – thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115–147

question: Which book did Terry Eastland write? 

answer: From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice

question: What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider? 

answer: how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it

question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is? 

answer: remedying past discrimination

question: Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best? 

answer: because doing so is unnecessary

question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best? 

answer: because it can prove futile
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.

question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination? 

answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority

question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is? 

answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination

question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination? 

answer: Ward Connerly

question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education? 

answer: merit

question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what? 

answer: mediocrity and incompetence
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action? 

answer: compensation argument

question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks? 

answer: society today should compensate for the injuries

question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument? 

answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical

question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument? 

answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over

question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination? 

answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.

question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has? 

answer: undesirable side-effects

question: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action? 

answer: may increase racial tension

question: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan? 

answer: 2006

question: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions? 

answer: 60%

question: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision? 

answer: Grutter v. Bollinger
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.

question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States? 

answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education

question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university? 

answer: legacy admissions

question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action? 

answer: Bakke v. Regents

question: What are public universities not allowed to do? 

answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment

question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do? 

answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.

question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges? 

answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges

question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have? 

answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities

question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent? 

answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it

question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions? 

answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the "top 10 percent" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.

question: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies? 

answer: banning any use of race in school admissions

question: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee? 

answer: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class

question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas? 

answer: California

question: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with? 

answer: class rank

question: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment? 

answer: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year? 

answer: a panel discussion

question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion? 

answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community? 

answer: a third

question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves? 

answer: the descendants

question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate? 

answer: possible remedies
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.

question: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong? 

answer: UCLA

question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools? 

answer: Stanford Law Review

question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings? 

answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school

question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended? 

answer: eight percent

question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California? 

answer: Proposition 209
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Context: A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in? 

answer: economics

question: In which year did Long publish his study? 

answer: 2007

question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report? 

answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools

question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action? 

answer: white students

question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished? 

answer: 14