praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.

question: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument? 

answer: 1925

question: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named? 

answer: Predictor AA No 1

question: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US? 

answer: M3A3

question: What did the British designate the Sperry device as? 

answer: Predictor AA No 2

question: What replaced the UB 2? 

answer: UB 7
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

question: When year did the Dambusters raid happen? 

answer: 1943

question: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do? 

answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

question: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate? 

answer: a new 55 mm gun

question: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use? 

answer: a centralised control system

question: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent? 

answer: hydraulics
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s.

question: What was also utilized to control ground targets? 

answer: AAA battalions

question: Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon? 

answer: 90 mm M3 gun

question: What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war? 

answer: 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun

question: What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun? 

answer: 60,000 ft

question: What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until? 

answer: 1950s
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

question: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against? 

answer: German V-1 cruise missiles

question: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London? 

answer: Folkestone-Dover coast

question: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project? 

answer: Belgium

question: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other? 

answer: Antwerp

question: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets? 

answer: SCR-584 radar
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: In the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland. The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces. Both sides also used the Blowpipe missile. British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems, Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems. Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat.

question: In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland? 

answer: 1982 Falklands War

question: What two units used the Rapier missile system? 

answer: British artillery and RAF regiment

question: What older system did the British naval use? 

answer: Sea Slug longer range systems

question: What new short range systems did the British naval use? 

answer: Sea Wolf

question: What was used in AA mountings on both land and water? 

answer: Machine guns
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

question: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will? 

answer: Larger SAMs

question: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US? 

answer: MANPADS

question: What does MANPADS mean? 

answer: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems

question: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs? 

answer: air-search radar

question: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons? 

answer: autocannons
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Context: However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away.

question: What continues to grow along with stealth technology? 

answer: anti-stealth technology

question: What can detect stealth aircraft? 

answer: Multiple transmitter radars

question: What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS? 

answer: Advanced forms of thermographic cameras

question: What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target? 

answer: the S-400

question: How far away can the S-400 detect a target? 

answer: 90 km away
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

question: Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion? 

answer: Hinduism

question: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India? 

answer: 22

question: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language? 

answer: Uttarakhand

question: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion? 

answer: Sikhism

question: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language? 

answer: Old Indo-Aryan

question: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism? 

answer: Sanskrit

question: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used? 

answer: lingua franca

question: Where is Sanskrit usually found? 

answer: India

question: From what is Sanskrit an adaption? 

answer: Old Indo-Aryan

question: From what language did Sanskrit originate? 

answer: Vedic Sanskrit
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST.

question: In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published? 

answer: 1970

question: Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published? 

answer: Gujarat

question: In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio? 

answer: 1974

question: Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit? 

answer: Over 90

question: What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel? 

answer: 6:55 AM IST

question: What is the publication, Sudharma? 

answer: daily newspaper

question: Where is the newspaper Sudharma published? 

answer: Mysore, India

question: What language are many periodicals published in in India? 

answer: Sanskrit

question: Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio? 

answer: 1974

question: Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online? 

answer: AIR's website
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.

question: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit? 

answer: Prakrits

question: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India? 

answer: Pāṇini and Patanjali

question: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India? 

answer: social class and educational attainment

question: What type of language were Prakrits? 

answer: Middle Indo-Aryan

question: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?" 

answer: Madhav Deshpande

question: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as? 

answer: perfected manner

question: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider? 

answer: social class

question: How was Sanskrit originally used? 

answer: ritual

question: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes? 

answer: Ancient India

question: With what did Sanskrit exist beside? 

answer: vernacular Prakrits
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.

question: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit? 

answer: between the fourth and eighth centuries

question: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai? 

answer: Kharosthi

question: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century? 

answer: Śāradā

question: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent? 

answer: 11th or 12th century

question: Which script replaced the Gupta script? 

answer: Devanagari

question: What were used to write Sanskrit? 

answer: Brahmic scripts

question: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved? 

answer: Gupta

question: What script was used in the northwest of India? 

answer: Kharosthi

question: From what was Gupta derived? 

answer: Brahmi

question: What script evolved from the Gupta script? 

answer: Śāradā
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.

question: Tagalog is what kind of language? 

answer: Philippine

question: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived? 

answer: Spanish

question: What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages? 

answer: bhāṣā

question: What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword "bhāṣā?" 

answer: spoken language

question: What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit? 

answer: Malay

question: Where were many Sanskrit words found? 

answer: Austronesian languages

question: In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit? 

answer: Javanese

question: What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages? 

answer: bhāṣā

question: What is the meaning of bhasa? 

answer: spoken language

question: Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords? 

answer: Sanskrit
Title: Sanskrit
Context: For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa (आर्ष), meaning 'of the ṛṣis', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more "prakritisms" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.

question: What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit? 

answer: the Ramayana and Mahabharata

question: What are prakritisms? 

answer: borrowings from common speech

question: Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages? 

answer: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit

question: How long was Sanskrit a language of culture? 

answer: 2000 years

question: What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit? 

answer: Ramayana and Mahabharata

question: Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found? 

answer: Indian epic poetry

question: Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence? 

answer: Prakrits

question: What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit? 

answer: prakritisms
Title: Sanskrit
Context: From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.

question: When was the time of Panini? 

answer: fourth century BCE

question: What type of text is the Samaveda? 

answer: Vedic texts

question: What was Sanskrit used for? 

answer: sacred purposes

question: How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class? 

answer: conservative

question: To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ? 

answer: change
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata.

question: Who has said the Sanskrit is dead? 

answer: Sheldon Pollock

question: According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used? 

answer: literary cultures

question: What is Sanskrit not  able to express? 

answer: the modern age

question: How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas? 

answer: restatements

question: To what is Sanskrit restricted? 

answer: hymns
Title: Sanskrit
Context: The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.

question: To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit?  

answer: alternative option

question: Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option? 

answer: second or third

question: What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study? 

answer: 5 to 8

question: In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option? 

answer: Hindi

question: In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught? 

answer: gurukulas
Title: Sanskrit
Context: St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the "SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate.

question: What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study? 

answer: St James Junior School

question: Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.? 

answer: September 2009

question: What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.? 

answer: Foreign Language

question: Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language? 

answer: Samskrita Bharati.

question: What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study? 

answer: Sydney Grammar School
Title: Sanskrit
Context: Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.

question: Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin? 

answer: oral tradition

question: After what language evolved was writing introduced? 

answer: Prakrits

question: What does Sanskrit not have of its own? 

answer: native script

question: What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts? 

answer: regional scripts

question: Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit? 

answer: all