praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC? 

answer: 1978

question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC? 

answer: Secretary-General

question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take? 

answer: Leader of the Revolution

question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces? 

answer: commander-in-chief
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

question: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against? 

answer: public sector

question: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978? 

answer: private sector

question: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into? 

answer: worker cooperatives

question: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees? 

answer: several hundred
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the "Green Terror."

question: On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government? 

answer: 2 March 1979,

question: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees? 

answer: Mohammad Maghgoub

question: What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees? 

answer: The Green March

question: How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published? 

answer: weekly

question: What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution? 

answer: Revolutionary Committees
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

question: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979? 

answer: Jefara plain

question: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end? 

answer: 1981

question: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980? 

answer: 1000 dinar

question: What took the place of private businesses in 1981? 

answer: state supermarkets

question: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive? 

answer: black market
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

question: What tribe did Gaddafi belong to? 

answer: Qaddadfa

question: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978? 

answer: head of military intelligence

question: In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded? 

answer: National Front for the Salvation of Libya

question: Who founded the NFSL? 

answer: Mohammed Magariaf

question: What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats? 

answer: al-Borkan,
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In 1979, the U.S. placed Libya on its list of "State Sponsors of Terrorism", while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. The following year, Libyan fighters began intercepting U.S. fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the two countries. Libyan relations with Lebanon and Shi'ite communities across the world also deteriorated due to the August 1978 disappearance of imam Musa al-Sadr when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's £1 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. Gaddafi later came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticising him.

question: What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979? 

answer: State Sponsors of Terrorism

question: In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979? 

answer: Tripoli

question: What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya? 

answer: Iran hostage crisis

question: How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980? 

answer: £1 billion

question: What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979? 

answer: Tanzanian
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

question: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986? 

answer: $5.4 billion

question: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River? 

answer: Gaddafi's Pet Project

question: In what country did FROLINAT operate? 

answer: Chad

question: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU? 

answer: 1981

question: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984? 

answer: Hassan II
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters – in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, D.C., Reagan advised U.S. companies operating in the country to reduce the number of American personnel stationed there. In March 1982, the U.S. implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all U.S. companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K., after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. In Spring 1986, the U.S. Navy again began performing exercises in the Gulf of Sirte; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the U.S. sank several Libyan ships.

question: In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union? 

answer: 1981 and 1985

question: What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be? 

answer: a puppet regime of the Soviet Union

question: As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join? 

answer: Warsaw Pact

question: What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981? 

answer: Su-22

question: What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher? 

answer: policewoman
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

question: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon? 

answer: 100

question: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported? 

answer: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

question: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986? 

answer: two

question: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed? 

answer: Hanna

question: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya? 

answer: Syria
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

question: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin? 

answer: 1987

question: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created? 

answer: 1988

question: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses? 

answer: 27

question: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989? 

answer: Nelson Mandela

question: What was Mandela's nationality? 

answer: South African
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

question: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988? 

answer: army and police

question: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas? 

answer: Rabta

question: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987? 

answer: mustard gas

question: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993? 

answer: Misrata

question: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995? 

answer: Benghazi
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.

question: Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union? 

answer: Mauritania

question: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103? 

answer: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

question: How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction? 

answer: 11

question: What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects? 

answer: 748

question: What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748? 

answer: $900 million
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Context: As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed "King of Kings" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his "coronation ceremony" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.

question: What organization did Libya join in 1999? 

answer: Community of Sahel-Saharan States

question: Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur? 

answer: Algiers

question: What organization was founded in July of 2002? 

answer: African Union

question: What is COMESA? 

answer: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

question: Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002? 

answer: Thabo Mbeki