praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648–1656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem's murder in 1651. During the Köprülü Era (1656–1703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.

question: Who recaptured Iraq in 1639? 

answer: Murad IV

question: Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639? 

answer: the Safavids

question: When was Kösem murdered? 

answer: 1651

question: What years define the Köprülü Era? 

answer: 1656–1703

question: What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669? 

answer: Crete
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Mustafa II (1695–1703) led the counterattack of 1695–96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (in modern Serbia), 11 September 1697.

question: Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683? 

answer: Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha

question: What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as? 

answer: the Great Turkish War

question: Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna? 

answer: Jan III Sobieski

question: What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as? 

answer: the Holy League

question: What treaty was signed 26 January 1699? 

answer: Treaty of Karlowitz
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.

question: Oltenia is also known as what? 

answer: Little Walachia

question: The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years? 

answer: 1716–1718

question: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty? 

answer: Treaty of Passarowitz

question: The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what? 

answer: Austro-Russian–Turkish War

question: What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade? 

answer: port of Azov
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.

question: What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire? 

answer: Istanbul Technical University

question: What type of school was established in the empire in 1734? 

answer: an artillery school

question: In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press? 

answer: Ibrahim Muteferrika

question: Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726? 

answer: Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha

question: In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book? 

answer: 1729
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

question: Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768? 

answer: Ukrainian Haidamaks

question: Near what region was Balta bording? 

answer: Bessarabia

question: During what years was the Russo-Turkish war? 

answer: 1768–1774

question: The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty? 

answer: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

question: The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia? 

answer: freedom to worship
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the "sick man" by Europeans. The suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro – moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.

question: During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur? 

answer: 1804–1815

question: What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830? 

answer: Suzerainty of Serbia

question: There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it? 

answer: the Greeks

question: Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year? 

answer: 1829

question: What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century? 

answer: the "sick man"
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.

question: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861? 

answer: 571

question: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861? 

answer: 140,000

question: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911? 

answer: 528

question: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911? 

answer: 654

question: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe? 

answer: consuls and citizenship
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey.[page needed] Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers, totaling 1–1.5 million deported or killed.

question: During what years did the Crimean War take place? 

answer: 1853–1856

question: On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war? 

answer: 4 August 1854

question: Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war? 

answer: Crimean Tatars

question: Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars? 

answer: Circassians

question: Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus? 

answer: Turkey
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks." The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.

question: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence?  

answer: Eugene Rogan

question: In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy? 

answer: 1875

question: What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called? 

answer: Ottoman Public Debt Administration

question: Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire? 

answer: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.

question: European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what? 

answer: the detriment of local Ottoman interests
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.

question: Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876? 

answer: Ottoman bashi-bazouks

question: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878? 

answer: Russo-Turkish War

question: Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war? 

answer: The Russo-Turkish War

question: What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war? 

answer: Romania
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.

question: Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places? 

answer: Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

question: When did the Balkan Wars take place? 

answer: 1912–13

question: What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913? 

answer: East Thrace (European Turkey)

question: How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies? 

answer: 400,000

question: Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century? 

answer: Justin McCarthy
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire’s citizens to modernize the state’s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them “Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party” were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912–1913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.

question: What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: Second Constitutional Era

question: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire? 

answer: the Young Turk Revolution

question: The restoration of what happened in 1876? 

answer: the Ottoman constitution

question: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members? 

answer: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”

question: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908? 

answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

question: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war? 

answer: Middle Eastern theatre

question: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what? 

answer: Ottoman victories

question: The Arab Revolt began in what year? 

answer: 1916

question: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed? 

answer: 30 October 1918

question: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place? 

answer: 1919–22
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and systematic massacre. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing.

question: When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia? 

answer: In 1915

question: What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia? 

answer: ethnic Armenian

question: How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide? 

answer: 1.5 million

question: Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert? 

answer: the Syrian desert

question: Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they? 

answer: Greek and Assyrian minorities
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.

question: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century? 

answer: Sultan was the highest position

question: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on?  

answer: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics

question: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire? 

answer: the state

question: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands? 

answer: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims

question: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities? 

answer: orthodox Islamic practice
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299–1326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.

question: What was another name for the Ottoman Empire? 

answer: House of Osman

question: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as? 

answer: House of Habsburg

question: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be? 

answer: Turkish

question: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed? 

answer: eleven occasions

question: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI? 

answer: 1918–1922