praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.

question: In what state did Whitehead believe religion began? 

answer: solitariness

question: What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary? 

answer: "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."

question: What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value? 

answer: meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community

question: How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty? 

answer: The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself

question: What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion? 

answer: the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

question: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from? 

answer: through the work of his students and admirers rather

question: What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"? 

answer: Bruno Latour

question: Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries? 

answer: Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs

question: Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy? 

answer: Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine

question: What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead? 

answer: "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.

question: In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States? 

answer: American progressive theology

question: Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology? 

answer: Charles Hartshorne

question: What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne? 

answer: developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology

question: Who are some other distinguished process theologians? 

answer: John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.

question: What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology? 

answer: God's relational nature

question: How is God usually perceived by process theologians? 

answer: "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events

question: Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people? 

answer: people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?

question: Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial? 

answer: as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world

question: What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote? 

answer: "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.

question: What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology? 

answer: biology and economics

question: What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas? 

answer: poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory

question: What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian? 

answer: geneticist

question: Who authored "Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age"? 

answer: Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist

question: Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ? 

answer: process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

question: What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion? 

answer: "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."

question: What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions? 

answer: religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world

question: What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served? 

answer: a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society

question: What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy? 

answer: It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Context: Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

question: What is Mary Parker Follett known for? 

answer: pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior

question: What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett? 

answer: ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."

question: What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett? 

answer: Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.

question: What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients? 

answer: continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments

question: What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets? 

answer: a conflict of interest

question: Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management? 

answer: Professional investment managers

question: What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management? 

answer: to maximize their compensation

question: What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use? 

answer: plausible deniability
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.

question: Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of? 

answer: Countrywide Financial

question: On what date did IndyMac fail? 

answer: July 11, 2008

question: Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States? 

answer: IndyMac

question: Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States? 

answer: IndyMac Bank

question: Who was IndyMac's parent corporation? 

answer: IndyMac Bancorp
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.

question: When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds? 

answer: April 2008

question: If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been? 

answer: 9.27%

question: What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008? 

answer: $160 million

question: What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008? 

answer: Moody's

question: What is a well capitalized ratio? 

answer: minimum 10% risk-based
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.

question: Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits? 

answer: Charles Schumer (D-NY)

question: What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for? 

answer: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

question: How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits? 

answer: a little over $7 billion

question: Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month? 

answer: June 30

question: How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac? 

answer: $500 million
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

question: How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008? 

answer: $1.55 billion

question: What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008? 

answer: 7.5%

question: What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007? 

answer: $10.7 billion

question: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac? 

answer: Charles Schumer

question: What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac? 

answer: unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.

question: What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts? 

answer: IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB

question: What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts? 

answer: US$100,000

question: How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000? 

answer: roughly 10,000 depositors

question: On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship? 

answer: July 11, 2008

question: On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB? 

answer: July 14, 2008
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.

question: How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008? 

answer: Over 100

question: Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase? 

answer: Bear Stearns

question: When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak? 

answer: September and October 2008

question: When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman? 

answer: Oct. 6, 2008

question: What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history? 

answer: Lehman Brothers
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.

question: The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008? 

answer: money market funds

question: What do money market funds frequently invest in? 

answer: commercial paper issued by corporations

question: When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage? 

answer: September 2008

question: How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008? 

answer: $144.5 billion

question: What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008? 

answer: 4.65%
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Context: Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.

question: Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system? 

answer: shadow banking system

question: What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking? 

answer: shadow banking system

question: The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds? 

answer: investor funds

question: What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008? 

answer: U.S. Treasury Secretary