praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Thuringia
Context: The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.

question: Which river in Thuringia is the most important? 

answer: the Saale

question: Are there any large lakes in Thuringia? 

answer: There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia

question: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia? 

answer: the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam

question: Which tributary is located on the southern border?  

answer: the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)
Title: Thuringia
Context: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

question: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence? 

answer: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement

question: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia?  

answer: a mixture of beech and spruce

question: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia? 

answer: forest with beech as its predominant species

question: Where do most landscape problems come from? 

answer: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months

question: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990? 

answer: more natural and tough vegetation
Title: Thuringia
Context: Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

question: Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced? 

answer: 1990

question: What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air? 

answer: modernizing factories

question: What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg? 

answer: Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated

question: What are today's big environmental problems? 

answer: the salination of the Werra river

question: What is causing the salination of the Werra river? 

answer: discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach
Title: Thuringia
Context: During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

question: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages? 

answer: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories

question: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement? 

answer: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule

question: When did population growth in Thuringia peak? 

answer: World War I

question: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population? 

answer: 1950
Title: Thuringia
Context: In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

question: How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013? 

answer: 41,000

question: What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013? 

answer: 24%

question: How much of the Thuringian population are migrants? 

answer: 4%

question: What is the largest group of foreigners? 

answer: Russians

question: Which towns have the highest immigrant population? 

answer: Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau
Title: Thuringia
Context: The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

question: What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia? 

answer: 115 to 120 men per 100 women

question: What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia? 

answer: emigration of young women

question: How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65? 

answer: more than 30%

question: What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia? 

answer: there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.
Title: Thuringia
Context: Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

question: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012? 

answer: +6,700 persons

question: How many migrants went to Eisenach?  

answer: +1,400

question: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating?  

answer: The international migration is fluctuating heavily
Title: Thuringia
Context: Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

question: How many municipalities are in Thuringia?  

answer: 850

question: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns? 

answer: 126

question: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000? 

answer: ten

question: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia? 

answer: the 20th century

question: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power? 

answer: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.
Title: Thuringia
Context: Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

question: What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany? 

answer: Agriculture and forestry

question: How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use? 

answer: 54%

question: What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia? 

answer: the large Thuringian Basin

question: Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia? 

answer: greenhouses

question: Which regions value agriculture most? 

answer: rural regions
Title: Thuringia
Context: Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.

question: How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back? 

answer: the mid-19th-century industrialisation

question: What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990? 

answer: the closure of most large-scale factories and companies

question: Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies? 

answer: the northern and eastern parts of the Land.

question: When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse? 

answer: between 1930 and 1990

question: Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's? 

answer: Eisenach
Title: Thuringia
Context: Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

question: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns? 

answer: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau

question: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail? 

answer: because the competition from imported metal was too strong

question: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900? 

answer: the Südharzrevier

question: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union? 

answer: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal

question: When did the Südharzrevier close? 

answer: After the reunification
Title: Thuringia
Context: The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia? 

answer: below the national average

question: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU? 

answer: Until 2004

question: What has helped to improve Thuringia?  

answer: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth

question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end? 

answer: around 2020
Title: Thuringia
Context: The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak? 

answer: 20% in 2005

question: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia?  

answer: it has decreased to 7%

question: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors? 

answer: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.

question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages? 

answer: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters

question: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors? 

answer: demographic transition
Title: Thuringia
Context: During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting Würzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and Sömmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from Göttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve Mühlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.

question: When were the first motorways built in Thuringia? 

answer: During the 1930s

question: When were the two motorways expanded? 

answer: Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990

question: When were three additional roads built? 

answer: during the 1990s and 2000s

question: Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive? 

answer: The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71

question:   What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015? 

answer: The upgrading of federal highways
Title: Thuringia
Context: The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.

question: What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply? 

answer: lignite

question: Where does Thuringia get it's lignite? 

answer: mined in the bordering Leipzig region

question: How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out? 

answer: carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations

question: What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources? 

answer: Wind power and Biomass

question: What is Hohenwarte Dam? 

answer: big pumped storage stations
Title: Thuringia
Context: Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

question: Which hospitals are being expanded? 

answer: bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt

question: Why are there too many hospital beds? 

answer: rationalisation processes in the German health care system

question: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor? 

answer: rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.
Title: Thuringia
Context: Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

question: How long is Thuringian primary school? 

answer: four years

question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system? 

answer: Since the 1950s

question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia? 

answer: At the age of ten

question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia?  

answer: Friedrich Fröbel

question: How many years of school do students attend after primary? 

answer: eight years
Title: Thuringia
Context: The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

question: What is the biggest school in Thuringia? 

answer: The University of Jena

question: How many universities are there in Thuringia? 

answer: four

question: How many students attend The University of Erfurt? 

answer: 5,000

question: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia? 

answer: The Bauhaus University Weimar

question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded? 

answer: 1860