praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

question: What river did the Israelis want to divert? 

answer: Jordan River

question: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans? 

answer: act of war

question: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations? 

answer: King Hussein

question: What organization was formed as a result of the talks? 

answer: Palestine Liberation Organization

question: Who was set to lead the PLO? 

answer: Ahmad Shukeiri
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

question: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed? 

answer: 1961

question: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964? 

answer: Nasser

question: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter? 

answer: Cold War
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

question: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability? 

answer: African

question: Who did Nasser give asylum to? 

answer: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries

question: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo? 

answer: anti-colonial propaganda

question: What African group did Nasser help to form? 

answer: Organisation of African Unity

question: What year was the OAU formed? 

answer: 1963
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

question: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world? 

answer: Egypt

question: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite? 

answer: Islamic and socialist

question: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform? 

answer: al-Azhar

question: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize? 

answer: Muslim Brotherhood
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

question: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961? 

answer: Presidential Council

question: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser? 

answer: merit

question: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council? 

answer: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him

question: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council? 

answer: Amer

question: What was the Presidential Council meant to do? 

answer: approve all senior military appointments
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

question: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military? 

answer: Amer

question: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer? 

answer: Nasser

question: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him? 

answer: directly confronting Nasser

question: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence? 

answer: painkillers

question: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering? 

answer: diabetes
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

question: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961? 

answer: socialism

question: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms? 

answer: National Charter

question: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter? 

answer: widening the Suez Canal

question: What year was the National Charter released? 

answer: 1962

question: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter? 

answer: universal
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

question: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962? 

answer: 51

question: What was the new name for the National Union? 

answer: Arab Socialist Union

question: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street? 

answer: repression

question: What group was targeted with imprisonment? 

answer: Islamists

question: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures? 

answer: submit their resignations in protest
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

question: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election? 

answer: He was the only candidate

question: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser? 

answer: Muslim Brotherhood

question: What was Qutb's sentence? 

answer: executed

question: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans? 

answer: private sector

question: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s? 

answer: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

question: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria? 

answer: Soviet Union

question: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval? 

answer: dispatch troops to Sinai

question: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein? 

answer: Israeli-American

question: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain? 

answer: West Bank

question: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive? 

answer: US
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although "Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, "our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.

question: What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block? 

answer: Straits of Tiran

question: Who was Nassir's vice president? 

answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

question: How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened? 

answer: diplomacy towards a ceasefire

question: What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel? 

answer: Jordan
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

question: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation? 

answer: Sharm el-Sheikh

question: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war? 

answer: Nasser–Amer

question: What did Nasser dismiss during the war? 

answer: rational analysis
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, "We are your soldiers, Gamal!" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.

question: What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war? 

answer: imminent Arab victory

question: What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat? 

answer: 9 June

question: What did Nasser do about his position as President? 

answer: announced his resignation

question: Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president? 

answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

question: What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations? 

answer: retracted his decision
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

question: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces? 

answer: Mohamed Fawzi

question: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup? 

answer: suicide

question: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt? 

answer: depoliticizing the armed forces

question: What loyalists did Nasser target? 

answer: figures loyal to Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of "playing the superpowers against each other" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.

question: Where was the Arab League summit held? 

answer: Khartoum

question: What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites? 

answer: King Faisal

question: What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war? 

answer: Khartoum Resolution

question: What nation granted military aid to Egypt? 

answer: Soviet Union

question: What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war? 

answer: UN Resolution 242
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

question: What new positions did Nasser give himself ? 

answer: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces

question: When did students protest for political reforms? 

answer: 1968

question: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet? 

answer: Arab Socialist Union

question: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on? 

answer: external
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.

question: What organization was to undergo a big overhaul? 

answer: ASU

question: What trend was Nasser trying to cause? 

answer: liberalization

question: How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out? 

answer: unfulfilled

question: How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive? 

answer: independence
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

question: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called? 

answer: War of Attrition

question: In what year did the War of Attrition begin? 

answer: 1968

question: Who led the Fatah movement? 

answer: Yasser Arafat

question: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself? 

answer: Battle of Karameh

question: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel? 

answer: Arafat
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.

question: What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks? 

answer: build a network of internal defenses

question: When did the war start up again? 

answer: March 1969

question: What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with? 

answer: PLO and the Lebanese military

question: Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon? 

answer: Palestinian guerrillas
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.

question: What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel? 

answer: Rogers Plan

question: What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do? 

answer: recapturing the Suez Canal

question: Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan? 

answer: Soviet Union

question: How did Nasser equate peace with Israel? 

answer: surrender

question: What did Nasser move to the canal zone? 

answer: SAM missiles