praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: USB
Context: USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

question: What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals? 

answer: USB

question: USB has become what on other devices? 

answer: commonplace

question: What has USB effectively replaced? 

answer: a variety of earlier interfaces
Title: USB
Context: Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

question: What are the different kinds of USB connectors? 

answer: Type-A or a Type-B

question: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made? 

answer: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment

question: The Type-A connector is usually what size? 

answer: the Type-A connector is usually the full size

question: What size is the Type-B connector? 

answer: the Type-B side can vary as needed
Title: USB
Context: Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.

question: What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime? 

answer: the "micro" size

question: What was designed for less daily connections? 

answer: The standard and mini connectors

question: What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes? 

answer: Improved mini-B connectors

question: What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind? 

answer: Micro connectors
Title: USB
Context: USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.

question: USB connections come in what? 

answer: five data transfer modes

question: What is High Speed only supported by? 

answer: specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces

question: SuperSpeed is only supported by? 

answer: USB 3.0 and newer interfaces
Title: USB
Context: A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.

question: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's? 

answer: 1994

question: How many companies developed USB's? 

answer: seven

question: What was the goal for USB's? 

answer: to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs

question: Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel? 

answer: Ajay Bhatt
Title: USB
Context: The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

question: When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced? 

answer: January 1996

question: How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0? 

answer: 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"

question: What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0? 

answer: 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed"

question: 1.1 was the first widely used version of what? 

answer: USB

question: When was the first widely used version of USB released? 

answer: September 1998
Title: USB
Context: The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.

question: What provides a fourth transfer mode? 

answer: The new SuperSpeed bus

question: How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate? 

answer: 5.0 Gbit/s

question: What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode? 

answer: Communication
Title: USB
Context: As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.

question: What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports? 

answer: low-power and high-power

question: What do the power variants provide? 

answer: 150 mA and 900 mA respectively

question: What does the Battery Charging Specification do? 

answer: increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A

question: What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification? 

answer: does not allow concurrent data transmission
Title: USB
Context: A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a "Superspeed+" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.

question: When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed? 

answer: January 2013

question: What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated? 

answer: The group ended up creating a new USB version

question: When was USB 3.1 released? 

answer: 31 July 2013

question: What does the USB 3.1 standard increase? 

answer: the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode
Title: USB
Context: Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two "sideband use" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]

question: When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized? 

answer: August 2014

question: What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices? 

answer: USB Type-C Specification 1.0

question: What does Type-C connect to? 

answer: both hosts and devices

question: What connector provides four power/ground pairs? 

answer: The 24-pin double-sided connector
Title: USB
Context: Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.

question: Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what? 

answer: an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages

question: What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain? 

answer: active, electronically marked cables

question: What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages? 

answer: (VDMs)
Title: USB
Context: The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

question: The design of USB is asymmetrical in what? 

answer: its topology

question: How many devices may be connected to a host controller? 

answer: 127 devices

question: How are USB devices linked? 

answer: in series through hubs

question: What HUB is built into the host controller? 

answer: the root hub

question: The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what? 

answer: topology

question: How many devices can be connected to a host controller? 

answer: Up to 127 devices

question: What hub is built into the host controller? 

answer: the root hub

question: A USB host may implement how many host controllers? 

answer: multiple

question: How many USB ports may a host controller provide? 

answer: one or more USB ports
Title: USB
Context: A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

question: What are logical sub-devices referred to as? 

answer: device functions

question: A single device can provide an audio device function such as? 

answer: built-in microphone

question: A single device can provide a video device function such as? 

answer: a webcam
Title: USB
Context: USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.

question: What is a pipe? 

answer: a connection from the host controller to a logical entity

question: A USB connection is based on what? 

answer: pipes (logical channels)

question: What is a pipe named at? 

answer: an endpoint

question: Where do pipes correspond? 

answer: 1-to-1 to endpoints

question: How many endpoints can a USB device have? 

answer: up to 32 endpoints
Title: USB
Context: An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.

question: If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send? 

answer: the host sends an IN packet

question: What does a bi-directional endpoint accept? 

answer: both IN and OUT packets

question: What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint? 

answer: an OUT packet
Title: USB
Context: When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

question: What is started when a USB is first connected to a host? 

answer: enumeration process

question: What id the data rate determined during? 

answer: the reset signaling

question: When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address? 

answer: After reset

question: What does the enumeration process start by doing? 

answer: sending a reset signal to the USB device

question: What happens whenever a USB host is restarted? 

answer: the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.
Title: USB
Context: High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.

question: What do transaction translators do? 

answer: convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses

question: When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode? 

answer: When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub

question: What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain? 

answer: transaction translators
Title: USB
Context: USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.

question: What do USB's implement connections to? 

answer: storage devices

question: What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices? 

answer: the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)

question: What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device? 

answer: extension

question: Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for? 

answer: maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.
Title: USB
Context: Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).

question: Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices? 

answer: since mid-2004

question: What is USB not intended for? 

answer: a primary bus for a computer's internal storage

question: What is an important advantage of USB? 

answer: it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer

question: Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers? 

answer: a computer's internal storage
Title: USB
Context: Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a "translating device" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.

question: Several manufacturers offer what? 

answer: external portable USB hard disk drives

question: What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer? 

answer: performance comparable to internal drives

question: What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity? 

answer: Thunderbolt

question: What do the external drives typically include? 

answer: a "translating device"
Title: USB
Context: Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

question: Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who? 

answer: Microsoft

question: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed? 

answer: to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem

question: What was MTP originally designed for? 

answer: use with portable media players

question: Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system? 

answer: MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does
Title: USB
Context: USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.

question: What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used? 

answer: PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter

question: What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards? 

answer: whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port

question: USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what? 

answer: appropriate protocol

question: What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port? 

answer: Converters

question: What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards? 

answer: a microcontroller