praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Context: During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to "a fortified place" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.

question: How many were killed by the Communards? 

answer: 500 people

question: Which religious official was also killed during the fighting? 

answer: Archbishop of Paris

question: What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down? 

answer: government buildings

question: What famous palace was also burned down? 

answer: Tuileries Palace

question: What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed? 

answer: between 6,000 and 10,000
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Context: At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally "circle") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders.

question: At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier? 

answer: 462,000

question: How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans? 

answer: 270,000

question: What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?" 

answer: literally "circle"

question: What did the French military numbers suffer from the most? 

answer: having lost 100,000 stragglers
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Context: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what? 

answer: military thinking

question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system? 

answer: general staff system

question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914? 

answer: European armies

question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support? 

answer: advancing infantry

question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles? 

answer: Russo-Japanese War
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Context: The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power, British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited, allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland.[citation needed] Besides, the Crown Prince's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German–British relationships.

question: A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress? 

answer: Congress of Vienna

question: At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe? 

answer: the main power

question: Who remained the dominant world power at this time? 

answer: Great Britain

question: British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what? 

answer: very limited

question: The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons? 

answer: the daughter of Queen Victoria
Title: Eritrea
Context: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

question: Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids? 

answer: Buya

question: How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea? 

answer: over 1 million years

question: What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution? 

answer: section of the Danakil Depression

question: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea? 

answer: hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans

question: What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea? 

answer: it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind
Title: Eritrea
Context: The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

question: Who was James Bruce? 

answer: Scottish traveler

question: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia? 

answer: James Bruce

question: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated? 

answer: "Kings of the Sea"

question: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians? 

answer: geopolitical circumstances

question: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans? 

answer: 16th
Title: Eritrea
Context: The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

question: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence? 

answer: annexation

question: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea? 

answer: 1947

question: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000? 

answer: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

question: What was the result of the War of Independence? 

answer: Eritrean independence

question: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates? 

answer: modern-day Eritrea
Title: Eritrea
Context: Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

question: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of? 

answer: the Gash Group

question: What is the Gash Group? 

answer: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization

question: Where is Agordat located? 

answer: central Eritrea

question: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches? 

answer: linguistic

question: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley? 

answer: between 2500–1500 BC
Title: Eritrea
Context: The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

question: What purpose did stelae serve? 

answer: religious

question: Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times? 

answer: The Aksumites

question: Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet? 

answer: the obelisk of Aksum

question: Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting? 

answer: Aksum

question: Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana? 

answer: Aksum
Title: Eritrea
Context: Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

question: What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions? 

answer: ACABQ

question: What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for? 

answer: International Criminal Police Organization

question: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of? 

answer: Arab League
Title: Eritrea
Context: The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

question: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis? 

answer: Zoskales

question: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade? 

answer: by minting their own Aksumite currency

question: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of? 

answer: on the Arabian peninsula

question: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula? 

answer: Himyarite Kingdom

question: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea? 

answer: throughout the ancient world
Title: Eritrea
Context: In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

question: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati? 

answer: 1888

question: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands? 

answer: 1911

question: What was the longest line in the world during its time? 

answer: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway

question: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway? 

answer: the British

question: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed? 

answer: police and public works departments
Title: Eritrea
Context: Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

question: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950? 

answer: United States

question: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor? 

answer: 390A(V)

question: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)?? 

answer: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation

question: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore? 

answer: independence

question: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea? 

answer: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy
Title: Eritrea
Context: Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.

question: What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials? 

answer: a number of new factories

question: How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939? 

answer: around 2,198

question: Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea? 

answer: Eritrean citizens

question: Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries? 

answer: Italians

question: How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built? 

answer: from 4,600 to 75,000
Title: Eritrea
Context: Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

question: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region? 

answer: Lions

question: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River? 

answer: about 30

question: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with? 

answer: olive baboons

question: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence? 

answer: elephant
Title: Eritrea
Context: Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.

question: How many ecoregions make up Eritrea? 

answer: three

question: What is the highest point in Eritrea? 

answer: Emba Soira

question: Where is Emba Soira located? 

answer: in the center of Eritrea

question: How high is Emba Soira? 

answer: 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level

question: What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other? 

answer: The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression
Title: Eritrea
Context: It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.

question: How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea? 

answer: around 100

question: What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka? 

answer: deadly

question: Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found? 

answer: widespread

question: Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found? 

answer: coastal areas

question: Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country? 

answer: African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Title: Eritrea
Context: Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.

question: According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world? 

answer: among the worst

question: According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea? 

answer: sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude

question: What type of state government exists in Eritrea? 

answer: a one-party state

question: According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people? 

answer: for their political activism

question: In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written? 

answer: 2015
Title: Eritrea
Context: In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.

question: Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives? 

answer: In an attempt at reform

question: What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007? 

answer: female genital mutilation

question: What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition? 

answer: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea

question: Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea? 

answer: some people close to the government

question: What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision? 

answer: health concerns and individual freedom