praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Letter_case
Context: Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing? 

answer: formal

question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter? 

answer: capital

question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature? 

answer: beginning of a line of verse

question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English? 

answer: capitalised

question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English? 

answer: oh
Title: Letter_case
Context: Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

question: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter? 

answer: majuscule

question: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument? 

answer: pen

question: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting? 

answer: Alcuin

question: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent? 

answer: Europe

question: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting? 

answer: faster readability
Title: Letter_case
Context: Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

question: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline? 

answer: Letter case

question: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography? 

answer: special

question: Which is the most common variant of case in text? 

answer: lowercase

question: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling? 

answer: upper-case

question: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted? 

answer: easier to distinguish than lowercase
Title: Letter_case
Context: Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.

question: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules? 

answer: generally have the same height

question: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height? 

answer: ascenders

question: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter? 

answer: lower than the average

question: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts? 

answer: 8
Title: Letter_case
Context: Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

question: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity? 

answer: letter cases

question: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as? 

answer: unicameral script

question: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral? 

answer: Georgian

question: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called? 

answer: bicameral
Title: Letter_case
Context: In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

question: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing? 

answer: old Roman cursive

question: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials? 

answer: Knut Kleve

question: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300? 

answer: Europe

question: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters?  

answer: stylistic

question: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another? 

answer: handwritten
Title: Letter_case
Context: As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:

question: What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles? 

answer: headings

question: Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions? 

answer: title case

question: Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs? 

answer: R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style

question: The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction? 

answer: not universally standardized
Title: Letter_case
Context: As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems? 

answer: make casing operations an unholy mess

question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic? 

answer: shapes

question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide? 

answer: single codepoint

question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another? 

answer: sets of symbols

question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule? 

answer: letter case
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison? 

answer: Jornado

question: Along which river did they hunt bison? 

answer: Rio Grande

question: How did the Chichimeca survive? 

answer: hunting, gathering, and farming

question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people? 

answer: Tepehuan

question: The Jornado painted onto what surface? 

answer: rock
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence? 

answer: Dolores

question: What was the name of the Proclamation? 

answer: Grito de Dolores

question: What was Hidalgo's occupation? 

answer: priest

question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo? 

answer: Ignacio Elizondo

question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support? 

answer: United States
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general? 

answer: Mendarozqueta

question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election? 

answer: José Urrea

question: Who had actually won the original vote? 

answer: Gutierrez

question: Who was his deputy? 

answer: P. J. Escalante

question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned? 

answer: Escalante
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war? 

answer: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

question: In which year was the treaty signed? 

answer: 1848

question: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty? 

answer: Texas

question: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty? 

answer: three months

question: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass? 

answer: General Price
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

question: Which countries owned Mexican debt? 

answer: Spain, England, and France

question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister? 

answer: Manuel Doblado

question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time? 

answer: President Juárez

question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact? 

answer: General Juan Prim of Spain

question: Which country refused to accept? 

answer: France
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

question: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua? 

answer: Maximilian

question: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city? 

answer: 500

question: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico? 

answer: four

question: Which four states opposed the French? 

answer: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California

question: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua? 

answer: 1865
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

question: In which year did Benito Juarez die? 

answer: 1872

question: The two candidates were heroes of what battle? 

answer: Battle of Puebla

question: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle? 

answer: The Plan of Tuxtepec

question: Which party rebelled against the administration? 

answer: Lerdista party

question: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces? 

answer: El Paso del Norte
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

question: Which year did Orozco revolt? 

answer: 1912

question: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down? 

answer: Villa

question: Who saved Villa's life? 

answer: Raúl Madero

question: With whom did Orozco side? 

answer: Huerta
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

question: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua? 

answer: Durango

question: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape? 

answer: Desert

question: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon? 

answer: Grand Canyon

question: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live? 

answer: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley

question: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range? 

answer: Rocky Mountains