praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Russian_language
Context: In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese.

question: What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013? 

answer: Russian

question: What percent of all websites are in English? 

answer: 54.7%

question: What percent of all websites are in Russian? 

answer: 5.9%

question: What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian? 

answer: 89.8%

question: What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian? 

answer: 79.0%
Title: Russian_language
Context: Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Eastern Rus' or Muscovy, roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts); and secondary formation (other territory). Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language.

question: What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into? 

answer: "Northern" and "Southern"

question: What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into? 

answer: Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern

question: What distinguishes Russian dialects? 

answer: non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar
Title: Russian_language
Context: The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.

question: What is okanye? 

answer: pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly

question: What articles are similar to Bulgarian? 

answer: post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te

question: What do some Russian dialects do about vowels? 

answer: absence of vowel reduction

question: What region of dialects is the Volga River area in? 

answer: Northern Russian
Title: Russian_language
Context: In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye/яканье. Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.

question: What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect? 

answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

question: What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian? 

answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

question: What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with? 

answer: modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)
Title: Russian_language
Context: Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

question: Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary? 

answer: Vladimir Dal

question: In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published? 

answer: 19th

question: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects? 

answer: 18th century

question: When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created? 

answer: turn of the 20th century

question: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language? 

answer: four decades
Title: Russian_language
Context: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/, /ĭ/.

question: What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become? 

answer: ⟨е⟩

question: What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become? 

answer: ⟨и⟩

question: What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become? 

answer: ⟨ф⟩

question: What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become? 

answer: ⟨у⟩

question: What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become? 

answer: ⟨ю⟩
Title: Russian_language
Context: Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs leveraging this Unicode extension are available which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.

question: What is 'moroz' a transliteration of? 

answer: мороз

question: What is 'mysh' a transliteration of? 

answer: мышь

question: What does 'moroz' mean? 

answer: frost

question: What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration? 

answer: Unicode character encoding,

question: What does 'mysh' mean? 

answer: mouse
Title: Russian_language
Context: The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.

question: Who created KOI8-R encoding? 

answer: the Soviet government

question: What system used CP1251 encoding? 

answer: Microsoft Windows

question: What systems used IBM866 encoding? 

answer: MS-DOS and OS/2

question: What encoding did early Macs use? 

answer: ISO/IEC 8859-5

question: In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage? 

answer: 1995–2005
Title: Russian_language
Context: According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/castle), сто́ящий/стоя́щий (worthwhile/standing), чудно́/чу́дно (this is odd/this is marvelous), молоде́ц/мо́лодец (attaboy/fine young man), узна́ю/узнаю́ (I shall learn it/I recognize it), отреза́ть/отре́зать (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́я, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? – Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.

question: What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of? 

answer: Russian Academy of Sciences

question: What can optional acute accents indicate? 

answer: stress

question: What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian? 

answer: castle

question: What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian? 

answer: this is marvelous

question: What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian? 

answer: standing
Title: Russian_language
Context: The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)

question: Who says Russian has 6 vowels? 

answer: St. Petersburg Phonological School

question: When are Russian vowels written differently? 

answer: depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized

question: What dialect is standard Russian based on? 

answer: Moscow dialect

question: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to? 

answer: Irish

question: What is done to unstressed vowels? 

answer: reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa
Title: Russian_language
Context: Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

question: What might /kʲ/ be considered? 

answer: a phoneme

question: What is palatalization? 

answer: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

question: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced? 

answer: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge
Title: Russian_language
Context: Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine? 

answer: approximately 1000 AD

question: When was Kievan Rus' formed? 

answer: about 880

question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become? 

answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'? 

answer: Old East Slavic

question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity? 

answer: 988
Title: Russian_language
Context: The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

question: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from? 

answer: the languages of Western Europe

question: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? 

answer: French

question: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? 

answer: German

question: Who wrote 'War and Peace'? 

answer: Leo Tolstoy

question: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation? 

answer: French
Title: Russian_language
Context: The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.

question: Who revolutionized modern Russian? 

answer: Alexander Pushkin

question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian? 

answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

question: What was 'high style'? 

answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing? 

answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech
Title: Russian_language
Context: During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

question: When did the USSR dissolve? 

answer: 1991

question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language? 

answer: 1990

question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990? 

answer: the unifying role and superior status
Title: Russian_language
Context: According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of? 

answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"? 

answer: A. L. Arefyev

question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published? 

answer: 2012

question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian? 

answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

question: What is the USAF? 

answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces

question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States? 

answer: seven

question: When did the USAF split from the US Army? 

answer: 18 September 1947

question: What act formed the USAF? 

answer: National Security Act of 1947

question: What is one of the functions of the USAF? 

answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them.

question: How many departments are there in the Department of Defense? 

answer: three

question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to?  

answer: Secretary of Defense

question: What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force?  

answer: Senate

question: Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff? 

answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force

question: Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force?  

answer: Secretary of Defense
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.

question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently?  

answer: twelve

question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express?  

answer: contribute to national security

question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force?  

answer: core functions
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations?  

answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter

question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies?  

answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD

question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies?  

answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission

question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents?  

answer: US national security