praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh.

question: What almost always includes character simplification? 

answer: Caoshu

question: What is Caoshu? 

answer: cursive written text

question: When did discussions of character simplification take place? 

answer: In the 1930s and 1940s
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.

question: What varies greatly? 

answer: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters

question: What were mandatory in printed works? 

answer: Orthodox variants

question: What were adopted for use in mainland China? 

answer: Chinese characters
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds."

question: Who is John Gulick? 

answer: Rev

question: Who constantly selected unaspirated characters? 

answer: Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese

question: Who have followed this method? 

answer: Muslims from Arabia and Persia
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

question: What is now limited to ceremonial uses? 

answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

question: What were once in widespread use? 

answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

question: What was used in schooling? 

answer: Literary Chinese
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.

question: When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away? 

answer: December 2011

question: Who stepped up after 2011? 

answer: Kim Jong Un

question: Who began moderating the use of Hanja? 

answer: Kim Jong Un
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea".

question: What are students taught to memorize? 

answer: native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning

question: What is name of the hanja? 

answer: mul-su

question: What is the Korean pronunciation of water? 

answer: mul
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words.

question: What is still being used according to experts? 

answer: Hanja

question: What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided? 

answer: Hanja

question: What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity? 

answer: weddings
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.

question: What was the dominant form of written communication? 

answer: Literary Chinese

question: What is treated as being conservative and confucian? 

answer: Chinese characters

question: What comes directly from China? 

answer: science and sociology
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).

question: What also includes a pair of syllabaries? 

answer: Written Japanese

question: Why do the syllabaries differ? 

answer: they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable

question: What uses a composite system? 

answer: Modern Japanese writing
Title: Chinese_characters
Context: Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.

question: What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms? 

answer: literacy

question: Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year? 

answer: 1949

question: Who issued the first round of official characters? 

answer: The People's Republic of China
Title: Bermuda
Context: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

question: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality? 

answer: Spanish

question: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda? 

answer: Juan de Bermúdez

question: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants? 

answer: pigs

question: What company permanently settled Bermuda? 

answer: the English Virginia Company

question: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda? 

answer: Juan de Bermúdez

question: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda? 

answer: 1503

question: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago? 

answer: two

question: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda? 

answer: pigs

question: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda? 

answer: 1609
Title: Bermuda
Context: The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

question: What is the capital of Bermuda? 

answer: St. George's

question: What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615? 

answer: Somers Isles Company

question: In what year did Bermuda enter British rule? 

answer: 1707

question: What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684? 

answer: the Somers Isles Company

question: In what year did the islands become a British colony? 

answer: 1707

question: What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory? 

answer: Newfoundland became part of Canada

question: What was Bermuda's first capital? 

answer: St. George
Title: Bermuda
Context: Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate. Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.

question: What two business drive Bermuda's economy? 

answer: offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism

question: What type of climate does Bermuda have? 

answer: subtropical

question: Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances? 

answer: Bermuda Triangle

question: What protects the island from storms? 

answer: coral reef that surrounds the island

question: What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors? 

answer: insurance and reinsurance, and tourism

question: What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy? 

answer: global recession

question: Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest? 

answer: a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.

question: Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation? 

answer: protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.

question: What is the climate of Bermuda? 

answer: subtropical
Title: Bermuda
Context: Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.

question: Bermuda is located in what ocean? 

answer: Atlantic Ocean

question: Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea? 

answer: Sargasso Sea

question: Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction? 

answer: north

question: Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction? 

answer: west

question: Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction? 

answer: due east

question: What natural features compose Bermuda? 

answer: low-forming volcanoes

question: In what major ocean is Bermuda located? 

answer: Atlantic Ocean

question: Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city? 

answer: Miami

question: Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state? 

answer: North Carolina
Title: Bermuda
Context: The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.

question: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from? 

answer: marine organisms

question: During the ice age, what area of land was above water? 

answer: approximately two hundred square miles

question: Has the seamount always been above sealevel? 

answer: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence

question: What type of volcano forms the archipelago? 

answer: a submarine volcano

question: Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms? 

answer: periods of complete submergence,

question: What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages? 

answer: an island

question: The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things? 

answer: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Title: Bermuda
Context: Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named "Long Island"? 

answer: two

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Horseshoe Bay"? 

answer: two

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Long Bay"? 

answer: three

question: Where can St. George's Town be found? 

answer: St George's Island within St George's Parish

question: What are three of the bays named? 

answer: Long Bay

question: What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share? 

answer: Horseshoe

question: St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what? 

answer: St George's

question: What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton? 

answer: Hamilton Parish
Title: Bermuda
Context: Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30–40 ft or 9–12 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.

question: What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels? 

answer: the south shore of the island

question: Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular? 

answer: Scuba

question: Historic St. George's has been given what distinction? 

answer: World Heritage Site

question: What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches? 

answer: pink

question: Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels? 

answer: south shore of the island

question: What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination? 

answer: pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters

question: What has St. George been designated as? 

answer: World Heritage Site

question: Why are divers attracted to Bermuda? 

answer: numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water

question: Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers? 

answer: Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore
Title: Bermuda
Context: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.

question: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal? 

answer: bats

question: What is the national bird of Bermuda? 

answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow

question: What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda? 

answer: Bermuda rock skink

question: What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago? 

answer: diamondback terrapin

question: What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda? 

answer: bats

question: What is the national bird of Bermuda? 

answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow

question: Why is the National bird of importance? 

answer: example of a Lazarus species

question: What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate? 

answer: Bermuda rock skink

question: Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate? 

answer: this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds