praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: MP3
Context: A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread.

question: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce? 

answer: variable bitrate audio

question: Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis? 

answer: layer III

question: What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality? 

answer: VBR

question: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable? 

answer: final file size

question: An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use? 

answer: the user
Title: MP3
Context: Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]

question: A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what? 

answer: bit reservoir

question: What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir? 

answer: Layer III

question: What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir? 

answer: encoding delay

question: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate? 

answer: temporary

question: A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream? 

answer: constant bitrate
Title: MP3
Context: There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding.

question: What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to? 

answer: sfb21

question: What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to? 

answer: 16 kHz

question: The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21? 

answer: less efficient storage

question: What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding? 

answer: wasted bitrate
Title: MP3
Context: A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags.

question: What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as? 

answer: tag

question: What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number? 

answer: album

question: What do MP3 standards not define? 

answer: tag formats for MP3 files

question: What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags? 

answer: a standard container format
Title: MP3
Context: However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data.

question: Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists? 

answer: ID3v2

question: What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting? 

answer: APEv2

question: What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning? 

answer: end

question: What is important to note about where the tags are stored? 

answer: separate from the actual MP3 frame data

question: If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them? 

answer: treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data
Title: MP3
Context: ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.

question: What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file? 

answer: ReplayGain

question: What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as? 

answer: audio normalization

question: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust? 

answer: the overall playback volume

question: What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements? 

answer: MP3Gain

question: MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback? 

answer: ReplayGain capability
Title: MP3
Context: The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015.

question: Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free? 

answer: European Union

question: What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free? 

answer: expired

question: When will the technology be patent - free in the United States? 

answer: 31 December 2017

question: Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire? 

answer: 2007 and 2015
Title: MP3
Context: In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.

question: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to? 

answer: legal threats

question: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products? 

answer: which patents must be licensed

question: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products? 

answer: patent infringement

question: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent? 

answer: early stages
Title: MP3
Context: The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172.

question: What became publicly available on 6 December 1991? 

answer: MPEG-1 standard

question: When can patents not be filed in most countries? 

answer: after prior art has been made public

question: How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed? 

answer: 20 years

question: How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed? 

answer: 12 months

question: When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries? 

answer: December 2012
Title: MP3
Context: An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires.

question: How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States? 

answer: 17 years after the publication date

question: A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what? 

answer: submarine patents

question: What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States? 

answer: 2017

question: Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States? 

answer: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

question: Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States? 

answer: Technicolor
Title: MP3
Context: Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents.

question: What was Technicolor's previous name? 

answer: Thomson Consumer Electronics

question: What patent does Technicolor claim to control? 

answer: Layer 3

question: What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing? 

answer: actively enforcing these patents
Title: MP3
Context: In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us."

question: When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter? 

answer: September 1998

question: What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders? 

answer: a license

question: What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing? 

answer: infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson

question: What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights? 

answer: the [MPEG Layer-3] standard
Title: MP3
Context: Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005. Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015, however (the exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expires February 2017, U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expires 9. April 2017.

question: Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology? 

answer: Thomson

question: Who initially sued to protect their patent rights? 

answer: Sisvel S.p.A.

question: What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit? 

answer: a license to their patents

question: When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire? 

answer: 2015

question: When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire? 

answer: 9. April 2017
Title: MP3
Context: In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany" in the words of one commentator.

question: What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006? 

answer: MP3 players

question: At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized? 

answer: IFA

question: Which company was the Italian patents firm representing? 

answer: Sisvel

question: What happened after the injunction was successful? 

answer: The injunction was later reversed

question: The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what? 

answer: bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany
Title: MP3
Context: In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009.

question: Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007? 

answer: Texas MP3 Technologies

question: Which court did the lawsuit take place in? 

answer: eastern Texas federal court

question: What action did the three companies being sued take? 

answer: all settled the claims against them

question: What year did the lawsuits end? 

answer: 2009

question: What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on? 

answer: infringement of a portable MP3 player patent
Title: MP3
Context: Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them. The court subsequently tossed the award, however, finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not even owned by Alcatel-Lucent; it was co-owned by AT&T and Fraunhofer, who had licensed it to Microsoft, the judge ruled. That defense judgment was upheld on appeal in 2008. See Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft for more information.

question: Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs? 

answer: Alcatel-Lucent

question: What kind of patents were allegedly inherited? 

answer: MP3 coding and compression

question: How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on? 

answer: seven

question: What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages? 

answer: The court subsequently tossed the award

question: How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury? 

answer: US $1.52 billion
Title: MP3
Context: Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, and AT&T.

question: AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format? 

answer: MP3

question: What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on? 

answer: psychoacoustic

question: Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats? 

answer: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
Title: MP3
Context: There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.

question: Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format? 

answer: open

question: Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what? 

answer: any known patent restrictions

question: What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3? 

answer: free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format

question: How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis? 

answer: available free of charge
Title: MP3
Context: Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.

question: What is a significant alternative to MP3? 

answer: lossless formats

question: What can lossless formats provide? 

answer: unaltered audio content

question: What is the downside of using a lossless format? 

answer: increased file size

question: What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless? 

answer: FLAC

question: What does FLAC stand for? 

answer: Free Lossless Audio Codec
Title: House_music
Context: House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Early house music commercial success in Europe saw songs such as "Pump Up The Volume" by MARRS (1987), "House Nation" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House (1987), "Theme from S'Express" by S'Express (1988) and "Doctorin' the House" by Coldcut (1988) in the pop charts. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide.

question: What city did House music originate from? 

answer: Chicago

question: What decade did House music first develop? 

answer: 1980s

question: What year was House music first popularized? 

answer: 1984

question: What genre does House music fall into? 

answer: electronic dance music

question: What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987? 

answer: "Pump Up The Volume"
Title: House_music
Context: Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house.

question: House music is characterized by what type of beats? 

answer: 4/4 beats

question: What are some subgenres of House music? 

answer: euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house

question: What are rhythms provided by in House music? 

answer: drum machines

question: What are some differences between House and Disco music? 

answer: it was more electronic and minimalistic

question: What type of music is House based on? 

answer: dance-based music
Title: House_music
Context: In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999–2001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]

question: When was the second wave of progressive house? 

answer: 1999–2001

question: What are some popular subgenres of House? 

answer: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House

question: where is house music extremely popular? 

answer: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene

question: What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue? 

answer: a more mainstream pop-based variation
Title: House_music
Context: Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines, and some compositions were entirely electronic; examples include Giorgio Moroder's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer's hit single "I Feel Love" from 1977, Cerrone's "Supernature" (1977), Yellow Magic Orchestra's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), Solid State Survivor (1979), and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime.

question: What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music? 

answer: synthesizers and drum machines

question: who produced Donna Summer's hit single "I Feel Love"? 

answer: Giorgio Moroder

question: what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce? 

answer: 1980s disco-pop

question: What year did Cerrone's "Supernature" get released? 

answer: 1977

question: What year was solid state survivor released? 

answer: 1979
Title: House_music
Context: Soul and disco influenced house music, plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco, garage music and post-disco DJs, producers, and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others who produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings. Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines.

question: What influenced House music? 

answer: Soul and disco

question: What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles? 

answer: Early house producers

question: what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions? 

answer: samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines
Title: House_music
Context: The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century.

question: What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album? 

answer: Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat

question: What did Singh's album contain? 

answer: Indian ragas performed in a disco style

question: What year was synthesizing: ten ragas to a disco beat released? 

answer: 1982

question: What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album? 

answer: minimal arrangement