praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Jews
Context: Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]

question: Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)? 

answer: 800,000

question: The only substantial aliyah came from where? 

answer: Yemen and Syria

question: When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries? 

answer: early decades of the 20th century
Title: Jews
Context: Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.

question: When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur? 

answer: 18th century

question: What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment? 

answer: growing trend of assimilation

question: Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely? 

answer: Kaifeng Jews of China
Title: Jews
Context: Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50%, in the United Kingdom, around 53%; in France; around 30%, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice. The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.[citation needed]

question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States? 

answer: just under 50%

question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom? 

answer: 53%

question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France? 

answer: 30%

question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico? 

answer: as low as 10%

question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia? 

answer: as low as 10%
Title: Jews
Context: In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.

question: When did the Papal States exist? 

answer: until 1870

question: In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live? 

answer: ghettos

question: What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent? 

answer: bad antisemitism
Title: Jews
Context: Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

question: What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as? 

answer: dhimmis

question: What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as? 

answer: jizya

question: What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading?" 

answer: requirement of distinctive clothing

question: Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule? 

answer: Dhimmis
Title: Jews
Context: Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century, as well as in Islamic Persia, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi."

question: What were walled quarters known as? 

answer: mellahs

question: Who was forced into confinement in mellahs? 

answer: Moroccan Jews

question: When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin? 

answer: 15th century
Title: Jews
Context: Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.

question: What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations? 

answer: expulsion

question: What resulted in the massacre of Jews? 

answer: First Crusade

question: Who led the Spanish Inquisition? 

answer: Tomás de Torquemada

question: According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry? 

answer: 19.8%
Title: Jews
Context: The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

question: How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust? 

answer: approximately 6 million

question: Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939? 

answer: 15 million

question: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups? 

answer: The Holocaust

question: In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust? 

answer: more than a third
Title: Jews
Context: There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal Teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.

question: What is one method used to prevent intermarriage? 

answer: pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity

question: What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as? 

answer: the Baal Teshuva movement

question: Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity? 

answer: Orthodox
Title: Cotton
Context: The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.

question: What is the most frequent use of cotton? 

answer: fabric

question: To what date has cotton been dated? 

answer: 5000 BC

question: Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times? 

answer: Indus Valley

question: In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times? 

answer: Mexico

question: What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton? 

answer: cotton gin
Title: Cotton
Context: The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered? 

answer: Mehrgarh, Pakistan

question: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan? 

answer: Neolithic

question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan? 

answer: 3300 and 1300 BCE

question: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last? 

answer: industrialization

question: During what time did cotton become widely used in India? 

answer: 2000 and 1000 BC
Title: Cotton
Context: In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in Persian). Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.

question: Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period? 

answer: Achaemenid era

question: When was the Achaemenid era? 

answer: 5th century BC

question: In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran? 

answer: Persian poets' poems

question: What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia? 

answer: Marco Polo

question: What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia? 

answer: John Chardin
Title: Cotton
Context: Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.

question: When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt? 

answer: 1820's,

question: What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market? 

answer: M. Jumel

question: Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s? 

answer: Mohamed Ali Pasha

question: How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War? 

answer: $56 million

question: How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903? 

answer: 1.2 million bales a year
Title: Cotton
Context: During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie  [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas.

question: In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed? 

answer: imported fiber

question: What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees? 

answer: John Mandeville

question: What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree? 

answer: Herodotus

question: By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia? 

answer: 16th century

question: Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants? 

answer: similarities to wool
Title: Cotton
Context: India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]

question: How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing? 

answer: declined

question: During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production? 

answer: late 18th and early 19th

question: What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry? 

answer: British East India Company

question: What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell? 

answer: raw cotton

question: If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products? 

answer: Britain
Title: Cotton
Context: The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname "Cottonopolis" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

question: What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry? 

answer: Industrial Revolution

question: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production? 

answer: 1738

question: What device did James Hargreaves invent? 

answer: spinning jenny

question: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775? 

answer: spinning mule

question: Whic British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its cotton production? 

answer: Manchester
Title: Cotton
Context: Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from colonial plantations, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa, India, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).

question: What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain? 

answer: cotton gin

question: What American invented the cotton gin? 

answer: Eli Whitney

question: Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated? 

answer: by hand

question: What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market? 

answer: commercial chain

question: From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold? 

answer: colonial markets
Title: Cotton
Context: By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.

question: What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton? 

answer: longer, stronger fibers

question: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills? 

answer: India

question: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton? 

answer: Caribbean

question: By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south? 

answer: mid-19th century

question: What was cotton called in the 19th century? 

answer: King Cotton