praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

question: When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll? 

answer: 1890

question: Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll? 

answer: Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson

question: What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll? 

answer: trading steamer

question: What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890? 

answer: Robert Louis Stevenson

question: What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson? 

answer: The Cruise of the Janet Nichol
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 "Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society", under Professor William Sollas and lead the expedition in 1897. Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.

question: What are the boreholes on Funafuti called? 

answer: Darwin's Drill

question: What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti? 

answer: Royal Society of London

question: What formations was the Royal Society studying? 

answer: coral reefs

question: Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow? 

answer: Charles Darwin

question: What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled? 

answer: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Charles Hedley, a naturalist at the Australian Museum, accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti, and The Mollusca of Funafuti. Edgar Waite was also part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. William Rainbow described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.

question: What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti? 

answer: Charles Hedley

question: What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti 

answer: invertebrate and ethnological
Title: Tuvalu
Context: During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

question: For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War?  

answer: a base

question: What group occupied the Gilbert Islands? 

answer: Japanese forces

question: What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands? 

answer: Battle of the Coral Sea

question: From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti? 

answer: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944

question: On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp? 

answer: Fongafale
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.

question: In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands? 

answer: 1974

question: When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice? 

answer: December 1974

question: What document was changed to cause a change in government? 

answer: Constitution

question: What was the determination of the referendum? 

answer: separation

question: What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be? 

answer: British dependency
Title: Tuvalu
Context: From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu. The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the head of government) and the Speaker of Parliament. The ministers that form the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.

question: When did Tuvalu acquire independence? 

answer: October 1978

question: What was formed in 1974? 

answer: British colony of Tuvalu

question: After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named?  

answer: Parliament of Tuvalu

question: What type of parliament does Tuvalu have? 

answer: unicameral

question: In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster? 

answer: members of parliament
Title: Tuvalu
Context: There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

question: How many courts are there on Tuvalu? 

answer: eight

question: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu? 

answer: High Court of Tuvalu

question: What is the High Court's right to determine? 

answer: Law of Tuvalu

question: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court? 

answer: Sir Gordon Ward

question: To where can judgments be appealed? 

answer: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).

question: In what group is Tuvalu involved? 

answer: Secretariat of the Pacific Community

question: In which forum group is Tuvalu a member? 

answer: Pacific Islands Forum

question: In which British group is Tuvalu a member? 

answer: Commonwealth of Nations

question: To what world organization does Tuvalu belong? 

answer: United Nations

question: On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum? 

answer: 18 February 2016
Title: Tuvalu
Context: A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

question: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN? 

answer: global warming

question: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority?  

answer: sea level rising

question: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification? 

answer: Kyoto Protocol

question: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions? 

answer: binding deals

question: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change? 

answer: vulnerable
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).

question: Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member? 

answer: Alliance of Small Island States

question: What is the AOSIS'S main concern? 

answer: climate change

question: To what agreement has Tuvalu committed? 

answer: Majuro Declaration

question: What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate? 

answer: 100% renewable

question: By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy? 

answer: Solar PV
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.

question: In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate?  

answer: Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency

question: Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory? 

answer: South Pacific Tuna Treaty

question: What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement? 

answer: tuna purse seine fishing

question: Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ? 

answer: Multilateral Fisheries Treaty

question: What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015? 

answer: fishing days
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.

question: What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013? 

answer: Memorandum of Understanding

question: What does the Memorandum concern? 

answer: Pacific Regional Trade

question: What does the trade agreement encompass? 

answer: Economic Partnership Agreement

question: With what group does the  agreement form an alliance? 

answer: European Union

question: To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid? 

answer: Pacific island countries
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule (elected village presidents; one on each atoll).

question: What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called? 

answer: ulu-aliki

question: What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu? 

answer: alikis

question: What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders? 

answer: Falekaupule

question: What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu? 

answer: tofuga

question: With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu? 

answer: pule o kaupule
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "climate change refugees", who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu. However the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim. The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were "exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature" that justified the grant of resident permits as the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family which had effectively relocated to New Zealand. Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a "climate change refugee" under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds. Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.

question: What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand? 

answer: climate change refugees

question: By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate? 

answer: humanitarian nature

question: What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable? 

answer: New Zealand High Court

question: What feature was missing in the climate change claims? 

answer: persecution or serious harm

question: What document draws out the requirements of refugee status? 

answer: Refugee Convention
Title: Tuvalu
Context: New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.

question: What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits? 

answer: 75

question: What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand? 

answer: job offer

question: How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted? 

answer: 5,000

question: What is the program that allows season employees work permits? 

answer: Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program

question: What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand? 

answer: Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The Tuvaluan language and English are the national languages of Tuvalu. Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan and Tongan. It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian outliers in Micronesia and northern and central Melanesia. The language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.

question: Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu? 

answer: Tuvaluan

question: What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language? 

answer: Ellicean group

question: What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related? 

answer: Polynesian

question: To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related? 

answer: Micronesia

question: From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits? 

answer: Samoan
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu. The Tuvaluan medical staff at PMH in 2011 comprised the Director of Health & Surgeon, the Chief Medical Officer Public Health, an anaesthetist, a paediatric medical officer and an obstetrics and gynaecology medical officer. Allied health staff include two radiographers, two pharmacists, three laboratory technicians, two dieticians and 13 nurses with specialised training in fields including surgical nursing, anaesthesia nursing/ICU, paediatric nursing and midwifery. PMH also employs a dentist. The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services.

question: What is the only hospital in Tuvalu? 

answer: Princess Margaret Hospital

question: How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff? 

answer: 13

question: On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital? 

answer: Funafuti

question: What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide? 

answer: midwifery

question: How many nurses are provided to the outer islands? 

answer: nine or ten
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

question: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP? 

answer: Funafuti

question: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme? 

answer: government of Tuvalu

question: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education? 

answer: outside of Tuvalu

question: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme? 

answer: Sixth form

question: In what educational institution is the program found? 

answer: University of the South Pacific
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).

question: What is the required education for males on Tuvalu? 

answer: 10 years

question: How long are females required to go to school? 

answer: 11 years

question: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002? 

answer: 99.0%

question: How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010? 

answer: 1,918

question: What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools? 

answer: 1:18
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, sewing and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.

question: What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll? 

answer: Community Training Centres

question: For what have CTC students failed to qualify ? 

answer: secondary education

question: What from of education do Community Training Centres provide? 

answer: vocational training

question: Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes? 

answer: Adults

question: What kind of training classes are offered at CTC? 

answer: basic