praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).

question: The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies? 

answer: 1973

question: What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s? 

answer: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis

question: What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology? 

answer: the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan

question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US? 

answer: SERI, now NREL

question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan? 

answer: NEDO

question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany? 

answer: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.

question: The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period? 

answer: the 1920s

question: Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at? 

answer: 20% per year

question: When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin? 

answer: in the 1890s

question: Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s? 

answer: falling petroleum prices

question: Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999 

answer: 20%

question: What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007? 

answer: 154 GW
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

question: Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues? 

answer: The International Energy Agency

question: Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world? 

answer: The International Energy Agency
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.

question: ISO 9050 relates to standards for what? 

answer: glass in building

question: ISO 10217 relates to standards for what? 

answer: materials used in solar water heaters

question: What is the name of the standard related to glass in building? 

answer: ISO 9050

question: What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters? 

answer: ISO 10217
Title: Solar_energy
Context: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

question: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as? 

answer: passive solar or active solar

question: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy? 

answer: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating

question: What is an example of a passive solar technique? 

answer: orienting a building to the Sun
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.

question: What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012? 

answer: 559.8 EJ

question: What is solar energy's yearly potential? 

answer: 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)

question: What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity> 

answer: The large magnitude of solar energy available

question: Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000? 

answer: The United Nations Development Programme
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

question: How will solar energy increase energy security? 

answer: through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource

question: What costs will solar energy lower? 

answer: the costs of mitigating global warming

question: What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered? 

answer: learning investments

question: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels? 

answer: keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.

question: Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface? 

answer: geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.

question: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available? 

answer: areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation

question: What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator? 

answer: photovoltaics

question: Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy? 

answer: during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb

question: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available? 

answer: clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.

question: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy? 

answer: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels

question: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels? 

answer: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below).

question: What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy? 

answer: insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans

question: What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate? 

answer: 1,575–49,837 EJ per year
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

question: What is solar power? 

answer: conversion of sunlight into electricity

question: How is sunlight converted into electricity? 

answer: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)

question: What does a concentrated solar power system use? 

answer: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

question: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system? 

answer: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam

question: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity? 

answer: photoelectric effect
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.

question: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history? 

answer: Sunlight

question: Who first utilized solar architecture? 

answer: Greeks and Chinese

question: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing? 

answer: toward the south
Title: Solar_energy
Context: A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

question: What is a solar balloon? 

answer: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air

question: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon? 

answer: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force

question: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to? 

answer: the toy market

question: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market? 

answer: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.

question: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s? 

answer: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce

question: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century? 

answer: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

question: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy? 

answer: 2060

question: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change? 

answer: could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
Title: Tajikistan
Context: The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land? 

answer: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

question: What other culutres has ruled the area? 

answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

question: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age? 

answer: city of Sarazm

question: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation? 

answer: 1991

question: What years did the civil war take place? 

answer: 1992 to 1997

question: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? 

answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane? 

answer: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

question: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation? 

answer: 1991

question: What years did the war last through? 

answer: 1992 to 1997
Title: Tajikistan
Context: Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

question: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army? 

answer: 1939

question: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII? 

answer: 260,000 Tajik

question: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war? 

answer: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)

question: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics? 

answer: living conditions, education and industry
Title: Tajikistan
Context: The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.

question: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother? 

answer: by clan loyalties

question: What did the ceasefire guaranteed? 

answer: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition

question: Who came into power in 1992? 

answer: Emomali Rahmon

question: Why did more than half a million people flee? 

answer: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities
Title: Tajikistan
Context: Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

question: Who was stationed along the boarder? 

answer: Russian border troops

question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001? 

answer: at the Dushanbe Airport

question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force? 

answer: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe

question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often? 

answer: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
Title: Tajikistan
Context: In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)

question: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped? 

answer: 28 Tajik soldiers

question: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan? 

answer: 2015

question: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley? 

answer: November 2010

question: Why was there concerns in 2010? 

answer: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August
Title: Tajikistan
Context: Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

question: What type of government does Tajikistan have? 

answer: a republic

question: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan? 

answer: Kokhir Rasulzoda

question: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers? 

answer: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova

question: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president? 

answer: November 1994

question: What kind of system is a dominant-party system? 

answer: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament