praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390–387 BC. The Gauls, led by chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops, pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome, and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off. Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries.[relevant? – discuss]

question: When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end? 

answer: 387 BC

question: How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River? 

answer: 15,000 troops

question: Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls? 

answer: Rome

question: What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River? 

answer: Brennus

question: Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies? 

answer: two Etruscan towns
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War. Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.

question: What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked? 

answer: Italy

question: How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War? 

answer: two battles

question: What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War? 

answer: revolt of several of their Latin allies

question: When did The First Samnite War end? 

answer: 341 BC

question: Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius? 

answer: Latins
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term "Pyrrhic victory"). In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns. Seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy.

question: Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army? 

answer: Pyrrhus

question: What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus? 

answer: negotiate

question: What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from? 

answer: Pyrrhus

question: What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy? 

answer: Seeing little hope for further gains

question: In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place? 

answer: 275 BC
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.

question: What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome? 

answer: naval battles

question: What type of engine was invented by the Romans? 

answer: grappling engine

question: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans? 

answer: Xanthippus

question: Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands? 

answer: The Romans

question: Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses? 

answer: the Carthaginians
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River. Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital. Hannibal was recalled to Africa, and defeated at the Battle of Zama.

question: What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle? 

answer: Hasdrubal Barca

question: At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at? 

answer: Metaurus River

question: In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at? 

answer: the Battle of Zama

question: Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa? 

answer: Scipio Africanus

question: Why did the Romans send an army to Africa? 

answer: to threaten the Carthaginian capital
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as "war action": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that "Carthage" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian ("attic") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule.

question: What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates? 

answer: Treaties

question: What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of? 

answer: punic colonies

question: What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans? 

answer: punic cities

question: What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down? 

answer: complete surrender

question: Who did the Numidians form an alliance with? 

answer: Rome
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

question: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome? 

answer: Macedonia

question: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to? 

answer: westward

question: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in? 

answer: Greek peninsula

question: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved? 

answer: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet

question: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with? 

answer: Hannibal
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the "Peace of the Greeks", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies.

question: What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated? 

answer: "Peace of the Greeks"

question: Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss? 

answer: Greece

question: What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War? 

answer: an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies

question: In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae? 

answer: 197 BC

question: What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae? 

answer: his recent Greek conquests
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.

question: Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid? 

answer: Hannibal

question: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid? 

answer: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself

question: Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire? 

answer: Seleucids

question: Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great? 

answer: Seleucids

question: Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans? 

answer: Philip
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War, but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece, beginning the Roman-Syrian War. After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier). Like the Spartans, the Seleucids lost the battle, and were forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. The Seleucids sued for peace, and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests. Although they still controlled a great deal of territory, this defeat marked the decline of their empire, as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east (the Parthians) and the west (the Greeks). Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century, when it was eclipsed by Pontus. Following Magnesia, Rome again withdrew from Greece, assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace. In fact, it did the opposite.

question: Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison? 

answer: Sicily

question: Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans? 

answer: in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy

question: Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae? 

answer: the Seleucids

question: Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece? 

answer: assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace

question: What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire? 

answer: Battle of Magnesia
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war.

question: In what year did Philip pass away? 

answer: 179 BC

question: Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death? 

answer: Perseus

question: In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna? 

answer: 168 BC

question: How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians? 

answer: by sending a stronger army

question: Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War? 

answer: Rome
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

question: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into? 

answer: four client republics

question: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end? 

answer: 148 BC

question: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War? 

answer: a Macedonian pretender to the throne

question: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece? 

answer: destabilizing

question: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna? 

answer: The Romans
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

question: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa? 

answer: The Jugurthine War

question: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive? 

answer: treachery

question: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia? 

answer: Jugurtha

question: When did the Jugurthine War end? 

answer: 104 BC

question: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia? 

answer: the Romans
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

question: When did the Cimbrian War end? 

answer: 101 BC

question: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes? 

answer: 121 BC

question: What war began in the year 113 BC? 

answer: The Cimbrian War

question: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from? 

answer: northern Europe
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).

question: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals? 

answer: with plunder

question: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers? 

answer: their generals

question: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters? 

answer: the slaves

question: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC? 

answer: twelve

question: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate? 

answer: Octavian
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards. Although they lost militarily, the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.

question: How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus? 

answer: 150,000

question: When was the beginning of the Social War? 

answer: 91 BC

question: How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War? 

answer: more than 500,000

question: How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC? 

answer: three

question: Ultimately what started the Social War? 

answer: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: The internal unrest reached its most serious state, however, in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city. Sulla's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic, and caused the founding of the Roman Empire.

question: What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals? 

answer: civil wars

question: In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash? 

answer: 88 BC

question: In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place? 

answer: very door of the city

question: Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate? 

answer: an army of the Marius supporters

question: What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic? 

answer: the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.

question: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC? 

answer: Mithridates the Great

question: With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry? 

answer: Gaius Marius

question: How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome? 

answer: by seeking to expand his kingdom

question: When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign? 

answer: 63 BC

question: How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC? 

answer: 80,000
Title: Roman_Republic
Context: During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.

question: Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula? 

answer: Julius Caesar

question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul? 

answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end? 

answer: 59 BC

question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of? 

answer: Pompey

question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars? 

answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul