praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.

question: Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE? 

answer: Diodotus

question: When was Diodotus II overthrown? 

answer: 230 BC

question: What leader overthrew Diodotus II? 

answer: Euthydemus

question: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader? 

answer: Antiochus III

question: Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son? 

answer: Euthydemus
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

question: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road? 

answer: Strabo

question: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India? 

answer: 180 BC

question: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history? 

answer: Demetrius

question: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria? 

answer: Heliocles
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

question: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria? 

answer: Apollodotus I

question: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I? 

answer: Antimachus II

question: Who succeeded Antimachus II? 

answer: Menander I

question: What religion did Menander I convert to? 

answer: Buddhism

question: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts? 

answer: Milinda
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

question: When did Menander die? 

answer: 130 BC

question: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east? 

answer: Indo-Scythian

question: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion? 

answer: Paropamisadae

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.  

answer: dom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.  

answer: in
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

question: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean? 

answer: the all-knowing Yavanas

question: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."? 

answer: The Mahabharata

question: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita? 

answer: Varahamihira

question: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." 

answer: The Mahabharata

question: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...." 

answer: Varahamihira
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

question: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height? 

answer: Hellenistic

question: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture? 

answer: Hellenistic

question: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom? 

answer: Hellenistic
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

question: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula? 

answer: Crimean

question: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians? 

answer: Bosporan

question: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with? 

answer: Pontic-Caspian steppe

question: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture? 

answer: Greeks of Bactria

question: Hellenized Scythians were known as? 

answer: young Scythians
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

question: What did the Greeks call Bahrain? 

answer: Tylos

question: Where was the central point of pearl trading? 

answer: Bahrain

question: Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain? 

answer: Nearchus

question: Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist? 

answer: Greek

question: Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god? 

answer: Shams
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

question: Carthage was on the coast of what country? 

answer: Tunisia

question: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture? 

answer: military

question: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE? 

answer: Mago I of Carthage

question: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military? 

answer: phalanx

question: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military? 

answer: Xanthippus of Carthage
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

question: Rome dominated what peninsula? 

answer: Italian

question: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic? 

answer: Roman

question: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war? 

answer: First Punic War

question: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war? 

answer: Romans
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

question: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire? 

answer: Roman

question: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos? 

answer: Philip V

question: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae? 

answer: the Romans

question: When was the Battle of Cannae? 

answer: 216 BC

question: In what war was the Battle of Cannae? 

answer: Second Punic War
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.

question: In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war? 

answer: the Balkans

question: Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War? 

answer: Philip

question: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin? 

answer: 200 BC

question: What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War? 

answer: Battle of Cynoscephalae

question: What empire won the Second Macedonian War? 

answer: Roman
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192–188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.

question: Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC? 

answer: Philip V

question: Who defeated Ptolemy? 

answer: Antiochus

question: In what war was Ptolemy defeated? 

answer: Fifth Syrian War

question: What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece? 

answer: Roman-Syrian War

question: What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place? 

answer: 192–188 BC
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.

question: What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence? 

answer: Perseus

question: Perseus fought the Romans in what war? 

answer: Third Macedonian War

question: When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans? 

answer: 146 BC

question: Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth? 

answer: Lucius Mummius

question: When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate? 

answer: 146 BC
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.

question: Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty? 

answer: Attalus III

question: When did Attalus III die? 

answer: 133 BC

question: Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic? 

answer: Attalus III

question: In what year was the final Greek resistance? 

answer: 88 BC

question: Who led the final Greek resistance? 

answer: Mithridates of Pontus
Title: Hellenistic_period
Context: Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

question: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident? 

answer: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

question: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state? 

answer: Pompey the Great

question: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch? 

answer: Cleopatra VII

question: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated? 

answer: Battle of Actium

question: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom? 

answer: Egypt