praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Apollo
Context: Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called "theological oracles", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. "In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed."

question: which two cult sites had widespread infuence? 

answer: Delos and Delphi

question: Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle? 

answer: Julian the Apostate

question: In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity? 

answer: theological oracles
Title: Apollo
Context: A lot of temples dedicated to Apollo were built in Greece and in the Greek colonies, and they show the spread of the cult of Apollo, and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form, and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, don't belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types, because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve the esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed, some mathematical relations became necessary, in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics.

question: What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures? 

answer: peripteral temples

question: Why did mathematical relations become necessary? 

answer: in order to keep the original forms

question: Why were the first buildings narrow? 

answer: to hold the roof

question: Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics? 

answer: Pythagoras
Title: Apollo
Context: It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace, nine yards (8 m) long, of amber. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day (ἑβδομαγενής, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion —according to Delian tradition—or of the month Bysios—according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.

question: Who kidnapped Eileithyia? 

answer: Hera

question: Who was the goddess of childbirth? 

answer: Eileithyia

question: How long was the necklace offered to Hera? 

answer: nine yards

question: What was the necklace made of? 

answer: amber

question: What was the day of the new moon? 

answer: The seventh
Title: Apollo
Context: Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.

question: What was the name of the chthonic dragon? 

answer: Python

question: which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies? 

answer: Castalian Spring

question: Who was Apollo's mother? 

answer: Leto

question: Where did Apollo kill Python? 

answer: the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo

question: Who was a parent of Python? 

answer: Gaia
Title: Apollo
Context: When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.

question: Who is Apollo's son? 

answer: Asclepius

question: Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt? 

answer: for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead

question: How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes? 

answer: one year of hard labor
Title: Apollo
Context: Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.

question: Who was the daughter of Peneus? 

answer: Daphne

question: Who is Daphne's father? 

answer: Peneus

question: Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow? 

answer: Cupid
Title: Apollo
Context: Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia. She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, either heliotrope or sunflower, which follows the sun every day.

question: Who was Leucothea's mother? 

answer: Orchamus

question: Who is Leucothea's sister? 

answer: Clytia

question: Who did Leucothea fall in love with? 

answer: Leucothea

question: Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive? 

answer: Orchamus
Title: Apollo
Context: Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.

question: Who was the daughter of Phlegyas? 

answer: Coronis

question: Who owas King of the Lapiths? 

answer: Phlegyas

question: How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys? 

answer: A crow

question: Who was the son of Elatus? 

answer: Ischys
Title: Apollo
Context: Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief: out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection αἰαῖ, meaning alas. The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta.

question: Who was one of Apollo's male lovers? 

answer: Hyacinthus

question: What hit Hyacinthus in the head, killing him? 

answer: discus

question: Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus? 

answer: Zephyrus

question: What item did Apollo create and name after his lover? 

answer: flower
Title: Apollo
Context: Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo.

question: Who argued about whether the matricide was justified? 

answer: Apollo and the Furies

question: Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage? 

answer: Erinyes

question: Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred? 

answer: Apollo

question: Who was accused of matricide? 

answer: Orestes
Title: Apollo
Context: Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the kithara, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.

question: Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill? 

answer: Pan

question: Who was a faithful follower of Pan? 

answer: Midas

question: Who was the mountain-god? 

answer: Tmolus

question: Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill? 

answer: Tmolus
Title: Apollo
Context: After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this, as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then nailed Marsyas' shaggy skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas.

question: What instrument did Apolo play? 

answer: lyre

question: What instrument did Marsyas know how to play? 

answer: flute

question: Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute? 

answer: Marsyas

question: What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas? 

answer: Marsyas' blood
Title: Apollo
Context: On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares ("Apollonian Games") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.

question: Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established? 

answer: Flaminian fields

question: When was the Second Punic war? 

answer: 212 BCE

question: What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares? 

answer: Apollonian Games
Title: Apollo
Context: As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750–550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as "born in Lycia", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).

question: Who was god of colonization? 

answer: Apollo

question: When was the height of colonization? 

answer: 750–550 BCE

question: What does Lykegenes mean? 

answer: born in Lycia
Title: Apollo
Context: In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason—characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder. The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian. However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus. This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.

question: Who was the god of wine? 

answer: Dionysus

question: In literary contexts, who represents harmony, order and reason? 

answer: Apollo

question: Where did Apollo go in winter? 

answer: Hyperborea
Title: Apollo
Context: The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.

question: Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization? 

answer: Praxiteles

question: In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed? 

answer: Praxiteles

question: Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities? 

answer: Praxiteles
Title: Apollo
Context: In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, "ideas"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (οἶδα, "(I) know") and eidos (εἶδος, "species") have the same root as the word idea (ἰδέα), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.

question: Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe? 

answer: Anaxagoras

question: Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms? 

answer: Plato

question: What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea? 

answer: eidos
Title: Apollo
Context: Kouros (male youth) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece. This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. The first statues are certainly still and formal. The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent, but it was accepted for a good reason. The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is, and embodied the archaic smile of good manners, the firm and springy step, the balance of the body, dignity, and youthful happiness. When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men, it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods. The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented. These forms expressed immortality. Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order. His shrine in Delphi, that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions: γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnōthi seautón="know thyself") and μηδὲν ἄγαν (mēdén ágan, "nothing in excess"), and ἐγγύα πάρα δ'ἄτη (eggýa pára d'atē, "make a pledge and mischief is nigh").

question: What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece? 

answer: Kouros

question: What is another word for male youth? 

answer: Kouros

question: Who was the immortal god of ideal balance? 

answer: Apollo
Title: Apollo
Context: In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period (640–580 BC), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life. The Greeks maintained, until late in their civilization, an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive. This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself. A fine example is the statue of the Sacred gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens (Dipylon Kouros). The statue is the "thing in itself", and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity. According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus, and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body, giving the impression that the statues could move. It is considered that he created also the New York kouros, which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type, and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself.

question: The period between 640-580 BC was known as what? 

answer: early archaic period

question: What was the name of the Dipylon master? 

answer: Daedalus

question: Who created the New York kouros? 

answer: Daedalus
Title: Apollo
Context: The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.

question: Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth? 

answer: Daedalus

question: During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement? 

answer: Minoan period

question: These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material? 

answer: marble
Title: Apollo
Context: The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520–485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.

question: What period ran from 520-485 BC? 

answer: late archaic period

question: What was the harbour of Athens? 

answer: Piraeus

question: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand? 

answer: the bow

question: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand? 

answer: a cup of pouring libation
Title: Apollo
Context: In the next century which is the beginning of the Classical period, it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else, consisted of symmetry and proportions. The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment (Myron), which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element. Anatomy and geometry are fused in one, and each does something to the other. The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions, just as they sought some reality behind appearances. Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements (materials), but of the parts, that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras. The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm. The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic. The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm, of which in the Louvre example, a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps.

question: Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements? 

answer: Polykleitos

question: In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm? 

answer: Apollo Citharoedus statue type

question: What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE. 

answer: neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century