praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.

question: What is the definition of a nuclear strike?  

answer: the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets

question: What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security?  

answer: deployment of nuclear strike capabilities

question: Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict? 

answer: President

question: What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions?  

answer: US NDO objectives

question: What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions?  

answer: Continental United States
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.

question: What ensures the safety of nuclear operations?  

answer: Nuclear surety

question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security?  

answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations

question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security?  

answer: unauthorized or accidental use

question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support?  

answer: effective nuclear weapons security

question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security?  

answer: Departments of Defense or Energy
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.

question: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for?  

answer: Offensive Counterair

question: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02? 

answer: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms

question: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks?  

answer: air and missile threats

question: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks?  

answer: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for?  

answer: Defensive Counterair

question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect? 

answer: friendly

question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA?  

answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks

question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA? 

answer: ballistic

question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks?  

answer: counter-measures
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.

question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another?  

answer: Space superiority

question: What does Space Superiority encompass?  

answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for?  

answer: friendly forces

question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in?  

answer: land, sea, air, space
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02).

question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies?  

answer: operations to ensure freedom of action in space

question: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect?  

answer: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack

question: What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on?  

answer: space situational awareness
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat? 

answer: Air Force

question: What is the definition of CND? 

answer: computer network defense

question: What does Cyberspace defense include? 

answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on?  

answer: fused all-source intelligence

question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense?  

answer: Air Force
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, protect, and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions. This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks. The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques. It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.

question: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability?  

answer: Cyberspace Support

question: What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission? 

answer: sustain assigned networks and missions

question: What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect? 

answer: C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks

question: What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use?  

answer: CNE and CND
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Command and control is "the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission" (JP 1-02). This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air, space, cyberspace, nuclear, and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives.

question: What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations?  

answer: exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces

question: Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations?  

answer: commander in planning

question: What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses?  

answer: agile combat support operations

question: What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative?  

answer: achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements?  

answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations

question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations?  

answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture

question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information?  

answer: national and military decision makers
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets" (JP 1-02).

question: What are Special Operations?  

answer: operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments

question: What are the goals of Special Operations?  

answer: achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives

question: What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ?  

answer: indigenous or surrogate

question: What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods? 

answer: dependence on detailed operational intelligence
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations?  

answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

question: What objectives does Airlift support?  

answer: strategic, operational, or tactical

question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis?  

answer: resolve and compassion

question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift?  

answer: delivering forces to crisis locations
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission." Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.

question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation?  

answer: Health Service Support

question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called? 

answer: Aeromedical Evacuation

question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties?  

answer: to and between medical treatment facilities

question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions?  

answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.

question: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military? 

answer: Personnel Recovery

question: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission?  

answer: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel

question: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis?  

answer: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda

question: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission?  

answer: crisis response and regional stability
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters?  

answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations

question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces? 

answer: limited

question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail?  

answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life

question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help?  

answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. Through both words and deeds, the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit. It includes both foreign partners as well as domestic partners and emphasizes collaboration with foreign governments, militaries and populations as well as US government departments, agencies, industry, and NGOs. To better facilitate partnering efforts, Airmen should be competent in the relevant language, region, and culture.

question: What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force?  

answer: airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors

question: What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions? 

answer: develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security

question: What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage?  

answer: cross-cultural

question: What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions? 

answer: building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit

question: What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions? 

answer: relevant language, region, and culture
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.

question: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907? 

answer: U.S. War Department

question: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department?  

answer: 40 years later

question: How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII?  

answer: 68,000

question: What does the USAAF stand for?  

answer: U.S. Army Air Forces

question: Who signed the National Security Act of 1947?  

answer: President Harry S Truman
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Context: The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949? 

answer: Department of Defense

question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain? 

answer: three

question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include? 

answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft

question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations?  

answer: Marine Corps

question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947? 

answer: Captain Chuck Yeager