praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Communication
Context: Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]

question: What is a form of communication observed within plants? 

answer: between plant cells

question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil? 

answer: roots

question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek? 

answer: vegetable fiber

question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger? 

answer: via volatiles

question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil? 

answer: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants
Title: Communication
Context: Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete? 

answer: Theories of coregulation

question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory? 

answer: Egypt

question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society? 

answer: Harold Innis

question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus? 

answer: Space Binding

question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations? 

answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires
Title: Communication
Context: Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.

question: Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication? 

answer: it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills

question: Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession? 

answer: communications

question: What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications? 

answer: Companies with limited resources

question: What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have? 

answer: excellent writing ability
Title: Grape
Context: Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

question: What color are white grapes? 

answer: green

question: What gene makes grapes purple? 

answer: anthocyanins

question: What shape do grapes usually resemble? 

answer: prolate spheroid

question: What type of food are grapes? 

answer: fruit

question: How many grapes are generally in a cluster? 

answer: 15 to 300
Title: Grape
Context: The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

question: How long ago were grapes first cultivated? 

answer: 6,000–8,000 years ago

question: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin? 

answer: Yeast

question: Where is the oldest know winery located? 

answer: Armenia

question: What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after? 

answer: Shiraz

question: How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt? 

answer: hieroglyphics
Title: Grape
Context: Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:

question: What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries? 

answer: animal fat

question: What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French? 

answer: red wine

question: What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat? 

answer: the French paradox

question: What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol? 

answer: vasodilation
Title: Grape
Context: Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

question: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended? 

answer: Grape juice

question: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar? 

answer: fermented

question: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America? 

answer: Concord grapes

question: What are Sultana grapes known as in California? 

answer: Thompson Seedless

question: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice? 

answer: Niagara grapes
Title: Grape
Context: Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

question: What type of wine is fermented with grape skin? 

answer: red wine

question: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed? 

answer: white wine

question: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins? 

answer: resveratrol

question: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits? 

answer: Red wine
Title: Grape
Context: Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.

question: What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as? 

answer: table grapes

question: What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as? 

answer: wine grapes

question: What specie are table grapes and wine grapes? 

answer: Vitis vinifera

question: What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless? 

answer: Table grape

question: What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested? 

answer: approximately 24%
Title: Grape
Context: In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.

question: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible? 

answer: Genesis 9:20–21

question: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture? 

answer: Dionysus

question: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art? 

answer: Christ

question: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts? 

answer: Deuteronomy

question: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm? 

answer: Noah
Title: Grape
Context: There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

question: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators?  

answer: three

question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there?  

answer: more than a dozen

question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless?  

answer: Vitis vinifera

question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for?  

answer: cold

question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka? 

answer: Vitis vinifera
Title: Grape
Context: Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes? 

answer: Anthocyanins

question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as?  

answer: Total phenolic content

question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices?  

answer: Phenolic content

question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes? 

answer: anthocyanins

question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes? 

answer: flavan-3-ols
Title: Grape
Context: The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

question: What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist? 

answer: The Catholic Church

question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration?  

answer: the Last Supper

question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt? 

answer: Canon 924

question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons? 

answer: grape juice

question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ? 

answer: transubstantiation
Title: Computer_security
Context: Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer? 

answer: secure procedures

question: What is computer security also known as? 

answer: cybersecurity or IT security

question: What is the protection of information systems? 

answer: Computer security

question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice? 

answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware? 

answer: Computer security
Title: Computer_security
Context: Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users? 

answer: Denial of service attacks

question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause? 

answer: the victim account to be locked

question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called? 

answer: reflection and amplification attacks

question: What does DDoS stand for? 

answer: Distributed denial of service

question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked? 

answer: by adding a new firewall rule
Title: Computer_security
Context: If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

question: What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector? 

answer: a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system

question: In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for? 

answer: eavesdropping

question: Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what? 

answer: a potential entry point for malware or an attacker

question: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do? 

answer: disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel

question: What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information? 

answer: the cell phone network
Title: Computer_security
Context: However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems? 

answer: relatively few

question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars? 

answer: packet capture appliances

question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what? 

answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

question: What is the source of the quote? 

answer: Reuters

question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what?  

answer: physical stealing of assets
Title: Computer_security
Context: One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term? 

answer: computer security

question: What does EAL stand for? 

answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels

question: What is the standard of EAL4? 

answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

question: What is the standard for EAL6? 

answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6? 

answer: Integrity-178B
Title: Computer_security
Context: China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established? 

answer: February 27, 2014

question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law? 

answer: enhanced national security capabilities.

question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team?? 

answer: China