praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.

question: When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican? 

answer: February 1925

question: Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925? 

answer: Pietro Gasparri

question: When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria? 

answer: 1925–35

question: When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official? 

answer: 19 March

question: Who was he consecrated by? 

answer: Giovanni Tacci Porcelli
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.

question: When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece? 

answer: 30 November 1934

question: He was appointed titular archbishop of where? 

answer: Mesembria, Bulgaria

question: What ws he known by in the Turkish community? 

answer: the Turcophile Pope

question: When did he take that position? 

answer: 1935

question: Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to? 

answer: Pope Pius XI
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff.

question: When did he hear that his mother was dying? 

answer: February 1939

question: When did Pope Pius XI die? 

answer: 10 February 1939

question: When did his mother die? 

answer: 20 February 1939

question: Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death? 

answer: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli

question: When was Pope Pius XII elected? 

answer: 2 March 1939
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.

question: When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice? 

answer: 12 January 1953

question: Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank? 

answer: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca

question: When did he leave France for Venice? 

answer: 23 February 1953

question: When did he take up his new diocese in Venice? 

answer: 15 March 1953

question: Who was the President of France in 1953? 

answer: Vincent Auriol
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

question: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer? 

answer: the early 1950s

question: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister? 

answer: 8 November 1953

question: When did Ancilla die? 

answer: 11 November 1953

question: Where did he want to be buried? 

answer: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed]

question: When did Pope Pius XII die? 

answer: 9 October 1958

question: When was his last full day in Venice? 

answer: 11 October

question: Why did Roncalli leave Venice? 

answer: for the conclave in Rome

question: He was elected pope after how many ballots? 

answer: eleven ballots
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.

question: Who was the Archbishop of Milan? 

answer: Giovanni Battista Montini

question: New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what? 

answer: archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia

question: When was Montini absent from the conclave? 

answer: 1958
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

question: When was the final ballot of the conclave? 

answer: 4:00 pm

question: How many votes did he have? 

answer: 38 votes

question: What name did Roncalli choose? 

answer: John

question: John had not been a chosen name in how long? 

answer: over 500 years

question: Who was the last to choose the name John? 

answer: Antipope John XXIII
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

question: What did John XXIII call for? 

answer: an ecumenical council

question: When was the decision made for this council? 

answer: 29 January 1959

question: Where was the decision made for this council? 

answer: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

question: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become? 

answer: Pope Paul VI
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."

question: John XXIII was an advocate for what? 

answer: human rights

question: What did he write about human rights in? 

answer: his Pacem in terris

question: His advocacy from human rights included whom? 

answer: the unborn and the elderly
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite.

question: John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what? 

answer: the Roman liturgy

question: He published changes that resulted in what? 

answer: the 1962 Roman Missal

question: What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570? 

answer: the Tridentine Mass

question: Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year? 

answer: 2007

question: When was the Roman Rite created? 

answer: 1970
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.

question: Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held? 

answer: in the Vatican

question: When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held? 

answer: 11 October 1962

question: What speech did he give? 

answer: Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech

question: Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling? 

answer: the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

question: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day? 

answer: 8 December 1962

question: When was the next session scheduled? 

answer: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June

question: When was the next session announced? 

answer: 12 November 1962

question: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized? 

answer: Pope Pius IX
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

question: John XXIII offered to mediate between who? 

answer: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev

question: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis? 

answer: October 1962

question: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health? 

answer: Nikita Khrushchev

question: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title? 

answer: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'

question: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?' 

answer: Francis
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.

question: John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963? 

answer: Balzan Prize

question: When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize? 

answer: 10 May 1963

question: Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize? 

answer: Italian President Antonio Segni

question: Where did he receive the Balzan Prize? 

answer: the Quirinal Palace
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

question: What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963? 

answer: haemorrhage

question: Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer? 

answer: Loris F. Capovilla

question: When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII? 

answer: 31 May
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: "At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint."[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.

question: Who was at the dying pope's bedside? 

answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

question: Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII? 

answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

question: When did the pope bid farewell? 

answer: 11 am
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.

question: What did John XXIII die of? 

answer: peritonitis

question: What day did he die? 

answer: 3 June 1963

question: How old was John XXIII upon his death? 

answer: 81

question: Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below? 

answer: Luigi Traglia

question: What day was he buried? 

answer: 6 June
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths".

question: Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom? 

answer: US President Lyndon B. Johnson

question: When did President Johnson award him? 

answer: 3 December 1963

question: What is the Presidential Medal Freedom? 

answer: the United States' highest civilian award

question: When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII? 

answer: 6 December 1963
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]

question: What was he also known as? 

answer: Good Pope John

question: Who opened his cause for canonization? 

answer: Pope Paul VI

question: When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?" 

answer: 3 September 2000

question: Who declared him "blessed?" 

answer: Pope John Paul II

question: Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title? 

answer: Pope Pius X
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.

question: When was the 50th anniversary of his death? 

answer: 3 June 2013

question: Who celebrated his 50th anniversary? 

answer: Pope Francis

question: Where were the people gathered at his tomb from? 

answer: Bergamo

question: When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization? 

answer: 5 July 2013

question: On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints? 

answer: Sunday, 27 April 2014
Title: Time
Context: Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.

question: Time has long been a major point of study in which fields? 

answer: religion, philosophy, and science

question: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems? 

answer: time

question: What is an example of a simple definition of time? 

answer: time is what clocks measure