praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.

question: When did Nasser die? 

answer: 28 September 1970

question: How did Nasser die? 

answer: heart attack

question: Who was with Nasser when he died? 

answer: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia

question: What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969? 

answer: heart attacks

question: How old were Nasser's brothers when they died? 

answer: in their fifties
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

question: How many people attended Nasser's funeral? 

answer: at least five million

question: At what landmark did the funeral procession begin? 

answer: the old RCC headquarters

question: Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral? 

answer: Saudi King Faisal

question: What leader twice fainted during the funeral? 

answer: Muammar Gaddafi

question: Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral? 

answer: Alexei Kosygin
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together."

question: How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death? 

answer: Over a dozen

question: How many people marched in Jerusalem? 

answer: 75,000

question: Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?" 

answer: Sherif Hetata

question: What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death? 

answer: orphans
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

question: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt? 

answer: British influence

question: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt? 

answer: social justice

question: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency? 

answer: improved considerably

question: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs? 

answer: war effort
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.

question: What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow? 

answer: agrarian

question: What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on? 

answer: Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam

question: How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to? 

answer: golden age

question: What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized? 

answer: Suez Canal
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party.

question: What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president? 

answer: Nasserist

question: What was the first Nasserist political party? 

answer: Arab Democratic Nasserist Party

question: What party came in third in the 2013 election? 

answer: Sabahi

question: What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups? 

answer: United Nasserist Party
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

question: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens? 

answer: availability to the public

question: How many speeches did Nasser give? 

answer: 1,359

question: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader? 

answer: Nasser

question: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image? 

answer: press
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture.

question: Who was most critical of Nasser's rule? 

answer: Egyptian intellectuals

question: What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite? 

answer: Six-Day War

question: During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser? 

answer: Mubarak

question: What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident? 

answer: national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

question: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him? 

answer: dictator

question: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of? 

answer: dissidents

question: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser? 

answer: confused Sultan
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation.

question: What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal? 

answer: New Wafd Party

question: Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser? 

answer: Alaa al-Din Desouki

question: To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal? 

answer: successful manipulation and demagoguery
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.

question: What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary? 

answer: intermediaries

question: What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability? 

answer: strong political institutions

question: Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader? 

answer: Abd al-Azim Ramadan

question: Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor? 

answer: Miles Copeland, Jr
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967".

question: Who was Nasser's vice president? 

answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

question: What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel? 

answer: bluffing

question: What did Nasser do over the years of his rule? 

answer: gradually changed

question: What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to? 

answer: diabetes
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.

question: What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations? 

answer: seek good relations with Egypt

question: What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world? 

answer: several nationalist revolutions

question: What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was? 

answer: communicated directly with the public masses

question: What did Nasser symbolize? 

answer: the popular Arab will
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody".

question: Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist? 

answer: Ben Bella

question: What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen? 

answer: Abdullah al-Sallal

question: Which leader considered Nasser his hero? 

answer: Muammar Gaddafi

question: What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser? 

answer: Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry

question: What organization continued Nasser's philosophies? 

answer: Arab Nationalist Movement
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world.

question: What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin? 

answer: El Nasser Salah El Dine

question: What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record? 

answer: Nasser 56

question: What was Nasser 56 about? 

answer: Suez Crisis

question: What was the famous biopic about Nasser? 

answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.

question: Who did Nasser marry in 1944? 

answer: Tahia Kazem

question: Who introduced Nasser and his wife? 

answer: Abdel Hamid Kazim

question: Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married? 

answer: Manshiyat al-Bakri

question: What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle? 

answer: officer corps
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

question: What was Nasser's principle vice? 

answer: chain smoking

question: How long was a typical workday for Nasser? 

answer: 18-hour

question: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960? 

answer: diabetes

question: What year did Nasser die? 

answer: 1970

question: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack? 

answer: influenza
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

question: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name? 

answer: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli

question: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born? 

answer: 25 November 1881

question: When did Pope Saint XXIII die? 

answer: 3 June 1963

question: How long did he reign as Pope? 

answer: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963

question: When was he ordained to the priesthood? 

answer: 10 August 1904
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

question: How old was Roncalli when elected pope? 

answer: 76

question: When was Roncalli elected pope? 

answer: 28 October 1958

question: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long? 

answer: 500 years

question: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what? 

answer: Second Vatican Council

question: When did he call the Second Vatican Council? 

answer: 11 October 1962
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

question: When did the pope die? 

answer: 3 June 1963

question: What did the pope die of? 

answer: stomach cancer

question: Where was he buried? 

answer: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica

question: When was he beatified? 

answer: 3 September 2000

question: He is still known today as what? 

answer: the "Good Pope"
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Context: The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).

question: When is his feast day celebrated? 

answer: 11 October

question: What is October 11? 

answer: the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council

question: When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days? 

answer: 11 September 2014

question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June? 

answer: by the Evangelical Lutheran Church

question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June? 

answer: by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)