praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called "Neoshtokavian retraction"), but the quality of this new accent was different – its melody still "gravitated" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.

question: What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable? 

answer: "Neoshtokavian retraction"

question: Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction? 

answer: Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian

question: Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions? 

answer: Comparative and historical linguistics
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

question: Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together? 

answer: Latin and Cyrillic

question: Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used? 

answer: Latin

question: How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have? 

answer: five
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.

question: What is a dialect continuum? 

answer: each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.

question: What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured? 

answer: migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans

question: Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century? 

answer: urbanization and wars
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.

question: Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined? 

answer: Štokavian

question: What is morphology to a language? 

answer: tense system

question: What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken? 

answer: migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

question: How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken? 

answer: four

question: In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken? 

answer: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

question: Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language? 

answer: Daniel Bunčić

question: Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants? 

answer: Enisa Kafadar
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

question: Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point? 

answer: majority

question: Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?" 

answer: Igor Mandić

question: Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric? 

answer: Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.

question: Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century? 

answer: Italian or Slavic

question: Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language? 

answer: Old Croatian

question: Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian? 

answer: two languages were not distinguished by most speakers
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as "Slovin" and "Illyrian" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat – these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagić pointed out in 1864:

question: To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily? 

answer: Catholic Christendom

question: After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian? 

answer: Croatian

question: Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities? 

answer: Macedonian or Greek
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).

question: What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian? 

answer: Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)

question: For what was "Evangel from Reims" named? 

answer: the town of its final destination

question: In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian? 

answer: (1483)
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

question: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics? 

answer: Novi Sad Agreement

question: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon? 

answer: equal status

question: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement? 

answer: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some Štokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in Čakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.

question: Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished? 

answer: imperfective

question: Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have? 

answer: perfective or imperfective

question: When is the perspective aspect of a verb used? 

answer: action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian.

question: To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian? 

answer: -io

question: What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"? 

answer: prije

question: Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled "pre"? 

answer: due to potential ambiguity with pri

question: What is the meaning of "pri"? 

answer: approach, come close to
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Rešetar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: "The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian."

question: All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans? 

answer: (Illyrian)

question: Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language? 

answer: Milan Rešetar

question: Where was Milan Resetar born? 

answer: Dubrovnik

question: Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from? 

answer: Serbian
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow "borrowed" their standard languages from them.[citation needed] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have "appropriated" the Bosnian language, since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats'— in more extreme formulations Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language from the Serbs.[citation needed]

question: What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue? 

answer: they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians

question: What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue? 

answer: they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians

question: Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer? 

answer: Neoštokavian-Ijekavian

question: Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken? 

answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

question: How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language? 

answer: Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Context: In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as "Bosniak" (bošnjački) rather than "Bosnian" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).

question: In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial? 

answer: Vojvodina

question: To what should the language be referred to instead of "Bosnian"? 

answer: "Bosniak" (bošnjački)

question: In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course? 

answer: 1st and 2nd
Title: Alaska
Context: Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.

question: What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census? 

answer: 738,432

question: How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area? 

answer: Approximately half

question: Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy? 

answer: fishing, natural gas, and oil

question: How does Alaska compare in size to other US states? 

answer: largest state in the United States by area

question: Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states? 

answer: 3rd least populous
Title: Alaska
Context: Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

question: What are the contiguous states sometimes called? 

answer: "the Lower 48"

question: What is Alaska's capital city? 

answer: Juneau

question: How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state? 

answer: 500

question: Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere? 

answer: Aleutian Islands
Title: Alaska
Context: Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.

question: Which forest is the largest national forest in the US? 

answer: Tongass National Forest

question: Which city was Alaska's former capital? 

answer: Sitka

question: What is the area closest to the continental US called? 

answer: Panhandle or Inside Passage

question: Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase? 

answer: Panhandle or Inside Passage
Title: Alaska
Context: The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

question: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field? 

answer: The North Slope

question: What is the northernmost city in the US? 

answer: Barrow

question: What resource is the North Slope known for? 

answer: massive reserves of crude oil
Title: Alaska
Context: With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.

question: How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles? 

answer: nearly 34,000 miles

question: On which island is Mount Shishaldin located? 

answer: Unimak Island

question: What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia? 

answer: actively undergoing continent building

question: What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji? 

answer: most perfect volcanic cone on Earth

question: How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level? 

answer: 10,000 feet (3,048 m)