praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

question: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached? 

answer: 80 per cent

question: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching? 

answer: water temperature

question: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu? 

answer: foraminifera

question: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise? 

answer: ecosystem rehabilitation

question: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu? 

answer: reef restoration
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.

question: What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon? 

answer: Funafuti Conservation Area

question: What factor has caused an increased demand for fish? 

answer: rising population

question: What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused? 

answer: pollution

question: What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu? 

answer: European Union

question: What do imports produce on Tuvalu? 

answer: plastic waste
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti? 

answer: Reverse osmosis

question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce? 

answer: 40 m3 per day

question: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used? 

answer: below 30%

question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination? 

answer: government

question: What is the cost of R/O produced water? 

answer: A$3.50 per m3
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

question: When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water? 

answer: July 2012

question: What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy? 

answer: National Water Resources Policy

question: What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu? 

answer: 50 and 100L

question: What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems? 

answer: United Nations

question: What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy? 

answer: Global Environment Fund
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

question: What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage? 

answer: low elevation

question: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible? 

answer: sea level rise

question: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu? 

answer: 4.6 metres

question: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation? 

answer: Niulakita

question: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation? 

answer: second-lowest
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti? 

answer: Cyclone Bebe

question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season?  

answer: three

question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu? 

answer: Cyclone Ofa

question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season? 

answer: Cyclone Gavin

question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979? 

answer: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili
Title: Tuvalu
Context: In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

question: What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu? 

answer: 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)

question: In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu? 

answer: March 2015

question: During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage? 

answer: Nui

question: What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam? 

answer: 90%

question: The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam? 

answer: coconut palms
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, OCHA, World Bank, DFAT, New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC, Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.

question: What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam? 

answer: damage

question: What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary? 

answer: Cyclone Pam

question: What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu? 

answer: recovery

question: For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone?? 

answer: cleaning-up
Title: Tuvalu
Context: Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

question: What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu? 

answer: sea level

question: What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report? 

answer: 5 mm

question: What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu? 

answer: satellite

question: Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise? 

answer: pre-1993

question: What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu? 

answer: degree of uncertainty
Title: Tuvalu
Context: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise? 

answer: resilience

question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase? 

answer: reefs

question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?  

answer: faster rate

question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs? 

answer: ocean acidification

question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones? 

answer: on the islands
Title: Tuvalu
Context: While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

question: What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu? 

answer: relocation

question: What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population?  

answer: rising sea levels

question: When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu?  

answer: 2006

question: What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be? 

answer: never be an option
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Context: The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

question: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ? 

answer: original sin only

question: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ? 

answer: Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes

question: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ? 

answer: privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain

question: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ? 

answer: Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."

question: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ? 

answer: sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Context: The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ? 

answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin

question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?  

answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal

question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ? 

answer: let him be anathema."

question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ? 

answer: The Council of Trent
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Context: The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ? 

answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ? 

answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ? 

answer: since the 4th century

question: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ? 

answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ? 

answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Context: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

question: What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ? 

answer: dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime

question: What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ? 

answer: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour

question: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ? 

answer: Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

question: What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ? 

answer: Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Context: Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ? 

answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ? 

answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ? 

answer: the circumcision

question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ? 

answer: Luke

question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?  

answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception