praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party "as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings" so that he could "stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.

question: What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn? 

answer: the French Revolution

question: What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791? 

answer: Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

question: Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles? 

answer: the Whig party

question: Burke attacked Whigs who supported what? 

answer: the French Revolution
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: "...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it "with great Satisfaction". Burke wrote of its reception: "Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice". Charles Burney viewed it as "a most admirable book—the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.

question: Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone? 

answer: Portland and Fitzwilliam

question: Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'? 

answer: Francis Basset

question: What was Francis Basset's political party? 

answer: Whig

question: How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt? 

answer: galled

question: Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public? 

answer: Charles Burney
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and émigres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as "the sole affair I have much heart in". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.

question: Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793? 

answer: William Windham

question: Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support? 

answer: royalist

question: Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee? 

answer: Henry Dundas

question: Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on? 

answer: Paris

question: What did Burke support Britain fighting against? 

answer: revolutionary France
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: "I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: "I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vendée is a proof of this".

question: When did Prince Charles write to Burke? 

answer: 23 October

question: How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth? 

answer: twenty

question: What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists? 

answer: La Vendée

question: What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of? 

answer: France

question: In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee? 

answer: Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

question: When did Burke receive a vote of thanks? 

answer: 20 June 1794

question: When did Burke's son die? 

answer: August 1794

question: What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of? 

answer: Beaconsfield

question: How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship? 

answer: £2,500

question: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III? 

answer: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms".

question: What was Burke's final publication? 

answer: Letters on a Regicide Peace

question: When was Burke's final publication? 

answer: October 1796

question: What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government? 

answer: Individuality

question: What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals? 

answer: dominion and conquest

question: What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement? 

answer: negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

question: What did Burke think the war with France was against? 

answer: an "armed doctrine"

question: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned? 

answer: France

question: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted? 

answer: universal

question: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole? 

answer: the revolutionaries governing her
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

question: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn? 

answer: Pitt

question: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage? 

answer: Samuel Whitbread

question: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture? 

answer: Arthur Young

question: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication? 

answer: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

question: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published? 

answer: 1800
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

question: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant? 

answer: Protestant

question: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India? 

answer: Indianism

question: Which continent did Jacobinism affect? 

answer: Europe

question: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat? 

answer: March 1796

question: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795? 

answer: Jacobinism
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

question: What did Burke think was crucial for human life? 

answer: property

question: What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on? 

answer: property

question: Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited? 

answer: all subjects

question: Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"? 

answer: Christopher Hitchens

question: What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving? 

answer: the ancestral and the immemorial
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke "like the ghost of Burke" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it "a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke "the most sagacious Politician of his age" whose predictions "time has verified". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke ("Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809–10) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring "habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: "... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections "has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's "last works and words [as] the manual of my politics". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli "was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings".

question: Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences? 

answer: Philip Francis

question: What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of? 

answer: passion

question: Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament? 

answer: William Windham

question: When did Windham speak against peace with France? 

answer: 1801

question: When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke? 

answer: 1793
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

question: What political party was Gladstone in? 

answer: Liberal

question: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about? 

answer: Ireland and America

question: What was Cobden an activist against? 

answer: Corn Law

question: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom? 

answer: Milton

question: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down? 

answer: Francis Hirst
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire? 

answer: Piers Brendon

question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on? 

answer: a plan of freedom

question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'? 

answer: opium trade

question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India? 

answer: opium trade
Title: Edmund_Burke
Context: Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

question: Which church did Burke most defend? 

answer: Anglican

question: What did Burke think was the foundation of society? 

answer: religion

question: What religion was Burke's mother? 

answer: Catholic

question: What religion was Burke's father? 

answer: Protestant

question: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls? 

answer: political arrangements
Title: Samoa
Context: The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

question: What was Samoa's old name? 

answer: Western Samoa

question: How many administrative divisions does Samoa have? 

answer: eleven

question: How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu? 

answer: four

question: What's the name of Samoa's capital? 

answer: Apia

question: About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered? 

answer: 3,500 years
Title: Samoa
Context: The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

question: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins? 

answer: 2003

question: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins? 

answer: anthropology

question: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period? 

answer: Austronesian

question: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion? 

answer: 1,500 BCE
Title: Samoa
Context: Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

question: Who was the first missionary in Samoa? 

answer: John Williams

question: What English organization did John Williams belong to? 

answer: London Missionary Society

question: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in? 

answer: headhunting

question: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"? 

answer: Robert Louis Stevenson

question: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die? 

answer: 1894