praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

question: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt? 

answer: Naguib

question: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government? 

answer: civilians

question: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister? 

answer: Ali Maher

question: What new name did the Free Officers take? 

answer: Revolutionary Command Council

question: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts? 

answer: Agrarian Reform Law
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

question: What group rioted at the textile factories? 

answer: communist

question: How many people died in the textile factory riots? 

answer: nine

question: What group supported the RCC? 

answer: Muslim Brotherhood

question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet? 

answer: two

question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders? 

answer: opposed
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

question: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally? 

answer: secretary-general

question: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953? 

answer: all political parties

question: What was Nasser alone in supporting? 

answer: parliamentary elections

question: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953? 

answer: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

question: Who resigned in 1954? 

answer: Naguib

question: What two positions did Nasser assume? 

answer: RCC chairman and prime minister

question: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement? 

answer: Brotherhood

question: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser? 

answer: imprisonment

question: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander? 

answer: Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the "impulse of the street." Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.

question: What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil? 

answer: transport workers

question: What group claimed to be leaving the political scene? 

answer: Free Officers

question: Who was sent to Switzerland? 

answer: Mohieddin

question: What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib? 

answer: Saudi Arabia
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

question: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage? 

answer: assassination attempt

question: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong? 

answer: Brotherhood

question: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail? 

answer: Sayyid Qutb

question: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil? 

answer: house arrest

question: Who assumed total control of Egypt? 

answer: Nasser
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power? 

answer: street following

question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition? 

answer: press

question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches? 

answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez? 

answer: singers

question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president? 

answer: 1955
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with? 

answer: Israel

question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955? 

answer: Gaza Strip

question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack? 

answer: did not retaliate militarily

question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack? 

answer: a blow to his growing popularity

question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan? 

answer: blockade on Israeli shipping
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

question: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts? 

answer: Baghdad Pact

question: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West? 

answer: modern weaponry

question: From what country did Nasser buy arms? 

answer: Czechoslovakia

question: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons? 

answer: US$320,000,000

question: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change? 

answer: equalized
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

question: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism? 

answer: Final Communique

question: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco? 

answer: French

question: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians? 

answer: right of return

question: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported? 

answer: UN
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

question: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt? 

answer: positive neutralism

question: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with? 

answer: Cold War

question: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference? 

answer: welcomed by large crowds

question: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments? 

answer: heralded
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

question: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution? 

answer: 1956

question: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution? 

answer: single-party system

question: What was the dominant political party?  

answer: National Union

question: From what group did the National Union originate? 

answer: Liberation Rally

question: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order? 

answer: citizens
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

question: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly? 

answer: Nasser

question: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution? 

answer: women

question: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted? 

answer: RCC

question: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents?  

answer: sidelining

question: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement? 

answer: high-ranking positions in the cabinet
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash? 

answer: UK and France

question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser? 

answer: Aswan Dam

question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize? 

answer: China

question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people? 

answer: Algerian

question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement? 

answer: Baghdad Pact
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

question: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam? 

answer: took great offense

question: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize?  

answer: Suez Canal

question: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it? 

answer: unaware

question: When did the last British troops leave Egypt? 

answer: 1956
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

question: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal? 

answer: fund the Aswan Dam

question: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal? 

answer: 120,000

question: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal? 

answer: existing stockholders

question: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954? 

answer: UK
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

question: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal? 

answer: support

question: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal? 

answer: Israeli

question: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal? 

answer: Henry A. Byroade

question: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed? 

answer: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Context: France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

question: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme? 

answer: France and the UK

question: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved? 

answer: Israel

question: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt? 

answer: UN Security Council

question: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser? 

answer: topple