praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]

question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965? 

answer: Anthony Crosland

question: what was Anthony Crosland's role in government? 

answer: Secretary of State for Education

question: Which type of school was not in widespread usage? 

answer: Secondary technical schools
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.

question: Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970? 

answer: Margaret Thatcher

question: What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to? 

answer: comprehensive

question: What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education? 

answer: Conservative
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.

question: By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use? 

answer: 1975

question: What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? 

answer: neighbourhood comprehensives

question: Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what? 

answer: comprehensive schools

question: What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s? 

answer: Sandwell and Dudley
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.

question: Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976? 

answer: James Callaghan

question: What is the only kind of school operating in Wales? 

answer: Comprehensive school

question: Which political party was James Callaghan a member of? 

answer: Labour
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

question: What law enables parents full control over their child's education? 

answer: Education Reform Act

question: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law? 

answer: 1988

question: What concept does the government currently support for education? 

answer: specialisation

question: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice? 

answer: league tables of school performance
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

question: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type? 

answer: comprehensive

question: What has Scotland refused to adopt? 

answer: specialist schools

question: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model? 

answer: 2005
Title: Comprehensive_school
Context: Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.

question: Which country is Northern England's school system most different from? 

answer: Scotland

question: Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland? 

answer: England and Wales
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

question: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo? 

answer: République du Congo

question: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border? 

answer: Central African Republic

question: Whic country lies on Congo's western border? 

answer: Gabon

question: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border? 

answer: Cameroon

question: In what part of Africa is the Congo located? 

answer: Central Africa
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

question: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo? 

answer: Bantu

question: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule? 

answer: 1960

question: Who is the ruler of the Congo? 

answer: Denis Sassou Nguesso

question: What title does Nguesso hold? 

answer: President
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

question: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea? 

answer: fourth

question: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo? 

answer: oil revenues
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

question: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes? 

answer: Pygmy

question: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people? 

answer: 1500 BC

question: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes? 

answer: Bantu
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.

question: Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484? 

answer: Diogo Cão

question: What was Diogo Cao's nationality? 

answer: Portuguese

question: What did European traders exchange with Bantu people? 

answer: commodities, manufactured goods, and people

question: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin? 

answer: late 19th century

question: Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin? 

answer: Bantu societies
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

question: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River? 

answer: 1880

question: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people? 

answer: Pierre de Brazza

question: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903? 

answer: Middle Congo

question: What group of French colonies was created in 1908? 

answer: French Equatorial Africa

question: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad? 

answer: 14,000
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

question: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation? 

answer: Brazzaville

question: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies? 

answer: Brazzaville Conference of 1944

question: When did Brazzaville get its own local government? 

answer: 1946

question: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as? 

answer: the Fourth Republic
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.

question: When was the Fifth Republic founded? 

answer: 1958

question: What was disbanded in 1958? 

answer: the AEF

question: In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to? 

answer: the Republic of the Congo

question: When did the Congo establish its first constitution? 

answer: 1959
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

question: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule? 

answer: August 15, 1960

question: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo? 

answer: Fulbert Youlou

question: Who replaced Youlou? 

answer: Alphonse Massamba-Débat

question: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal? 

answer: labour elements and rival political parties

question: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat? 

answer: Congolese military
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

question: Who became president of the Congo in 1963? 

answer: Massamba-Débat

question: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat? 

answer: scientific socialism

question: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo? 

answer: Cuban

question: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo? 

answer: September 1968
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

question: Who became president of the Congo in 1968? 

answer: Marien Ngouabi

question: What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi? 

answer: People's Republic of the Congo

question: What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become? 

answer: Congolese Labour Party

question: In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi? 

answer: 1972

question: On what date was Ngouabi assassinated? 

answer: March 16, 1977
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.

question: Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with? 

answer: Eastern Bloc

question: Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with? 

answer: the Soviet Union

question: What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government? 

answer: dictatorship

question: What was an important tool of the Sassou government? 

answer: political repression
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

question: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992? 

answer: Pascal Lissouba

question: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy? 

answer: IMF

question: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo? 

answer: civil war

question: What does ESAF stand for? 

answer: enhanced structural adjustment facility
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.

question: Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997? 

answer: Lissouba and Sassou

question: What is the name of Sassou's personal army? 

answer: Cobras

question: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country? 

answer: Angolan

question: In what month did Sassou regain the presidency? 

answer: October
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

question: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters? 

answer: Milongo

question: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution? 

answer: seven years

question: When was the new constitution ratified? 

answer: January 2002

question: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels? 

answer: April 2003
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".

question: Who won the presidential election in 2009? 

answer: Sassou

question: Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009? 

answer: Congolese Observatory of Human Rights

question: What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections? 

answer: very low
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.

question: What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s? 

answer: multi-party

question: Which party does Sassou belong to? 

answer: Congolese Labour Party

question: What is the French term for Sassou's political party? 

answer: Parti Congolais du Travail
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".

question: What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor? 

answer: corruption revelations

question: What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime? 

answer: France
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.

question: When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution? 

answer: March 27, 2015

question: Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue? 

answer: third
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Context: In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.

question: Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008 

answer: the government

question: How many government TV stations exist? 

answer: one

question: How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run? 

answer: 10