praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue? 

answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile? 

answer: weak nuclear force

question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry? 

answer: macroscopic
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution? 

answer: Tim Maudlin

question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry? 

answer: intrinsic

question: What grounds the distinction between sequences? 

answer: asymmetry

question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time? 

answer: Maudlin
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.

question: Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time? 

answer: J. M. E. McTaggart

question: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose? 

answer: two

question: What was McTaggart's first series called? 

answer: the A-series

question: The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else? 

answer: each other

question: What is McTaggart's second series called? 

answer: The B-series
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).

question: According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities? 

answer: Presentism

question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what? 

answer: exist

question: Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions 

answer: Eternalist

question: According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present? 

answer: all things—past, present, and future

question: According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer? 

answer: special language
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.

question: How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects? 

answer: somewhat similar

question: Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times? 

answer: endurantist

question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality? 

answer: perdurantist

question: Which view is seen as conventional? 

answer: Endurantism

question: Who is an example of a perdurantist? 

answer: David Lewis
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Context: However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.

question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed? 

answer: in a non-arbitrary way

question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed? 

answer: two

question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction? 

answer: temporal

question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to? 

answer: implications of form and functional capacity
Title: Neolithic
Context: Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.

question: What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age? 

answer: the Neolithic

question: What era preceded the Neolithic? 

answer: Holocene Epipaleolithic period

question: What event is associated with the start of farming? 

answer: Neolithic Revolution

question: What era saw an increase in metal tool use? 

answer: Copper Age
Title: Neolithic
Context: The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture? 

answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin? 

answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming? 

answer: wild cereals

question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC? 

answer: The Natufian period
Title: Neolithic
Context: Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.

question: What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ? 

answer: pottery

question: What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop? 

answer: agriculture

question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures? 

answer: independent domestication events
Title: Neolithic
Context: The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship. At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9,500 to 9,000 BCE have been found in Jericho, Israel (notably Ain Mallaha, Nahal Oren, and Kfar HaHoresh), Gilgal in the Jordan Valley, and Byblos, Lebanon. The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the Tahunian and Heavy Neolithic periods to some degree.[citation needed]

question: When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start? 

answer: roughly 10,000 years ago

question: Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located? 

answer: Turkey

question: Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple? 

answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes

question: What is the name of earliest man made place of worship? 

answer: Göbekli Tepe
Title: Neolithic
Context: The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. This era was before the Mesolithic era.[citation needed] A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East, called 'Ain Ghazal, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 – 5,000 B.

question: When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start? 

answer: around 8,800 BCE

question: What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era? 

answer: the Mesolithic era

question: How many settlers were found in Jordan? 

answer: 3,000 inhabitants

question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East? 

answer: Ain Ghazal
Title: Neolithic
Context: Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000–3000 people and a massive stone tower. Around 6,400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Northern Mesopotamia and subsisted on dryland agriculture.

question: When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start? 

answer: Around 10,200 BC

question: When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel? 

answer: Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC

question: How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel? 

answer: 2

question: What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA? 

answer: Jericho

question: What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho? 

answer: stone and marble
Title: Neolithic
Context: In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a division into five periods. Natufian (1) between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, Khiamian (2) between 10,200-8,800 BC, PPNA: Sultanian (Jericho), Mureybetian, early PPNB (PPNB ancien) (3) between 8,800-7,600 BC, middle PPNB (PPNB moyen) 7,600-6,900 BC, late PPNB (PPNB récent) (4) between 7,500 and 7,000 BC and a PPNB (sometimes called PPNC) transitional stage (PPNB final) (5) where Halaf and dark faced burnished ware begin to emerge between 6,900-6,400 BC. They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8,800 and 8,600 BC at sites like Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Aswad.

question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods? 

answer: Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche

question: What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods? 

answer: social, economic and cultural characteristics

question: When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5? 

answer: 2002

question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods? 

answer: Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès
Title: Neolithic
Context: Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.

question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt? 

answer: 6,000 BC

question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock? 

answer: fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants

question: What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture? 

answer: the Middle East
Title: Neolithic
Context: In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (La Hoguette). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Starčevo-Körös (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, and Vinča. Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing, the Vinča signs, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in the Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to c. 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and showing a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.

question: When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe? 

answer: 7th millennium BC

question: Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found? 

answer: Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania

question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC? 

answer: Anthropomorphic figurines

question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC?  

answer: cultural diffusion and migration of peoples

question: Who possibly created the earliest system of writing? 

answer: The Vinča culture
Title: Neolithic
Context: In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. "In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware, jade earrings, among other items in the area". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.

question: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea? 

answer: 2012

question: What time period was the Korean farm site dated? 

answer: between 3600 and 3000 B.C.

question: What items were found on the Korean farm site? 

answer: Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses

question: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site? 

answer: accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
Title: Neolithic
Context: In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 C.E. when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of maize, and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.

question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC? 

answer: crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles

question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education? 

answer: Formative stage

question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education? 

answer: Archaic Era

question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.? 

answer: bow and arrow
Title: Neolithic
Context: During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization, Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawaiʻi. However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.

question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia? 

answer: small tribes

question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age? 

answer: social stratification

question: What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies? 

answer: Paleolithic cultures