praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, unlike the earliest computers that were "programmed" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.

question: What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers? 

answer: von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report

question: What was the significance of EDVAC? 

answer: architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,

question: Where was ENIAC located? 

answer: University of Pennsylvania
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved. The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed the defense computer include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.

question: What was the speed difference with new ENIAC? 

answer: new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed

question: What were advantages for programming new ENIAC? 

answer: programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks

question: After the design of IAS, who built the computer? 

answer: RCA Research Laboratory
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.

question: When was stochastic computing introduced? 

answer: 1953

question: How long before stochastic computing could be implemented? 

answer: advances in computing of the 1960s.

question: When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program? 

answer: 1949

question: What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program? 

answer: computer virus
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil "a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit."

question: On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced? 

answer: ENIAC

question: In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation 

answer: 1950

question: How much colder was world in last glacial age? 

answer: 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: Von Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, "one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch." Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring." Israel Halperin said: "Keeping up with him was ... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car." Edward Teller wrote that von Neumann effortlessly outdid anybody he ever met, and said "I never could keep up with him". Teller also said "von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us. Most people avoid thinking if they can, some of us are addicted to thinking, but von Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else."

question: How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head? 

answer: stunned other mathematicians

question: Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann? 

answer: Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring."

question: Did von Neumann enjoy thinking? 

answer: Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the "fastest mind I ever met", and Jacob Bronowski wrote "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius." George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper." Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:

question: How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann?  

answer: "fastest mind I ever met",

question: What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann? 

answer: He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.

question: What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann? 

answer: Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of.
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: Herman Goldstine wrote: "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminution in speed from its original language into English. On one occasion I tested his ability by asking him to tell me how A Tale of Two Cities started. Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes." Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.

question: What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann? 

answer: One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall.

question: Could von Neumann recall written text much later? 

answer: he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.

question: What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability? 

answer: von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: "I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. "It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived," wrote Miklós Rédei in "Selected Letters." James Glimm wrote: "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics". The mathematician Jean Dieudonné called von Neumann "the last of the great mathematicians", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the "most scintillating intellect of this century".

question: What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability? 

answer: I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man

question: What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann? 

answer: he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics

question: What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann? 

answer: most scintillating intellect of this century
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)

question: In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer? 

answer: 1955

question: From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live? 

answer: died within two weeks

question: How long did von Neumann survive with cancer? 

answer: eighteen months
Title: John_von_Neumann
Context: He invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern) said they had always believed him to be "completely agnostic." "Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, "He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy." Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.

question: Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann? 

answer: Father Strittmatter

question: Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann? 

answer: did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death

question: Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life? 

answer: he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy

question: What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs? 

answer: always believed him to be "completely agnostic."
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

question: The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up? 

answer: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland

question: Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s? 

answer: Soviet

question: Which countries were taken over by the Soviets? 

answer: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania

question: Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina? 

answer: Stalin

question: Salla is located in what country? 

answer: Finland
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.

question: The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II? 

answer: Polish state

question: What regions remained part of the Soviet Union? 

answer: (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation

question: After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine? 

answer: Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

question: Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries? 

answer: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.

question: What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war? 

answer: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

question: When did the russian civil war take place? 

answer: 1917–22
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered "Untermenschen" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", though he stated that they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us." The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German–Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post–World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]

question: Who was to blame for communism and capitalism? 

answer: ethnic Jews

question: What reduced Germany’s need for Soviet goods? 

answer: Treaty of Versailles

question: Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments? 

answer: Nazi Party
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

question: What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference? 

answer: UK and France

question: Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia 

answer: Chamberlain

question: The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what? 

answer: put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.

question: During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials? 

answer: British blockade

question: Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery?  

answer: military machinery

question: Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war?  

answer: Germany
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.

question: Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain? 

answer: capitalist encirclements

question: Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war? 

answer: Great Purge

question: What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II? 

answer: Soviet Union

question: Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments? 

answer: France
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.

question: Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region? 

answer: Britain

question: What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France? 

answer: mid-June

question: Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail? 

answer: the Soviets
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Context: From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.

question: Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west? 

answer: Maxim Litvinov

question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other? 

answer: Soviet and German

question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement? 

answer: Germany and the Soviet Union