praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Neolithic
Context: The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.

question: What caused a major increase in social inequality? 

answer: domestication of large animals

question: What started competition between families for wealth? 

answer: Possession of livestock

question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock? 

answer: Neolithic pastoralists

question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital? 

answer: Catal Huyuk
Title: Neolithic
Context: Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.

question: What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life? 

answer: the household

question: What time period were the huge circular ditches found in? 

answer: 4800 BC and 4600 BC

question: What did the ditches later evolve into? 

answer: causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge

question: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command? 

answer: required considerable time and labour to construct
Title: Neolithic
Context: There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".

question: Where was evidence of fortified settlements found? 

answer: Linearbandkeramik

question: What did some villages fortify their settlements with? 

answer: a palisade and an outer ditch

question: What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements? 

answer: weapon-traumatized bones

question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era? 

answer: the Talheim Death Pit
Title: Neolithic
Context: Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.

question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders? 

answer: Control of labour

question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies? 

answer: Marxist concept of primitive communism

question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders? 

answer: inter-group conflict
Title: Neolithic
Context: The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept. Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.

question: What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era? 

answer: shelter

question: What era consisted of people living temporary homes? 

answer: paleolithic

question: What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era? 

answer: mud brick houses

question: What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes? 

answer: The growth of agriculture

question: Where were entrances located in early homes? 

answer: Doorways were made on the roof
Title: Neolithic
Context: A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures? 

answer: crop farming and cultivation

question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture? 

answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique

question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns? 

answer: the Bronze Age
Title: Neolithic
Context: However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.

question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns? 

answer: drought or pests

question: What type of societies were not affected by famine? 

answer: hunter-gatherer communities

question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine? 

answer: agrarian communities
Title: Neolithic
Context: Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.

question: What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies? 

answer: diet

question: What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets? 

answer: local plant and animal resources

question: What was included in the Post-agrarian diet? 

answer: cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.

question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering? 

answer: the increase in population
Title: Neolithic
Context: Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.

question: What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at? 

answer: farmers

question: What purposes were the production of farm tools used for? 

answer: tending, harvesting and processing of crops

question: What types of tools did early farmers use for crops? 

answer: sickle blades and grinding stones

question: What types of tools did early farmers use for food production? 

answer: pottery, bone implements)

question: What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land? 

answer: stone axe
Title: Neolithic
Context: Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.

question: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build? 

answer: houses and villages

question: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict? 

answer: humans and animals

question: What were European homes constructed from? 

answer: wattle and daub

question: What types of sites were built for the deceased? 

answer: Elaborate tombs

question: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist? 

answer: Ireland
Title: Neolithic
Context: Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).

question: What did early humans use to make clothing? 

answer: animal skins

question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing? 

answer: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins

question: What were perforated stones used for? 

answer: spindle whorls or loom weights

question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era? 

answer: Ötzi the Iceman
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

question: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born? 

answer: Austria-Hungary

question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what? 

answer: F. A. Hayek

question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974? 

answer: Nobel Memorial Prize

question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award? 

answer: Gunnar Myrdal

question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as? 

answer: philosopher
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush. In 2011, his article "The Use of Knowledge in Society" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

question: Hayek became a member of which group in 1984? 

answer: Order of the Companions of Honour

question: For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order? 

answer: services to the study of economics

question: What award was Hayek the first to receive? 

answer: Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize

question: Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom? 

answer: President George H. W. Bush

question: Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011? 

answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

question: Who was Hayek's father? 

answer: August von Hayek

question: What was August von Hayek's occupation? 

answer: medical doctor

question: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about? 

answer: botany

question: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth? 

answer: her mother

question: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have? 

answer: three
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.

question: Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older? 

answer: His father's

question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers? 

answer: Franz von Juraschek

question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have? 

answer: scholars

question: What did August von Hayek's father write? 

answer: systematic works in biology

question: Who was August von Hayek's father? 

answer: Gustav Edler von Hayek
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.

question: Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book? 

answer: Hayek

question: How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet? 

answer: on only a few occasions

question: Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek? 

answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein

question: What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war? 

answer: both were officers

question: What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921? 

answer: Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

question: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers? 

answer: they were somehow of a different generation

question: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse? 

answer: adults

question: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills? 

answer: read fluently and frequently

question: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works? 

answer: his father

question: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture? 

answer: Aristotle
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

question: Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates? 

answer: University of Vienna

question: Where did Hayek learn about the brain? 

answer: Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy

question: What was the name of Hayek's first work? 

answer: The Sensory Order

question: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis? 

answer: Herbert Furth

question: Where did first show his work? 

answer: the Geistkreis
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.

question: What work did Hayek begin in 1923? 

answer: research assistant

question: Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek? 

answer: University of Vienna

question: For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises? 

answer: the Austrian government

question: What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant? 

answer: macroeconomic data

question: What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant? 

answer: Jeremiah Jenks
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

question: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of? 

answer: democratic socialism

question: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology? 

answer: reading von Mises' book Socialism

question: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with? 

answer: Eric Voegelin

question: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward? 

answer: classical liberalism

question: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support? 

answer: Carl Menger
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Context: With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

question: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute? 

answer: director

question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE? 

answer: Lionel Robbins

question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London? 

answer: one of the leading economic theorists in the world

question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire? 

answer: modern microeconomics

question: In what year did Hayek come to London? 

answer: 1931