praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Szlachta
Context: In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce? 

answer: 1374

question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege? 

answer: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga

question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles? 

answer: exempted the entire class from all but one tax

question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes? 

answer: abolished

question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war? 

answer: King to pay indemnities
Title: Szlachta
Context: In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property? 

answer: King Władysław II Jagiełło

question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property? 

answer: 1422

question: What happened to the right to mint coinage? 

answer: ceded
Title: Szlachta
Context: In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place? 

answer: at Kraków in 1433

question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of? 

answer: Brześć Kujawski privilege

question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus? 

answer: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest

question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility?  

answer: warrant from a court of justice

question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons?  

answer: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
Title: Szlachta
Context: In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted? 

answer: 1454

question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify? 

answer: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks

question: THe nobility was protected from what? 

answer: judicial abuses

question: Whos power was curbed? 

answer: magnates

question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges? 

answer: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
Title: Szlachta
Context: The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

question: When did the first free election take place? 

answer: 1492

question: What was different about later elections then first free election? 

answer: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

question: Who only voted in the election of 1492? 

answer: senators

question: Who won the election of 1492? 

answer: John I Albert

question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492? 

answer: Jagiellonian Dynasty
Title: Szlachta
Context: On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.

question: Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow? 

answer: King John I Albert

question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when? 

answer: On April 26, 1496

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power? 

answer: increasing

question: Who was allowed to leave the village? 

answer: one son (not the eldest)

question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing? 

answer: owning land
Title: Szlachta
Context: On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform? 

answer: 23 October 1501

question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed? 

answer: Union of Mielnik

question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded? 

answer: Union of Mielnik

question: What did the actof of milno do? 

answer: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility

question: What right was given to the nobles? 

answer: disobey the King or his representatives
Title: Szlachta
Context: On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run "Commonwealth".

question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen? 

answer: 3 May 1505

question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"? 

answer: King Alexander I Jagiellon

question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do 

answer: forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility

question: What happened to the notabilities political position? 

answer: greatly strengthened

question: What has happened to the legislative power? 

answer: legislative power from the king to the Sejm.
Title: Szlachta
Context: About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws? 

answer: "executionist movement

question: What were the intentions of executionists movement? 

answer: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country

question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do? 

answer: return many leased crown lands to the king,

question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die? 

answer: 1605

question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died? 

answer: movement lost its political force.
Title: Szlachta
Context: Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty? 

answer: Sigismund II Augustus

question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus? 

answer: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family

question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch? 

answer: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood

question: How many documents should the new elected king sign? 

answer: two documents

question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa? 

answer: basic laws of the Commonwealth
Title: Szlachta
Context: In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.

question: The crown tribunal was created when? 

answer: 1578

question: Who created the crown tribunal? 

answer: king Stefan Batory

question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do? 

answer: reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court

question: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal? 

answer: the nobility class

question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually? 

answer: Lithuanian Tribunal
Title: Szlachta
Context: For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought? 

answer: gain legal privileges over their peers

question: What were most szlachtas class? 

answer: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates

question: What is another name for magnates? 

answer: Crimsons

question: A proper magnates own what? 

answer: own at least 20 villages or estates.

question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth? 

answer: magnates
Title: Szlachta
Context: Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta? 

answer: 1%

question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates?  

answer: 200–300

question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically? 

answer: 30–40
Title: Szlachta
Context: Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).

question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who? 

answer: monarchs

question: What significantly increased the magnates wealth? 

answer: Magnates

question: What terms were these gifts given? 

answer: temporary leases

question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts? 

answer: never returned
Title: Szlachta
Context: One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.

question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group? 

answer: magnates

question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen? 

answer: late 16th century

question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail? 

answer: ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this

question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates? 

answer: often rivalled

question: What was an important power basis for the magnates? 

answer: estates of the king
Title: Szlachta
Context: The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end? 

answer: 1795

question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta? 

answer: Partitions of Poland

question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta? 

answer: szlachta
Title: Szlachta
Context: In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status? 

answer: Nicholas I

question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles? 

answer: 62.8%

question: When and who abolished the serfdom? 

answer: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864

question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to? 

answer: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta

question: How much land was held by the peasants?  

answer: 48.9%
Title: Szlachta
Context: The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into an oligarchy.

question: What was different between the polish nobility and others? 

answer: European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy

question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king? 

answer: actually gained power

question: What did the political system eventually evolve into? 

answer: oligarchy

question: What did the ruler strive for? 

answer: absolute monarchy
Title: Szlachta
Context: Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth? 

answer: 10–12%

question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population? 

answer: 8%

question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who? 

answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania? 

answer: 1–3%

question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy? 

answer: March Constitution of Poland
Title: Szlachta
Context: There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

question: What class was polands nobility? 

answer: closed class

question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement? 

answer: Many low-born individuals

question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics? 

answer: enormous influence

question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm? 

answer: any nobleman

question: What is is called to nullify proceedings? 

answer: liberum veto
Title: Szlachta
Context: All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom? 

answer: noble mother and father

question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement? 

answer: special services to the state

question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble? 

answer: Polish king

question: What is another name for ennoblement?  

answer: nobilitacja

question: WHat is another name for polish noble? 

answer: indygenat
Title: Szlachta
Context: In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed? 

answer: equals

question: Was was unique about the dignities? 

answer: not hereditary

question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form? 

answer: ritual

question: Nobles held land form whom? 

answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"
Title: Szlachta
Context: Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.

question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry? 

answer: any nobility that owned lands

question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry? 

answer: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo

question: Did all hold title of nobility? 

answer: no