praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Jews
Context: Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.

question: In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups? 

answer: three

question: What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly?  

answer: whether a religious or national approach to identity is used

question: Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture? 

answer: Judaism
Title: Jews
Context: Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

question: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on? 

answer: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions

question: Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year? 

answer: 200 CE

question: What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites? 

answer: Jewish sages
Title: Jews
Context: According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.

question: Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible? 

answer: Shaye J. D. Cohen

question: What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother? 

answer: Roman law

question: What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times? 

answer: the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures
Title: Jews
Context: By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE – 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.

question: Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest? 

answer: Babylonia

question: Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million? 

answer: 200 CE – 500 CE

question: Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth? 

answer: conversion
Title: Jews
Context: Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.

question: What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE? 

answer: The Fiscus Judaicus

question: When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians? 

answer: 96 CE

question: Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth? 

answer: illegality of male conversion to Judaism
Title: Jews
Context: Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.

question: What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities? 

answer: An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another

question: Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community? 

answer: religious interpretations

question: Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community? 

answer: culinary preferences
Title: Jews
Context: Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. "Easterners", Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.

question: Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to. 

answer: Ashkenazim

question: Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to? 

answer: Sephardim

question: What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew? 

answer: Germany

question: What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim? 

answer: Mizrahim

question: What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew? 

answer: East
Title: Jews
Context: The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

question: In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi? 

answer: due to similar styles of liturgy

question: When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur? 

answer: the 1490s

question: Where are the Teimanim from? 

answer: Yemen
Title: Jews
Context: Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.

question: What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry? 

answer: Ashkenazi Jews

question: Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide? 

answer: Ashkenazi Jews

question: Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents? 

answer: As a result of their emigration from Europe

question: In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim? 

answer: France
Title: Jews
Context: Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed lashon ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.[citation needed]

question: What is the liturgical language of Judaism? 

answer: Hebrew

question: What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue?" 

answer: Hebrew

question: What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud? 

answer: Hebrew and Aramaic

question: What are the Hebrew scriptures called? 

answer: Tanakh

question: What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew? 

answer: Aramaic
Title: Jews
Context: For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Judæo-Georgian, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.

question: What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe? 

answer: Yiddish

question: What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula? 

answer: Ladino

question: Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use? 

answer: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
Title: Jews
Context: Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and Jewish languages like Yiddish and Ladino were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and Russian. Some Romance languages, particularly French and Spanish, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following the Holocaust and the adoption of Modern Hebrew by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in Quebec, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly, South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of Russian Jews, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of Post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine and Uzbekistan, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in Algeria, Morocco, and the city of Tunis, while most North Africans continue to use Arabic as their mother tongue.[citation needed]

question: What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language? 

answer: Yiddish

question: North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue? 

answer: North Africans

question: What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today? 

answer: Hebrew, English, and Russian

question: South African Jews adopted which language? 

answer: English

question: Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars? 

answer: English
Title: Jews
Context: Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."

question: Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group? 

answer: Jewish and Middle Eastern groups

question: Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region? 

answer: Middle East

question: Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous? 

answer: maternal lineages
Title: Jews
Context: Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.

question: What looks at the entire DNA mixture? 

answer: autosomal DNA

question: What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops? 

answer: autosomal DNA

question: Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom? 

answer: Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans
Title: Jews
Context: The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.

question: What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim? 

answer: descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism

question: Who are descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism? 

answer: Sephardic Bnei Anusim

question: What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim? 

answer: 19.8%
Title: Jews
Context: Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4% of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors in the aftermath of the Holocaust and Jews fleeing Arab lands. Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union. This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and North America.

question: What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million? 

answer: 1948 and 1958

question: What is the population of Israel? 

answer: 6 million

question: Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel? 

answer: 227,258
Title: Jews
Context: More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 5.2 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada (315,000), Argentina (180,000-300,000), and Brazil (196,000-600,000), and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America). Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.

question: More than half of the Jews live where? 

answer: Diaspora

question: How many Jews live in Canada? 

answer: 315,000

question: How many Jews live in Argentina? 

answer: 180,000-300,000

question: How many Jews live in Brazil? 

answer: 196,000-600,000
Title: Jews
Context: Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.

question: Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community? 

answer: France

question: How many Jews live in France? 

answer: between 483,000 and 500,000

question: What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom? 

answer: 292,000