praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease (see adiabatic lapse rate). The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain. The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks.

question: What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain? 

answer: The Alps

question: Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what? 

answer: Alpine

question: What causes the temperature to decrease? 

answer: A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere

question: What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south? 

answer: The height of the Alps
Title: Alps
Context: The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol.

question: Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied?  

answer: the 18th century

question: Particularly what part of the weather has been studied? 

answer: the weather patterns

question: What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century? 

answer: Numerous weather stations

question: Where is the Aosta valley located? 

answer: Italy

question: Where is the Valais located? 

answer: Switzerland
Title: Alps
Context: The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,281 and 9,843 ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins. Snow lines vary from 2,400 to 3,000 m (7,874 to 9,843 ft), above which the snow is permanent and the temperatures hover around the freezing point even July and August. High-water levels in streams and rivers peak in June and July when the snow is still melting at the higher altitudes.

question: What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff? 

answer: The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation

question: What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps? 

answer: 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year

question: Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur?  

answer: high altitudes

question: At what altitude does snowfall begin in November? 

answer: At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,625 to 5,577 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,249 to 7,874 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from tree line to snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall.

question: How many zones are the Alps split into? 

answer: five climatic zones

question: What is the lowest zone of the Alps called? 

answer: colline zone

question: Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist?  

answer: between 500 and 1,000 m

question: Where does the montane zone extend from? 

answer: from 800 to 1,700 m

question: Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from? 

answer: from 1,600 to 2,400 m
Title: Alps
Context: Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.

question: What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps? 

answer: Various models of climate change

question: What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff? 

answer: increased temperatures

question: What have the various models been of? 

answer: climate change
Title: Alps
Context: Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees—oak, beech, ash and sycamore maple. These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,940 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,920 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,580 ft).

question: How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions? 

answer: Thirteen thousand

question: How are Alpine plants grouped? 

answer: by habitat and soil type

question: Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees? 

answer: chief deciduous trees
Title: Alps
Context: Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the tree line is the area defined as "alpine" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.

question: What is often above the forestry? 

answer: a band of short pine trees

question: What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer? 

answer: acidic soil

question: What is the area above the treeline defined as? 

answer: alpine

question: Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly? 

answer: because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.
Title: Alps
Context: Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Switzerland D. H. Lawrence described them as "darkening the day-time, torch-like with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom." Gentians tend to "appear" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys. On the highest rocky ledges the spring flowers bloom in the summer.

question: What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental? 

answer: Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian

question: What are Gentians named after? 

answer: the Illyrian king Gentius

question: How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps? 

answer: 40 species
Title: Alps
Context: At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,303 ft). Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is the Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,400 m (4,593 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,155 ft). The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.

question: What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes?  

answer: isolated cushions

question: Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps? 

answer: above 4,000 m

question: What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as? 

answer: the King of the Alps

question: What is the best known of the alpine plants? 

answer: Edelweiss
Title: Alps
Context: The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.

question: What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes? 

answer: extreme and stressful climatic conditions

question: Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties? 

answer: medicinal

question: Where are Urtica dioica found? 

answer: the Alps
Title: Alps
Context: Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.

question: What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas? 

answer: Human interference

question: What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries? 

answer: forests of deciduous trees

question: What has changed since the second half of the 20th century? 

answer: The vegetation

question: The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what? 

answer: the underlying tundra
Title: Alps
Context: The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line.

question: How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps? 

answer: 30,000 species

question: What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps? 

answer: made adaptations

question: Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment? 

answer: directly above or below the snow line
Title: Alps
Context: The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald.

question: What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes? 

answer: alpine ibex

question: How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted? 

answer: as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)

question: Where do the ibex live? 

answer: in caves

question: What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes? 

answer: chamois

question: What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed? 

answer: 1792
Title: Alps
Context: Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,874 ft). The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or at the Jungfraujoch, a high altitude tourist destination.

question: Where do many rodents live? 

answer: underground

question: Where do Marmots live? 

answer: almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)

question: Where do marmots build their colonies? 

answer: beneath the alpine pastures

question: What is the most common bird found in the Alps? 

answer: the alpine chough
Title: Alps
Context: Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected.

question: Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line? 

answer: they cannot bear the cold temperatures

question: What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures? 

answer: they hibernate underground

question: How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line? 

answer: by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs

question: What can be found in the streams up to the snow line? 

answer: Brown trout
Title: Alps
Context: A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.

question: How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat? 

answer: 120 million years

question: What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt? 

answer: Blue moths

question: The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much? 

answer: 1,800 m (5,906 ft)

question: What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected? 

answer: Rosalia alpina
Title: Alps
Context: Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period.

question: Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what? 

answer: having been indigenous to the area

question: How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous? 

answer: the Alpine orogeny

question: Where is Emosson located? 

answer: Valais, Switzerland

question: When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson? 

answer: the 1970s
Title: Alps
Context: About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

question: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores? 

answer: About 10,000 years ago

question: What has been found in caves near Vercors? 

answer: Evidence of human habitation

question: Why were houses built on piles? 

answer: to keep them dry

question: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy? 

answer: Standing stones

question: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica? 

answer: more than 5000 years old
Title: Alps
Context: In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.

question: Who was Otzi the Iceman? 

answer: a mummy of a neolithic body

question: When was Otzi the Iceman found? 

answer: In 1991

question: Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered? 

answer: the Similaun glacier
Title: Alps
Context: Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

question: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?  

answer: between 1000 to 1500 BC

question: The Raetians lived in what region? 

answer: the eastern regions

question: The Helvetii occupied which region? 

answer: the west

question: What did the Celtic tribes mine? 

answer: salt

question: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes? 

answer: The Celts
Title: Alps
Context: During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.

question: When was the Second Punic War? 

answer: 218 BC

question: Who was the Carthaginian general? 

answer: Hannibal

question: What did the Romans build along the mountain passes? 

answer: roads

question: What can still be found on the mountain passes? 

answer: Roman road markers
Title: Alps
Context: The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.

question: What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi? 

answer: The Roman expansion

question: When were the Allobrogi defeated? 

answer: in 121 BC

question: When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii? 

answer: 58 BC

question: What tribes settled much of the Alpine region? 

answer: Germanic tribes
Title: Alps
Context: Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

question: Who established Christianity in the region? 

answer: Romans

question: What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce? 

answer: feudalism

question: What area still has intricate frescoes? 

answer: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy

question: What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture? 

answer: Château de Chillon
Title: Alps
Context: Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter that is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well-established as a separate state.

question: Much of the medieval period was a time of what? 

answer: power struggles

question: Where were the Visconti from? 

answer: northern Italy

question: What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia? 

answer: the House of Habsburg

question: What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century? 

answer: Switzerland
Title: Alps
Context: During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.

question: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century? 

answer: the Napoleonic Wars

question: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys? 

answer: Napoleon

question: When was the Helvetic Republic established? 

answer: 1798

question: Where was the Helvetic Republic established? 

answer: Switzerland