praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Greeks
Context: As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names. Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and Dimitri Nanopoulos.

question: According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ? 

answer: the percentages for female students being higher than for male

question: Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ? 

answer: Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year

question: Are university  educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers  in other countries ? 

answer: the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names

question: Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky  scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ? 

answer: John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,
Title: Greeks
Context: The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos (freedom or death), which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence. The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy. The Greek flag is widely used by the Greek Cypriots, although Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority – see flag of Cyprus).

question: What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ? 

answer: flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white

question: This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ? 

answer: motto of the Greek War of Independence

question: Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek? 

answer: bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy

question: Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ? 

answer: ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority

question: Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ? 

answer: Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag
Title: Greeks
Context: Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father’s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father’s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.

question: What names are used that are typically from  a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ? 

answer: Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics

question: What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ? 

answer: Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending

question: What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ? 

answer: many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.

question: What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ? 

answer: some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.
Title: Greeks
Context: The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily. In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean. This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.

question: What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ? 

answer: Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily

question: What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ? 

answer: Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond

question: What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world  named  ? 

answer: map of the Old Greek Diaspora

question: When did changes of this ancient map become notable ? 

answer: corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183

question: Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ? 

answer: Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture
Title: Greeks
Context: Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.

question: What else is this particular captain known for doing ?  

answer: the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca

question: Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia  ? 

answer: Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)

question: What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ? 

answer: plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade

question: Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ?  

answer: trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate
Title: Greeks
Context: The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence. Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly flags of convenience. The most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis, others being Yiannis Latsis, George Livanos, and Stavros Niarchos.

question: What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ? 

answer: Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed

question: Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ? 

answer: Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world

question: What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ? 

answer: Greek War of Independence

question: What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ?  

answer: most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis
Title: Greeks
Context: Another study from 2012 included 150 dental school students from University of Athens, the result showed that light hair colour (blonde/light ash brown) was predominant in 10.7% of the students. 36% had medium hair colour (Light brown/Medium darkest brown). 32% had darkest brown and 21% black (15.3 off black, 6% midnight black). In conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown. with significant minorities having black and blonde hair. The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6% blue/green, 28% medium (light brown) and 57.4% dark brown.

question: What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks  

answer: conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown

question: Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ? 

answer: significant minorities having black and blonde hair

question: What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ? 

answer: 14.6% blue/green

question: What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ? 

answer: 57.4% dark brown
Title: Greeks
Context: The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

question: What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ? 

answer: Asia Minor (now Turkey)

question: During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ? 

answer: Ottoman rule of Greece

question: The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ? 

answer: history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea.

question: What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ? 

answer: a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

question: After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ? 

answer: By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
Title: Quran
Context: Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The word "Quran" occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran.

question: Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad? 

answer: Gabriel

question: On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran? 

answer: 22 December 609 CE

question: In which year CE did Muhammad die? 

answer: 632

question: What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel? 

answer: Jibril

question: How many times is the word "Quran" used in the Quran? 

answer: 70
Title: Quran
Context: According to the traditional narrative, several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and memorized parts of it. These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman's codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with mostly minor differences in meaning.

question: Who first recorded Muhammad revelations? 

answer: companions of Muhammad

question: Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran? 

answer: Caliph Uthman

question: By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known? 

answer: Uthman's codex
Title: Quran
Context: The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.

question: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer? 

answer: Arabic

question: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law? 

answer: sharia

question: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran? 

answer: Biblical scriptures

question: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance? 

answer: Quran
Title: Quran
Context: The word qurʼān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the Arabic verb qaraʼa (قرأ), meaning "he read" or "he recited". The Syriac equivalent is (ܩܪܝܢܐ) qeryānā, which refers to "scripture reading" or "lesson". While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʼa itself. Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the "act of reciting", as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qurʼānahu)."

question: From which Arabic verb might "Quran" be derived? 

answer: qaraʼa

question: What Syriac word might be related to "Quran"? 

answer: qeryānā

question: The words from which the name "Quran" might be described are related to which act? 

answer: reciting

question: Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name? 

answer: qaraʼa
Title: Quran
Context: The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb (book); āyah (sign); and sūrah (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the "revelation" (waḥy), that which has been "sent down" (tanzīl) at intervals. Other related words are: dhikr (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and ḥikmah (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.

question: Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means "book"? 

answer: kitāb

question: Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "scripture"? 

answer: sūrah

question: What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah? 

answer: wisdom

question: What name does the Quran use for itself that means "revelation"? 

answer: waḥy
Title: Quran
Context: The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (al-furqān), "the mother book" (umm al-kitāb), "the guide" (huda), "the wisdom" (hikmah), "the remembrance" (dhikr) and "the revelation" (tanzīl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kitāb (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The adjective of "Quran" has multiple transliterations including "quranic", "koranic", and "qur'anic", or capitalised as "Qur'anic", "Koranic", and "Quranic". The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. Other transliterations of "Quran" include "al-Coran", "Coran", "Kuran", and "al-Qurʼan".

question: Which term meaning "the mother book" does the Quran apply to itself? 

answer: umm al-kitāb

question: What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations? 

answer: mus'haf

question: What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels? 

answer: al-kitāb

question: What is an English translation of huda? 

answer: the guide
Title: Quran
Context: Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632. There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.

question: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation? 

answer: Cave of Hira

question: Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community? 

answer: Medina

question: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write? 

answer: Badr

question: Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran? 

answer: date palm

question: When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book? 

answer: Quran
Title: Quran
Context: The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi", which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate," but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.

question: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad? 

answer: illiterate

question: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood? 

answer: earlier sacred texts

question: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture? 

answer: ummi

question: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said? 

answer: writing and reading
Title: Quran
Context: Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.

question: Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle? 

answer: Abu Bakr

question: Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran? 

answer: Zayd ibn Thabit

question: In which year did Abu Bakr die? 

answer: 634

question: Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr? 

answer: Hafsa bint Umar

question: Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized? 

answer: Uthman ibn Affan
Title: Quran
Context: In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible and believed to be "pre-Uthmanic" Quranic content, while the text written on top (scriptio superior) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time. Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability.

question: What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts? 

answer: palimpsests

question: Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced? 

answer: 671 AD

question: What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts? 

answer: Uthmanic

question: In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972? 

answer: Sana'a, Yemen