praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Portugal
Context: Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.

question: What is the official name of Portugal? 

answer: Portuguese

question: What type of language is Portuguese? 

answer: Romance

question: Where did Portuguese originate? 

answer: Galicia and Northern Portugal

question: What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people? 

answer: Galician-Portuguese
Title: Portugal
Context: The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).

question: From what language is Portuguese derived? 

answer: Latin

question: By what group of people is Portuguese derived? 

answer: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

question: Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire? 

answer: 1415 and 1999

question: In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language? 

answer: five

question: What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers? 

answer: Brazil
Title: Portugal
Context: The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

question: What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal? 

answer: 99 percent

question: Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent? 

answer: 100 percent

question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal? 

answer: Over 35%

question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States? 

answer: 50%
Title: Portugal
Context: Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

question: Since when have Portuguese universities existed? 

answer: 1290

question: Where was the oldest Portuguese university established? 

answer: Lisbon

question: Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to? 

answer: Coimbra

question: What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas? 

answer: the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

question: What is the oldest medical college in Asia? 

answer: the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa
Title: Portugal
Context: The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).

question: When was the Bologna process adopted? 

answer: 2006

question: What are most higher education student costs supported with? 

answer: public money

question: Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature? 

answer: over 23 years old
Title: Portugal
Context: The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.

question: What is the Ministry of Health responsible for? 

answer: developing health policy as well as managing the SNS

question: How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal? 

answer: Five

question: What are the regional health administrations in charge of? 

answer: implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
Title: Portugal
Context: Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.

question: What do most Portuguese people die from? 

answer: noncommunicable diseases

question: What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease? 

answer: ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

question: What is the biggest killer in Portugal? 

answer: cerebrovascular disease

question: What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A? 

answer: 12%

question: Who is cancer more common among in Portugal? 

answer: children as well as among women younger than 44 years
Title: Portugal
Context: People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.

question: What survey results complement on data on health status? 

answer: self-reporting at the household level

question: What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good? 

answer: one third
Title: Portugal
Context: Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.

question: Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades? 

answer: 1990s and 2000s

question: In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established? 

answer: 1956

question: Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established? 

answer: Lisbon

question: What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities? 

answer: Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música

question: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to? 

answer: fifteen
Title: Portugal
Context: Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.

question: What is the Manueline style also known as? 

answer: Portuguese late Gothic

question: What is the Manueline style? 

answer: a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century

question: What is Soft Portuguese style? 

answer: A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture

question: Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal? 

answer: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne

question: For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal? 

answer: stadium design
Title: Portugal
Context: Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.

question: In which period was cinema born? 

answer: late 19th century

question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors? 

answer: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors? 

answer: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado

question: In which period was cinema born? 

answer: late 19th century

question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors? 

answer: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors? 

answer: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
Title: Portugal
Context: Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.

question: Who was Luís de Camões? 

answer: Adventurer and poet

question: What epic poem did Luís de Camões write? 

answer: "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads)

question: What was Luís de Camões main influence? 

answer: Virgil's Aeneid

question: What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in? 

answer: neoclassic and contemporary styles

question: Who are some modern Portuguese authors? 

answer: Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
Title: Portugal
Context: Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco à alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).

question: What is dry cod known as in Portuguese? 

answer: bacalhau

question: Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal? 

answer: grilled sardines and caldeirada

question: What is caldeirada? 

answer: a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish

question: What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes? 

answer: beef, pork, lamb, or chicken

question: What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes? 

answer: arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
Title: Portugal
Context: Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.

question: What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal? 

answer: Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches

question: Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins? 

answer: in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country

question: What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries? 

answer: almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor

question: What are two examples of Portuguese pastries? 

answer: pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro
Title: Portugal
Context: Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.

question: Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition? 

answer: since the times of the Romans

question: With which Roman God was Portugal associated with? 

answer: Bacchus

question: What are some of the best Portuguese wines? 

answer: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine

question: Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world? 

answer: Port and Madeira
Title: Portugal
Context: Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon.

question: What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal? 

answer: Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,

question: What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal? 

answer: Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto

question: What is the Boom Festival? 

answer: one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years

question: What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival? 

answer: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010

question: In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards? 

answer: 2005
Title: Portugal
Context: In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.

question: What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal? 

answer: Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa

question: What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal? 

answer: Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro

question: Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal? 

answer: José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos

question: Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal? 

answer: Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
Title: Portugal
Context: The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.

question: In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism? 

answer: 20th century

question: By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by? 

answer: French painters, particularly by the Delaunays

question: What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works? 

answer: Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro

question: Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal? 

answer: Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego
Title: Portugal
Context: Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José among the most renowned.

question: What is the most popular sport in Portugal? 

answer: Football

question: What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history? 

answer: Eusébio

question: Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal? 

answer: Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo

question: What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win? 

answer: FIFA World Player of the Year

question: Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal? 

answer: José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José