praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Capacitor
Context: Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.

question: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain? 

answer: over 15 joules of energy

question: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to? 

answer: over 300 volts

question: What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors? 

answer: a Brinkley stick

question: How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored? 

answer: with the terminals shorted

question: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from? 

answer: from static charges
Title: Capacitor
Context: Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.

question: What could cause the failure of a capacitor? 

answer: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating

question: What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications? 

answer: overheat

question: What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks? 

answer: violently explode

question: What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays? 

answer: High voltage vacuum capacitors

question: What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers? 

answer: preventive maintenance
Title: History_of_science
Context: The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

question: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of? 

answer: The history of science

question: What is the history of arts and humanities called? 

answer: the history of scholarship

question: What kind of phenomena does science study? 

answer: real world

question: Intellectual history and social history are used in what? 

answer: Historiography of science
Title: History_of_science
Context: The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

question: Who coined the word "scientist"? 

answer: William Whewell

question: When was the word "scientist" created? 

answer: 19th century

question: What are people who study nature called? 

answer: natural philosophers

question: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period? 

answer: the Middle Ages

question: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be? 

answer: the scientific revolution
Title: History_of_science
Context: From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

question: What replaced false beliefs? 

answer: true theories

question: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix? 

answer: Thomas Kuhn

question: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative? 

answer: the 18th century

question: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science? 

answer: competing paradigms
Title: History_of_science
Context: The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.

question: The advancement of agriculture made what possible? 

answer: a surplus of food

question: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what? 

answer: food production

question: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do? 

answer: work towards bare survival

question: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations? 

answer: The development of writing

question: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature? 

answer: community
Title: History_of_science
Context: Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.

question: Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine? 

answer: Ancient Egypt

question: What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland? 

answer: geometry

question: What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures? 

answer: The 3-4-5 right triangle

question: What research was Egypt known for? 

answer: alchemy

question: What is the name of the earliest medical document? 

answer: The Edwin Smith papyrus
Title: History_of_science
Context: From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras,  but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.

question: Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from? 

answer: Sumer

question: How far back do the Mesopotamian people go? 

answer: 3500 BC

question: What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them? 

answer: numerical data

question: What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law? 

answer: 18th century BC

question: Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it? 

answer: Plimpton 322
Title: History_of_science
Context: In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."

question: Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy? 

answer: scribes

question: Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used? 

answer: in Western calendars

question: Who was Kidinnu? 

answer: a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician

question: Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy? 

answer: A. Aaboe

question: Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use? 

answer: today's calendars
Title: History_of_science
Context: In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).

question: Which era was marked by investigating the universe? 

answer: Classical Antiquity

question: What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of? 

answer: natural philosophy

question: What is an example of skilled professionals? 

answer: physicians

question: What is an example of religious devotee? 

answer: temple healers

question: What would the first scientists have been considered? 

answer: natural philosophers
Title: History_of_science
Context: The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.

question: What are early Greek philosophers known as? 

answer: pre-Socratics

question: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer? 

answer: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?

question: Who was named "the father of science"? 

answer: Thales

question: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories? 

answer: Poseidon

question: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round? 

answer: Samos
Title: History_of_science
Context: Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.

question: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what? 

answer: natural philosophy

question: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for? 

answer: deductive reasoning

question: What year was the Platonic Academy founded? 

answer: 387 BC

question: Aristotle introduced what theory? 

answer: empiricism

question: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle? 

answer: 540
Title: History_of_science
Context: The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:

question: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what? 

answer: factual knowledge

question: What era utilized Greek theories? 

answer: the Hellenistic age

question: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks? 

answer: the Socratic method

question: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences? 

answer: the Ancient Greeks

question: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method? 

answer: deliberate empirical research
Title: History_of_science
Context: The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.

question: Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system? 

answer: Aristarchus of Samos

question: Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth? 

answer: Eratosthenes

question: Who made the first catalog of stars? 

answer: Hipparchus

question: When was the Antikythera mechanism used? 

answer: 150-100 BC

question: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system? 

answer: the Antikythera mechanism
Title: History_of_science
Context: In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi. He is also known in physics for laying the foundations of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of the lever.

question: Who wrote the book Elements? 

answer: Euclid

question: What was contained within the book Elements? 

answer: the foundations of mathematical rigor

question: Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola? 

answer: Archimedes

question: What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola? 

answer: exhaustion

question: Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate? 

answer: Pi
Title: History_of_science
Context: Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.

question: What classification guide did Theophrastus create? 

answer: the first taxonomy

question: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia? 

answer: 77 AD

question: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds? 

answer: the octahedral shape

question: Who do engravers use diamond dust for? 

answer: to cut and polish other gems

question: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber? 

answer: was a fossilized resin
Title: History_of_science
Context: Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.

question: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what? 

answer: mathematical knowledge

question: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used? 

answer: 4:2:1

question: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks? 

answer: stability

question: What was the name of the ruler that they created? 

answer: the Mohenjo-daro ruler

question: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler? 

answer: 1.32 inches
Title: History_of_science
Context: Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Arabic translations of the two astronomers' texts were soon available in the Islamic world, introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century. During the 14th–16th centuries, the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics made significant advances in astronomy and especially mathematics, including fields such as trigonometry and analysis. In particular, Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered the "founder of mathematical analysis".

question: When did Aryabhata live? 

answer: 476-550

question: What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered? 

answer: sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine

question: What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD? 

answer: gravity was a force of attraction

question: What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for? 

answer: a placeholder and a decimal digit

question: What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from? 

answer: Arabic