praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism
Context: Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.

question: Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what? 

answer: Eastern Buddhism

question: The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as? 

answer: Northern Buddhism

question: What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism? 

answer: the Pure Land school of Mahayana
Title: Buddhism
Context: Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.

question: The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? 

answer: Saivism

question: Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? 

answer: Buddhists

question: What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition? 

answer: The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra
Title: Buddhism
Context: Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.

question: There is a great variety of what type of scripture? 

answer: Buddhist

question: Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? 

answer: objects
Title: Buddhism
Context: Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.

question: Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what? 

answer: text

question: Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what? 

answer: āgamas

question: Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what? 

answer: core

question: What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy? 

answer: size and complexity of the Buddhist canons
Title: Buddhism
Context: Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.

question: In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture? 

answer: Dhammapada

question: There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion? 

answer: Buddhism

question: condensed study texts where created in what tradition? 

answer: Theravada
Title: Buddhism
Context: Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.

question: Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture? 

answer: Zen

question: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it? 

answer: The Buddha and His Dhamma
Title: Buddhism
Context: The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.

question: What means "three baskets"? 

answer: Pāli Tipitaka

question: What does the "three baskets" refer to? 

answer: the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka

question: What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns? 

answer: Vinaya Pitaka

question: What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha? 

answer: the Sutta Pitaka

question: What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings? 

answer: Abhidhamma Pitaka
Title: Buddhism
Context: The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.

question: What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language? 

answer: Pāli Tipitaka

question: Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas? 

answer: five or seven
Title: Buddhism
Context: According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the sūtras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.

question: Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha? 

answer: Mahākāśyapa

question: What was the goal of the council? 

answer: to record the Buddha's teachings

question: the vinaya was recited by? 

answer: Upāli

question: Who was the Buddha's personal attendant? 

answer: Ānanda

question: Ananda was called upon to recite what? 

answer: dhamma
Title: Buddhism
Context: Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."

question: Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what? 

answer: Theravadin

question: Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time? 

answer: The Theravadins
Title: Buddhism
Context: The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.

question: What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha? 

answer: Mahayana sutras

question: What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture? 

answer: Mahayana sutras

question: What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna? 

answer: Sarvastivada Abhidharma
Title: Buddhism
Context: The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle).

question: What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path? 

answer: Mahayana

question: What does Mahayana mean? 

answer: the Great Vehicle

question: What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings? 

answer: bodhisattva path
Title: Buddhism
Context: According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:

question: What sutras were transmitted in secret? 

answer: Mahayana

question: What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds? 

answer: Mahayana

question: What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas? 

answer: Mahayana tradition
Title: Buddhism
Context: Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.

question: How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations? 

answer: six hundred

question: What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin? 

answer: East Asian Buddhism
Title: Buddhism
Context: Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: "But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported." These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.

question: When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India? 

answer: after the 5th century CE

question: What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras? 

answer: Hinayana
Title: Buddhism
Context: Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.

question: What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon? 

answer: the Theravada

question: The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country? 

answer: Sri Lanka

question: What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory? 

answer: hinayana
Title: Buddhism
Context: Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although "the Mahāyāna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinayāna, the Inferior Way," "the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts." She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna was "the more politically correct and much more usual" term used by Mahāyānists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term "Hinayana" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists.

question: The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what? 

answer: Hinayana

question: What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana? 

answer: Śrāvakayāna
Title: Buddhism
Context: Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.

question: What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects? 

answer: Buddhism

question: Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what? 

answer: ethics

question: Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought? 

answer: moral and spiritual

question: Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion? 

answer: Christianity

question: Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought? 

answer: scientific
Title: Buddhism
Context: There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:

question: What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion? 

answer: Buddhism

question: What is often referred to as a religion by many sources? 

answer: Buddhism
Title: American_Idol
Context: American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.

question: Who is the creator of American Idol? 

answer: Simon Fuller

question: What company produces American idol? 

answer: 19 Entertainment

question: What year did American Idol begin airing? 

answer: 2002

question: What British show is American Idols format based on? 

answer: Pop Idol

question: What television network does American Idol air on? 

answer: Fox

question: What company produces American Idol? 

answer: 19 Entertainment

question: What British series is American Idols format based on? 

answer: Pop Idol

question: Who created American Idol? 

answer: Simon Fuller

question: Who produced American Idol? 

answer: 19 Entertainment

question: When did American Idol first air on TV? 

answer: June 11, 2002

question: What British show was American Idol based on? 

answer: Pop Idol
Title: American_Idol
Context: American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons.

question: What record producer was an original judge on American Idol? 

answer: Randy Jackson

question: What comedian was an original host on American Idol?  

answer: Brian Dunkleman

question: What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?  

answer: Jennifer Lopez

question: Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol? 

answer: Ryan Seacrest

question: What comedian was an original host on American Idol? 

answer: Brian Dunkleman

question: What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol? 

answer: Paula Abdul

question: What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? 

answer: Jennifer Lopez

question: Which original judge was a record producer and music manager? 

answer: Randy Jackson

question: Which original judge was a choreographer? 

answer: Paula Abdul

question: Which original judge was a music executive? 

answer: Simon Cowell

question: Which judge is a country music singer? 

answer: Keith Urban

question: Which judge is a jazz singer? 

answer: Harry Connick, Jr.
Title: American_Idol
Context: The success of American Idol has been described as "unparalleled in broadcasting history". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be "the most impactful show in the history of television". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, "Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut."

question: How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years? 

answer: 345

question: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol? 

answer: Kelly Clarkson

question: Who called American Idol "the most impactful show in the history of television"? 

answer: a rival TV executive

question: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol? 

answer: Carrie Underwood

question: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol? 

answer: Fantasia

question: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol? 

answer: Carrie Underwood

question: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol? 

answer: Fantasia

question: How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons? 

answer: 345

question: Who said that American Idol is "the most impactful show in the history of televsion? 

answer: a rival TV executive
Title: American_Idol
Context: For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003–04 television season through the 2010–11 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season.

question: What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled? 

answer: 2015

question: What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol? 

answer: 2015

question: For how many seasons did American Idol air?  

answer: 15

question: How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings? 

answer: eight

question: When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending? 

answer: May 11, 2015
Title: American_Idol
Context: American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner‍—‌the executive producer and production leader‍—‌and Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public.

question: What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol? 

answer: Popstars

question: Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol? 

answer: Simon Fuller

question: What year did Pop Idol make its television debut? 

answer: 2001

question: Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001? 

answer: Simon Cowell

question: Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001? 

answer: Nigel Lythgoe

question: What show was Pop Idols based on? 

answer: Popstars

question: Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing? 

answer: Nigel Lythgoe

question: In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show? 

answer: telephone voting

question: When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain? 

answer: 2001

question: Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol? 

answer: Lythgoe