praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Palermo
Context: Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.

question: On what does Palermo's economy rely? 

answer: tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture

question: Palermo is the home of what mafia? 

answer: the Sicilian Mafia

question: Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined? 

answer: gone down dramatically

question: What negative qualities does Palermo carry? 

answer: high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire
Title: Palermo
Context: The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

question: Which port is Sicily's primary port? 

answer: The port of Palermo

question: How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually? 

answer: 2 million

question: How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year? 

answer: 2 million

question: For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated? 

answer: sailing yachts and catamarans

question: What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to? 

answer: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis
Title: Palermo
Context: The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.

question: Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo? 

answer: Santa Rosalia

question: When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held? 

answer: 14 July

question: Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624? 

answer: Santa Rosalia

question: What is The Festino? 

answer: procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

question: What is the symbol for Zinc? 

answer: Zn

question: What is the atomic number for Zinc? 

answer: 30

question: What is zinc chemically close to? 

answer: magnesium

question: What is the oxidation state for zinc? 

answer: +2

question: How many stable isotopes does zinc have? 

answer: five

question: What is the symbol for zinc? 

answer: Zn

question: What is zinc's atomic number? 

answer: 30

question: What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to? 

answer: magnesium

question: What is the most common zinc ore? 

answer: sphalerite

question: What is used to extract zinc during the production process? 

answer: electricity
Title: Zinc
Context: Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

question: What two metals are mixed to create Brass? 

answer: copper and zinc

question: When was brass first used? 

answer: 10th

question: Where was zinc first produced on a large scale? 

answer: India

question: When was zinc introduced to Europe? 

answer: end of the 16th century

question: Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc? 

answer: Zawar

question: Brass is an alloy of what two elements? 

answer: copper and zinc

question: The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location? 

answer: Judea

question: We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine? 

answer: Rajasthan

question: What early process was used to make zinc? 

answer: distillation process

question: What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists? 

answer: "philosopher's wool" or "white snow"
Title: Zinc
Context: The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

question: Who named the element zinc? 

answer: Paracelsus

question: What was zinc named after? 

answer: Zinke

question: Who is credited with discovering zinc? 

answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

question: What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc? 

answer: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

question: Where can you find zinc chloride? 

answer: deodorants

question: Who is credited as giving zinc its name? 

answer: Paracelsus

question: What does the name zinc or zinke mean? 

answer: (prong, tooth)

question: Who discovered pure metallic zinc? 

answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

question: What is the most common use for zinc? 

answer: (hot-dip galvanizing

question: What is a common use for zinc chloride? 

answer: deodorants
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

question: How many people are affected by zinc deficiency? 

answer: two billion

question: What can consumption of excess zinc cause? 

answer: ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency

question: Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center? 

answer: biochemistry,

question: What can a lack of zinc cause in children? 

answer: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea

question: What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development? 

answer: Zinc

question: What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth? 

answer: Zinc deficiency

question: In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center? 

answer: alcohol dehydrogenase

question: What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency? 

answer: excess zinc
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

question: What color is zinc? 

answer: bluish-white

question: Is iron more dense than zinc? 

answer: It is somewhat less dense than iron

question: At what temperature does the metal become malleable? 

answer: 100 and 150 °C

question: At what temperature to zinc become brittle? 

answer: 210 °C

question: What is the boiling point of zinc? 

answer: 907 °C

question: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc? 

answer: bluish-white

question: What is the crystalline structure of sync? 

answer: hexagonal

question: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius? 

answer: becomes malleable

question: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized? 

answer: 210 °C
Title: Zinc
Context: Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

question: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered? 

answer: Several dozen

question: What is the longest half life of the isotopes? 

answer: 243.66

question: What does the superscript m represent? 

answer: metastable isotope

question: How many excited states does 61Zn have?  

answer: three

question: How many excited states does 73Zn have? 

answer: two

question: What is the most long lived radio isotope? 

answer: 65Zn

question: What is the half life of 72Zn? 

answer: 46.5 hours

question: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have? 

answer: 10

question: What does the superscript "m" indicate? 

answer: metastable isotope

question: What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state? 

answer: emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray
Title: Zinc
Context: The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H
2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn
2Cl
2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.

question: What oxidation state dominates zinc? 

answer: +2

question: What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl? 

answer: The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C

question: what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc? 

answer: +1 or +2

question: What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc? 

answer: +2

question: What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds? 

answer: +1 or +2
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

question: Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what? 

answer: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

question: The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical? 

answer: zinc and magnesium

question: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically? 

answer: ionic radius

question: Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes? 

answer: N- and S-
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

question: What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds? 

answer: bulky ligands

question: What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain? 

answer: [Zn2]2+

question: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound? 

answer: diamagnetic nature of the ion

question: When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed? 

answer: yellow glass
Title: Zinc
Context: Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn
3N
2, Zn
3P
2, Zn
3As
2 and Zn
3Sb
2), the peroxide (ZnO
2), the hydride (ZnH
2), and the carbide (ZnC
2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF
2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl
2, ZnBr
2, and ZnI
2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.

question: What is not known for binary compounds of zinc? 

answer: noble gases

question: ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions? 

answer: strong basic and acidic solutions

question: What applications do chalcogenides have? 

answer: electronics and optics.
Title: Zinc
Context: In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)
2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)
2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)
2, sulfate ZnSO
4, phosphate Zn
3(PO4)
2, molybdate ZnMoO
4, cyanide Zn(CN)
2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)
2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)
2·8H
2O and the chromate ZnCrO
4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O
2CCH3)
2).

question: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions? 

answer: zincates
Title: Zinc
Context: The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

question: Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text? 

answer: The Charaka Samhita

question: Active zinc mines in India date back to what period? 

answer: Mauryan period

question: What process occurred around the 12th century? 

answer: smelting of metallic zinc

question: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written? 

answer: 13th century AD,

question: What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya? 

answer: metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes
Title: Zinc
Context: The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word سنگ seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

question: Who is attributed as first documenting zinc? 

answer: Paracelsus

question: Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn? 

answer: imply "tin-like"

question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke? 

answer: metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

question: What are some of the other terms for zinc? 

answer: Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.
Title: Zinc
Context: William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

question: Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process? 

answer: William Champion's brother, John,

question: Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc? 

answer: calamine

question: Who built the first horizontal retort smelter? 

answer: Johann Christian Ruberg

question: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch? 

answer: animal electricity

question: The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things? 

answer: electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO
2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).

question: What is used to produce the metal zinc? 

answer: extractive metallurgy.

question: What is froth flotation used for? 

answer: get an ore concentrate

question: What is the first step in zinc metal production? 

answer: grinding the ore

question: What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc? 

answer: 50%
Title: Zinc
Context: The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

question: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what? 

answer: The production for sulfidic zinc ores

question: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what? 

answer: heavy metals

question: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount? 

answer: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium

question: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at? 

answer: 20 to 1
Title: Zinc
Context: Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.

question: What two compounds is zinc more reactive than? 

answer: iron or steel

question: What forms as zinc corrodes? 

answer: protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate

question: How is zinc applied? 

answer: electrochemically or as molten zinc

question: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences? 

answer: Galvanization