praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.

question: What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds? 

answer: toxic chemicals

question: For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond? 

answer: to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity

question: What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable? 

answer: algae may produce toxic chemicals
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.

question: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity? 

answer: 2050

question: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity? 

answer: 2050
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.

question: The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert? 

answer: the Mojave Desert

question: Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year? 

answer: 2013

question: What is the largest solar power plant in the world? 

answer: 354 MW SEGS CSP

question: Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located? 

answer: Mojave Desert of California

question: What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants? 

answer: The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.

question: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell? 

answer: Charles Fritts

question: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed? 

answer: 1954

question: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years? 

answer: evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source

question: What is a solar cell? 

answer: a device that converts light directly into electricity

question: Who created the first solar cell? 

answer: Charles Fritts

question: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide? 

answer: Dr Bruno Lange

question: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell? 

answer: Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.

question: In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what? 

answer: a working fluid

question: What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use? 

answer: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

question: What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for? 

answer: a heat source for a conventional power plant

question: What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies? 

answer: the Stirling dish

question: What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common? 

answer: a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
Title: Solar_energy
Context: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

question: Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design? 

answer: Megaron House

question: What is a common feature of passive solar architecture? 

answer: orientation relative to the Sun

question: What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment? 

answer: well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range

question: What is an example of passive solar design? 

answer: Socrates' Megaron House

question: What kind of equipment can improve system performance? 

answer: pumps, fans and switchable windows
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.

question: UHI is an abbreviation of what? 

answer: Urban heat islands

question: A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius? 

answer: 3

question: What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called? 

answer: Urban heat islands

question: What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials? 

answer: asphalt and concrete

question: What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands? 

answer: paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.

question: During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy? 

answer: fruit walls

question: Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what? 

answer: power grape presses

question: Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured? 

answer: to optimize the productivity of plants

question: What are some techniques used to improve crop production? 

answer: timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties

question: What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy? 

answer: employed fruit walls

question: What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers? 

answer: acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.

question: When were the first greenhouses used? 

answer: Roman times

question: In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed? 

answer: the 16th

question: What do greenhouses do with solar energy? 

answer: convert solar light to heat

question: What is one purpose of a greenhouse? 

answer: enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops

question: What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse? 

answer: produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius

question: Where were the first modern greenhouses built? 

answer: Europe
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.

question: What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years? 

answer: The World Solar Challenge

question: What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h? 

answer: 90.87

question: What is The World Solar Challenge? 

answer: a biannual solar-powered car race

question: When was The World Solar Challenge started? 

answer: 1987

question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987? 

answer: 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)

question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007? 

answer: 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)

question: What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles? 

answer: The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.

question: The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year? 

answer: 1975

question: When was the first solar powered boat made? 

answer: 1975

question: Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat? 

answer: Kenichi Horie

question: What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean? 

answer: the sun21 catamaran
Title: Solar_energy
Context: In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.

question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet? 

answer: 40

question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power? 

answer: Solar Impulse

question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made? 

answer: 1974

question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made? 

answer: 29 April 1979

question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel? 

answer: July 1981

question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990? 

answer: California to North Carolina

question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air? 

answer: 36 hours
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 –  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

question: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide? 

answer: hydrogen production from protons

question: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels? 

answer: Solar chemical processes

question: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels? 

answer: artificial photosynthesis
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

question: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute? 

answer: The Solzinc process

question: The Solznic process produces what? 

answer: pure zinc

question: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s? 

answer: Hydrogen production technologies

question: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis? 

answer: uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

question: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute? 

answer: Solzinc process
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.

question: In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy? 

answer: heat

question: What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat? 

answer: Thermal mass systems

question: What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? 

answer: water, earth and stone

question: What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system? 

answer: reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media? 

answer: thermal

question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where? 

answer: The "Dover House"

question: What are some examples of phase change materials? 

answer: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt

question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? 

answer: 64 °C or 147 °F

question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt? 

answer: Dover House

question: Why are salts good  for thermal storage? 

answer: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems

question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts? 

answer: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.

question: Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity? 

answer: rechargeable batteries

question: What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity? 

answer: rechargeable batteries

question: What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called? 

answer: Net metering programs

question: How is the credit to households accomplished? 

answer: by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes

question: Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use? 

answer: Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
Title: Solar_energy
Context: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.

question: When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat? 

answer: a hydroelectric power generator

question: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form? 

answer: water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one

question: How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered? 

answer: by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator