praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Houston
Context: The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

question: How many members did the original Houston city council have? 

answer: 14

question: How many at-large positions were there originally? 

answer: five

question: What areas do at-large council members represent? 

answer: entire city

question: What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members? 

answer: 2.1 million

question: How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections? 

answer: two
Title: Houston
Context: Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States.

question: How many students does the University of Houston have? 

answer: 40,000

question: Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located? 

answer: southeast

question: How many separate universities does Houston have? 

answer: Four

question: What university is located in Houston'd third ward? 

answer: Texas Southern University

question: What kind of college is Texas Southern University? 

answer: largest historically black
Title: Houston
Context: Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.

question: What is Houston's major newspaper? 

answer: Houston Chronicle

question: Who owns the Houston Chronicle? 

answer: Hearst Corporation

question: When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations? 

answer: 1995

question: Whose family owned the Houston Post? 

answer: Bill Hobby

question: What is the other newspaper that serves Houston? 

answer: Houston Press
Title: Houston
Context: Houston's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside of Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments, totaling 38 miles, are actively under construction and scheduled to open to traffic late in 2015. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.

question: What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston? 

answer: hub-and-spoke

question: What encircles the downtown area of Houston? 

answer: Interstate 610

question: What is the diameter of the downtown area? 

answer: 8-mile

question: What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8? 

answer: middle loop

question: What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8? 

answer: 23 miles
Title: Houston
Context: The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.

question: How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers? 

answer: tenth-busiest

question: How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve? 

answer: 182

question: When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports? 

answer: 2006

question: Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located? 

answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

question: What is Houston's primary airport? 

answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Title: Copper
Context: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era? 

answer: Cyprus

question: What term does the name copper originate from? 

answer: сuprum

question: What componds are common in copper? 

answer: copper(II) salts

question: What is one color common in copper salts? 

answer: blue

question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper. 

answer: green verdigris
Title: Copper
Context: Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

question: When was copper first known to have been used? 

answer: 9000 BC

question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper? 

answer: Middle East

question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China? 

answer: 2800 BC

question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting? 

answer: iron smelting

question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public? 

answer: 5500 BC
Title: Copper
Context: The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from? 

answer: Corinthian bronze

question: How is Corinthian bronze made? 

answer: depletion gilding

question: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced?  

answer: Alexandria

question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India? 

answer: copper

question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC? 

answer: Baghdad Battery
Title: Copper
Context: Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.

question: What metal is used most often in electrical wiring? 

answer: copper

question: What is the most important market for copper today? 

answer: Electrical wiring

question: How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring? 

answer: Roughly half

question: What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of? 

answer: aluminium

question: What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring? 

answer: high electrical conductivity
Title: Copper
Context: Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

question: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate? 

answer: biostatic

question: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships? 

answer: Muntz metal

question: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper? 

answer: ships

question: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make? 

answer: netting materials

question: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments? 

answer: corrosion-resistant
Title: Copper
Context: Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

question: What group of the periodic table is copper in? 

answer: group 11

question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common. 

answer: one s-orbital electron

question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals? 

answer: filled d-electron shell

question: How is copper normally supplied? 

answer: fine-grained polycrystalline form

question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline? 

answer: monocrystalline forms
Title: Copper
Context: Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust. 

answer: 50 parts per million

question: How large was the biggest find of copper? 

answer: 420 tonnes

question: What year was the largest find of copper discovered? 

answer: 1857

question: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found? 

answer: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm

question: Where was the largest mass of copper found? 

answer: Michigan, US
Title: Copper
Context: In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.

question: What was copper called in Greece? 

answer: chalkos

question: In what area was copper first mined? 

answer: Cyprus

question: What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper? 

answer: Aphrodite

question: What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper? 

answer: Venus

question: What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus? 

answer: lustrous beauty
Title: Copper
Context: Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.

question: What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called? 

answer: organocopper compounds

question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form? 

answer: copper(I) oxide

question: What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents? 

answer: Gilman reagent

question: Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what? 

answer: alkyl halides

question: Which form of copper is shock sensitive? 

answer: Copper(I) acetylide
Title: Copper
Context: The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

question: Who used copper to produce art? 

answer: Renaissance sculptors

question: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called? 

answer: daguerreotype

question: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper? 

answer: Statue of Liberty

question: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper? 

answer: Christopher Columbus

question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production? 

answer: 1830
Title: Copper
Context: Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

question: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors? 

answer: conductivity

question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally? 

answer: 43%-46%

question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry? 

answer: 69%

question: What does the acronym NEMA stand for? 

answer: National Electrical Manufacturers Association

question: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards? 

answer: efficiency standards
Title: Copper
Context: Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper? 

answer: Chromobacterium violaceum

question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils? 

answer: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity?  

answer: Suillus luteus

question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution? 

answer: Aspergillus niger

question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides? 

answer: fungus Aspergillus
Title: Copper
Context: Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.

question: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces? 

answer: antimicrobial

question: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria? 

answer: 99.9%

question: What does the acronym EPA stand for? 

answer: Environmental Protection Agency

question: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials? 

answer: 355

question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs? 

answer: Legionnaires' disease