praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Dog
Context: Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.

question: What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general? 

answer: man's best friend

question: What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures? 

answer: man's best friend

question: Dogs are a source of what in some cultures? 

answer: meat
Title: Dog
Context: The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.

question: What is the Proto-Germanic word that "dog" may have come from? 

answer: dukkōn

question: What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word "dog" came from? 

answer: Proto-Indo-European

question: Where does the word dog originate? 

answer: Old English docga

question: Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary? 

answer: Proto-Indo-European
Title: Dog
Context: In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

question: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English? 

answer: hound

question: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound? 

answer: mastiff.

question: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs? 

answer: 16th

question: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century? 

answer: hound

question: When did the word dog become the common term for canines? 

answer: 16th century

question: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time? 

answer: hunting

question: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from? 

answer: *kwon- "dog"
Title: Dog
Context: In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.

question: What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively? 

answer: a litter.

question: What is the male who is father of the pups called? 

answer: sire

question: What is the French word that "puppy" comes from? 

answer: poupée

question: What is giving birth to dogs called? 

answer: whelping

question: What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity? 

answer: bitch

question: A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding? 

answer: bitch

question: What are canine offspring referred as? 

answer: litter

question: What is the father of a litter referred as? 

answer: sire

question: What is the mother of a litter referred as? 

answer: dam

question: What are the individual litter canines called? 

answer: pups
Title: Dog
Context: In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.

question: What is the Latin term for "dog.?" 

answer: Canis

question: What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae? 

answer: 1758

question: Who published Systema Naturae? 

answer: Linnaeus

question: What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus? 

answer: wolf

question: What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves? 

answer: Mammal Species of the World

question: What is the Latin word for dog? 

answer: Canis

question: Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what? 

answer: family dog

question: What is the Latin name for a wolf? 

answer: Canis lupus

question: Feral dogs have what Latin classification? 

answer: Canis dingo

question: What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus? 

answer: 1982
Title: Dog
Context: In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.

question: What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety? 

answer: 2003

question: What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling? 

answer: Mammal Species of the World

question: What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different? 

answer: Canis familiaris.

question: What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris? 

answer: ICZN

question: Many researchers prefer what term? 

answer: Canis familiaris.

question: Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts? 

answer: ICZN

question: What was this decision called? 

answer: Opinion 2027
Title: Dog
Context: Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.

question: What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades? 

answer: genetic studies

question: The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what? 

answer: extinct.
Title: Dog
Context: The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.

question: Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what? 

answer: hunter-gatherers

question: Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to? 

answer: Taimyr wolf of North Asia

question: Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who? 

answer: human hunter-gatherers

question: Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal? 

answer: gray wolf

question: Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf? 

answer: Taimyr
Title: Dog
Context: Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.

question: What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other? 

answer: Modern dog breeds

question: What are dog teeth best suited for? 

answer: catching and tearing.

question: Dogs are considered to be predators and what else? 

answer: scavengers

question: What bones in dog legs are fused? 

answer: wrist

question: A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else? 

answer: endurance

question: What are a dog's teeth mainly used for? 

answer: catching and tearing

question: Dogs originated as predators and what? 

answer: scavengers
Title: Dog
Context: Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.

question: Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics? 

answer: height and weight.

question: What breed was the largest dog known to have lived? 

answer: English Mastiff

question: What is the biggest known dog? 

answer: English Mastiff
Title: Dog
Context: The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.

question: Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates? 

answer: double

question: Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat? 

answer: soft down hair

question: What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates? 

answer: double

question: What is a single coat? 

answer: topcoat only
Title: Dog
Context: Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.

question: When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what? 

answer: countershading

question: A dog with countershading has dark coloring where? 

answer: upper surfaces

question: A natural camo pattern is known as what? 

answer: countershading

question: What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading? 

answer: dark coloring

question: What is reduced when a dog has countershading? 

answer: visibility
Title: Dog
Context: There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.

question: What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed? 

answer: tails

question: What does a dog communicate with its tail? 

answer: emotional state

question: What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed? 

answer: tails
Title: Dog
Context: Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.

question: What are some dogs prone to? 

answer: genetic ailments

question: What are all dogs susceptible to? 

answer: parasites

question: Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog? 

answer: unspayed

question: Who does pyometra affect? 

answer: unspayed females

question: What are fleas, ticks and mites called? 

answer: parasites
Title: Dog
Context: A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.

question: Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs? 

answer: toxic

question: Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs? 

answer: xylitol

question: What type of nut is poisonous to dogs? 

answer: macadamia

question: What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs? 

answer: theobromine

question: Some human foods can be what to dogs? 

answer: toxic

question: What in tobacco can hurt dogs? 

answer: nicotine

question: What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs? 

answer: dark
Title: Dog
Context: In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).

question: Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs? 

answer: 1.2 years

question: Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives? 

answer: shorter

question: When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds? 

answer: 2013

question: Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live? 

answer: 1.2 years longer
Title: Dog
Context: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.

question: What is the median lifespan of canines? 

answer: 10 to 13 years.
Title: Dog
Context: The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.

question: What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan? 

answer: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years? 

answer: 5.2 years

question: What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound? 

answer: 6 to 7 years.

question: Which dog has the shortest lifespan? 

answer: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? 

answer: 5.2 years
Title: Dog
Context: The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.

question: What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans? 

answer: 14 to 15 years.

question: What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest? 

answer: Bluey

question: What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived? 

answer: Pusuke

question: What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book? 

answer: 1939

question: What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years? 

answer: Bluey

question: When did Bluey die? 

answer: 1939

question: Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011? 

answer: Pusuke
Title: Dog
Context: In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.

question: How many times per year do female dogs go into heat? 

answer: two

question: What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for? 

answer: pregnancy.

question: Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature? 

answer: two years

question: What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity? 

answer: first estrous cycle
Title: Dog
Context: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies? 

answer: 58 to 68 days

question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy? 

answer: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups in a litter? 

answer: about six

question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter? 

answer: one to four

question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter? 

answer: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups per litter? 

answer: six

question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter? 

answer: one to four
Title: Dog
Context: Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.

question: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation? 

answer: Neutering

question: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies? 

answer: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)

question: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation? 

answer: testicles

question: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy? 

answer: ovaries and uterus

question: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog? 

answer: testicles

question: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs? 

answer: ovaries and uterus

question: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes? 

answer: neutered
Title: Dog
Context: Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

question: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what? 

answer: Neutering

question: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog? 

answer: urinary incontinence

question: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens? 

answer: Spayed

question: What is increased in female dogs with neutering? 

answer: urinary incontinence

question: What is increased in male dogs with neutering? 

answer: prostate cancer