praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Utrecht
Context: Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

question: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht 

answer: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress

question: What began in 1254  

answer: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire

question: Was the cathedral finished  

answer: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished

question: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral 

answer: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht

question: What else was housed in the city  

answer: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.
Title: Utrecht
Context: The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.

question: What did Utrecht's location allow  

answer: allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.

question: Who granted Utrecht city rights  

answer: Henry V in 1122

question: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht 

answer: the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy

question: What Industry did the bishop hurt  

answer: The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding
Title: Utrecht
Context: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

question: What year did the bishop lose power  

answer: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

question: What did Charles V combine  

answer: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union

question: What did the loss of power end  

answer: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop

question: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to  

answer: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
Title: Utrecht
Context: The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

question: Why was the transition to a new union difficult  

answer: Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops

question: What was the purpose of the castle  

answer: The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city

question: How long did the castle last  

answer: The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt
Title: Utrecht
Context: In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

question: What was signed in 1579  

answer: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule

question: What is this union seen as  

answer: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic

question: What became the dominant province  

answer: towards its dominant province Holland

question: What was the state of Utrecht  

answer: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups
Title: Utrecht
Context: The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

question: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672  

answer: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht

question: In 1674 what hit Utrecht  

answer: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado

question: What collapsed during the tornado  

answer: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral

question: What did Utrecht host in 1713  

answer: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession

question: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become  

answer: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
Title: Utrecht
Context: In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).

question: What hapend in the early 19th century 

answer: the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete

question: In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht  

answer: a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened

question: What was reinstated in 1853  

answer: the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism

question: what was built in the 1920's and 1930's  

answer: New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built
Title: Utrecht
Context: The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.

question: What was railway area developed into  

answer: were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style

question: What mall was constructed  

answer: the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne

question: What happened in the early 21 st century  

answer: In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped
Title: Utrecht
Context: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

question: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face  

answer: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare

question: percentage of population that's dutch  

answer: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry

question: What boroughs are known for high crime  

answer: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
Title: Utrecht
Context: Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

question: What does the dense population make difficult  

answer: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.

question: Least populates areas of Utrecht  

answer: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen

question: More populated areas include  

answer: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants
Title: Utrecht
Context: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

question: what dominates the cityscape 

answer: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin

question: What is being debated in Utrecht 

answer: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)

question: What is the name of the stadium  

answer: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)
Title: Utrecht
Context: Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

question: What is a landmark in the city  

answer: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city

question: What does the inner city look like  

answer: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact

question: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city  

answer: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out

question: What part of the city remains open  

answer: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open
Title: Utrecht
Context: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

question: What is the main railway station  

answer: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht

question: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service 

answer: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service

question: Are there rail services to Germany  

answer: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal

question: where to regular local trains provide service  

answer: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations
Title: Utrecht
Context: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.

question: Where is the bus station located  

answer: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances

question: renovations are causing what changes  

answer: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently

question: what is qbuzz 

answer: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district

question: What is one of Europes cleanest  

answer: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport
Title: Utrecht
Context: Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.

question: What does Utrecht provide for cyclist  

answer: Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle

question: What is a barrow bikes use  

answer: There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children

question: utrecht built the worlds largest what ? 

answer: in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station
Title: Utrecht
Context: Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

question: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system 

answer: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:

question: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect 

answer: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany

question: What does traffic elevate  

answer: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants
Title: Utrecht
Context: Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

question: What does Utrecht's economy  depend on  

answer: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city

question: what is centered in Utrecht  

answer: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen

question: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht  

answer: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.