praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: High-definition_television
Context: 50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.

question: What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support? 

answer: 50i, 25p and 50p

question: Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p 

answer: 60 Hz

question: SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what? 

answer: whole numbers

question: Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what? 

answer: ambiguity
Title: High-definition_television
Context: For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.

question: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product? 

answer: the frame rate

question: What does 24p mean? 

answer: 24 progressive scan frames per second

question: What does 50i mean? 

answer: 25 interlaced frames per second

question: When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what? 

answer: a resolution
Title: High-definition_television
Context: There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.

question: Is there a single standard for HDTV color support? 

answer: no

question: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space? 

answer: YUV

question: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what? 

answer: a RGB color space

question: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what? 

answer: 8-bit RGB channels

question: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet? 

answer: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen
Title: High-definition_television
Context: At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.

question: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV? 

answer: twice

question: HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what? 

answer: letterboxing or anamorphic stretching

question: What does SDTV stand for? 

answer: standard-definition television

question: HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching? 

answer: 16:9
Title: High-definition_television
Context: A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.

question: If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what? 

answer: fidelity

question: The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high? 

answer: distort the received picture

question: A very high resolution source may require more of what? 

answer: bandwidth
Title: High-definition_television
Context: The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

question: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things? 

answer: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics

question: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source?  

answer: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate

question: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what?  

answer: those of the source

question: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what? 

answer: The optimum format for a broadcast
Title: High-definition_television
Context: PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions? 

answer: analogue standard

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts? 

answer: digital or high definition

question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at? 

answer: 25/50 Hz

question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at? 

answer: 30/60 Hz
Title: High-definition_television
Context: Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.

question: At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected? 

answer: 24 frames per second

question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned? 

answer: 25 frame/s

question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what? 

answer: 3:2 Pulldown

question: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames? 

answer: 1/12 of a second

question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames? 

answer: the correct average film frame rate
Title: High-definition_television
Context: Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.

question: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast? 

answer: 720p or 1080i

question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video? 

answer: 720p

question: Most computer monitors operate in what mode? 

answer: progressive-scan

question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc.  

answer: Blu-ray
Title: High-definition_television
Context: In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.

question: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming? 

answer: ATSC

question: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what? 

answer: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts

question: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas? 

answer: home owners' associations and city government

question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what? 

answer: the installation of antennas

question: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner? 

answer: 2009
Title: High-definition_television
Context: Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.

question: HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what? 

answer: an external box

question: Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what? 

answer: HD content

question: What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box? 

answer: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD

question: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box? 

answer: QAM

question: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box? 

answer: CableCARD
Title: High-definition_television
Context: High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into "Smart Televisions"), Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.

question: Roku and AppleTV are examples of what? 

answer: IPTV

question: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what? 

answer: High-definition image sources

question: Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what? 

answer: High-definition image sources

question: Digital cable and Roku are examples of what? 

answer: High-definition image sources
Title: High-definition_television
Context: Sony's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player, so does Microsoft's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content. Recently, Nintendo released a next generation high definition gaming platform, The Wii U, which includes TV remote control features in addition to IPTV streaming features like Netflix. The HD capabilities of the consoles has influenced some developers to port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics.

question: Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility? 

answer: because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player

question: In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what? 

answer: Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace

question: What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release? 

answer: The Wii U

question: The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what? 

answer: port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics
Title: High-definition_television
Context: HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready HTPC. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.

question: Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what? 

answer: an HDTV-capable digital video recorder

question: Some cable boxes are capable of doing what? 

answer: receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format

question: What restriction does W-VHS recordings have? 

answer: analog only

question: What does D-VHS stand for? 

answer: Digital-VHS or Data-VHS
Title: High-definition_television
Context: The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.

question: When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced? 

answer: 2008

question: How does the Personal Video Recorder store content? 

answer: in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file

question: Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format? 

answer: 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray

question: What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008? 

answer: the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder
Title: High-definition_television
Context: Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.

question: W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals? 

answer: analog HD

question: What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market? 

answer: Analog tape

question: In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what? 

answer: expensive and scarce
Title: High-definition_television
Context: In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004[update], boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C. This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.

question: Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes? 

answer: a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request

question: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate? 

answer: July 2004

question: Content is now protected by what encryption? 

answer: 5C

question: What can 5c encryption prevent? 

answer: duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted
Title: Wood
Context: It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

question: In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years? 

answer: fuel

question: What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood? 

answer: cellulose

question: What's the matrix in wood made up of? 

answer: lignin

question: What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant? 

answer: support

question: What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water? 

answer: nutrients
Title: Wood
Context: The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.

question: How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet? 

answer: 434 billion

question: What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial? 

answer: 47%

question: In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make? 

answer: furniture

question: About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991? 

answer: 3.5

question: In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source? 

answer: abundant
Title: Wood
Context: A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.

question: What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered? 

answer: 2011

question: In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found? 

answer: New Brunswick

question: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood? 

answer: carbon dating

question: How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick? 

answer: 395 to 400
Title: Wood
Context: People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time.

question: What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel? 

answer: construction material

question: What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people? 

answer: houses

question: For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing? 

answer: tree-ring widths

question: What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers? 

answer: weapons

question: What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to? 

answer: furniture
Title: Wood
Context: Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent.

question: Where does wood come from? 

answer: trees

question: What forms in a tree to increase its diameter? 

answer: woody layers

question: What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called? 

answer: secondary growth

question: What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree? 

answer: seasons

question: If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called? 

answer: annual rings
Title: Wood
Context: If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).

question: If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider? 

answer: wider

question: What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season? 

answer: earlywood

question: If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood? 

answer: latewood

question: Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season? 

answer: lighter

question: Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring? 

answer: outer