praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Greeks
Context: The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks.  

answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ? 

answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ? 

answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ? 

answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ? 

answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks
Title: Greeks
Context: A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

question: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ? 

answer: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204

question: When did the nation reestablish itself ? 

answer: empire was revived in 1261

question: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ? 

answer: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.

question: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ? 

answer: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity

question: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ? 

answer: second Russo-Turkish War
Title: Greeks
Context: Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

question: When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ? 

answer: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453

question: What did the populace do in response to the loss ? 

answer: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West

question: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ? 

answer: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia

question: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ? 

answer: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy

question: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ? 

answer: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.
Title: Greeks
Context: For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi, (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic. There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Greek Orthodox protector, the Russian Empire, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining crypto-Christian. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as Greek Muslims - excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the devshirme - were to be found in Crete (Cretan Turks), Greek Macedonia (for example among the Vallahades of western Macedonia), and among Pontic Greeks in the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan Selim the Grim, whose mother Gülbahar Hatun was a Pontic Greek.

question: How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ? 

answer: religion was the defining characteristic of national groups

question: What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ? 

answer: was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.

question: What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ? 

answer: The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi

question: What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ? 

answer: those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic

question: Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ? 

answer: second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system
Title: Greeks
Context: The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

question: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ?  

answer: the Greek tradition of education and commerce

question: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ? 

answer: the wealth of the extensive merchant class

question: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ? 

answer: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce

question: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ? 

answer: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.
Title: Greeks
Context: The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

question: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ? 

answer: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830

question: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ? 

answer: clause removed by 1840

question: How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ? 

answer: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece

question: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ? 

answer: first Greek constitution of 1822

question: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ? 

answer: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange
Title: Greeks
Context: The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

question: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?  

answer: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.

question: What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ? 

answer: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome

question: What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ? 

answer: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well

question: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ? 

answer: Hellene" still meant pagan
Title: Greeks
Context: Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ? 

answer: Greek Enlightenment

question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?  

answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

question: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ? 

answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ? 

answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Title: Greeks
Context: Homer refers to the "Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, with its warriors under the command of Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (Γραικοί). In Greek mythology, Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. Aristotle names ancient Hellas as an area in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous river, the location of the great deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the Selloi and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes". Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus and the word probably means "sacrificers" (compare Gothic saljan, "present, sacrifice"). There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name Hellenes. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes. However this etymology connects the name Hellenes with the Dorians who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name Greeks given by the Romans becomes uncertain. The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi (Phocis) and of Demeter near Thermopylae (Locris). According to the legend it was founded after the Trojan War by the eponymous Amphictyon, brother of Hellen.

question: What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ? 

answer: Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,

question: From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ? 

answer: was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.

question: Who is this small group named for ? 

answer: Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes

question: Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ? 

answer: The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League.

question: How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ? 

answer: with twelve founders
Title: Greeks
Context: In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

question: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ? 

answer: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.

question: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ? 

answer: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.

question: What  is the origins of the term "old woman " ? 

answer: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu

question: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ? 

answer: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.
Title: Greeks
Context: Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans (Δαναοί) as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad, and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization. The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name Achaea after the Dorian invasion. In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age (1300 BC) to southern Europe. Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from Asia minor to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyava or Ahhiya. Egyptian documents refer to Ekwesh, one of the groups of sea peoples who attached Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.

question: What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ? 

answer: Achaeans and Danaans

question: What is believed to be the derivative of these names ? 

answer: pre-Dorian

question: What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names? 

answer: redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek

question: Where was this origin of this redefinition ? 

answer: spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos

question: What was the age in 1300 BC named ? 

answer: early Iron age
Title: Greeks
Context: In Homer's Iliad, the names Danaans (or Danaoi: Δαναοί) and Argives (Argives: Αργείοι) are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans. The myth of Danaus, whose origin is Egypt, is a foundation legend of Argos. His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom. This myth is connected with a task that can never be fulfilled (Sisyphos) and the name can be derived from the PIE root *danu: "river". There is not any satisfactory theory on their origin. Some scholars connect Danaans with the Denyen, one of the groups of the sea peoples who attacked Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE). The same inscription mentions the Weshesh who might have been the Achaeans. The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city Adana in Cilicia. Pottery similar to that of Mycenae itself has been found in Tarsus of Cilicia and it seems that some refugees from the Aegean went there after the collapse of the Mycenean civilization. These Cilicians seem to have been called Dananiyim, the same word as Danaoi who attacked Egypt in 1191 BC along with the Quaouash (or Weshesh) who may be Achaeans. They were also called Danuna according to a Hittite inscription and the same name is mentioned in the Amarna letters. Julius Pokorny reconstructs the name from the PIE root da:-: "flow, river", da:-nu: "any moving liquid, drops", da: navo "people living by the river, Skyth. nomadic people (in Rigveda water-demons, fem.Da:nu primordial goddess), in Greek Danaoi, Egypt. Danuna". It is also possible that the name Danaans is pre-Greek. A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC), Thutmosis III (1437 BC).

question: In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ? 

answer: Trojans

question: From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ? 

answer: Egypt

question: What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ? 

answer: His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom

question: What community did the Denyen live in ? 

answer: Denyen

question: What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ? 

answer: A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt