praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Guam
Context: An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.

question: What insect was detected in 2007? 

answer: coconut rhinoceros beetle

question: What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam? 

answer: American Samoa

question: Where is the Coconut Beetle native to? 

answer: Southern Asia
Title: Guam
Context: Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.

question: What plagues the Guam dry season? 

answer: Wildfires

question: What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area? 

answer: man

question: What causes water quality problems in Guam? 

answer: sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River
Title: Guam
Context: Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.

question: What has Guam recently being trying to protect? 

answer: coral reef habitats

question: What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam? 

answer: pollution, eroded silt and overfishing

question: What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for? 

answer: Mariana fruit bats
Title: Guam
Context: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

question: What are the names of the two colleges in Guam? 

answer: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College

question: Who are these two schools accredited by? 

answer: Western Association of Schools and Colleges

question: What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam? 

answer: Pacific Islands University
Title: Guam
Context: The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.

question: How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam? 

answer: 32,000

question: What has plagued Guam public schools? 

answer: high dropout rates and poor test scores

question: What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam? 

answer: The Guam Department of Education
Title: Guam
Context: The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning. U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community. There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands. A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016.

question: Who runs Guam's main health care facility? 

answer: The Government of Guam

question: What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam? 

answer: Guam Memorial Hospital

question: Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016? 

answer: Guam Regional Medical City
Title: Empiricism
Context: Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

question: What is commonly contrasted with empiricism? 

answer: rationalism

question: Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from? 

answer: reason independently of the senses

question: What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition? 

answer: knowledge of God's existence

question: What did Locke think some knowledge could come from? 

answer: intuition and reasoning alone

question: Where were the main European rationalists? 

answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Title: Empiricism
Context: Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" (Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses").

question: What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on? 

answer: his theory of potentiality and actuality

question: How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind? 

answer: an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth

question: Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato? 

answer: Aristotle

question: Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato? 

answer: Plato

question: What does "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" mean? 

answer: Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"
Title: Empiricism
Context: This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon." Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends "For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).

question: What is the Stoic view? 

answer: the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it

question: What was Aetius's career? 

answer: doxographer

question: Where was Sextus from? 

answer: Chaeronea

question: Who wrote 'Against the Professors'? 

answer: Sextus

question: Whose ideas did Sextus build on? 

answer: Aetius
Title: Empiricism
Context: During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge". So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.

question: Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'? 

answer: Aristotle

question: What religion was Al Farabi? 

answer: Islamic

question: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean? 

answer: material intellect

question: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean? 

answer: active intellect

question: What is crucial for understanding? 

answer: the immaterial "active intellect"
Title: Empiricism
Context: In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

question: What was 'Abubacer' normally called? 

answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

question: What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called? 

answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

question: What was Ibn Tufail's religion? 

answer: Muslim

question: What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity? 

answer: Andalusian

question: When did Ibn Tufail live? 

answer: 12th century CE
Title: Empiricism
Context: In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said, "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

question: When was da Vinci born? 

answer: 1452

question: When did da Vinci die? 

answer: 1519

question: What did renaissance writers question? 

answer: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition

question: Who did Machiavelli disdain? 

answer: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals

question: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority? 

answer: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings
Title: Empiricism
Context: The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520–1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for "experiment" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded "experience and demonstration" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

question: When was Vincenzo Galilei born? 

answer: ca. 1520

question: When did Vincenzo Galilei die? 

answer: 1591

question: Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son? 

answer: Galileo

question: What does 'esperienza' mean? 

answer: experiment
Title: Empiricism
Context: British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.

question: When was the British empiricism period? 

answer: 17th century

question: What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon? 

answer: empiricist

question: What type of philosopher was Descartes? 

answer: rationalist

question: What type of philosopher was Hobbes? 

answer: empiricist

question: What type of philosopher was Spinoza? 

answer: rationalist
Title: Empiricism
Context: In response to the early-to-mid-17th century "continental rationalism" John Locke (1632–1704) proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori, i.e., based upon experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet", in Locke's words "white paper", on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are essential for the object in question to be what it is. Without specific primary qualities, an object would not be what it is. For example, an apple is an apple because of the arrangement of its atomic structure. If an apple was structured differently, it would cease to be an apple. Secondary qualities are the sensory information we can perceive from its primary qualities. For example, an apple can be perceived in various colours, sizes, and textures but it is still identified as an apple. Therefore, its primary qualities dictate what the object essentially is, while its secondary qualities define its attributes. Complex ideas combine simple ones, and divide into substances, modes, and relations. According to Locke, our knowledge of things is a perception of ideas that are in accordance or discordance with each other, which is very different from the quest for certainty of Descartes.

question: When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published? 

answer: 1689

question: Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'? 

answer: John Locke

question: What does 'tabula rasa' mean? 

answer: blank tablet

question: What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant? 

answer: white paper

question: What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind? 

answer: on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written
Title: Empiricism
Context: A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.

question: Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'? 

answer: George Berkeley

question: Who wrote 'Alciphron'? 

answer: George Berkeley

question: When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published? 

answer: 1710

question: What religion was George Berkeley? 

answer: Anglican

question: What nationality was George Berkeley? 

answer: Irish
Title: Empiricism
Context: The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, "Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition." And,

question: What did Hume bring to empiricism? 

answer: a new level of skepticism

question: What was Hume's nationality? 

answer: Scottish

question: What two types of arguments did Locke say there are? 

answer: demonstrative and probable

question: When did Hume die? 

answer: 1776

question: When was Hume born? 

answer: 1711
Title: Empiricism
Context: Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.

question: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are? 

answer: relations of ideas and matters of fact

question: What type of human knowledge is math? 

answer: relations of ideas

question: What type of human knowledge is observing the world? 

answer: matters of fact

question: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"? 

answer: matters of fact

question: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from? 

answer: their "impressions"
Title: Empiricism
Context: Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

question: What did Hume think our beliefs are? 

answer: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences

question: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by? 

answer: reason

question: What did Hume think is a circular argument? 

answer: the justification for inductive reasoning

question: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning? 

answer: that the sun will continue to rise in the East

question: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise? 

answer: because it has repeatedly done so in the past