praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans? 

answer: 1521

question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo? 

answer: Lazar Hrebljevanovic

question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo? 

answer: 1389

question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330? 

answer: Battle of Velbazhd

question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479? 

answer: Albania
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century? 

answer: Avignon

question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome? 

answer: 1378

question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms? 

answer: The War of the Sicilian Vespers

question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided? 

answer: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples

question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united? 

answer: 1442
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married? 

answer: 1469

question: When was modern-day Spain created? 

answer: 1492

question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista? 

answer: Granada

question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India? 

answer: Vasco da Gama

question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas? 

answer: 1492
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.

question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period? 

answer: the Little Ice Age

question: What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague? 

answer: sixty percent

question: What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries? 

answer: Hundred Years' War

question: When did the Medieval Warm Period end? 

answer: Around 1300–1350

question: What was the effect of the Little Ice Age? 

answer: agricultural crises
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

question: When did the French Jacquerie take place? 

answer: 1358

question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages? 

answer: Statute of Laborers

question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted? 

answer: 1351

question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century? 

answer: serfdom

question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur? 

answer: 1381
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500? 

answer: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople

question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century? 

answer: the Black Death

question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500? 

answer: Twenty-two

question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500? 

answer: London
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

question: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies? 

answer: Hundred Years' War

question: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops? 

answer: national or feudal levy

question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system? 

answer: Swiss

question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century? 

answer: Edward III
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348? 

answer: Order of the Garter

question: Who founded the Order of St. George? 

answer: Charles I of Hungary

question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded? 

answer: 1325

question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called? 

answer: chivalry

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established? 

answer: 1348
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.

question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time? 

answer: Papal Schism

question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309? 

answer: Avignon

question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon? 

answer: 1377

question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism? 

answer: 1378–1417

question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy? 

answer: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions? 

answer: John Wycliffe

question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called? 

answer: the Lollards

question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church? 

answer: the Protestant Reformation

question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against? 

answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement? 

answer: John of Gaunt
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.

question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake? 

answer: 1415

question: Who did Richard II of England marry? 

answer: Anne of Bohemia

question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on? 

answer: John Wycliffe

question: What were the followers of Jan Hus called? 

answer: Hussites

question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus? 

answer: Hussite Wars
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

question: Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible? 

answer: German

question: What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? 

answer: 95 theses

question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses? 

answer: 1517

question: What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy? 

answer: he refused

question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire? 

answer: Frederick the Wise
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

question: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries? 

answer: double-entry bookkeeping

question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place? 

answer: Italy

question: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution? 

answer: reducing the risk of commercial ventures

question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange? 

answer: usury

question: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping? 

answer: better oversight and accuracy
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level? 

answer: monopolies

question: Which families financed the wars of kings? 

answer: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England

question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns? 

answer: guilds

question: Where was Jacques Couer from? 

answer: France
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.

question: What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century? 

answer: demographic crisis

question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence? 

answer: depression of the Renaissance

question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance? 

answer: statistical

question: What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance? 

answer: greater opulence
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century? 

answer: Thomistic

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted? 

answer: University of Paris

question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate? 

answer: William of Ockham

question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony? 

answer: Occam's razor

question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions? 

answer: heretical
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles? 

answer: the theory of impetus

question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme? 

answer: Aristotelian

question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview? 

answer: Nicolaus Copernicus

question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion? 

answer: Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators

question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept? 

answer: inertia
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

question: Who invented the movable printing press? 

answer: Gutenberg

question: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press? 

answer: the Reformation

question: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life? 

answer: eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock

question: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state? 

answer: gunpowder

question: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation? 

answer: shipbuilding
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

question: Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art? 

answer: Donatello

question: Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi? 

answer: linear perspective

question: Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance? 

answer: Michelangelo and Raphael

question: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art? 

answer: Greater realism

question: What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures? 

answer: classical models
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

question: What was the focus of paintings in Italy? 

answer: idealized compositions

question: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces? 

answer: the Netherlands

question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting? 

answer: Jan van Eyck

question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics? 

answer: great realism and minute detail
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Context: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy? 

answer: Dante Alighieri

question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works? 

answer: Latin as well as Italian

question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language? 

answer: Tuscan

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language? 

answer: Decameron

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry? 

answer: Petrarch