praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Pub
Context: The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

question: What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges? 

answer: lodging

question: What is the main provision that pubs offer? 

answer: alcohol

question: What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns? 

answer: food and drink

question: What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America? 

answer: Holiday Inn

question: In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called? 

answer: innkeepers
Title: Pub
Context: The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.

question: Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business? 

answer: Inns of Court

question: In what city are the Inns of Chancery located? 

answer: London

question: Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in? 

answer: Wales
Title: Pub
Context: Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

question: What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale? 

answer: fermented malt

question: What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production? 

answer: the Netherlands

question: In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England? 

answer: 15th

question: In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England? 

answer: 17th

question: What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century? 

answer: commercial breweries
Title: Pub
Context: The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.

question: After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England? 

answer: the Glorious Revolution

question: What people introduced gin to England? 

answer: the Dutch

question: In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur? 

answer: 1688

question: How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740? 

answer: six times

question: In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops? 

answer: half
Title: Pub
Context: The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

question: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane? 

answer: William Hogarth

question: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots? 

answer: The Gin Act 1736

question: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated?  

answer: 1742

question: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates? 

answer: The Gin Act 1751
Title: Pub
Context: By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

question: In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain? 

answer: 19th

question: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments? 

answer: Sketches by Boz

question: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written? 

answer: 1835–1836

question: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century? 

answer: "Gin Palaces"

question: In what British city did gin houses first appear? 

answer: London
Title: Pub
Context: Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

question: What law allowed the existence of beer houses? 

answer: Beer Act of 1830

question: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer? 

answer: low alcohol content

question: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer? 

answer: gin

question: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830? 

answer: reducing public drunkenness
Title: Pub
Context: Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

question: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830? 

answer: £168

question: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home? 

answer: beer or cider

question: On what day were beer houses closed? 

answer: Sundays

question: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from? 

answer: jugs

question: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses? 

answer: spirits and fortified wines
Title: Pub
Context: In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.

question: How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act? 

answer: 400

question: How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act? 

answer: 46,000

question: In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses? 

answer: 1869
Title: Pub
Context: Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.

question: What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license? 

answer: pubs

question: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed? 

answer: 19th

question: Where are purpose-built pubs typically located? 

answer: corners or road junctions

question: What modern brewers often first began as beer houses? 

answer: real ale micro-brewers
Title: Pub
Context: The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

question: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub? 

answer: The Red Lion

question: What is an example of a name for a beer house? 

answer: Smith's Beer House
Title: Pub
Context: There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.

question: In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell? 

answer: ale

question: In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England? 

answer: 17th

question: What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses? 

answer: the crown
Title: Pub
Context: From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.

question: In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited? 

answer: 19th

question: In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened? 

answer: 1960s

question: What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005? 

answer: Local Authorities
Title: Pub
Context: The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.

question: What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer? 

answer: Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869

question: At what locations were public house licenses granted? 

answer: special Licensing Sessions courts

question: Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs? 

answer: ex-servicemen or ex-policemen

question: What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises? 

answer: Occasional Licences
Title: Pub
Context: Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.

question: Where can historical licensing records be examined? 

answer: London Metropolitan Archives centre

question: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records? 

answer: owner
Title: Pub
Context: The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.

question: What law further restricted public houses? 

answer: the Defence of the Realm Act

question: In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed? 

answer: August 1914

question: Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act? 

answer: 12 noon–2:30 pm

question: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act? 

answer: Pembrokeshire

question: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act? 

answer: the police
Title: Pub
Context: There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s? 

answer: 10:30 pm

question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s? 

answer: 11 pm

question: What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government? 

answer: Carlisle

question: In what year did the State Management Scheme cease? 

answer: 1973

question: On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'? 

answer: Sundays
Title: Pub
Context: However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.

question: Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday? 

answer: 11 pm

question: What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000? 

answer: 10:30 pm

question: How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open? 

answer: 24

question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays? 

answer: 12 noon

question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday? 

answer: 11 am
Title: Pub
Context: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

question: When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland? 

answer: 1976

question: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible? 

answer: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's
Title: Pub
Context: The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.

question: When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect? 

answer: 24 November 2005

question: After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs? 

answer: the local council

question: Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs? 

answer: 11.30 pm

question: How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7? 

answer: 207,800

question: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day? 

answer: 1,121
Title: Pub
Context: A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.

question: What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed? 

answer: "lock-in"

question: What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm? 

answer: Licensing Act 2003

question: A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"? 

answer: 1915

question: What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution? 

answer: allowing smoking
Title: Pub
Context: In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.

question: In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland? 

answer: March 2006

question: When did Wales outlaw smoking in public? 

answer: April 2007

question: What was the month and year when England banned public smoking? 

answer: July 2007

question: What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs? 

answer: Carlsberg and Heineken

question: What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009? 

answer: Wetherspoon
Title: Pub
Context: By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

question: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball? 

answer: Balls Pond Road

question: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located? 

answer: City Road

question: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon? 

answer: The Eagle

question: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'? 

answer: weasel

question: In what century did saloons become established? 

answer: 18th