praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese‎) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme).

question: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam? 

answer: The highest position

question: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government? 

answer: pâdişâh or "lord of kings"

question: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem? 

answer: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court

question: What was the purpose of the palace educational system? 

answer: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor

question: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate? 

answer: Enderûn
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.

question: The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific? 

answer: the supreme monarch

question: What was the council that handled state politics named? 

answer: Divan

question: What type of people were initially in the Divan? 

answer: elders of the tribe

question: At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups? 

answer: military officers and local elites

question: A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year? 

answer: 1320
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]

question: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate? 

answer: Qanun (or Kanun)

question: What was religious law known as? 

answer: Sharia

question: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies? 

answer: central and local authority

question: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have? 

answer: three court systems

question: What were the laws of the court system based upon? 

answer: Turkic Yassa and Töre
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.

question: What were the primary courts of the empire? 

answer: Islamic courts

question: From what works was Sharia developed? 

answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system? 

answer: the prophet Muhammad

question: Where were the empire's law schools? 

answer: in Istanbul and Bursa.

question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts? 

answer: Jews and Christians
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.

question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts? 

answer: Qadi

question: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent? 

answer: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation

question: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked? 

answer: an appellate structure

question: What did Qadis focus on in some areas? 

answer: local customs and traditions

question: What is another word for Qadi? 

answer: judge
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.

question: Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model? 

answer: French models

question: How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt? 

answer: three

question: What was the new Ottoman court system known as? 

answer: Nizamiye

question: What code regulated marriage? 

answer: the Mecelle
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using falconets, which were short but wide cannons, during the Siege of Constantinople. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour, using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses (progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The decline in the army's performance became clear from the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War. The 18th century saw some limited success against Venice, but in the north the European-style Russian armies forced the Ottomans to concede land.

question: In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form? 

answer: 13th century

question: From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate? 

answer: the hills of western Anatolia

question: There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they? 

answer: Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân

question: The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology? 

answer: muskets and cannons

question: In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets? 

answer: Siege of Constantinople
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.

question: On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most? 

answer: European continent

question: What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century? 

answer: North Africa

question: Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year? 

answer: 1517

question: In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece? 

answer: 1821

question: The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830? 

answer: Algeria
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.

question: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? 

answer: Sultan Abdülhamid II

question: Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? 

answer: Midhat Pasha

question: Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay? 

answer: the Golden Horn

question: When was the Young Turk Revolution? 

answer: 1908

question: What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century? 

answer: the Committee of Union and Progress
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established.[citation needed] In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south.

question: What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit? 

answer: June 1909

question: Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school? 

answer: Yeşilköy

question: On what date was the Aviation School founded? 

answer: 3 July 1912

question: What happened at the aviation school in May 1913? 

answer: the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started

question: What new military academy was formed in June 1914? 

answer: the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants.

question: The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what? 

answer: commercial and industrial centres

question: Who was Mehmed's successor? 

answer: Bayezid

question: Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul? 

answer: the Jews from different parts of Europe

question: What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe? 

answer: their Christian counterparts

question: Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded? 

answer: the conclusion of Reconquista
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.

question: The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler? 

answer: consolidation and extension of the ruler's power

question: In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on? 

answer: the Middle East

question: What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system? 

answer: making the productive classes prosperous

question: What was the final goal of the state economic system? 

answer: to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects

question: What did the state economic system hope to avoid? 

answer: the emergence of social disorder
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

question: Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what? 

answer: the treasury and chancery

question: What were the scribes of the chancery known as? 

answer: men of the pen

question: Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what? 

answer: ulama

question: What did the scribal bureaucracy become? 

answer: a professional body

question: The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century? 

answer: the 17th century
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith.

question: What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: its geopolitical structure

question: The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient? 

answer: Spanish and Portuguese

question: Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled? 

answer: Marco Polo

question: When were direct trade links established with India? 

answer: 1498

question: When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas? 

answer: 1492
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development.

question: What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire? 

answer: change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe

question: The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what? 

answer: the Ottoman Empire itself

question: What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman? 

answer: The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty

question: What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets? 

answer: opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors

question: In what direction did land routes lose their importance? 

answer: East
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

question: The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire? 

answer: commercial centres and routes

question: What dominated all economic and political interests? 

answer: interests of the state

question: What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe? 

answer: capitalist and mercantile economies

question: The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what? 

answer: developing commercial centres and routes
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls – Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

question: The rise of ports caused what in populations? 

answer: the clustering of populations

question: Steamships and railroads rose with what else? 

answer: The rise of port cities

question: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase? 

answer: 1700

question: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in? 

answer: Improvements in health and sanitation

question: What was the population of Salonica in 1800? 

answer: 55,000
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire, at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria) whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called Muhacir. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia.

question: The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire? 

answer: the Crimean and Balkan regions

question: Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja? 

answer: Crimean Tartars

question: How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913? 

answer: 3.8 million

question: What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called? 

answer: Muhacir

question: In what year did the Ottoman Empire end? 

answer: 1922