praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: East_Prussia
Context: After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area? 

answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land? 

answer: eliminating all remnants of German history

question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area? 

answer: names were replaced by new Russian names
Title: East_Prussia
Context: Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad? 

answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg

question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it? 

answer: Kaliningrad

question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians? 

answer: violent and aggressive
Title: East_Prussia
Context: Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).

question: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts? 

answer: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails

question: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task? 

answer: Provinzialverband

question: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets? 

answer: elected by the citizens of the provinces
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه‎ Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names? 

answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

question: When was the Ottoman empire founded? 

answer: 1299

question: Who founded the Ottoman empire? 

answer: Oghuz Turks

question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded? 

answer: northwestern Anatolia

question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire? 

answer: Murad I
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

question: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe? 

answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

question: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe? 

answer: 16th and 17th centuries

question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century? 

answer: 32 provinces

question: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over? 

answer: vassal states

question: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: Constantinople

question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ? 

answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin

question: When did the Ottoman empire decline? 

answer: into the late nineteenth century

question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century? 

answer: Germany

question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: military setbacks against European powers
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

question: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word? 

answer: Ottoman

question: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: House of Osman

question: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty?  

answer: House of Osman

question: What is the origin of Osman's name? 

answer: Arabic

question: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as? 

answer: The Supreme State of the Ottomans
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

question: Who was the father of Osman I? 

answer: Ertuğrul

question: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum? 

answer: 400 horsemen

question: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise? 

answer: 14th century

question: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as? 

answer: Ghazi emirates

question: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements? 

answer: Byzantine Empire
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.

question: Which city did Osman's son capture? 

answer: Bursa

question: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city? 

answer: 1324

question: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city? 

answer: Orhan

question: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387? 

answer: Thessaloniki

question: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo? 

answer: 1389
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans? 

answer: conquest of Constantinople

question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by? 

answer: Byzantine

question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east? 

answer: Timur

question: Timur was the founder of what? 

answer: Timurid Empire

question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402? 

answer: Battle of Ankara
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s? 

answer: Murad II

question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what? 

answer: Hungary

question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444? 

answer: Battle of Varna

question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448? 

answer: Second Battle of Kosovo

question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II? 

answer: 10 November 1444
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

question: Who was the son of Murad II? 

answer: Mehmed the Conqueror

question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453? 

answer: Constantinople

question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire? 

answer: its autonomy and land

question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what? 

answer: Venetian rule

question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy?? 

answer: Albanian resistance
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

question: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive? 

answer: 1520–1566

question: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade? 

answer: 1521

question: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526? 

answer: Battle of Mohács

question: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to? 

answer: Hungary

question: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532? 

answer: the Siege of Güns
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.

question: France and the Ottoman Empire united against what? 

answer: Habsburg rule

question: Where did the French lay conquest in 1553? 

answer: Corsica

question: The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king? 

answer: Francis I

question: What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice? 

answer: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis

question: What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547? 

answer: Ferdinand
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, "a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566." Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to "degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends." The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.

question: Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman? 

answer: Stephen Lee

question: In what year did Suleiman die? 

answer: 1566

question: By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely "a shadow" of what it was in 1566? 

answer: 1699

question: Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent? 

answer: 1566 to 1703

question: What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire? 

answer: war
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

question: Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire? 

answer: Sultans

question: Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology?  

answer: military technology

question: What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire? 

answer: religious and intellectual

question: What battle took place in 1683? 

answer: Battle of Vienna

question: The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683? 

answer: Europe
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.

question: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what? 

answer: new maritime trade routes

question: What did the Portuguese discover in 1488? 

answer: the Cape of Good Hope

question: Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century? 

answer: the Indian Ocean

question: Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean? 

answer: The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire

question: New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom? 

answer: the Portuguese
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding. The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced. The Ottoman navy recovered quickly, persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa.

question: Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571? 

answer: Philip II

question: What battle did the Spanish win in 1571? 

answer: Battle of Lepanto

question: What siege occurred in 1565? 

answer: Siege of Malta

question: In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans? 

answer: 1573

question: After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand? 

answer: North Africa
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Context: By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595–1610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603–1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.

question: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as? 

answer: The Long War

question: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur? 

answer: 1593–1606

question: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as? 

answer: Sekban

question: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century? 

answer: 30 million people

question: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty? 

answer: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha