praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.

question: The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame? 

answer: 1924

question: What type of degree is an M.Div.? 

answer: Master of Divinity

question: Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree? 

answer: Alliance for Catholic Education

question: In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame? 

answer: 1854

question: Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program? 

answer: Department of Pre-Professional Studies
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.

question: What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict? 

answer: Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

question: What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh? 

answer: President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame

question: In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded? 

answer: 1986

question: To whom was John B. Kroc married? 

answer: Ray Kroc

question: What company did Ray Kroc own? 

answer: McDonald's
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.

question: How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame? 

answer: 14

question: What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame? 

answer: Theodore M. Hesburgh Library

question: In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished? 

answer: 1963

question: Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library? 

answer: Millard Sheets

question: What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame? 

answer: Touchdown Jesus
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.

question: How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015? 

answer: 3,577

question: What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015? 

answer: 19.7%

question: Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US? 

answer: the top 10 to 15 in the nation

question: What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program? 

answer: 39.1%

question: How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there? 

answer: more than 750 miles
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.

question: Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings? 

answer: 18th overall

question: Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities? 

answer: 8th

question: The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek? 

answer: 1st overall

question: In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities? 

answer: USA Today

question: What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad? 

answer: 57.6%
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.

question: What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century? 

answer: Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.

question: What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm? 

answer: 1851–1921

question: What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame? 

answer: the Science Department

question: What book did John Zahm write in 1896? 

answer: Evolution and Dogma

question: What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame? 

answer: Professor of Chemistry and Physics
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.

question: In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame? 

answer: 1882

question: Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA? 

answer: Professor Jerome Green

question: In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message? 

answer: Around 1899

question: Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene? 

answer: Father Julius Nieuwland

question: What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame? 

answer: an early wind tunnel
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.

question: Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute? 

answer: The Lobund Institute

question: Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent? 

answer: the 1940s

question: In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute? 

answer: 1950

question: The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year? 

answer: 1958

question: When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame? 

answer: 1928
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.

question: Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame? 

answer: The Review of Politics

question: What was the Review of Politics inspired by? 

answer: German Catholic journals

question: Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame? 

answer: 44

question: Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame? 

answer: Review of Politics
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: As of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet. As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.

question: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012? 

answer: John Jenkins

question: The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university? 

answer: Notre Dame

question: What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on? 

answer: International Peace studies

question: In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index? 

answer: 2013

question: What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study? 

answer: climate change
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative." It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports." The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.

question: How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014? 

answer: 8,448

question: What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students? 

answer: 21–24%

question: How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament? 

answer: over 700

question: For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame? 

answer: the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh

question: How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014? 

answer: 12,179
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. There are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium.

question: What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus? 

answer: 80%

question: How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students? 

answer: four

question: How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus? 

answer: 15

question: What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus? 

answer: 20%

question: There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame? 

answer: 14
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "CSC"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. There are many religious clubs (catholic and non-Catholic) at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.

question: What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin? 

answer: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce

question: What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian? 

answer: more than 93%

question: How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week? 

answer: over 100 times

question: How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus? 

answer: Fifty-seven

question: What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic? 

answer: over 80%
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.

question: What was the music hall at Notre Dame called? 

answer: Washington Hall

question: In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire? 

answer: 1879

question: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879? 

answer: Rev. William Corby

question: On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous? 

answer: 17th of May

question: What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as? 

answer: LaFortune Student Center
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Context: In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.

question: What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards? 

answer: scholastic and classical

question: Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921? 

answer: College of Commerce

question: In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it? 

answer: Father James Burns

question: Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place? 

answer: three years

question: Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution? 

answer: Harvard Law School