praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

question: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in? 

answer: word choices

question: How can you explain differences in the language groups? 

answer: as an archaism

question: What form is innovative? 

answer: Central Catalan

question: What are the two blocks of Catalan? 

answer: Eastern and Western

question: What does an archaism explain? 

answer: lexical divergence
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

question: What is Standard based on? 

answer: Eastern Catalan

question: What form is excepted by most speakers? 

answer: Standard Catalan

question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia? 

answer: traditional ones
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

question: What is jo compro changed to ? 

answer: jo compre

question: What common Valencian forms are used? 

answer: many verbal forms

question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan? 

answer: verbal forms
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

question: Where is IEC's standard used? 

answer: the Balearic Islands

question: How is the standard used there? 

answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect

question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard? 

answer: non-ending
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect? 

answer: Alghero

question: What definite article is found rather than el? 

answer: lo

question: What is -v- used for? 

answer: imperfect tense

question: What dialect employs many archaic words? 

answer: Alguerese

question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted? 

answer: weak pronouns
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon? 

answer: La Franja

question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator? 

answer: 2011

question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize? 

answer: Catalan

question: Where is the language to be regulated located? 

answer: La Franja
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

question: How is Valencian classified? 

answer: Western dialect

question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia? 

answer: northwestern varieties

question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona? 

answer: Western Catalonia

question: What forms are mutually intelligible? 

answer: Catalan and Valencian

question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian? 

answer: 90% to 95%
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian? 

answer: as the same language

question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian? 

answer: as the same language

question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian? 

answer: the Valencian Academy of Language

question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian? 

answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

question: Who established the AVL? 

answer: Valencian parliament

question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing? 

answer: use of Valencian

question: What is the AVL standard based on? 

answer: Norms of Castelló

question: Who uses this standard? 

answer: everyone who writes

question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own? 

answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan? 

answer: different

question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian? 

answer: between 2001 and 2004

question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different? 

answer: younger generations

question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan? 

answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture

question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy? 

answer: A minority
Title: Catalan_language
Context: This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

question: What has produced a great deal of controversy? 

answer: clash of opinions

question: When did the EU create the European Constitution? 

answer: 2004

question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution? 

answer: Spanish government
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown? 

answer: as an archaism

question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups? 

answer: as an innovative element

question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan? 

answer: Eastern and Western

question: What language has a lexical unity? 

answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

question: What can use words from different dialects? 

answer: Literary Catalan

question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use? 

answer: restricted use

question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin? 

answer: 19th century

question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects? 

answer: detriment of others

question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice? 

answer: greater freedom of choice
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words? 

answer: Greek and Latin

question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin? 

answer: very early

question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words? 

answer: Ramon Llull

question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages? 

answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan? 

answer: Roís de Corella
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

question: What is common in Romance languages? 

answer: agglutination

question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages? 

answer: morphological

question: What word additive is usually added to verbs? 

answer: Prefixes

question: What other word changes can occur in derivations? 

answer: sound alternations

question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base? 

answer: affixes
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:

question: What is the usual masculine suffix? 

answer: -o
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of? 

answer: suppletive couplets

question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan? 

answer: French

question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets? 

answer: Italian and Spanish

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets? 

answer: French
Title: Catalan_language
Context: There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.

question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives? 

answer: Occitan and French

question: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective? 

answer: bullent/bullenta

question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective? 

answer: bullent/bullenta
Title: Catalan_language
Context: As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").

question: What is the usual way to make a plural? 

answer: suffix -s

question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce? 

answer: morphological alternations

question: To what are these morphological changes similar? 

answer: gender inflection

question: What is an important plural alternation? 

answer: addition of -o-
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives? 

answer: complex

question: What is much like the neighboring languages? 

answer: inflection of determinatives

question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than? 

answer: Spanish

question: Catalan has less contractions than what language? 

answer: Italian

question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition? 

answer: article
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned? 

answer: unstressed possessives

question: What other language shares this type of construction? 

answer: Italian

question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms? 

answer: el meu

question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive? 

answer: mon
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan? 

answer: 13 distinct forms

question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish? 

answer: 11

question: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian? 

answer: 9

question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there? 

answer: 65
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

question: What is this distinction similar to? 

answer: all other Romance languages

question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction? 

answer: English

question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for? 

answer: formality
Title: Catalan_language
Context: This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan?  

answer: French or Spanish

question: What do you not need to use in Catalan? 

answer: passive voice

question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan? 

answer: French or English

question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object? 

answer: preposition
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.

question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ? 

answer: more complex

question: What plays a primary part in Catalan? 

answer: Suffixation

question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan? 

answer: morphological alternations

question: How are vowel alternances in Catalan? 

answer: active
Title: Catalan_language
Context: The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

question: What system is common to Western Romance? 

answer: Catalan verbal system

question: What have many dialects replaced? 

answer: synthetic indicative perfect

question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to? 

answer: all Western Romance
Title: Catalan_language
Context: Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

question: How are Catalan verbs grouped? 

answer: into three conjugations

question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs? 

answer: first conjugation

question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation? 

answer: 700

question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs? 

answer: second
Title: Catalan_language
Context: In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").

question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have? 

answer: two

question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used? 

answer: first

question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames? 

answer: joining both surnames

question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames? 

answer: in
Title: Estonian_language
Context: Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

question: What is the official language of Estonia? 

answer: Estonian

question: How many people in Estonia speak Estonian? 

answer: about 1.1 million

question: How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian? 

answer: tens of thousands

question: What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to? 

answer: Finnic

question: What language family does Estonian belong to? 

answer: Uralic

question: What country has Estonian as its official language? 

answer: Estonian

question: In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language 

answer: 1.1 million

question: Of what language family is Estonian a part of? 

answer: Uralic

question: On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found? 

answer: Finnic

question: How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia? 

answer: tens of thousands
Title: Estonian_language
Context: One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length? 

answer: linguists

question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees? 

answer: short, long, and "overlong"

question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction? 

answer: the underlying phonological mechanism
Title: Estonian_language
Context: Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

question: What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? 

answer: Finnic

question: What are two other languages in the Finnic branch? 

answer: Finnish, Karelian

question: What language group is Estonian not a part of? 

answer: Indo-European languages

question: What languages are related to Estonian but not closely? 

answer: Hungarian and to the Sami languages
Title: Estonian_language
Context: Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

question: Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia? 

answer: Baltic Germans

question: Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian? 

answer: Middle Low German