praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Lighting
Context: Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

question: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? 

answer: Photometric studies
Title: Lighting
Context: Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.

question: What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? 

answer: lighting cues
Title: Lighting
Context: Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.

question: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? 

answer: stage lighting
Title: Lighting
Context: Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

question: What is the basic SI unit of measurement? 

answer: candela (cd)

question: What is the SI unit for lumiance? 

answer: cd/m2

question: What is the CGS unit of lumiance? 

answer: stilb

question: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in?  

answer: lumen (lm)
Title: Lighting
Context: The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.

question: What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? 

answer: luminosity function

question: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? 

answer: Lux
Title: Lighting
Context: Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.

question: What does UGR stand for? 

answer: Unified Glare Rating
Title: Lighting
Context: To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.

question: What does CCT stand for? 

answer: correlated color temperature

question: What does CRI stand for? 

answer: color rendering index

question: What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? 

answer: CRI

question: What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? 

answer: CCT
Title: Lighting
Context: For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

question: What does GAI stand for? 

answer: gamut area index

question: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? 

answer: GAI

question: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? 

answer: ano
Title: Lighting
Context: Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.

question: What is typically used to measure light? 

answer: light dosimeters
Title: Lighting
Context: In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

question: What measures the amount of light entering the eye? 

answer: Daysimeter

question: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? 

answer: circadian light meter
Title: Lighting
Context: The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.

question: How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? 

answer: 30

question: What type of light stimulates the circadian system? 

answer: short-wavelength light
Title: Lighting
Context: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

question: What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task?  

answer: Specification of illumination requirements
Title: Lighting
Context: Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.

question: What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed?  

answer: Lighting control
Title: Lighting
Context: Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).

question: What type of standard do newer control systems use?  

answer: wireless mesh open standards

question: What is the name of one type of control system used?  

answer: ZigBee

question: Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? 

answer: no
Title: Lighting
Context: Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.

question: What sensor controls light with motion sensors?  

answer: Occupancy sensors

question: What does a passive infrared sensor react to?  

answer: changes in heat

question: What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? 

answer: Ultrasonic sensors

question: Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? 

answer: no
Title: Lighting
Context: Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.

question: What is the oldest method of interior lighting?  

answer: Daylighting

question: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? 

answer: not
Title: Lighting
Context: In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.

question: What is a form of solid state lighting? 

answer: LEDs

question: What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? 

answer: nonimaging optics
Title: Lighting
Context: Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.

question: What can cause health effects such headache frequency? 

answer: higher lighting levels
Title: Lighting
Context: Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.

question: Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what?  

answer: Alzheimer's Disease

question: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? 

answer: 24

question: What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? 

answer: disrupt the natural circadian cycle
Title: Lighting
Context: A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

question: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? 

answer: Robert Ulrich

question: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? 

answer: no

question: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? 

answer: no
Title: Lighting
Context: Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.

question: What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? 

answer: University of Toronto Scarborough

question: What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? 

answer: Northwestern University
Title: Lighting
Context: In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.

question: What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? 

answer: Dr. Abraham Gesner

question: What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene?  

answer: 1849

question: What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? 

answer: coal-gas methods
Title: Lighting
Context: Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.

question: What does CFL stand for? 

answer: Compact fluorescent lamps

question: Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? 

answer: not
Title: Lighting
Context: LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.

question: How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? 

answer: 10%

question: What is the average lifetime of a CFL? 

answer: 50,000

question: What is the average lifetime of a CFL? 

answer: 50,000 hours

question: How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? 

answer: 70%
Title: Lighting
Context: Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.

question: What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? 

answer: Light pollution

question: What causes sharp shadows around buildings?  

answer: glare
Title: Lighting
Context: From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.

question: In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead?  

answer: searchlights and flares

question: The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield?  

answer: light

question: Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what?  

answer: infrared cameras
Title: Lighting
Context: Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.

question: What can be used by military for targeting? 

answer: Flares

question: What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? 

answer: laser-guided and GPS weapons
Title: Lighting
Context: The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.

question: What does the CIE stand for? 

answer: International Commission on Illumination
Title: Lighting
Context: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.

question: What does the IESNA stand for?  

answer: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

question: Who else publishes along with IESNA?  

answer: ANSI and ASHRAE

question: What defines photo metric data? 

answer: distribution of light released
Title: Lighting
Context: The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.

question: What does IALD stand for? 

answer: The International Association of Lighting Designers