praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Materialism
Context: Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article.

question: De Rerum Natura is a poem by who? 

answer: Lucretius

question: What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena? 

answer: mechanistic explanations
Title: Materialism
Context: Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.

question: Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta. 

answer: Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles")

question: Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400? 

answer: materialistic Cārvāka philosophy

question: What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? 

answer: a digest of all philosophies

question: Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? 

answer: Madhavacharya
Title: Materialism
Context: In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

question: What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail? 

answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)
Title: Materialism
Context: The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

question: Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1592-1665

question: René Descartes lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1596-1650

question: abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1664-1729

question: Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1713-1784

question: William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1770-1850
Title: Materialism
Context: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:

question: Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year? 

answer: 1788-1860

question: What did he say that the brain would decide? 

answer: how material objects will be experienced or perceived
Title: Materialism
Context: The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.

question: Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"? 

answer: Ludwig Feuerbach

question: In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written? 

answer: 1841

question: What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be? 

answer: the outward projection of man's inward nature

question: The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? 

answer: Karl Marx
Title: Materialism
Context: Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.

question: In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? 

answer: functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory
Title: Materialism
Context: The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?

question: What is hyle? 

answer: matter
Title: Materialism
Context: One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.

question: Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable? 

answer: matter and energy

question: Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? 

answer: energy

question: Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? 

answer: fields
Title: Materialism
Context: According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.

question: Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe? 

answer: Lambda-CDM model

question: What type of matter does the model consider it to be? 

answer: dark matter
Title: Materialism
Context: With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

question: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what? 

answer: things
Title: Materialism
Context: Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage:

question: What are some of the findings that support their argument? 

answer: quantum mechanics and chaos theory.

question: What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins? 

answer: The Matter Myth
Title: Materialism
Context: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

question: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? 

answer: information
Title: Materialism
Context: According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing "the truth". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge.

question: Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? 

answer: religions
Title: Materialism
Context: In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.

question: Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? 

answer: simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical

question: Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? 

answer: Christians
Title: Materialism
Context: An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.

question: If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? 

answer: materialism
Title: Materialism
Context: If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.

question: What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism? 

answer: Emergence, holism, and process philosophy
Title: Materialism
Context: Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers "dual-aspect monism" to faith in materialism.

question: Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? 

answer: dual-aspect monism
Title: Space_Race
Context: The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.

question: Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States? 

answer: German rocket technology

question: Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite? 

answer: the Soviet Union

question: Who was the first human in space? 

answer: Yuri Gagarin

question: When did Apollo 11 land on the moon? 

answer: July 20, 1969

question: On what date did the Space Race begin? 

answer: August 2, 1955

question: Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date? 

answer: October 4, 1957

question: Who was the first person in space? 

answer: Yuri Gagarin

question: What was the date that the first human reached space? 

answer: April 12, 1961
Title: Space_Race
Context: The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.

question: Where were the actual origin of the Space Race? 

answer: Germany

question: What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's? 

answer: liquid-fueled rockets

question: What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program? 

answer: Wernher von Braun

question: Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root? 

answer: World War II

question: A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year? 

answer: 1932
Title: Space_Race
Context: During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.

question: What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II? 

answer: technical director of the ballistic missile program

question: What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space? 

answer: the Aggregate-4

question: During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? 

answer: General Dornberger

question: What was the first object to enter space? 

answer: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket

question: When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? 

answer: 1942 and 1943
Title: Space_Race
Context: At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.

question: After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture? 

answer: Germany's rocket engineers

question: What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? 

answer: Operation Paperclip

question: The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? 

answer: V2 rockets
Title: Space_Race
Context: The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.

question: Who led the Soviet rocket engineers 

answer: Sergei Korolev

question: Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years? 

answer: Siberia

question: What was his "secret" title after World War II? 

answer: the Chief Designer

question: The German rocket center was located in what city? 

answer: Peenemünde

question: Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany? 

answer: Sergei Korolev

question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested? 

answer: 1938

question: Sergei Korolev died in what year? 

answer: 1966

question: After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title? 

answer: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer
Title: Space_Race
Context: After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on "organizational schemes"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the "layout" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.

question: What year was the R1 rocket born? 

answer: 1948
Title: Space_Race
Context: The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, "Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?"[citation needed]

question: What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914? 

answer: Robert H. Goddard

question: Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year? 

answer: 1921