praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Szlachta
Context: Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Junosza).

question: What was very important to the polish nobility? 

answer: Coats of arms

question: What kind of system was the coats of arms? 

answer: heraldic system

question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries? 

answer: differing in many ways

question: Where did polish knightshood originate? 

answer: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany
Title: Szlachta
Context: The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their arms officially altered upon ennoblement). Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms. Also often noble families claimed inaccurate clan membership. Logically, the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages (40,000 in the late 18th century).

question: What is the most notable difference between countries? 

answer: minorities would be given the noble title

question: Coat of arms would be shared with who else? 

answer: most families sharing origin

question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan? 

answer: on the basis of similarity of arms

question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall? 

answer: low and did not exceed 200
Title: Szlachta
Context: Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.

question: What was rarely used? 

answer: brisure

question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe? 

answer: Poland

question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually? 

answer: their fathers
Title: Szlachta
Context: The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called?  

answer: Sarmatism

question: Where did the name sarmatism originate? 

answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians

question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture? 

answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility

question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism? 

answer: peace and pacifism

question: What languages were freely mixed? 

answer: Polish and Latin
Title: Szlachta
Context: Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of all citizens population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.

question: What two religions were most common? 

answer: Roman Catholic or Orthodox

question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility? 

answer: Muslims

question: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity? 

answer: ennoblement

question: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland? 

answer: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic

question: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble? 

answer: Jews
Title: Virgil
Context: Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.

question: During which period was Vigil a poet? 

answer: Augustan

question: How many major works of literature is Virgil known for? 

answer: three

question: Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for? 

answer: Aeneid

question: What is Virgil's full name? 

answer: Publius Vergilius Maro

question: Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil? 

answer: Appendix Vergiliana
Title: Virgil
Context: Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

question: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome? 

answer: Aeneid

question: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after? 

answer: Iliad and Odyssey

question: Who is the main character in the Aeneid? 

answer: Aeneas

question: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid? 

answer: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy

question: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy? 

answer: Virgil
Title: Virgil
Context: Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

question: Who was Virgil's editor? 

answer: Varius

question: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius? 

answer: Servius and Donatus

question: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil? 

answer: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing

question: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic? 

answer: problematic
Title: Virgil
Context: The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius says that Virgil's father was of a humble background; however, scholars generally believe that Virgil was from an equestrian landowning family which could afford to give him an education. He attended schools in Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples. After considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry.

question: In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born? 

answer: Andes

question: In which cities did Virgil attend schools? 

answer: Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples

question: What other career did Virgil consider? 

answer: rhetoric and law

question: Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to? 

answer: equestrian landowning

question: Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background? 

answer: humble
Title: Virgil
Context: According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona, Milan, and finally Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with Catullus' neoteric circle. However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, according to Servius, and he was nicknamed "Parthenias" or "maiden" because of his social aloofness. Virgil seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. According to the Catalepton, while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples, he began to write poetry. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen short poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex ("The Gnat"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD.

question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy? 

answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates? 

answer: extremely shy and reserved

question: What was Virgil's nickname? 

answer: Parthenias

question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"? 

answer: social aloofness

question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD? 

answer: the Culex
Title: Virgil
Context: The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil's motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues. In Eclogues 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom, but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (Ecl. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, Ecl. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (Ecl. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. The ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (Ecl. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (Ecl. 3). Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called "Messianic Eclogue" uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of Daphnis in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of Silenus; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. Virgil is credited[by whom?] in the Eclogues with establishing Arcadia as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts and setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, and later writers.

question: Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry? 

answer: Theocritus

question: Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil? 

answer: Octavian

question: Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work? 

answer: Eclogues

question: To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to? 

answer: Asinius Pollio

question: Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love? 

answer: Ecl. 2
Title: Virgil
Context: Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues (probably before 37 BC), Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace, in whose poetry he is often mentioned, and Varius Rufus, who later helped finish the Aeneid.

question: Who helped finish the Aeneid? 

answer: Varius Rufus

question: When where the Eclogues likely published? 

answer: before 37 BC

question: What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called? 

answer: Maecenas

question: Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry? 

answer: Horace
Title: Virgil
Context: At Maecenas' insistence (according to the tradition) Virgil spent the ensuing years (perhaps 37–29 BC) on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics (from Greek, "On Working the Earth") which he dedicated to Maecenas. The ostensible theme of the Georgics is instruction in the methods of running a farm. In handling this theme, Virgil follows in the didactic ("how to") tradition of the Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days and several works of the later Hellenistic poets. The four books of the Georgics focus respectively on raising crops and trees (1 and 2), livestock and horses (3), and beekeeping and the qualities of bees (4). Well-known passages include the beloved Laus Italiae of Book 2, the prologue description of the temple in Book 3, and the description of the plague at the end of Book 3. Book 4 concludes with a long mythological narrative, in the form of an epyllion which describes vividly the discovery of beekeeping by Aristaeus and the story of Orpheus' journey to the underworld. Ancient scholars, such as Servius, conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced, at the emperor's request, a long section in praise of Virgil's friend, the poet Gallus, who was disgraced by Augustus, and who committed suicide in 26 BC.

question: Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years? 

answer: Georgics

question: To whom was Georgics dedicated to? 

answer: Maecenas

question: The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what? 

answer: running a farm

question: Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC? 

answer: Gallus

question: Who was Gallus disgraced by? 

answer: Augustus
Title: Virgil
Context: The Georgics' tone wavers between optimism and pessimism, sparking critical debate on the poet's intentions, but the work lays the foundations for later didactic poetry. Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

question: Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle? 

answer: Battle of Actium

question: When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium? 

answer: 31 BC

question: Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian? 

answer: Maecenas
Title: Virgil
Context: The Aeneid is widely considered Virgil's finest work and one of the most important poems in the history of western literature. Virgil worked on the Aeneid during the last eleven years of his life (29–19 BC), commissioned, according to Propertius, by Augustus. The epic poem consists of 12 books in dactylic hexameter verse which describe the journey of Aeneas, a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy, to Italy, his battle with the Italian prince Turnus, and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge. The Aeneid's first six books describe the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Rome. Virgil made use of several models in the composition of his epic; Homer, the preeminent author of classical epic, is everywhere present, but Virgil also makes special use of the Latin poet Ennius and the Hellenistic poet Apollonius of Rhodes among the various other writers to which he alludes. Although the Aeneid casts itself firmly into the epic mode, it often seeks to expand the genre by including elements of other genres such as tragedy and aetiological poetry. Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.

question: Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest? 

answer: The Aeneid

question: Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius? 

answer: Augustus

question: How many books are included in The Aeneid? 

answer: 12

question: Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after? 

answer: Odyssey

question: Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to? 

answer: Iliad
Title: Virgil
Context: Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.

question: Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid? 

answer: Juno

question: Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid? 

answer: Dido

question: In which book does Aeneas' father die? 

answer: 5

question: Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas? 

answer: Anchises

question: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld? 

answer: Sibyl
Title: Virgil
Context: Book 7 (beginning the Iliadic half) opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas' arrival in Italy and betrothal to Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus. Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto, and Amata Lavinia's mother. In Book 8, Aeneas allies with King Evander, who occupies the future site of Rome, and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history. Book 9 records an assault by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulians, Book 10, the death of Evander's young son Pallas, and 11 the death of the Volscian warrior princess Camilla and the decision to settle the war with a duel between Aeneas and Turnus. The Aeneid ends in Book 12 with the taking of Latinus' city, the death of Amata, and Aeneas' defeat and killing of Turnus, whose pleas for mercy are spurned. The final book ends with the image of Turnus' soul lamenting as it flees to the underworld.

question: To whom is Aeneas betrothed? 

answer: Lavinia

question: Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid? 

answer: King Evander

question: Who had Lavinia already been promised to? 

answer: Turnus

question: Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother? 

answer: Turnus
Title: Virgil
Context: Critics of the Aeneid focus on a variety of issues. The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome. A strong teleology, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. The Aeneid is full of prophecies about the future of Rome, the deeds of Augustus, his ancestors, and famous Romans, and the Carthaginian Wars; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII in 31 BC. A further focus of study is the character of Aeneas. As the protagonist of the poem, Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the "pious" and "righteous" Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus.

question: When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur? 

answer: 31 BC

question: Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid? 

answer: Aeneas

question: Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas? 

answer: Turnus

question: Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas? 

answer: Augustus
Title: Virgil
Context: The Aeneid appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4, and 6 to Augustus; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus' sister Octavia to faint. Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly scepticism, it has served as a basis for later art, such as Jean-Baptiste Wicar's Virgil Reading the Aeneid.

question: Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint? 

answer: 6

question: What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid? 

answer: Virgil Reading the Aeneid

question: Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to? 

answer: Augustus