praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Flowering_plant
Context: While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.

question: What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate? 

answer: hermaphrodite

question: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms? 

answer: reduce or prevent self-fertilization

question: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths? 

answer: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil

question: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains? 

answer: biochemical

question: How are some male and female parts separated for some species? 

answer: different flowers
Title: Flowering_plant
Context: Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary. This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure), germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid (n) sperm cells. As the pollen tube grows, it makes its way from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. Here the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents (which include the sperm cells). The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates and one sperm makes its way to fertilize the egg cell, producing a diploid (2n) zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3n) cell. As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. The ovary now will develop into fruit and the ovule will develop into seed.

question: What process does double fertilization refer to? 

answer: two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary

question: What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization? 

answer: the stigma of the pistil

question: What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it's growing? 

answer: haploid generative

question: Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells? 

answer: one of the synergids

question: What serves as the embryo's food supply? 

answer: endosperm
Title: Flowering_plant
Context: The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit. They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination; they may also directly promote germination. Among plants with indehiscent fruits, in general, the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination. In this case, the seed coat is only slightly developed. If the fruit is dehiscent and the seed is exposed, in general, the seed-coat is well developed, and must discharge the functions otherwise executed by the fruit.

question: The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what? 

answer: the fruit

question: What does the seed coat protect? 

answer: embryo

question: What does the fruit of the flower secure? 

answer: dissemination

question: How developed is the seed coat when it's used for dissemination? 

answer: slightly
Title: Flowering_plant
Context: Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, which provide virtually all plant-based food, and also provide a significant amount of livestock feed. Of all the families of plants, the Poaceae, or grass family (grains), is by far the most important, providing the bulk of all feedstocks (rice, corn — maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, pearl millet, sugar cane, sorghum). The Fabaceae, or legume family, comes in second place. Also of high importance are the Solanaceae, or nightshade family (potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers, among others), the Cucurbitaceae, or gourd family (also including pumpkins and melons), the Brassicaceae, or mustard plant family (including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species Brassica oleracea), and the Apiaceae, or parsley family. Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae, or rue family (including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), and the Rosaceae, or rose family (including apples, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, etc.).

question: On what is agriculture almost completely dependent? 

answer: angiosperms

question: What family of plants is most important for human sustenance? 

answer: Poaceae

question: What is the more common name of the Fabaceae? 

answer: legume

question: What family do potatoes, tomatoes and peppers belong to? 

answer: Solanaceae

question: What family would you find cherries in? 

answer: Rosaceae
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] Occupying 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the city centre.

question: Which city is the capital of Telangana? 

answer: Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana

question: How many square miles does Hyderabad cover? 

answer: 250 sq mi

question: What river is Hyderabad next to? 

answer: the Musi River

question: What is the population of Hyderabad? 

answer: about 6.7 million

question: At what altitude is Hyderabad, in meters? 

answer: an average altitude of 542 metres
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The Nizami influence can still be seen in the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.

question: In what year was Hyderabad established? 

answer: Established in 1591

question: Who is the person that established Hyderabad? 

answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

question: What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century? 

answer: the Qutb Shahi dynasty

question: Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad? 

answer: Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty

question: Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create? 

answer: Nizams of Hyderabad
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.

question: Which individual commissioned Chaminar? 

answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb

question: When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India? 

answer: the mid-19th century

question: Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center? 

answer: The Qutb Shahis and Nizams

question: What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad? 

answer: Mughlai culture

question: Hyderabad has India's second biggest film production industry, what is it called? 

answer: Telugu film industry
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.

question: What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad? 

answer: pearl and diamond

question: What is a nickname for Hyderabad? 

answer: City of Pearls

question: What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad? 

answer: Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar

question: What is the economic output of Hyderabad? 

answer: US$74 billion

question: What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP? 

answer: fifth-largest
Title: Hyderabad
Context: According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.

question: What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means? 

answer: "Haydar's city" or "lion city"

question: Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it? 

answer: Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib

question: What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as? 

answer: Baghnagar (city of gardens).

question: Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad? 

answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

question: What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for? 

answer: "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill"), and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.

question: There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from? 

answer: 500 BCE

question: What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region? 

answer: 624 CE to 1075 CE

question: When did the Calukya empire split into four? 

answer: the 11th century

question: What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century? 

answer: Warangal

question: What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty? 

answer: Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill")
Title: Hyderabad
Context: The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general. During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.

question: Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310? 

answer: Sultan Alauddin Khilji

question: Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty? 

answer: Khilji dynasty

question: What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321? 

answer: the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed

question: When was the Behmani Sultanate established? 

answer: 1347

question: In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate? 

answer: 1325
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.

question: What position did Sultan Quli hold? 

answer: governor of Golkonda

question: When was Hyderabad founded? 

answer: 1591

question: In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur? 

answer: 1518

question: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where? 

answer: Aurangabad

question: Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against? 

answer: the Bahmani Sultanate
Title: Hyderabad
Context: In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.

question: What position did Farrukhsiyar hold? 

answer: emperor

question: What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold? 

answer: Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)

question: Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar? 

answer: Asif Jah I

question: In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I? 

answer: 1724

question: What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to? 

answer: Hyderabad Deccan
Title: Hyderabad
Context: In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.

question: Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century? 

answer: East India Company

question: What was the title of Baji Rao I? 

answer: Peshwa of the Maratha Empire

question: What was the title of Hyder Ali? 

answer: Dalwai of Mysore

question: Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role? 

answer: British Indian Army

question: In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams? 

answer: 1769
Title: Hyderabad
Context: After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.

question: On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad? 

answer: 1948. On 17 September

question: Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951? 

answer: the Telangana uprising

question: What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad? 

answer: Operation Polo

question: Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army? 

answer: Nizam VII

question: On what date did the constitution of India become active? 

answer: 26 January 1950
Title: Hyderabad
Context: On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014, Telangana state was formed.

question: On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three? 

answer: 1 November 1956

question: Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into? 

answer: Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

question: Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century? 

answer: Andhra Pradesh

question: When was Telangana state announced? 

answer: 30 July 2013

question: What date was the official formation of Telangana state? 

answer: June 2014
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 kilometres (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft). The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).

question: How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad? 

answer: 973 mi

question: In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad? 

answer: northern part

question: How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad? 

answer: 650 km2

question: What are the highest hills in Hyderabad? 

answer: Banjara Hills

question: When was Hussain Sagar lake built? 

answer: 1562
Title: Hyderabad
Context: Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F). May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C (57–82 °F).

question: What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius? 

answer: 26.6 °C

question: Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate? 

answer: tropical wet and dry climate

question: During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad? 

answer: March–June

question: What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad? 

answer: 10 °C

question: What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad? 

answer: May