praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Modern_history
Context: Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what? 

answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service? 

answer: peasant and warrior alike.

question: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after? 

answer: French military

question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law? 

answer: ketsu-eki

question: Where was the military academy located? 

answer: Kyoto
Title: Modern_history
Context: The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

question: What is the antebellum age? 

answer: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

question: When did the civil was begin? 

answer: 1861

question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun? 

answer: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

question: What did The Antebellum age mark? 

answer: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.
Title: Modern_history
Context: Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery? 

answer: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

question: What did Lincoln do well in the war? 

answer: mobilizing support for the war goals

question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports? 

answer: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy?  

answer: the East

question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers? 

answer: feed and clothe
Title: Modern_history
Context: During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

question: What happened in the Glided Age/ 

answer: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class

question: In what time period did the Glided Age occur? 

answer: late 19th century

question: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form? 

answer: industrial and population expansion.

question: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as? 

answer: robber barons

question: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry? 

answer: effective tactics and aggressive practices
Title: Modern_history
Context: The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

question: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy? 

answer: transportation and communication infrastructure

question: What became the dominant form of business organization?  

answer: the corporation

question: What transformed business organization in 1890? 

answer: managerial revolution

question: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what? 

answer: all American anti-monopoly laws.

question: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts? 

answer: an "unreasonable" monopoly
Title: Modern_history
Context: Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

question: When did modern physics arise? 

answer: early 20th century

question: What is the old Quantum  theory? 

answer: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.

question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what? 

answer: Michelson-Morley experiment

question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment? 

answer: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether

question: What does Darwinism promote? 

answer: the theory of natural selection.
Title: Modern_history
Context: The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts? 

answer: as steps toward modernization

question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin? 

answer: 1911

question: What is the May Forth Movement? 

answer: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China

question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy?  

answer: Marxist-Leninist thought

question: During what event was Legalism abolished? 

answer: the Cultural Revolution
Title: Modern_history
Context: Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged? 

answer: in various quarters around the 1900s.

question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from? 

answer: earlier secular traditions

question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's?  

answer: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose

question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be? 

answer: a secular version of theism

question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist? 

answer: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.
Title: Modern_history
Context: Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

question: What is Albert Einstein known for?  

answer: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion? 

answer: mathematical treatment

question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to? 

answer: the paradox of specific heats

question: What theory  did Einstein have reservations about? 

answer: quantum field theory
Title: Modern_history
Context: In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

question: What is the federation of Australia? 

answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

question: What was the federal Government responsible for?  

answer: matters concerning the whole nation.

question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia? 

answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
Title: Modern_history
Context: The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

question: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by?  

answer: civil unrest and foreign invasions.

question: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest?  

answer: attempt to reform the government in various

question: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty?  

answer: either imprisoned or executed outright.

question: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty? 

answer: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization
Title: Modern_history
Context: In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

question: When was the Republic of China established? 

answer: 1912

question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic? 

answer: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

question: Who had control of the Beiyang army? 

answer: Yuan Shikai

question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president?  

answer: Sun Yat-sen

question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China? 

answer: Beijing, Shikai
Title: Modern_history
Context: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions? 

answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government? 

answer: various warlords

question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing?  

answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

question: What were the military dominated governments known as? 

answer: the Beiyang government

question: When did the warlord era end? 

answer: around 1927
Title: Modern_history
Context: Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place? 

answer: Four years into the 20th century

question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish? 

answer: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean? 

answer: warm water port

question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians.  

answer: over Manchuria and Korea.

question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world? 

answer: unexpected
Title: Modern_history
Context: The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

question: What is the Edwardian era? 

answer: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

question: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups? 

answer: Second Boer War

question: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election? 

answer: 1906

question: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers? 

answer: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

question: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election? 

answer: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.
Title: Modern_history
Context: The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

question: What is The Triple Entente? 

answer: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed? 

answer: 1907.

question: What was the origin of the war? 

answer: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

question: Who was murdered in Austria? 

answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement?  

answer: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
Title: Modern_history
Context: However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

question: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect? 

answer: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq

question: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914? 

answer: tensions over territory in the Balkans.

question: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory? 

answer: Serbia and Russia

question: Where did the Balkan wars take place? 

answer: South-eastern Europe

question: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus? 

answer: over the division of the spoils