praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

question: Georgian architecture is characterized by? 

answer: its proportion and balance

question: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning? 

answer: Regularity of housefronts

question: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture? 

answer: lack of symmetry

question: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from? 

answer: ancient Rome or Greece
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture? 

answer: Palladian

question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance? 

answer: made wide and relatively shallow

question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture? 

answer: the centre

question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found? 

answer: basement area

question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located? 

answer: mezzanine floor
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time? 

answer: window tax

question: When was the sash window developed? 

answer: the 1670s

question: What plans became universal inside larger houses? 

answer: Corridor plans

question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside? 

answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms

question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors? 

answer: Their height
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings? 

answer: trees

question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings? 

answer: domes

question: What often topped pilasters of columns? 

answer: pediment

question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure? 

answer: geometrical or plant-based

question: What aspect of buildings became very rare? 

answer: Internal courtyards
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.

question: Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found? 

answer: Inside ornament

question: What was the typical main focus of rooms? 

answer: chimneypiece

question: What type of ceilings became commonplace? 

answer: Plasterwork ceilings

question: What fell out of favor during this time? 

answer: Wood-panelling

question: Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from? 

answer: China
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

question: Most town people lived in what type of houses? 

answer: terraced houses

question: What was used to protect the "area"? 

answer: iron railings

question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor? 

answer: main reception rooms
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.

question: What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on? 

answer: tall and narrow

question: What year did The Albany convert? 

answer: 1802

question: Well-off continental dwellings consisted of? 

answer: wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building

question: What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common? 

answer: Edinburgh

question: What was popular for terraces where there was enough space? 

answer: A curving crescent
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".

question: What cities contest to being the original home of the semi? 

answer: Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood

question: A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year? 

answer: 1794

question: Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood? 

answer: Sir John Summerson

question: What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses? 

answer: the French Wars
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

question: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain? 

answer: Church Building Act of 1818

question: What were Anglican churches internally designed for? 

answer: maximum audibility, and visibility

question: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase? 

answer: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic

question: What were common in new churches? 

answer: Galleries

question: Churches filled up with monuments to what? 

answer: monuments to the prosperous
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".

question: Somerset House was designed by whom? 

answer: Sir William Chambers

question: In what year was Somerset House designed? 

answer: 1776

question: Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way? 

answer: "architectural in intention"

question: What was considered a lesser class of designers? 

answer: surveyors
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.

question: American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials? 

answer: wood with clapboards

question: What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period? 

answer: brick or stone

question: Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America? 

answer: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

question: What style did was little represented in British colonies? 

answer: Baroque

question: Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings? 

answer: palaces and churches

question: What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style? 

answer: Hammond-Harwood House

question: What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built? 

answer: 1774

question: What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House? 

answer: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.

question: What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned? 

answer: 1840

question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as? 

answer: the Battle of the Styles

question: When was the Battle of the Styles contested? 

answer: early Victorian period

question: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols? 

answer: Federalist Style
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.

question: What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called? 

answer: Colonial Revival

question: Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain? 

answer: United Empire Loyalists

question: What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House? 

answer: John Ostell

question: What Toronto building was built in 1817? 

answer: The Grange
Title: Georgian_architecture
Context: The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.

question: The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as? 

answer: Neo-Georgian

question: Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958? 

answer: Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters

question: Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences? 

answer: Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons

question: Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade? 

answer: 1950s
Title: Liberia
Context: The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement. The Black American settlers carried their culture with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States. In January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy free-born Black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.

question: How did the republic of liberia begin? 

answer: as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)

question: When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence? 

answer: July 26, 1847

question: When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence? 

answer: February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182

question: How many slaves were freed in the american civil war? 

answer: more than 15,000

question: What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after? 

answer: the United States
Title: Liberia
Context: Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.

question: How long did william tubman rule? 

answer: 27 year

question: In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death? 

answer: 1980

question: How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council? 

answer: five years

question: How long was the rule of the national democratic party? 

answer: five years

question: What did the liberian civil war result in? 

answer: the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.
Title: Liberia
Context: This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

question: What empire was o the decline on 1375? 

answer: Western Sudanic Mali Empire

question: What happened when regions underwent desertification? 

answer: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast

question: Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine? 

answer: The ethnic Kru

question: Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to? 

answer: the Grand Cape Mount region.
Title: Liberia
Context: In the United States, there was a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa. The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders. But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society. Most African Americans, who were native-born by this time, wanted to improve conditions in the United States rather than emigrate. Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment.

question: What is "the american colonization society"? 

answer: a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa.

question: When was the "american colonization society founded"? 

answer: 1816

question: The "american colonization society" consisted mostly of whom" 

answer: people who supported abolition of slavery

question: What did slave holders want to do? 

answer: to get free people of color out of the South

question: rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what? 

answer: improve conditions in the United States