praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Imperial_College_London
Context: William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.

question: Who discovered the first synthetic dye? 

answer: William Henry Perkin

question: What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it? 

answer: resigned his position

question: What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered? 

answer: mauveine

question: The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event? 

answer: second chemical revolution

question: Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye? 

answer: Perkin Medal
Title: Imperial_College_London
Context: Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]

question: What site did Imperial acquire in 1947? 

answer: Silwood Park

question: What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper? 

answer: Felix

question: How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department? 

answer: £350,000

question: Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department? 

answer: Wolfson Foundation

question: Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963? 

answer: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Title: Gymnastics
Context: Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.

question: What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board? 

answer: 25 meters

question: What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called? 

answer: punching

question: What is one thing a successful vault depends on? 

answer: the length of the hurdle

question: What may be added to a vault before landing in advanced gymnastics? 

answer: multiple twists and somersaults

question: What is the maximum length of a runway? 

answer: 25 meters

question: Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway? 

answer: The gymnast

question: What position is the gymnast when in the air? 

answer: a standing position

question: What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts? 

answer: multiple twists and somersaults

question: What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run? 

answer: the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation
Title: Gymnastics
Context: According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.

question: Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules? 

answer: FIG

question: What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation? 

answer: rhythmic gymnastics

question: What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines? 

answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

question: Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what? 

answer: the acrobatic

question: What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine? 

answer: 30

question: What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics? 

answer: FIG

question: What does rhythmic gymastics combine together? 

answer: ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation

question: What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines? 

answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

question: Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics? 

answer: aesthetic

question: How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines? 

answer: 30 points
Title: Gymnastics
Context: Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.

question: What does AGG stand for? 

answer: Aesthetic Group Gymnastics

question: Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics?  

answer: body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'

question: Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions? 

answer: do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions

question: What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics?  

answer: flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm

question: What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established? 

answer: 2003
Title: Gymnastics
Context: This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions.

question: What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine? 

answer: hemp or a synthetic material

question: How long is the rope? 

answer: Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast

question: What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it? 

answer: One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.

question: What other requirement is there for the rope? 

answer: The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center

question: When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition? 

answer: 2011
Title: Gymnastics
Context: The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.

question: Where was the FIG founded? 

answer: Liege

question: What year was FIG founded? 

answer: 1881

question: When was gymnastics included in the Olympics? 

answer: 1896

question: When were the first women's Olympic competitions held? 

answer: 1928

question: Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held? 

answer: in Amsterdam
Title: Gymnastics
Context: In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.

question: How long is the run way in vaulting? 

answer: 25 metres (82 ft)

question: How man feet do vaulters land on? 

answer: a two footed landing

question: What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway? 

answer: their height and strength

question: What is a round-off entry vault called? 

answer: Yurchenko

question: What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics? 

answer: yurchenko
Title: Gymnastics
Context: A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.

question: How are gymnasts scored? 

answer: from deductions taken from their start value

question: How is the start vaule determined? 

answer: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements

question: What is this score called? 

answer: D score

question: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score? 

answer: 10.0

question: What were added to scoring in 2007? 

answer: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score
Title: Gymnastics
Context: The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

question: When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed? 

answer: 1970s

question: How many apparatuses are used? 

answer: only four types

question: What are the types of apparatuses used? 

answer: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs

question: What apparatuses do groups use? 

answer: Groups do not use any apparatus

question: When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship? 

answer: November 27–29, 2003
Title: Gymnastics
Context: The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

question: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from? 

answer: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"

question: What does the  verb gymnazo mean? 

answer: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"

question: Why was this verb used? 

answer: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing

question: When did the word come into use? 

answer: 1570s
Title: Gymnastics
Context: By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.

question: What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized? 

answer: 1954

question: What is the grading structure? 

answer: a point system from 1 to 15

question: Who set the first precedent that continues this day? 

answer: Soviet gymnasts

question: Who recieved the first perfect score? 

answer: Nadia Comăneci

question: What year and where was the first perfect score given? 

answer: 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada
Title: Gymnastics
Context: A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. This requires back muscles to do any sort of skill. From handstands being easy to back or front flips being a little difficult.

question: What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of? 

answer: both single leg and double leg work

question: Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally? 

answer: form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels

question: What is the main staple of this event? 

answer: Double leg work

question: When does the routine end? 

answer: when the gymnast performs a dismount

question: What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts? 

answer: by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand
Title: Gymnastics
Context: In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing."  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

question: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores? 

answer: landing

question: Where do most injuries happen? 

answer: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures

question: How do you avoid injuries? 

answer: proper technique must be used by the gymnast

question: What is a successful landing? 

answer: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion
Title: Gymnastics
Context: Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

question: Individual routines start with what phases? 

answer: build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height

question: What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces. 

answer: a sequence of aerial skills

question: What is the maximum scroe for routines? 

answer: 10 points

question: How can additional points be earned? 

answer: depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills

question: In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there? 

answer: two preliminary routines
Title: Gymnastics
Context: On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. They've been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands), dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.

question: What are the uneven bars? 

answer: two horizontal bars set at different heights

question: What are these bars made out of? 

answer: fiberglass covered in wood laminate

question: Why are the bars not made of wood anymore? 

answer: the bars were prone to breaking,

question: How have the bars changed over the years? 

answer: They've been moved increasingly further apart

question: How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars? 

answer: using a springboard, or a small mat
Title: Gymnastics
Context: A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

question: What does a higher flight phase result in? 

answer: a higher vertical ground reaction force

question: What is vertical ground reaction force? 

answer: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum

question: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements? 

answer: time the landing takes Gymnasts