praj-17/QA-MCQ-Open-ended huggingface dataset:
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

question: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound? 

answer: corn

question: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state? 

answer: G. Casavantes

question: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile? 

answer: Governor Trías

question: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource? 

answer: water

question: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people? 

answer: Díaz
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

question: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries. 

answer: ranching and mining

question: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group? 

answer: working class

question: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families? 

answer: haciendas

question: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse. 

answer: proletariat
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the División del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and Álvaro Obregón, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked "that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.”

question: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe? 

answer: Venustiano Carranza

question: The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president? 

answer: Huerta

question: Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta? 

answer: Carranza

question: Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle? 

answer: Ciudad Juárez

question: Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally? 

answer: United States
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

question: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area? 

answer: about a third

question: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state? 

answer: Coahuila

question: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape? 

answer: flat

question: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west? 

answer: north

question: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state? 

answer: Rio Grande
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

question: Canis latrans is what animal? 

answer: coyote

question: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers? 

answer: American black bear

question: The main cause of degradation has been what? 

answer: grazing

question: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species? 

answer: rattlesnake
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

question: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year? 

answer: 1921

question: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo? 

answer: 50.09%

question: The second largest group of people were whom? 

answer: whites
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Context: During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state’s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]

question: What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s? 

answer: NAFTA

question: Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada? 

answer: maquiladoras

question: How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras? 

answer: 294,026

question: What type of business employs the largest portion of the population? 

answer: Small business

question: Most maquiladoras today produce what? 

answer: electronics, automobile, and aerospace components
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

question: What type of sensation is pitch? 

answer: auditory

question: What is pitch closely related to? 

answer: frequency

question: Each persons perception of sound is called? 

answer: Pitch
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

question: Octaves in linear pitch are what size? 

answer: 12

question: Semitones in linear pitch are what size? 

answer: 1

question: A440 in linear pitch are what size? 

answer: 69

question: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents? 

answer: 100

question: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what? 

answer: 60.5
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).

question: What is the most common method of organization? 

answer: twelve-note chromatic scale

question: The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is? 

answer: the twelfth root of two

question: All these different methods have what in common? 

answer: the octave
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, "high" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and "low" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased.

question: Pitch is the auditory attribute to what? 

answer: sound

question: Pitch is a close proxy for what? 

answer: frequency

question: High pitch is what type of oscillation? 

answer: rapid

question: Low pitch is what type of oscillation? 

answer: slower
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

question: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously? 

answer: sound generated

question: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once? 

answer: numerous

question: Harmonics are an important class of what? 

answer: overtones

question: Integer multiples are collectively called?  

answer: the partials
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

question: The pitch of complex tones can be? 

answer: ambiguous

question: A complex tone is composed of how many waves? 

answer: two

question:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as? 

answer: the missing fundamental

question: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often? 

answer: divisor of the frequencies present
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

question: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what? 

answer: the tone's frequency content

question: The jnd is typically tested by? 

answer: playing two tones in quick succession

question: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing? 

answer: 1,400
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

question: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch? 

answer: snare drum

question: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon? 

answer: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound

question: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what? 

answer: indefinite pitch
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches "A220" and "A440" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows

question: The notion of pitch is insensitive to what? 

answer: spelling

question: The description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as what? 

answer: A4

question: Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what? 

answer: logarithmic

question: Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale? 

answer: numerical
Title: Pitch_(music)
Context: Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay—a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation—has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music—and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in.

question: The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what? 

answer: autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve

question: Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception? 

answer: unnecessary

question: Pitch perception  has inherent octave what? 

answer: ambiguities
Title: England_national_football_team
Context: The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

question: When did King Richard I begin his reign? 

answer: 1189

question: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team? 

answer: lions

question: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif? 

answer: a crown

question: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms? 

answer: 1949

question: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year? 

answer: 1966
Title: England_national_football_team
Context: Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

question: What color were England's first away kits? 

answer: blue

question: What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits? 

answer: red

question: Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks? 

answer: grey

question: In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color? 

answer: navy blue

question: When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches? 

answer: home matches