ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Lacunarity analysis of raster datasets and 1D, 2D, and 3D point patterns
Authors: Pinliang Dong
Venue: Computers Geosciences (2009)

Spatial scale plays an important role in many fields. As a scale-dependent measure for spatial heterogeneity, lacunarity describes the distribution of gaps within a set at multiple scales. In Earth science, environmental science, and ecology, lacunarity has been increasingly used for multiscale modeling of spatial patterns. This paper presents the development and implementation of a geographic information system (GIS) software extension for lacunarity analysis of raster datasets and 1D, 2D, and 3D point patterns. Depending on the application requirement, lacunarity analysis can be performed in two modes: global mode or local mode. The extension works for: (1) binary (1-bit) and grey-scale datasets in any raster format supported by ArcGIS and (2) 1D, 2D, and 3D point datasets as shapefiles or geodatabase feature classes. For more effective measurement of lacunarity for different patterns or processes in raster datasets, the extension allows users to define an area of interest (AOI) in four different ways, including using a polygon in an existing feature layer. Additionally, directionality can be taken into account when grey-scale datasets are used for local lacunarity analysis. The methodology and graphical user interface (GUI) are described. The application of the extension is demonstrated using both simulated and real datasets, including Brodatz texture images, a Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR-C) image, simulated 1D points on a drainage network, and 3D random and clustered point patterns. The options of lacunarity analysis and the effects of polyline arrangement on lacunarity of 1D points are also discussed. Results from sample data suggest that the lacunarity analysis extension can be used for efficient modeling of spatial patterns at multiple scales.
Simple and efficient compilation of list comprehension in common Lisp
Authors: Mario Latendresse
Venue: Proceedings of the 2007 International Lisp Conference (2007)

List Comprehension is a succinct syntactic form to describe lists in functional languages. It uses nested generators (i.e., iterators) and filters (i.e., Boolean expressions). The former generates lists, whereas the latter restricts the contents of these lists. List Comprehension translation is commonly based on Wadler's rules that emit code based on recursive functions. This code often results either in stack overflow or in inefficient execution for many Common Lisp implementations. We present a very simple technique to compile List Comprehension in the Loop Facility of Common Lisp, resulting in efficient code that avoids stack overflow. Our translation code is also very short, with an emitted code very close to the user-specified list comprehension. We also present a translation into more fundamental constructs of Common Lisp that often results in even more efficient code, although this translation is more complex than using the Loop Facility. The author has used the first translation technique for compiling a new language called Bio Velo, which is part of bioinformatics software called Pathway Tools [2].
How to Cope with Fraud of Trusted Third Party in E-commerce: An Analysis Based on Evolutionary Game Theory
Authors: Shouming Chen, Bin Zhang
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering - Volume 01 (2009)

With the fast growing of electronic market, fraud has become a top barrier to e-commerce. Subsequently, online escrow service, such as Paypal and Zhifubao, provided by trusted third party (TTP) is considered as an effective method to protect the business from the fraud. However, who will supervise the fraud of the TTP? TTP takes charge of more and more money from buyers. Moral hazards from TTP, such as the high level investment (risky but profitable) using the buyers’ money, arouse the concern of government. This paper argues the reaction of supervisor and the strategy choice of TTP based on Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) and replicator dynamic and provides the rational solution.
Unknown rewards in finite-horizon domains
Authors: Colin McMillen, Manuela Veloso
Venue: Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2 (2008)

"Human computation" is a recent approach that extracts information from large numbers of Web users. reCAPTCHA is a human computation project that improves the process of digitizing books by getting humans to read words that are difficult for OCR algorithms to read (von Ahn et al., 2008). In this paper, we address an interesting strategic control problem inspired by the reCAPTCHA project: given a large set of words to transcribe within a time deadline, how can we choose the difficulty level such that we maximize the probability of successfully transcribing a document on time? Our approach is inspired by previous work on timed, zero-sum games, as we face an analogous timed policy decision on the choice of words to present to users. However, our Web-based word transcribing domain is particularly challenging as the reward of the actions is not known; i.e., there is no knowledge if the spelling provided by a human is actually correct. We contribute an approach to solve this problem by checking a small fraction of the answers at execution time, obtaining an estimate of the cumulative reward. We present experimental results showing how the number of samples and time between samples affects the probability of success. We also investigate the choice of aggressive or conservative actions with regard to the bounds produced by sampling. We successfully apply our algorithm to real data gathered by the reCAPTCHA project.
3D ePortfolios: Challenges and Opportunities for the Display of Interactive Models of Building Designs
Authors: Robina Hetherington, Kevan Williams
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 Second International Conference in Visualisation (2009)

Architects conceive buildings as three dimensional forms, often developing their designs using 3D CAD [Computer Aided Design] or visualization software. Yet their designs are usually presented to each other and to their clients as two dimensional artifacts: such as images or movies created from their CAD models. In computing, interactive three dimensional worlds are ubiquitous, in particular in the fields of Gaming and Social Networking involving MUVEs [Multi-User Virtual Environments] such as Second Life.This work explores the options available to students, whose work is primarily designed in three dimensions, to present their work digitally through 3D ePortfolios. It makes recommendations from a range of possible solutions as to the most suitable for the implementation of online ePortfolios which contain interactive models of building designs.
Dual-mixed finite element approximation of Stokes and nonlinear Stokes problems using trace-free velocity gradients
Authors: Jason S. Howell
Venue: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2009)

In this work a finite element method for a dual-mixed approximation of Stokes and nonlinear Stokes problems is studied. The dual-mixed structure, which yields a twofold saddle point problem, arises in a formulation of this problem through the introduction of unknown variables with relevant physical meaning. The method approximates the velocity, its gradient, and the total stress tensor, but avoids the explicit computation of the pressure, which can be recovered through a simple postprocessing technique. This method improves an existing approach for these problems and uses Raviart-Thomas elements and discontinuous piecewise polynomials for approximating the unknowns. Existence, uniqueness, and error results for the method are given, and numerical experiments that exhibit the reduced computational cost of this approach are presented.
Setback Vertex Blends in Digital Shape Reconstruction
Authors: Z. Terék, T. Várady
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th IMA International Conference on Mathematics of Surfaces XIII (2009)

Digital shape reconstruction (DSR) deals with creating CAD models of physical objects using 3D scanned data. Our primary interest is to reconstruct mechanical engineering objects that are usually composed of a hierarchy of surfaces --- primary surfaces, connecting features (fillets) and vertex blends --- and are structured by well-defined topological rules. After an overview of segmenting large polygonal meshes by the functional decomposition paradigm, we focus on the reconstruction of vertex blends using setbacks. This topic was thoroughly studied more than a decade ago in the context of constructive CAD; now the concept is revisited for DSR. A new method is presented to locate the optimal cross-sectional termination of fillets and construct the boundary curves of vertex blends on the mesh. These will correspond to the vertex blend boundaries of the final CAD model, as well. Finally, we discuss special cases of self-intersecting segmenting curve networks, and show how these problems can be resolved by setback vertex blends.
Social Navigation Support for Information Seeking: If You Build It, Will They Come?
Authors: Rosta Farzan, Peter Brusilovsky
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization: formerly UM and AH (2009)

Navigating through the ever-changing information space is becoming increasingly difficult. Social navigation support is a technique for guiding users to interesting and relevant information by leveraging the browsing behavior of past users. Effect of social navigation support on users' information seeking behavior has been studied mostly from conceptual basis or under natural experiments. In the current work, we have designed and conducted a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of social navigation support through a multifaceted method. This paper reports on the design of the study and the result of log data, subjective evaluation, and eye movement data analysis.
A Scalability Analysis of the Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture in Multi-Core System
Authors: Yuan Qingbo, Bao Yungang, Chen Mingyu, Sun Ninghui
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture, and Storage (2009)

The quickly development of the multi-core technology brings plenty of logical processors to the symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system. As all of cores share the same system bus and memory bandwidth, the additional computing resources can’t fully play their roles. It is the basic restrict to the scalability of such a system. Furthermore, the operating system which runs in this system typically provides complex abstractions implemented over shared data structures protected by locks. More contentions come along with the increase of cores in such type of kernel. After several detailed experiments to 5 different types of benchmarks, we recognize these problems in the multi-core SMP system. Atlast, reasons causing the problems are analyzed and corresponding solutions are raised briefly.
On a Qualitative Method to Evaluate Motion Sickness Induced by Stereoscopic Images on Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Hiroki Takada, Kazuhiro Fujikake, Masaru Miyao
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Virtual and Mixed Reality: Held as Part of HCI International 2009 (2009)

Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is known to be caused by sensory conflict, which is the disagreement between vergence and visual accommodation while observing stereoscopic images. The simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) is a well-known method that is used herein for verifying the occurrence of VIMS. We quantitatively measure the sway of the centre of gravity of the human body before and during exposure to several images. During the measurement, subjects are instructed to maintain the Romberg posture for the first 60 s and a wide stance (midlines of the heels 20 cm apart) for the next 60 s. The stereoscopic images decrease the gradient of the potential function involved in the stochastic differential equations as a mathematical model of the body sway. We have succeeded in estimating the decrease in the gradient by using an index called sparse density.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Jeffrey R. Yost
Venue: IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2009)

Computer games and the gaming industry are a major cultural and economic force throughout the world. This issue of IEEE Annals is not only among the first collections of quality scholarship on the history of computer games, it is international in scope, offering analyses from both sides of the Atlantic.
SemEval-2007 task 05: multilingual Chinese-English lexical sample
Authors: Peng Jin, Yunfang Wu, Shiwen Yu
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (2007)

The Multilingual Chinese-English lexical sample task at SemEval-2007 provides a framework to evaluate Chinese word sense disambiguation and to promote research. This paper reports on the task preparation and the results of six participants.
Transcending Human-Centered Design by Service Sciences
Authors: Hiroyuki Miki, Naotsune Hosono, Sakae Yamamoto
Venue: Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on ConferenceUniversal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part I: Held as Part of HCI International 2009 (2009)

Human-Centered Design (HCD), which emphasizes the user's point of view, has brought many good results to date. For instance, with detailed analysis of user's context of use, developers of products and services can make them easier to use. Despite such good results, some limitations of HCD have also been pointed out. For example, since most methods of HCD are qualitative, they require exhaustive work every time with small improvements in efficiency. Although many qualitative quick methods have been proposed and tried to solve the problem, their results have not brought big differences. On the other hand, in the area of Service Sciences (SS), quantitative methods that explicate details of human activities based on a large number of data have brought some good results in producing new added-values and higher efficiency. Methods in SS emphasize the users' point of view as with those in HCD, and have come to be associated with innovation theories. Considering these current situations, this research emphasizes the users' viewpoint and combines HCD, SS, and innovation theories to come up with new methods that lead to new added-values and higher efficiency. As an initial effort of the research, this paper first clarifies relations between HCD, SS, and innovation theories, and then discusses issues in transcending HCD.
Efficient Estimation of Multiple Illuminant Directions Using C-means Clustering and Self-correction for Augmented Reality
Authors: Jintao Ma, Ya Zhou, Qun Hao, Yang Zhang
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 Eigth IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (2009)

This paper presents a novel method to estimate multiple illuminant directions from a single image in augmented reality system. A square marker is used for 2D-3D registration, and a mirror sphere with known size is employed to detect light sources. Highlight pixels in captured sphere image are analyzed by using c-means clustering algorithm and its initialization with max-min distance method. The initialization estimates number of light sources and initial highlight areas centroids. c-means algorithm optimizes each position of the centroids. With the help of registration, multiple illuminant directions are calculated from the centroids and user’s viewpoint. Moreover, a self-correction course reduces estimation errors. Experimental results show that our approach is computationally efficient and multiple illuminant directions can be accurately obtained by it.
Stress Analysis and Optimization of Gear Teeth
Authors: Linhong Xu, Leiming Li, Yin Liu
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation - Volume 02 (2009)

The operational performance of gears regarding smoothness, quietness, wear and life span is largely affected by how gear and pinion teeth make contact. And the geometric characteristic of teeth profile plays a very important role in influencing contact condition during gear transmission. For a nominal involute gear pairs, load concentration on the conjugated teeth would be generated inevitably under the deflection and inclination of gear pairs arising from topological modification of teeth, manufacturing errors, shaft misalignments and elastic deflections of the conjugated teeth and support of structure of the gear pair when it is under load. In this paper, a kind of modification of teeth profile, crowned teeth, is presented and analyzed by using ANASYS. This work was directed towards investigating the inherent characteristics of drum-shaped size and stress on the conjugated teeth. Analytic results are presented to demonstrate the better performance of crown gear under heavy load in gear transmission and the relationship between drum-shaped size design and load.
Simulative Measurement on Conductivity and Permeability Distribution in Sensing Field of Electromagnetic Tomography
Authors: Dong Liu, Feng Dong
Venue: Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation - Volume 01 (2009)

Electromagnetic tomography is one kind of electrical impendence tomography which develops faster in recent years. The relation map between Electromagnetic field and measuring electric potential provides adequate prior information and consequently is crucial to image reconstruction of Electromagnetic Tomography (EMT). Firstly the forward problem of EMT is studied in this paper and a new 2-D model of eight homogenous coils is set up in simulative software named COMSOL Multiphysics, finite element method (FEM) is practiced in the solution of forward problem. The simulation on characters of object position, conductivity, and permeability in sensing field is carried out and seriously analyzed. The relation between conductivity of materials and detective electric potential are discussed, revealing that material distribution is mainly presented in the real part of the electric potential. The investigation on object field of EMT is beneficial not only to future reconstruction work but also to optimum design of sensor system.
Noise-tolerant windowing
Authors: Johannes Furnkranz
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifteenth international joint conference on Artifical intelligence - Volume 2 (1997)

Windowing has been proposed as a procedure for efficient memory use in the ID3 decision tree learning algorithm. However, it was shown that it may often lead to a decrease in performance, in particular in noisy domains. Following up on previous work, where we have demonstrated that the ability of rule learning algorithms to learn rules independently can be exploited for more efficient windowing procedures, we demonstrate in this paper how this property can be exploited to achieve noisetolerance in windowing.
Automated Verification of Signalling Principles in Railway Interlocking Systems
Authors: Karim Kanso, Faron Moller, Anton Setzer
Venue: Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS) (2009)

In this paper we present a verification strategy for signalling principles for the control of a railway interlocking system written in ladder logic. All translation steps have been implemented and tested on a real-world example of a railway interlocking system. The steps in this translation are as follows: 1. The development of a mathematical model of a railway interlocking system and the translation from ladder logic into this model. 2. The development of verification conditions guaranteeing the correctness of safety conditions. 3. The verification of safety conditions using a satisfiability solver. 4. The generation of safety conditions from signalling principles using a topological model of a railway yard.
A short unit to introduce multi-threaded programming
Authors: David P. Bunde
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2009)

We argue for the inclusion of concurrent programming in core courses of the computer science major and present a brief unit that quickly introduces some key concepts.
Analyzing Human Behaviors in an Interactive Art Installation
Authors: Takashi Kiriyama, Masahiko Sato
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part IV: Interacting in Various Application Domains (2009)

Arithmetik Garden is an interactive art installation designed to perform arithmetic operations by using the body. Analysis of data collected during its exhibitions shows that viewers behave differently than optimal solutions generated by computer. There is also an indication that viewer's emotional changes can be detected by monitoring interactions.
A polling model with an autonomous server
Authors: Roland Haan, Richard J. Boucherie, Jan-Kees Ommeren
Venue: Queueing Systems: Theory and Applications (2009)

This paper considers polling systems with an autonomous server that remains at a queue for an exponential amount of time before moving to a next queue incurring a generally distributed switch-over time. The server remains at a queue until the exponential visit time expires, also when the queue becomes empty. If the queue is not empty when the visit time expires, service is preempted upon server departure, and repeated when the server returns to the queue. The paper first presents a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, and subsequently analyzes the joint queue-length distribution via an embedded Markov chain approach. As the autonomous exponential visit times may seem to result in a system that closely resembles a system of independent queues, we explicitly investigate the approximation of our system via a system of independent vacation queues. This approximation is accurate for short visit times only.
Area ranking of fuzzy numbers based on positive and negative ideal points
Authors: Ying-Ming Wang, Ying Luo
Venue: Computers Mathematics with Applications (2009)

The maximizing set and minimizing set method is a popular ranking approach for fuzzy numbers, which ranks them based on their left, right and total utilities. This paper presents an alternative ranking approach for fuzzy numbers called area ranking based on positive and negative ideal points, which defines two new alternative indices for the purpose of ranking. The two new indices are defined in terms of a decision maker (DM)'s attitude towards risks and the left and the right areas between fuzzy numbers and the two ideal points. It is shown that the area ranking approach has strong discrimination power and can rank fuzzy numbers that are unable to be discriminated by the maximizing set and minimizing set method. It is also shown that the DM's attitude towards risks may have a significant impact on the ranking of fuzzy numbers. As a side product, a new defuzzification formula is also developed and discussed.
Kalman filtering with faded measurements
Authors: Subhrakanti Dey, Alex S. Leong, Jamie S. Evans
Venue: Automatica (Journal of IFAC) (2009)

This paper considers a sensor network where single or multiple sensors amplify and forward their measurements of a common linear dynamical system (analog uncoded transmission) to a remote fusion center via noisy fading wireless channels. We show that the expected error covariance (with respect to the fading process) of the time-varying Kalman filter is bounded and converges to a steady state value, based on some earlier results on asymptotic stability of Kalman filters with random parameters. More importantly, we provide explicit expressions for sequences which can be used as upper bounds on the expected error covariance, for specific instances of fading distributions and scalar measurements (per sensor). Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of these bounds.