ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
A High-Speed Oscillator-Based Truly Random Number Source for Cryptographic Applications on a Smart Card IC
Authors: Marco Bucci, Lucia Germani, Raimondo Luzzi, Alessandro Trifiletti, Mario Varanonuovo
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Computers (2003)

The design of a high-speed IC random number source macro-cell, suitable to be integrated in a Smart Card microcontroller, is presented. The oscillator sampling technique is exploited and a jittered oscillator which features an amplified thermal noise source has been designed in order to increase the output throughput and the statistical quality of the generated bit sequences. The oscillator feedback loop acts as an offset compensation for the noise amplifier, thus solving one of the major issues in this kind of circuit. A numerical model for the proposed system has been developed which allows us to carry out an analytical expression for the transition probability between successive bits in the output stream. A prototype chip has been fabricated in a standard digital 0.18\mu mn-well CMOS process which features a 10Mbps throughput and fulfills the NIST FIPS and correlation-based tests for randomness. The macro-cell area, excluding pads, is 0.0016mm^{2} (184\mu m \times 86\mu m) and a 2.3mW power consumption has been measured.
Developing Foundation for Strategy at Seagate Software
Authors: Jui Chiew Tan, Patrick T. Harker, Ralph L. Keeney
Venue: Interfaces (1999)

Seagate Software provides tools and applications for managing and accessing information. In 1995, Seagate Technology began building the company using a strategy of acquiring software companies with synergistic products for information, network, and storage management. After over a dozen acquisitions, it needed to integrate them into a single company with a common vision and a shared sense of values. To help, Seagate used value-focused thinking to create and organize a complete set of company objectives based on discussions with key individuals, originally from several different acquired companies. The discussions also provided a list of issues and decision opportunities to address. Seagate used the objectives as a foundation for talking about the desired properties of vision and mission statements and creating several possibilities for each. The process and the resulting vision and mission statements contributed to creating a single company with clear, agreed-upon direction.
A Markov-based channel model algorithm for wireless networks
Authors: Almudena Konrad, Ben Y. Zhao, Anthony D. Joseph, Reiner Ludwig
Venue: Wireless Networks (2003)

Techniques for modeling and simulating channel conditions play an essential role in understanding network protocol and application behavior. In [11], we demonstrated that inaccurate modeling using a traditional analytical model yielded suboptimal error control protocol parameters choices. In this paper, we demonstrate that time-varying effects on wireless channels result in wireless traces which exhibit non-stationary behavior over small window sizes. We then present an algorithm that extracts stationary components from a collected trace in order to provide analytical channel models that, relative to traditional approaches, more accurately represent characteristics such as burstiness, statistical distribution of errors, and packet loss processes. Our algorithm also generates artificial traces with the same statistical characteristics as actual collected network traces. For validation, we develop a channel model for the circuit-switched data service in GSM and show that it: (1) more closely approximates GSM channel characteristics than traditional Markov models and (2) generates artificial traces that closely match collected traces' statistics. Using these traces in a simulator environment enables future protocol and application testing under different controlled and repeatable conditions.
Using abstraction barriers to motivate the teaching of object-oriented concepts
Authors: Dale Shaffer
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2002)

The introductory concepts that are covered when students are introduced to the object-oriented paradigm can be taught from the perspective of abstraction barriers. The relationships between information hiding, encapsulation, and message passing can be more visible with the use of abstraction barriers. This paper proposes the use of abstraction barriers as a vehicle for introducing and reinforcing these topics in conjunction with the introduction to the object-oriented paradigm.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Board Test
Authors: Monica Lobetti-Bodoni, R. G. (Ben) Bennetts
Venue: IEEE Design Test (2003)

Modern, loaded-board assemblies are multilayer constructions, heavily populated by under-the-package bonded devices such as micro ball grid,column grid,and flip-chip arrays. Such boards offer very limited physical access to traditional, in-circuit bed-of-nail testers. Other testissues include defects in buried components; higher operating frequencies than earlier boards, which lower the tolerances on signal integrity; lower power supply voltages; the need for more-accurate thermal analysis; and electromagnetic compatibility. Many systems companies are struggling to design new boards that support prototype board debugging (design verification and defect analysis), manufacturing test for volume production (defect detection and location), systems integration (backplane testing), and field service (fast fault identification and repair).
A New Approach to Estimating the Probability of Winning the Presidency
Authors: Edward H. Kaplan, Arnold Barnett
Venue: Operations Research (2003)

As the 2000 election so vividly showed, it is Electoral College standings rather than national popular votes that determine who becomes President. But current pre-election polls focus almost exclusively on the popular vote. Here we present a method by which pollsters can achieve both point estimates and margins of error for a presidential candidate's electoral-vote total. We use data from both the 2000 and 1988 elections to illustrate the approach. Moreover, we indicate that the sample sizes needed for reliable inferences are similar to those now used in popular-vote polling.
Computation of the singularity induced bifurcation points in DAEs via extended system reduction
Authors: Kamal H. Yasir, Yun Tang
Venue: Applied Numerical Mathematics (2003)

Singularity-induced bifurcation (SIB) with one parameter is considered. This kind of bifurcation arise in parameter dependent differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) of the form x = f, 0 = g. The extended system reduction is introduced as a convenient method to compute the SIB points. Non-degeneracy conditions on the functions f and g are derived. Then under verification of these conditions, SIB points are associated with the nondegenerate equilibrium points of the extended system. An iterative method (e.g., Newton-Raphson) then can be used to compute the non-degenerate equilibrium points of the extended system which including the SIB points of the original DAEs. An example is given to illustrate the idea of this paper.
GridLab: a grid application toolkit and testbed
Authors: Ed Seidel, Gabrielle Allen, André Merzky, Jarek Nabrzyski
Venue: Future Generation Computer Systems (2002)

In this paper we present the new project called GridLab which is funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme. The GridLab project, made up of computer scientists, astrophysicists and other scientists from various application areas, will develop and implement the grid application toolkit (GAT) together with a set of services to enable easy and efficient use of Grid resources in a real and production grid environment. GAT will provide core, easy to use functionality through a carefully constructed set of generic higher level grid APIs through which an application will be able to call the grid services laying beneath in order to perform efficiently in the Grid environment using various, dramatically wild application scenarios.
Efficient Design and Sensitivity Analysis of Control Charts Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Michael C. Fu, Jian-Qiang Hu
Venue: Management Science (1999)

The design of control charts in statistical quality control addresses the optimal selection of the design parameters (such as the samp ling frequency and the control limits) and includes sensitivity analysis with respect to system parameters (such as the various process parameters and the economic costs of sampling). The advent of more complicated control chart schemes has necessitated the use of Monte Carlo simulation in the design process, especially in the evaluation of performance measures such as average run length. In this paper, we apply two gradient estimation procedures-perturbation analysis and the likelihood ratio/score function method-to derive estimators that can be used in gradient-based optimization algorithms and in sensitivity analysis when Monte Carlo simulation is employed. We illustrate the techniques on a general control chart that includes the Shewhart chart and the exponentially-weighted moving average chart as special cases. Simulation examples comparing the estimators with each other and with "brute force" finite differences demonstrate the possibility of significant variance reduction in settings of practical interest.
Reactive GRASP: An Application to a Matrix Decomposition Problem in TDMA Traffic Assignment
Authors: Marcelo Prais, Celso C. Ribeiro
Venue: INFORMS Journal on Computing (2000)

A greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) is a metaheuristic for combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we describe a GRASP for a matrix decomposition problem arising in the context of traffic assignment in communication satellites. We review basic concepts of GRASP: construction and local search algorithms. The local search phase is based on the use of a new type of neighborhood defined by constructive and destructive moves. The implementation of a GRASP for the matrix decomposition problem is described in detail. Extensive computational experiments on literature and randomly generated problems are reported. Moreover, we propose a new procedureReactive GRASP, in which the basic parameter that defines the restrictiveness of the candidate list during the construction phase is self-adjusted according to the quality of the solutions previously found. The approach is robust and does not require calibration efforts. On most of the literature problems considered, the newReactive GRASP heuristic matches the optimal solution found by an exact column-generation with branch-and-bound algorithm.
Nonparametric Efficiency Estimation In Stochastic Environments
Authors: Thierry Post, Laurens Cherchye, Timo Kuosmanen
Venue: Operations Research (2002)

This paper develops a new nonparametric model for efficiency estimation. In contrast to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), it does not impose debatable production assumptions like free disposability and convexity, and it does not assume that the data are measured without error. The estimators are asymptotically unbiased and have an asymptotic variance that is comparable to that of stochastic frontier estimators (provided the latter use a correct specification of the functional form for the production relationships). In addition, the estimators can be computed using a simple enumeration algorithm.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Approachability
Authors: Xavier Spinat
Venue: Mathematics of Operations Research (2002)

In the framework of two-person repeated games with vector payoffs, Blackwell defined the property of approachability and introduced a sufficient condition for it. He also proved that this condition is necessary in the case of convex sets.We generalize this result: A set is approachable if and only if it contains a set that satisfies Blackwell's condition.
Disentangling the Theories of Firm Boundaries: A Path Model and Empirical Test
Authors: Melissa A. Schilling, H. Kevin Steensma
Venue: Organization Science (2002)

Theories on the motivation underlying firm boundaries have recently sparked renewed debate. What best explains whether a firm relies on market control or hierarchical control to secure required resources? How do the characteristics of the resources come into play? In this study, we consider a comprehensive path model of the governance mode decision for sourcing technological know-how. By integrating different perspectives on firm boundaries, including transaction cost economics, a resource-based view, and an options perspective, we link characteristics of the technology (i.e., uniqueness, barriers to imitation, commercial uncertainty, technological dynamism) to the perceived threat of opportunism, the potential for sustainable advantage, and the pursuit of a licensing agreement vis-Ã -vis the outright acquisition of the firm that possesses the desired know-how. We use structural equation modeling to analyze 127 sourcing arrangements. Our results show that technological dynamism and barriers to imitation indirectly influence the governance mode decision by increasing the perceived threat of opportunism. Commercial uncertainty directly influences the governance mode and decreases the likelihood of an acquisition vis-Ã -vis a licensing agreement. Although uniqueness and barriers to imitation are also positively associated with the perceived potential for sustainable advantage, the potential for sustainable advantage had no direct effect on governance mode. Implications and suggestions for further research are offered.
Continuous WOWA operators with application to defuzzification
Authors: Vicenç Torra, Lluís Godo
Venue: Aggregation operators: new trends and applications (2002)

The basic operations for combining real values are the weighted mean (WM) and the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator. The weighted mean allows the system to compute an aggregate value from the ones coming from several sources, taking into account the reliability of each information source. Alternatively, the OWA operator allows the user to weight the values supplied in relation to their alternative ordering. The Weighted OWA operator (WOWA) allows the user to consider both aspects using two sets of weights. In this chapter we describe an extension of the WOWA operator to the continuous case after arguing its convenience. Then, we analyze the use of this operator for defuzzification.
Minimum hypervolume clustering algorithm
Authors: Jacek Leski, Norbert Henzel
Venue: Machine Graphics Vision International Journal (2002)

The Hard C-Means (HCM) clustering method is one of the most popular clustering methods based on minimization of a criterion function. However, one of the greatest disadvantage of this method is that the performance of the HCM is good only when the data set contains clusters that have approximately the same size and shape. The paper is devoted to a new clustering algorithm, called minimum hypervolume clustering (MHC), that seeks c hyperellipsoids with the smallest hypervolumes that enclose all the data points. Performances of the new clustering algorithm are experimentally verified using synthetic and real life data containing clusters with different sizes and orientations.
Designing wrapper components for e-services in integrating heterogeneous systems
Authors: Massimo Mecella, Barbara Pernici
Venue: The VLDB Journal &mdash; The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases (2001)

Component-based approaches are becoming more and more popular to support Internet-based application development. Different component modeling approaches, however, can be adopted, obtaining different abstraction levels (either conceptual or operational). In this paper we present a component-based architecture for the design of e-applications, and discuss the concept of wrapper components as building blocks for the development of e-services, where these services are based on legacy systems. We discuss their characteristics and their applicability in Internet-based application development.
Diversion Issues in Real-Time Vehicle Dispatching
Authors: Soumia Ichoua, Michel Gendreau, Jean-Yves Potvin
Venue: Transportation Science (2000)

Recent technological advances in communication systems now allow the exploitation of realtime information for dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling. It is possible, in particular, to consider diverting a vehicle away from its current destination in response to a new customer request. In this paper, a strategy for assigning customer requests, which includes diversion, is proposed, and various issues related to it are presented. An empirical evaluation of the proposed approach is performed within a previously reported tabu search heuristic. Simulations compare the tabu search heuristic, with and without the new strategy, on a dynamic problem motivated from a courier service application. The results demonstrate the potential savings that can be obtained through the application of the proposed approach.
Attention Shaping and Software Risk-A Categorical Analysis of Four Classical Risk Management Approaches
Authors: Kalle Lyytinen, Lars Mathiassen, Janne Ropponen
Venue: Information Systems Research (1998)

This paper examines software risk management in a novel way, emphasizing the ways in which managers address software risks through sequential attention shaping and intervention. Software risks are interpreted as incongruent states within a socio-technical model of organizational change that includes task, structure, technology, and actors. Such incongruence can lead to failures in developing or implementing the system and thus to major losses. Based on this model we synthesize a set of software risk factors and risk resolution techniques, which cover the socio-technical components and their interactions. We use the model to analyze how four classical risk management approaches-McFarlan's portfolio approach, Davis' contingency approach, Boehm's software risk approach, and Alter's and Ginzberg's implementation approach-shape managerial attention. This analysis shows that the four approaches differ significantly in their view of the manager's role and possible actions. We advise managers to be aware of the limitations of each approach and to combine them to orchestrate comprehensive risk management practices in a context. Overall, the paper provides a new interpretation of software risk management which goes beyond a narrow system rationalism by suggesting a contingent, contextual, and multivariate view of software development.
Classroom-based assessment in an object-oriented programming course
Authors: Anne M. Cable
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2001)

We discuss the use of Primary Trait Analysis (PTA) [4] as an assessment tool in the computer science curriculum. In the Fall 2000 semester, we used this methodology to assess student learning in a junior-level object-oriented programming class. We give an assessment plan that evolved from the PTA developed for that course. The assessment plan includes a list of the primary traits of a successful student along with a scoring rubric for each trait. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology.
Collection development for virtual libraries
Authors: Patricia Pettijohn, Tina Neville
Venue: Building a virtual library (2003)

The evolution from paper to electronic resources transforms the way that information is owned, shared, and accessed. For libraries, the commodification of digital information has long-term implications for the acquisition and development of library collections. As licensing replaces purchasing, and the business practices of software companies replace those of publishers, access to information on demand supersedes collection building, and cooperative acquisitions supplement local collection development. Growing demand for full-text online content that can be easily searched and remotely accessed has led libraries to depend on a host of intermediary agents and cooperatives. Within this landscape of proliferating information and diminishing buying power, it is not surprising that when the Digital Library Federation launched an informal survey of the major challenges confronting research libraries, respondents identified digital collection development as their greatest challenge (Greenstein, 2001).In this chapter, we will look first at how libraries have responded to this paradigmatic shift by pioneering new collection development strategies, and then examine the changing responsibilities of collection development librarians in an electronic environment.
Sensitivity analysis for dynamic systems with time-lags
Authors: Fathalla A. Rihan
Venue: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2003)

Many problems in bioscience for which observations are reported in the literature can be modelled by suitable functional differential equations incorporating time-lags (other terminology: delays) or memory effects, parameterized by scientifically meaningful constant parameters p or/and variable parameters (for example, control functions) u(t). It is often desirable to have information about the effect on the solution of the dynamic system of perturbing the initial data, control functions, time-lags and other parameters appearing in the model. The main purpose of this paper is to derive a general theory for sensitivity analysis of mathematical models that contain time-lags. In this paper, we use adjoint equations and direct methods to estimate the sensitivity functions when the parameters appearing in the model are not only constants but also variables of time. To illustrate the results, the methodology is applied numerically to an example of a delay differential model.
Internal Capital Markets: Benefits, Costs, and Organizational Arrangements
Authors: Julia Porter Liebeskind
Venue: Organization Science (2000)

Diversification not only internalizes transactions of goods and services, but it also internalizes transactions of capital. Hence, the value of diversification will depend, inter alia, on whether internal capital markets are relatively efficient or inefficient. This essay reviews and discusses the possible benefits and costs of internal capital markets by conducting a careful comparative institutional analysis. The essay concludes that internal capital markets can add value to lines of business only under a limited number of circumstances. Some recent developments in the organization of internal capital markets in diversified firms can be understood as attempts to increase their efficiency.
On quenching with logarithmic singularity
Authors: Timo Salin
Venue: Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods Applications (2003)

In this paper we study the quenching problem for the reaction diffusion equation ut-uxx = f(u) with Cauchy-Dirichlet data, in the case where we have only a logarithmic singularity, i.e., f(u) = ln(αu), α ∈ (0,1). We show that for sufficiently large domains of x quenching occurs, and that under certain assumptions on the initial function, the set of quenching points is finite.The main result of this paper concerns the asymptotic behavior of the solution in a neighborhood of a quenching point. This result gives the quenching rate for the problem. We also obtain new blow-up results for the equation vt - vxx = αvev - vx2. These concern the occurrence of blow-up, the blow-up set and the asymptotics in a neighborhood of a blow-up point. The analysis is based on the equivalence between the quenching and the blow-up for these two equations.