ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
An exploratory, human engineering study of DARCOM human-computer interfaces in management information systems
Authors: Daniel E. Hendricks
Venue: Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems (1982)

The field which studies human-machine interaction is usually called human factors or human engineering. The DARCOM Directorate of Management Information (DMIS) requested the US Army Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL) to investigate human factors aspects of current MIS systems and provide guidelines for use by system designers. The study involved the use of semi-structured interviews and observations at seven DARCOM installations covering a wide variety of MIS applications to obtain a composite picture of DARCOM MIS users, positive human engineering aspects of current systems, and problems in human-computer interaction. MIS users, for this study, were defined broadly as those who design and program systems, those who are involved in the preparation or input of data into a computer, those who receive or obtain information from a computer system, and those who manage computer systems.
Shape-from-Shading Using a Curvature Consistency Constraint
Authors: Philip L. Worthington, Edwin R. Hancock
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (1999)

This paper makes two contributions to the problem of needle-map recovery using shape-from-shading. Firstly, we provide a geometric update procedure which allows the image irradiance equation to be satisfied as a hard-constraint. This improves the data-closeness of the recovered needle-map. Secondly, we consider how topographic constraints can be used to impose local consistency on the recovered needle-map. We present a curvature consistency model, and provide an experimental assessment of the new SFS framework on both real-world images and synthetic images with known ground-truth surface-normals.
N.mPc: A retrospective
Authors: Charles W. Rose, Greg M. Ordy, Frederic I. Parke
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

N.mPc, a mature, UNIX*-based computer-aided design tool is described. Its structure, performance, and limitations are discussed together with its applications to the design of multiple processor hardware/software systems and VLSI.
User involvement with EDP systems development
Authors: David R. Skeen
Venue: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual SIGCPR conference (1977)

Ever since the first business computer was used to assist the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951, an enormous number of user projects have failed to materialize and have joined other &ldquo;rusty&rdquo; software projects in the computer junkyard. Thus, the history of computer project development has become tainted with failure after failure. When one asks users what went wrong with their EDP project, they spill out their woeful tales and expound upon how the data processing (DP) project members could not understand what the user wanted, and how long it took before they were shown results. By the time the results were reviewed, to the chagrin of both sides, little time remained before the user's critically needed product was due. When members of the DP community are asked what went wrong, they begin to unravel a sad story that the user did not know what he wanted, was complacent about the project, and took an enormous amount of time to decide what was really needed. In the final analysis, three very clear problems begin to emerge, namely, (1) data processing did not understand the area of application or the mission of the organization, (2) the user did not or was not allowed to fully participate in developing the DP project, and (3) communications between DP, user and top level management deteriorated almost to the point of physical violence.
The Bell Telephone Laboratories automatic graphic schematic drawing program
Authors: William R. DeHaan
Venue: Proceedings of the SHARE design automation project (1966)

This paper describes an Automatic Schematic Drawing program developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories. This computer drawing program is written in the Macro Assembly Language. It is designed to permit the automatic generation of schematic drawings for digital equipment. Data&mdash;regarding electrical components and connectivity&mdash;is extracted from a master design file and processed by the program on either the IBM 7090/94 or IBM 7040/44 computer. Graphic output is provided by the Stromberg-Carlson 4020 High Speed Microfilm Recorder. Before discussing the drawing program, an outline of the design procedures employed for digital equipment will be presented. The emphasis will be upon those design procedures where the automatic design capabilities are maximally employed. This outline provides background for the environment in which the drawing program operates, the type of data with which it works, and the role it plays in the design feedback loop.
A generalized APL shared variable system
Authors: Subramanya K. Shastry
Venue: Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL (1975)

This paper describes a generalized APL shared variable system which provides a communication facility for two or more APL programs. It is an extension of the system used in APLSV and can control the communication of more than two processors. Some of the system functions used in the system are borrowed from APLSV and some more are defined to simplify the control mechanism. These additional system functions can also be used to detect deadlocks that may occur when two or more processors communicate.
A study of storage partitioning using a mathematical model of locality
Authors: E. G. Coffman,  Jr., Thomas A. Ryan,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Operating systems principles (1971)

This paper appears in the March, 1972, issue of the Communications of the ACM. Its abstract is reproduced below. Both fixed and dynamic storage partitioning procedures are examined for use in multiprogramming systems. The storage requirement of programs is modeled as a stationary Gaussian process. Experiments justifying this model are described. By means of this model dynamic storage partitioning is shown to provide substantial increases in storage utilization and operating efficiency over fixed partitioning.
Three criteria for designing computing systems to facilitate debugging
Authors: Earl C. Van Horn
Venue: Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles (1967)

The designer of a computing system should adopt explicit criteria for accepting or rejecting proposed system features. Three possible criteria of this kind are input recordability, input specifiability, and asychronous reproducibility of output. These criteria imply that a user can, if he desires, either know or control all of the influences affecting the content and extent of his computer's output. To define the scope of the criteria, the notion of an abstract machine of a programming language and the notion of a virtual computer are explained. Examples of applications of the criteria concern the reading of a time-of-day clock, the assignment of capability indices, and memory reading protection in multiprogrammed systems.
System growth and capacity planning a tutorial
Authors: Herb Schwetman
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM '82 conference (1982)

As a computer system continues to operate, it is almost inevitable that the demands for service increase, both in number and in amount amount of service per demand. At some point, the service level degrades to an unacceptable level, and some action must be taken: either reduce the demands or improve the system. It is the hope of system managers that these episodes of increasing demand, unacceptable service and implementation of a remedy could be anticipated, so that an orderly plan of operation could be initiated.
The use of information theory and personal probabilities in computer based learning
Authors: Richard Vawter
Venue: ACM SIGCUE Outlook (1976)

If a student to machine response falls outside a predetermined range during computer based instruction, then some off line procedures (or an ignore command) must be invoked. This observation points out that student to machine response is generally that of a multiple choice format with a perhaps large, but still finite, list of possible responses. In this paper we will discuss the uses of information theory and the Bayesian philosophy of probability to evaluate student to machine responses when there is a well defined set of possible answers.
Improving white collar productivity
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference (1980)

One of the most alarming of the multitude of the government's labor statistics is the levelling of and decline of the productivity of the American worker. In the last seven years, the U.S. has dropped from forth to tenth in the international ratings of productivity. Although some experts claim that the method of computing the statistics is responsible for the decline, these statistics area clear harbinger of problems in American industry. In this session, we focus upon the problems of the white collar sector and explore means by which computing technology can be applied to increase the productivity of the white collar worker. The presentations deal with both philosophical and practical aspects of the problem. The initial emphasis is upon current successful applications in this environment. An important factor in the acceptance of these systems developed in these cases have been limited to particular enterprises. The next very important step that must be taken is the production of general purpose systems with wide application audiences. A critical design decision in the creation of such systems is the determination of the proper hardware configuration and software environment for their development. Factors such as cost, performance, and usability carry a heavy weight in this decision. The panel considers these tradeoffs in the light of currently available technology and expected future innovations. The final topic to be addressed is the forecasting of the long term implications of automation upon the white collar worker. The potential benefits of the proper application of computing technology to this environment and the ramifications of its misapplication are pondered. Audience participation will be stimulated during this panel session so that a broad spectrum of views on this important subject can be brought forth.
There's still a place for interpreters
Authors: Robert E. Machol, William J. Eccles, J. Carter Bays
Venue: Proceedings of the 1961 16th ACM national meeting (1961)

The emphasis is on compilers. There is no mention of the lowly nearly-machine-language interpreter which requires the user to write a program on a computer code. Three reasons are usually advanced for the employment of compilers. First, it is said that this is a method of teaching the machine to understand the user. Second, compilers are a way of speeding up the coding procedure, for now the user may write his program in a &ldquo;problem-oriented&rdquo; language. Third, anyone can learn how to use a computer if he can understand the problem which he has to solve.
Graph-optimization techniques for IC layout and compaction
Authors: Gershon Kedem, Hiroyuki Watanabe
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

This paper describes a new approach for IC layout and compaction. The compaction problem is translated into a mixed integer-linear programming problem of a very special form. A graph based optimization algorithm is used to solve the resulting problem. An experimental program that uses the above techniques is described. The program could be used either as an aid to hand layout or as the bottom part of an automatic layout generation program.
Demonstration of interactive symbolic and algebraic manipulation systems (Panel Session)
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 2 (1972)

Attendees of this session will be able to see a number of interactive systems for algebraic manipulation &ldquo;in action&rdquo; and compare their capabilities.
A spline package in APL
Authors: Robert J. Korsan
Venue: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on APL (1974)

Interpolation is the fundamental numerical technique used for approximating the operations of the calculus. Polynomial interpolation is the most often used form of interpolation. The past twenty five years nave seen the development of spline interpolation. Spline interpolation theory has become synonomous with many aspects of numerical analysis. The question is &ldquo;Why?&rdquo; It has not been generally recognized that polynomial interpolation has many defects when used to represent physical data. Polynomials are beautiful examples of analytic functions. This implies that their local behavior determines their global behavior. Anyone dealing with real world phenomena can tell you that phase changes, resonance properties, modal systems, etc. have precisely the opposite behavior. The simplest form of a spline is a collection of polynomials patched together so as to be smooth. The &ldquo;best approximation&rdquo; property of splines is responsible for their leading role in numerical analysis. This paper will, provide a very brief introduction to spline theory and in particular cubic splines. It will also describe a package which has been developed on the Scientific Time Sharing Corporation's APL PLUS (registered trade mark) system. The areas of application to be discussed include mathematics, statistics, engineering, simulation and finance.
Providing state of the art information systems for small government agencies: a case study in technology transfer
Authors: Lorraine Borman, Gregory J. Suski
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 annual conference (1976)

Data base management systems, utilizing advanced techniques and methodologies, are being designed and developed by research groups on university campuses today. This paper describes how the capabilities and resources of one such system, normally used by faculty, students, and staff in a university environment, are being introduced and incorporated into a non-academic professional planning application. As a case in point, we present a plan to integrate the resources, talents, and needs of small size city and county planning departments with the facilities and expertise of information specialists based on a nearby university campus. The stated goals, the resources, the methodologies, the difficulties, and the successes are presented. Also discussed is the concept of &ldquo;technology brokers&rdquo;&mdash;people whose function is to bridge the communications gap that is often present between technology developers and potential users.
Development of &ldquo;APPLES&rdquo;&mdash;a generalized discrete event model
Authors: Gordon F. Mead, Candice Howard Prince
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1977)

This paper describes the development of APPLES (All Purpose PLant Event Simulator), a general discrete event model used for simulating certain classes of chemical plants. The model, which was developed to eliminate the need to build additional single plant models and to replace a series of successful models [3], has demonstrated better results and lower costs. Special features of APPLES are its open-endedness and its rear-end driven flow. Open-endedness means that the authors have constructed a basic model which is complete in itself, but which can easily be changed and appended. APPLES is rear-end driven, i.e., the user specifies what is to be removed from the system and the program generates what is to enter the system. This paper presents a synopsis of the model followed by a simplified example. The heart of paper is, however, the discussion of the stages of the APPLES development. The techniques described can be applied to the development of any large computerized model. The APPLES project is on-going. At the end of the current phase, another project will start, bringing additions and modifications to extend the usefulness and applicability of APPLES.
A generalized channel router
Authors: David W. Hightower, Robert L. Boyd
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th Design Automation Conference (1980)

A &ldquo;generalized&rdquo; channel router operates on horizontal and vertical channels generated from an irregular cell structure, and is free of a routing grid. Such a router can solve virtually any routing problem. It has two major phases: the global routing phase and the channel routing phase. This paper describes both phases as they have been implemented at TI. It concludes with a demonstration of the versatility of the router (it is used to solve the Hampton Court Maze) and with applications of the router in TI's I2L (Integrated Injector Logic) / STL (Schottky Transistor Logic) Automatic Layout System.
A survey of high level microprogramming languages
Authors: Marleen Sint
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1980)

This paper surveys the current state of design and implementation of high level microprogramming languages. First, a number of important design issues are formulated. Next, four microprogramming languages are considered in detail, to see how each of them has approached these issues. Brief remarks are made about six other languages. Finally, some concluding remarks are made.
Designing application versatility into a software package for numerically controlled drafting machines
Authors: A. R. Barkocy
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th Design Automation Conference (1967)

The design objective for our task may be simply stated as &ldquo;the development of a software package useable as a programming tool for numerically controlled drafting machines.&rdquo; From this point on, the problem becomes quite a bit more involved. You see, this software package, as well as any other software package, cannot be developed for the machine. It must be developed for the user of the machine. I am sure that you all realize that when the subject of applications for drafting machines is considered, a multitude of categories and industries must be accounted for. Our main concern is how best to satisfy the needs of these various users.
Propositional Dynamic Logic of looping and converse
Authors: Robert S. Streett
Venue: Proceedings of the thirteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1981)

Propositional Dynamic Logic can be extended to include both an infinitary iteration construct delta and a backtracking construct converse. The resulting logic does not satisfy the finite model property, but is nevertheless elementarily decidable. In order to establish this decidability result, deterministic two-way automata on infinite trees are defined and shown to be reducible to nondeterministic one-way automata on infinite trees. The decision procedure suggests a nonstandard semantics for the extended logic for which the finite model property does hold.
The placement problem as viewed from the physics of classical mechanics
Authors: Neil R. Quinn,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference (1975)

This paper presents a procedure for placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. The procedure is essentially force directed, solving a set of simultaneous nonlinear differential equations which are derived from the laws of physics. The paper derives the set of force equations, then develops an economical method for solving them.
Local and Global Approaches to Achieve Quantitative Measurement of Handwritings
Authors: Thierry Frêche, Nicole Vincent
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1999)

A writing style is defined from the global feeling that is coming when simply looking at a text. The text is not only an image, it has a proper orientation and we think that the inner structure of each text must be taken into account, that is to say the lines of the text are important. The parameters we are presenting here, are relying on the extraction of the text lines and on the definition of their upper and lower profiles. We show that a measurement of the evolution of the behavior of some characteristics of these profiles, when observation scales is modified, allows a quantification of different aspects in the handwritings. These new parameters are then interpreted, the link with some physical properties often present in handwriting are shown, such as the presence of loops or the sloping of the writing.
Roles for simulation in behavioral research
Authors: James R. Emshoff
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Winter simulation (1971)

Simulation models have been used in a variety of ways for behavioral research. This paper discusses appropriate and inappropriate roles for the technique in such research.
Putting the human factor into systems development
Authors: Ben Shneiderman
Venue: Proceedings of the eighteenth annual computer personnel research conference (1981)

As the community of computer users expands beyond experienced professionals to encompass novice users with little technical training, human factors considerations must play a larger role. &ldquo;Computer shock&rdquo; and &ldquo;terminal terror&rdquo; cannot be cured, they must be prevented by more careful human engineering during the system design phase. This paper offers four approaches to including human factors considerations during system design. These approaches focus on increasing user involvement and emphasize extensive pilot testing. Human factors cannot be added as refinements to a completed design; they must be a central concern during the initial requirements analysis and through every design stage.
A streamlined statistical system for the medical computer center (SPUD)
Authors: Malcolm C. Easton
Venue: Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (1969)

A number of program packages have been developed to facilitate statistical analyses of data. While these packages are capable of performing a comprehensive set of calculations, the difficulty in using them often seems greater than necessary. There are various considerations in the design of a &ldquo;streamlined&rdquo; statistical system. These include the ability to deal with large problems with a minimum of card handling, automatic intercommunication between programs, and in particular, ease of use. The design of SPUD - Statistical Package Utilizing Disk is discussed. This system stores the user's data in a common direct-access file that can be read by all programs in the package. Arrangement of the data matrix in transposed form (by variable) provides for more rapid access than with sequential files (ordered by observation). The input stream is particularly simple, so that the user need have no detailed knowledge of, or experience with, computer systems or operations.
Application of fast-time discrete simulation techniques in evaluating aircraft collision avoidance algorithms
Authors: Barry R. Billmann, Darrell Spracklin, Jacob Thomas
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th annual symposium on Simulation (1981)

This paper describes a digital discrete simulation system which is used as a test bed to analyze and validate Aircraft Separation Assurance (ASA) algorithms at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center in Pomona, New Jersey. This dynamic interactive system, the Fast-Time Encounter Generator (FTEG), provides special computer simulation capabilities required to support the evaluation of the Active Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS). As part of the overall BCAS project, the FAA Technical Center is utilizing the FTEG to investigate the performance of the collision avoidance logic. This use and some of the results of the investigations will be discussed. Other uses of the FTEG will also be presented.