ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Tools for interactive map conversion and vectorization
Authors: L. Eikvil, K. Aas, H. Koren
Venue: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2 (1995)

The process of converting an analog map into structured digitized information requires several different operations, which are all time-consuming when performed manually. Strictly automatic processing is not always a possible solution, and an interactive approach can then be an alternative. The paper describes a tool for map conversion, focusing on the functionality for extraction of line structures. An interactive approach is used as it gives the user an opportunity to survey the process, and utilize human knowledge. The methods are based on contour following, extracting centre points needed for accurate vector representation of the line during tracing.
High-speed image scaling for integrated document management
Authors: Kuniaki Tabata, Tetsuo Machida, Haruo Takeda, Hiroaki Kambayashi
Venue: ACM SIGOA Newsletter (1984)

Document information often includes image data (eg. handwritten annotations, signatures, maps, sketches and photos) as well as alphanumeric and other coded data. Thus, the capability of handling these image data plays an important role in reforming current office-work activities. This paper presents a high-speed scaling method to enlarge or reduce digital images defined as two-dimensional pixel arrays. Scale factors are assumed to be rational numbers R/r and S/s for the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively, where R, S, r, s denote positive integers. Under this assumption, coordinate determination for image scaling is performed by simple table look-up and shift operations. This method excludes time-consuming arithmetic operations for coordinate determination. Thus, high-speed scaling is realized. Experiments showed that the execution time per output pixel is about 150 ns when the shift clock frequency is 8 MHz. The proposed algorithm has been successfully applied to a multi-functional office workstation featuring integrated functions of data processing, document processing and image processing.
Setting the foundations of computer science in a business oriented program
Authors: Pentti A. Honkanen
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1975)

From the computer science educators point of view, each of these transitions should be made as rapidly and completely as possible. Here again rises the eternal trade-off: time vs storage. A complete transition requires time, which the student might be reluctant to invest; and a quick transition requires cramming so much information into a short time span that the student cannot absorb it. This paper focuses on this problem as it currently faces us who are &ldquo;transforming&rdquo; undergraduate business majors into the ways of computer science. The business major is no slouch that has to be re-tooled, but rather a practically oriented person whose approach to problem analysis has to be reoriented to include a more rigorous approach.
An interactive APL graphics system
Authors: Stuart G. Greenberg, Craig I. Johnson
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on APL (1972)

An experimental APL graphics system operating under CP-67/CMS and communicating with an 1130/2250-IV is described. Features which make this system useful in interactive design are emphasized. As an example of the usefulness of the graphics system, an interactive plotting package is presented in detail.
KENSUR: An architecture oriented towards programming languages translation
Authors: F. Andre, J. P. Banatre, H. Leroy, G. Paget, F. Ployette, J. P. Routeau
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on Computer Architecture (1980)

The project KENSUR aiming in breaking down a compiler into a set of concurrent processes and in having them executed onto a network of processors is currently developed at I.R.I.S.A. This paper discusses three main aspects of the construction of this network. i) The various steps involved in the design of such a distributed system are described and the architecture adapted to the logical structure and dynamic characteristics of the application is presented. ii) The architecture of the currently implemented prototype is presented and problems with inter-processor communications and memory sharing are discussed. iii) The kernel system facilities for process management and synchronisation are described.
An information-theoretic approach to time bounds for on-line computation (preliminary version)
Authors: Wolfgang J. Paul, Joel I. Seiferas, Janos Simon
Venue: Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1980)

Static, descriptional complexity (program size) [16, 9] can be used to obtain lower bounds on dynamic, computational complexity (such as running time). We describe and discuss this &ldquo;information-theoretic approach&rdquo; in the following section. Paul introduced it in [13], to obtain restricted lower bounds on the time complexity of sorting. We use the approach here to obtain lower time bounds for on-line simulation of one abstract storage unit by another. A major goal of our work is to promote the approach.
Automatic Correction of Bias Field in Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: María Garza-Jinich, Verónica Medina, Oscar Yañez, Peter Meer
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (1999)

Two fully automatic restoration-segmentation algorithms are proposed for the processing of biased magnetic resonance images. A first approach is based on an expectation- maximization procedure, where the initial conditions for the class distribution parameters and the number of classes are obtained, without any a priori knowledge, from a mode-based analysis of the biased image. A second approach relies completely on the mode-based analysis to update the number of classes and distribution parameters in every iteration. Both methods give accurate results even for overlapping distributions distorted by a gain factor of up to 40%. The possibility of having automatic initial conditions provides an important enhancement to previously reported methods.
ASCE Avionic System Configuration Evaluation
Authors: Joe Clema, Stephen Zissos
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th Design Automation Conference (1978)

ASCE - Avionic System Configuration Evaluation A novel approach to the problems associated with the development of total avionics systems design and evaluation is described. The ASCE framework provides a general, interactive aid for comparing and evaluating hardware/software systems configurations. Adopting ideas and methodologies from existing programs and ongoing research (FOSS, SCERT, ISDOS, ECSS, etc.) a detailed structure is presented utilizing the best features from these systems and several new approaches. Design weaknesses existing in these programs are alleviated where possible, and several innovative features developed by the authors are incorporated into the methodology of ASCE.
Report on the philosophy and mechanics of the Urban Education Committee of Philadelphia
Authors: Howard Griffin, Paul Gravelle
Venue: Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on SIGCPR (1969)

The Urban Education Committee was formed to determine what, if anything, the Delaware Valley Chapter of the Association of Computing Machinery could do to help place the disadvantaged into entry-level jobs in the computing industry. This paper deals with the philosophy and the implementation of that philosophy formulated by the Training and Curriculum Committee.
Management Information System simulation models: A conceptual approach
Authors: Stanley R. Weingart
Venue: Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (1969)

Management Information Systems (MIS) provide management with information necessary for decision making in all areas of the firm. This paper presents a conceptual approach to construction of MIS simulation models. Such models may be used for efficient structuring of real world systems. The approach used herein incorporates a simple system of flow diagramming the functional elements of the MIS. From the flow diagrams a set of difference equations is developed to provide a model structure for computer simulation runs. The &ldquo;quality&rdquo; of the MIS is determined by the information content of the data provided for the management decision making.
An APL microprogramming structure
Authors: Stanley M. Nissen, Steven J. Wallach
Venue: Conference record of the 6th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1973)

Several papers have been published (Ref. 1, 2, 3) which describe an APL machine. The APL machines by Zaks, et al and Hassitt, et al, describe a microprogrammed approach which uses pre-existing microinstruction formats and machine capabilities. No special hardware was added to enhance the execution of APL statements.
Assigning wires to layers of a printed circuit board
Authors: Frank Rubin
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th Design Automation Workshop (1973)

To minimize vias in a printed circuit board it is valuable to assign each wire to a layer of the board, and to try one-layer paths for each wire before attempting paths with vias. The basis for making the assignment is to minimize a measure of interference between the wires on each layer: straight line intersections, rectangle intersections, and L-path intersections. Of these, the L-path (one horizontal and one vertical line segment) intersections produce the least congested, most easily routed assignments. Two algorithms from the existing literature for reducing the number of intersections to zero (by increasing the number of layers), are judged to be computationally infeasible for practical sized problems. The algorithms of Rozenberg and Rupp (A1), and of S.B. Akers (A2,A3) are practical, but produce more intersections than four new algorithms due to the author (A4 to A7). In particular, Algorithm 7 produces results as good as exhaustive pairwise interchanges at one-third the cost. It is cheaper than all but the Rozenberg and Rupp algorithm, which is used as its first pass. And it produces far better assignments than all one-pass algorithms tested.
An extension of the domain of the APL domino function to rank deficient linear least squares systems
Authors: Augustin A. Dubrulle
Venue: Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL (1975)

This paper presents an extension of the domain of the APL Domino function to systems of linear equations the matrix of which contains linearly dependent columns. This extension is based on the concepts of minimum and basic least squares solutions, and pseudo-inverses [1,2], which have found many applications in various areas such as statistics [3] and mathematical programming [4]. In the following, basic definitions and properties of least squares solutions and pseudo-inverses are summarized, and a formal description of the proposed algorithms is illustrated with APL formulations and results of test runs. The necessary mathematical background and the details of the methods briefly described here are contained in the References.
A retargetable microcode generation system for a high-level microprogramming language
Authors: Peter Marwedel
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1981)

A system for the generation of microcode from a high-level microprogramming language is presented. The system is independent of the target machine because it is table-driven by a separate hardware declaration. It is applicable for horizontally microprogrammed machines.
Health Computing: Curriculum for an emerging profession - report of the ACM curriculum committee on health computing education
Authors: K. A. Duncan, R. H. Austing, S. Katz, R. E. Pengov, R. E. Pogue, A. I. Wasserman
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference (1978)

Computing has great potential for impacting favorably the rising costs of health care and many other aspects of the health care delivery system. Application of computers in health care has not kept pace with available technology. One substantial factor in this relative lack of progress is the need for more and better trained health computing professionals. Although a number of graduate and post-doctoral programs do exist, these have had little identifiable impact. A part of this problem is due to the fact that career rewards are lacking because the discipline has not been well defined and there is no concrete professional identity among health computing specialists. The ACM Curriculum Sub-Committee on Health Computing Education was founded in the belief that a model curriculum for health computing could provide the foundation and the needed impetus for acceptance of health computing as a discipline or profession. The group has been working since June, 1977, to establish such a model curriculum, and this paper reports on the curriculum status. The group has evolved a core curriculum and has outlined the four specialty areas, or tracks, in which graduates may work. The core curriculum is described, and the probable career paths and training proposed for each of the tracks are discussed.
The role of engineering in the evolving technology/automation interface
Authors: Peter E. Barck
Venue: Proceedings of the 18th Design Automation Conference (1981)

In the past two decades we have experienced a growth in computer power by a factor of ten per decade at no increase in cost; or conversely, the cost of computers for the same performance and functionality is dropping respectively. This to a large extent has fueled the computer revolution. Advances in some of the associated technologies are contributing to this trend: Particularly the cost of semiconductors for a given function dropped 40% per year, mass storage about 30% per year. The cost per Watt of power supply remained constant. Software development costs showed minor improvements, while communication (lines/paper) increased. Thus, it becomes apparent that computer engineering has to focus on rebalancing of the technologies: Capitalize on the decreasing cost of computer logic, apply computing power to improved communications, find a way to cope with the evergrowing need for software. Where does this industry go from here? Distributed Processing may be a way: We must make use of multiple interconnected computer systems to permit computing to be done where the work is, to permit resource sharing of software, and to ease the communication (documentatio~bottlenecks. The next series of figures graphically demonstrate this trend. How will this impact computer engineering? System complexities will increase with the added burden of much greater reliability than today. Time to market will be shorter as well as a critical design parameter. All this at no increase in product cost. To meet these needs the engineering strategies will have to be more system oriented, integrating manufacturing and field service requirements in a top down, full hierarchial process.
A min-cut placement algorithm for general cell assemblies based on a graph representation
Authors: Ulrich Lauther
Venue: Proceedings of the 16th Design Automation Conference (1979)

A new placement algorithm for general cell assemblies is presented which combines the ideas of polar graph representation and min-cut placement. First a detailed description of the initial placement procedure is given, then the various methods for placement improvement (rotation, squeezing, reflecting) and global routing are discussed. A sample circuit is used to demonstrate the performance of the algorithms. Results are shown to compare favorably with manually achieved solutions.
LL versus LR parsing with illustrations from ALGOL 68
Authors: R. B. Hunter, A. D. McGettrick, R. Patel
Venue: Proceedings of the Strathclyde ALGOL 68 conference (1977)

The relative merits of LL and LR parsing methods are compared, particular reference being made to ALGOL 68. The fact that LR methods can be applied to a wider class of languages does not seem to give them a significant advantage in practice.
Abilities for ADP occupations: Assessment of high and low education job applicants
Authors: Joseph Seiler
Venue: Proceedings of the third annual computer personnel research conference (1965)

As the title of my presentation implies, I will focus on assessment techniques to be employed in appraising individual potential for success in automatic data processing occupations. Also implied is that the level of education of the job applicant should be a factor in determining the appropriate instrument for aptitude appraisal. Most of the research and related experiences which I will describe are directly allied to national manpower programs of the United States Department of Labor.
Introduction to SIMAN
Authors: C. Dennis Pegden
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1 (1983)

This paper discusses the concepts and methods for simulating manufacturing systems using the SIMAN simulation language. SIMAN is a new general purpose simulation language which incorporates special purpose features for modeling manufacturing systems. These special purpose features greatly simplify and enhance the modeling of the material handling component of a manufacturing system.
A survey of transient circuit analysis programs
Authors: Gary K. Pritchard
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th Design Automation Conference (1967)

This paper compares the major features of several digital computer programs for nonlinear transient circuit analysis. The features of the programs are presented from the user's viewpoint and include discussions of the capabilities, limitations, and availability of each program. There are in existence a number of transient circuit analysis computer programs. Most of these programs can be applied to Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics (TREE) problems. Since there is no current, comparative documentation on the capability, limitations, and availability of these programs, the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) requested the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) review the programs in existence.
Perspective on local area networks
Authors: Deepinder P. Sidhu
Venue: Proceedings of the 1983 annual conference on Computers : Extending the human resource (1983)

This note summarizes current status of local area network offerings, local area network standardization activities, and growth projections for the LAN market during 1982-90.
Development of behaviorally based rating scales
Authors: Joseph C. Hoyle, Richard D. Arvey
Venue: Proceedings of the tenth annual SIGCPR conference (1972)

This paper describes an attempt to discover the major dimensions of job behavior and to develop instruments to measure performance along these dimensions for individuals employed in three basic jobs: systems analysts (SAs), programmer analysts (PAs), and computer operators (COs). The work was performed for a large midwest computer manufacturer which employs approximately 3,000 Electronic Data Processing (EDP) personnel in the United States.
The process of growth in a statewide educational computing system: the California example
Authors: James L. Ross, Mark Hayes
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 annual conference (1976)

This paper examines one case of building a statewide academic computing network. The current structure of the academic and administrative computer system will be examined, followed by a discussion of factors in the growth of system use by essentially uninitiated computer users. Both the factors contributing to this growth process and those which tended to impede it will be examined.
An application of software science to the quantitative measurement of code quality
Authors: Farid A. Naib
Venue: ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review (1982)

The error rate of a software application may function as a measure of code quality. A methodology has been developed which allows for the accurate prediction of the error rate and hence code quality prior to an application's release. Many factors were considered which could conceivably be related to the error rate. These factors were divided into two categories: those factors which vary with time, and those factors which do not vary with time. Factors which vary with time were termed environmental factors and included such items as: number of users, errors submitted to date, etc. Factors which do not vary with time were termed internal factors and included Halstead metrics, McCabe metrics and lines of code.
Validating register allocations for straight line programs
Authors: Ravi Sethi
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1972)

Straight line programs are essentially sequences of assignment statements. A general program consists of straight line segments with flow of control between these segments. The interfaces between a straight line segment and the rest of the program place constraints on register allocations for the segment. These constraints may render a register allocation for a straight line program unrealizable. An algorithm is given to determine if a register allocation for a straight line program is realizable. It is shown that the algorithm takes 0(n3) steps, where n is the number of statements in the program. An unrealizable assignment may be made realizable by introducing stores into memory at appropriate points. It is shown how the minimum number of such stores may be found.
Manual dexterity-a user-oriented approach to creating computer documentation.
Authors: Patricia Wright
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (1983)

This paper will not advocate list of firm recommendations about document design because it is recognised that design decisions will vary with many factors. Instead, the present discussion will emphasize that when making these decisions it is necessary for designers to take account of how readers will use the information provided. In order to help them do this, a simple framework is proposed which outlines the rudiments of how people interact with technical documents. The advantages of this framework will be illustrated by using it to motivate design decisions at two decision levels. At a &ldquo;macro&rdquo; level the document designer must make broad decisions about the contents and format of the manual. At a &ldquo;micro&rdquo; level the designer must select particular combinations of linguistic, graphic and typographic options which will help readers locate, understand and implement the information given in the manual.
Applications of pipelining to firmware
Authors: David M. Proulx
Venue: ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (1984)

It has been found that pipelining at the firmware level of machine organization can provide significant execution time benefits for certain types of instructions. The essential concept involved with this approach is the pipelining of operations within the hardware under direct control of the firmware, rather than the pipelining of microinstructions. Specifically, multiple data values exist within the machine's datapaths which have undergone different amounts of processing. This paper describes the application of these techniques to a specific pipelined computer. A brief description of the system level pipeline is provided with two examples of the firmware pipeline approach. The operations of floating point normalization and memory transfers have been described in detail.