ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
A Tiered-Color Illumination Approach for Machine Inspection of Solder Joints
Authors: David W. Capson, Sai-Kit Eng
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (1988)

An experimental color vision inspection system for the detection of solder joint flaws on printed circuit boards is described. A tiered lighting arrangement is used to generate color contours on the solder joint for the detection and classification of defects including no solder, insufficient or excess solder, poor wetting of component leads or solder pad, and faults due to improper insertion of component leads. Each type of defect gives rise to a characteristic pattern of color contours which are processed using binary image techniques on each color plane of the image. Geometric descriptors measuring the shape of the color contours and the color level intensities of the solder joint images are used to identify each defect class. Statistical distributions are determined for each of the good and defective joint classes, from which a flaw detection and classification tree is derived. The performance of the system was tested on samples of commercially manufactured, wave-soldered circuit boards.
A simulator for a reduced PDP-11/34
Authors: Gerhard Ohlendorf, Martin Willmann
Venue: ACM SIGSIM Simulation Digest (1987)

In this paper a simulating system for a reduced version of the PDP-11/34 running under control of a debugger is introduced and some applications are shown.
File access performance of diskless workstations
Authors: Edward D. Lazowska, John Zahorjan, David R. Cheriton, Willy Zwaenepoel
Venue: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) (1986)

This paper studies the performance of single-user workstations that access files remotely over a local area network. From the environmental, economic, and administrative points of view, workstations that are diskless or that have limited secondary storage are desirable at the present time. Even with changing technology, access to shared data will continue to be important. It is likely that some performance penalty must be paid for remote rather than local file access. Our objectives are to assess this penalty and to explore a number of design alternatives that can serve to minimize it. Our approach is to use the results of measurement experiments to parameterize queuing network performance models. These models then are used to assess performance under load and to evahrate design alternatives. The major conclusions of our study are: (1) A system of diskless workstations with a shared file server can have satisfactory performance. By this, we mean performance comparable to that of a local disk in the lightly loaded case, and the ability to support substantial numbers of client workstations without significant degradation. As with any shared facility, good design is necessary to minimize queuing delays under high load. (2) The key to efficiency is protocols that allow volume transfers at every interface (e.g., between client and server, and between disk and memory at the server) and at every level (e.g., between client and server at the level of logical request/response and at the level of local area network packet size). However, the benefits of volume transfers are limited to moderate sizes (8-16 kbytes) by several factors. (3) From a performance point of view, augmenting the capabilities of the shared file server may be more cost effective than augmenting the capabilities of the client workstations. (4) Network contention should not be a performance problem for a lo-Mbit network and 100 active workstations in a software development environment.
An object-oriented construction and tool kit for human-computer communication
Authors: G Fischer
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1987)

Over the last several years, we have developed an object-oriented, knowledge-based construction kit for human-computer communication (HCC) and a large number of associated tools and intelligent support systems needed to exploit this kit effectively. Answers to the "HCC design question" are given by providing appropriate building blocks which suggest the way HCC's should be built. The object-oriented system architecture is highly flexible and enhances the reusability of many building blocks. In designing new HCC capabilities the designer can use either existing objects or objects with minor modifications, and can thereby rely on standard and well-tested components. Our support tools analyze HCC systems, provide assistance and guidance in building them, and create informative graphical displays of their structure. They help the designer regain control over systems that have become too complex to master without support tools. Our research efforts have given us an understanding of how the concepts and abstractions of our HCC toolkit have evolved and of what it means today to design new systems that make use of various types of graphical representations, icons, windows, and menus.
Generation of run-time environments
Authors: Gail E. Kaiser
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1986)

Attribute grammars have been used for many years for automated compiler construction. Attribute grammars support the description of semantic analysis, code generation and some code optimization in a formal declarative style. Other tools support the automation of lexical analysis and parsing. However, there is one large part of compiler construction that is missing from our toolkit: run-time environments. This paper introduces an extension of attribute grammars that supports the generation of run-time environments. The extension also supports the generation of interpreters, symbolic debugging tools, and other execution-time facilities./
Alternative software development paradigms
Authors: W. Lively
Venue: Proceedings of the 1987 Fall Joint Computer Conference on Exploring technology: today and tomorrow (1987)

Two major issues concern the development of software today. Productivity and user requirements definition need to be satisfactorily dealt with to meet the needs of software users in the future. There is considerable debate about the nature of the software development process and what constitutes a software development environment. This session presents four papers dealing with the pertinent issues of automatic programming (AP), rapid prototyping, object-oriented design and reusability which strongly impact the software development process and software development environments. Automatic programming has been around for a long time. Where are we today? How automatic is the programming really? What advances need to be made in the future to truly realize the goals of AP? Two of the papers will address these issues and give projections for the future. The determination of user requirements is a tremendous problem. How can the user tell the developer what he wants when the user doesn't know? Rapid prototyping has been advanced as a possible solution. If early user involvement in the requirement definition phase of system development can be accomplished in a meaningful way, we may be able to better define user requirements. Several of the presenters will address these concerns. One problem with the development of systems today is the lack of a strong semantic base for development paradigm mechanisms being employed. Both object-oriented design and AP provide possible solutions to these problems. Several view-points will be explored on this issue. To truly enhance productivity reusability needs to be strongly utilized in software systems development. One presenter today proposes that much more than code needs to be reused. What are these other items? What are the other major issues in reusability? Where are we today in our attempts to use reusability? These and related issues will be addressed. After the paper presentations, we will have a panel discussion with the goal to highlight major issues and focus on future research. Hopefully the audience will provide insightful questions to stimulate a lively discussion. Please feel free to participate.
Student computer consultants for small business&mdash;A viable option
Authors: Edward G. Rodgers
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1987)

Small business organizations represent a significant share of U.S. economic activity. Entrepreneurs in such organizations routinely make broad decisions which have a major impact on their businesses, yet they are plagued with making such decisions without adequate information. Decision support systems and information databases are normal resources available to decision makers in larger organizations, but the entrepreneur in the small business organization generally operates with little or no data processing or systems capability.
SAMP: a general purpose processor based on a self-timed VLIW structure
Authors: Lothar Nowak
Venue: ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (1987)

A high-performance, general purpose processor has been designed, using various technology independent methods to improve performance. Its structure offers a large degree of parallelism and is adjusted to the application. A novel control unit, which asynchronously controls instruction execution by tokens, allows the evaluation of very complex expressions without any reference to clock cycles. The main memory communicates via 4 ports with the processor and avoids a bottleneck in accessing data. The processor performance is measured and compared with several commercial systems.
Color gamut mapping and the printing of digital color images
Authors: Maureen C. Stone, William B. Cowan, John C. Beatty
Venue: ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) (1988)

Principles and techniques useful for calibrated color reproduction are defined. These results are derived from a project to take digital images designed on a variety of different color monitors and accurately reproduce them in a journal using digital offset printing. Most of the images printed were reproduced without access to the image as viewed in its original form; the color specification was derived entirely from calorimetric specification. The techniques described here are not specific to offset printing and can be applied equally well to other digital color devices. The reproduction system described is calibrated using CIE tristimulus values. An image is represented as a set of three-dimensional points, and the color output device as a three-dimensional solid surrounding the set of all reproducible colors for that device, called its gamut. The shapes of the monitor and the printer gamuts are very different, so it is necessary to transform the image points to fit into the destination gamut, a process we call gamut mapping. This paper describes the principles that control gamut mapping. Included also are some details on monitor and printer calibration, and a brief description of how digital halftone screens for offset printing are prepared.
Termination of rewriting
Authors: Nachum Dershowitz
Venue: Journal of Symbolic Computation (1987)

This survey describes methods for proving that systems of rewrite rules are terminating programs. We illustrate the use in termination proofs of various kinds of orderings on terms, including polynomial interpretations and path orderings. The effect of restrictions, such as linearity, on the form of rules is also considered. In general, however, termination is an undecidable property of rewrite systems.
An undergraduate course in software psychology
Authors: Thomas T Hewett
Venue: ACM SIGCHI Bulletin (1987)

Some years ago I undertook to develop a course in Software Psychology. Originally using the model in Shneiderman's book (1980), I gradually modified the course to suit my own interests and conception of the field. Currently, the course focuses on two issues---the cognitive psychology of computer programming and the application of cognitive psychology to design and evaluation of Human-Computer Interfaces, with greatest emphasis upon interface design and evaluation. Currently, the ten week course involves a mixed lecture, discussion, and demonstration format with students doing a short written critique of an application program, a mid-term examination, a final examination, and a design project.
How not to lie with statistics: the correct way to summarize benchmark results
Authors: Philip J. Fleming, John J. Wallace
Venue: Communications of the ACM (1986)

Using the arithmetic mean to summarize normalized benchmark results leads to mistaken conclusions that can be avoided by using the preferred method: the geometric mean.
Relations as semantic constructs in an object-oriented language
Authors: James Rumbaugh
Venue: Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications (1987)

The relation as a semantic construct in an object-oriented language clearly expresses associations and constraints among objects which would otherwise be buried in implementation code. The externalization of references between objects permits a symmetric, non-redundant conceptual model which merits its own special notation and predefined operations. The object-relation model, which combines the object-oriented model with the entity-relationship model from data base theory, is particularly useful for designing and partitioning systems of interrelated objects. Relations can be implemented efficiently using hash tables. The model proposed here has been fully implemented in an object-oriented language written by the author which has been used to implement several production applications.
Linear hashing with overflow-handling by linear probing
Authors: Per-Åke Larson
Venue: ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS) (1985)

Linear hashing is a file structure for dynamic files. In this paper, a new, simple method for handling overflow records in connection with linear hashing is proposed. The method is based on linear probing and does not rely on chaining. No dedicated overflow area is required. The expansion sequence of liner hashing is modified to improve the performance, which requires changes in the address computation. A new address computation algorithm and an expansion algorithm are given. The performance of the method is studied by simulation. The algorithms for the basic file operations are very simple, and the overall performance is competitive with that of other variants of linear hashing.
Technology Selection: An Educational Approach
Authors: William E. Riddle, Lloyd G. Williams
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (1987)

Creating and enhancing a software engineering work force requires several different types of continuing education for software professionals, including: task-oriented education, enhancement-oriented education and selection-oriented education. In this paper, we focus on the important, but often neglected, category of selection-oriented education. We begin with a discussion of technology selection, indicating what it involves, how it contributes to improving the state of practice, and why it is key to technology improvement in general. This is followed by a discussion of some criteria for selection-oriented education programs. We then describe the selection-oriented education activities at the Rocky Mountain Institute of Software Engineering and relate some problems encountered in establishing these activities.
Toward the Next Generation of Data Modeling Tools
Authors: C. R. Carlson, Adarsh K. Arora
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (1985)

This paper describes the Update Protocol Model (UPM), a formal language for the expression of database update semantics. UPM has been used primarily to capture and communicate in a precise and uniform notation the plethora of database semantics described by a variety of "fourth generation" models, many of which are imprecise when it comes to update semantics. Several computing trends-knowledge-based expert systems, distributed database management systems, and new applications based on higher order semantic models-point to the need for modeling techniques beyond that which current data models such as the relational and entity-relationship models provide.
Design of priority schemes in CSMA/CD local area networks
Authors: Yih-Long Chang, Sheldon Shen
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th annual symposium on Simulation (1987)

This paper compares the performance of three message based priority protocols in CSMA/CD local area networks. The major thesis is that traffic loads and message ratios are critical factors in network system performance. Thus, a message based priority protocol should not be designed based on any assumption on traffic and ratios. Since the dynamic protocol, proposed by Shen and Liu [12], is traffic and ratio independent, we argued that it should outperform the other two protocols, given a wide range of traffic and ratios. We perform 600 experiments and the statistics indeed confirms our contention, with a chance of errors in most cases below only .01%.
Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction
Authors: Fernando Flores, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield Terry Winograd
Venue: ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) (1988)

The goal of this paper is to relate theory to invention and application in the design of systems for organizational communication and management. We propose and illustrate a theory of design, technology, and action that we believe has been missing in the mainstream of work on office systems. At the center of our thinking is a theory of language as social action, which differs from the generally taken-for-granted understandings of what goes on in an organization. This approach has been presented elsewhere, and our aim here is to examine its practical implications and assess its effectiveness in the design of The Coordinator, a workgroup productivity system that is in widespread commercial use on personal computers.
An interface between VHDL and EDIF
Authors: M. Shahdad
Venue: Proceedings of the 24th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (1987)

The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) and the Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) are becoming industry standards for hardware design and documentation. Potential users of these standards are interested in understanding the application range of each standard and the way each standard relates to the other. This paper presents scenarios in which VHDL and EDIF can contribute to different aspects of the design process, as well as the technical issues in providing a design interface between VHDL and EDIF. Both standards are currently being reviewed and revised [1, 2]. In this paper we have used VHDL Version 1076/A [3] and EDIF Version 110 [4].
Implementing priorities in multiaccess protocols for optical fiber-based local area netorks
Authors: T Vo-Dai
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM conference on Communications architectures protocols (1986)

Most recently proposed optical fiber-based LAN architectures may be considered as different implementations of the basic round-robin transmission service in different topologies using special signal patterns or events to achieve the effect of the token passing protocol. Prioritizing the transmission of various data and control messages is necessary for time-critical applications (e.g. in data sensor or process control applications). Some extensions of the basic CSMA-CD protocol to handle packet priorities have been proposed for bidirectional channels but prioritized multiaccess protocols taking advantage of the unidirectional property of optical channels do not appear to be widely available yet. The main thrust of this paper is to propose some distributed prioritized multiaccess protocols for twin-bus optical channels. We will introduce two prioritized protocols: one uses the token packet to convey and enforce priorities and the other employs time-outs to achieve prioritization. Our protocols require only backlogged stations to be active.
An algorithm for fast polynomial approximation
Authors: Ronald W Gatterdam
Venue: ACM SIGSMALL/PC Notes (1987)

An algorithm is presented for the computation of the coefficients of least square fitting polynomials. The algorithm is such that multiplication is not required with respect to the data points. Since the only multiplication required is by system constants, and that only for the final computation, this algorithm is suitable for real time computation on small microprocessors. Explicit coefficients are given for the quadratic case.
A software architecture for supporting the exchange of electronic manuscripts
Authors: S. A Mamrak, M. J Kaelbling, C. K. Nicholas, M. Share
Venue: Communications of the ACM (1987)

As electronic-manuscript exchange becomes more prevalent, problems arise in translating among the wide variety of electronic representations. The optimum solution is a system that can support both the use and the creation of translation tools.
The information transfer specialist in successful implementation of decision support systems
Authors: Gemma M Welsch
Venue: ACM SIGMIS Database (1986)

This research investigates the role of the information transfer specialist as a technical intermediary and integrating agent in the acceptance and effective utilization of decision support systems (DSS). A multi-dimensional measure of perceived DSS implementation success is presented as the dependent variable, and the facilitative and technical functions of the specialist are specified as the independent variables. Measurement scales are developed for both sets of variables and the psychometric properties of the scales are tested using hierarchic cluster analysis for scale construction and Chronbach's alpha for scale reliability. Forty-five mature decision support systems served to field test the measurement scales and the research hypotheses. The findings show a positive correlation between the presence of an information transfer specialist and perceived DSS implementation success.
Missile maintenance pipeline model
Authors: Paul M. Chilson, Rodney E. Schultz
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th annual symposium on Simulation (1987)

This paper presents a large scale computer aided Logistics tool for modeling missile maintenance strategies and for analyzing missile availability and other impacts due to programmatic changes in the missile maintenance system. Included are user written modifications made to a standard simulation model written in the GPSS/H programming language to model this specific application.
The Current Mode Fuzzy Logic Integrated Circuits Fabricated by the Standard CMOS Process
Authors: T Yamakawa, T Miki
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Computers (1986)

Nine basic fuzzy logic circuits employing p-ch and n-ch current mirrors are presented, and the fuzzy information processing hardware system design at a low cost with only one kind of master slice (semicustom fuzzy logic IC) is described. The fuzzy logic circuits presented here will be indispensable for a "fuzzy computer" in the near future.