ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
All Optical Multicast Routing in Sparse-Splitting Optical Networks
Authors: Cheng-Yu Hsieh, Wanjiun Liao
Venue: Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (2003)

This paper studies all-optical multicast routing inwavelength-routed optical networks with sparse lightsplitting. In a sparse splitting network, only a smallpercentage of nodes are capable of light splitting, i.e.,multicast capable. The typical solutions of existingmulticast routing algorithms for sparse splitting networkscombine an existing Steiner Tree heuristic with somererouting procedures to refine the trees. The resulting treecost in terms of the total number of wavelengths used on alltree links is then very expensive. In this paper, we proposea new mechanism that constructs all-optical multicasttrees for sparse splitting networks without an additionalrerouting procedure in the tree construction. Two efficientapproaches are suggested and evaluated by simulations.The results show that our mechanism builds light-treeswith the least wavelength channel cost and with thesmallest number of wavelengths used per link.
An agent-based approach to flexible commerce in intermediary-centric electronic markets
Authors: Duen-Ren Liu, Tzyy-Feng Hwang
Venue: Journal of Network and Computer Applications (2004)

The growth of electronic-markets (e-markets) necessitates the processing of many commerce protocols (processes). Each protocol handles different messages and flows of transactions among customers, merchants and intermediaries. Developing applications for each commerce protocol is costly and impractical. Accordingly, developing a flexible model of Internet commerce to support various commerce protocols is important. Moreover, the emergence of intermediaries is inevitable as e-markets grow. This work analyzes various trading processes and the roles of intermediaries, and proposes a flexible agent-based model of intermediary-centric commerce. The proposed model applies basic transaction functions to compose various commerce protocols. Agent technology and an event-driven approach are employed to process flexibly the complex trading interactions among the participants. The agent-based approach enhances scalability and makes complex trading interactions more tractable. Furthermore, an agent-based prototype system is deployed. The novel system is extensible and facilitates flexible trading interactions to support various commerce protocols in e-markets.
Decomposition of Instruction Decoder for Low Power Design
Authors: Wu-An Kuo, TingTing Hwang, Allen C. -H. Wu
Venue: Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 1 (2004)

Microprocessors have been used in wide-ranged applications. During the execution of instructions, instruction decoding is a major task for identifying instructions and generating control signals for data-paths. By exploiting program behaviors, we propose a novel instruction-decoding approach for power minimization. Using the proposed instruction-decoding structure, we present a partitioning method that decomposes the instruction-decoding circuit into two sub-circuits according to the execution frequencies of instructions. Using our proposed decoding structure, only one sub-circuit will be activated when executing an instruction. Experimental results have demonstrated that our proposed approach achieves on an average of 26.71% and 15.69% power reductions for the instruction decoder and the control unit, respectively.
Robust finger tracking for wearable computer interfacing
Authors: Sylvia M. Dominguez, Trish Keaton, Ali H. Sayed
Venue: Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces (2001)

Key to the design of human-machine gesture interface applications is the ability of the machine to quickly and efficiently identify and track the hand movements of its user. In a wearable computer system equipped with head-mounted cameras, this task is extremely difficult due to the uncertain camera motion caused by the user's head movement, the user standing still then randomly walking, and the user's hand or pointing finger abruptly changing directions at variable speeds. This paper presents a tracking methodology based on a robust state-space estimation algorithm, which attempts to control the influence of uncertain environment conditions on the system's performance by adapting the tracking model to compensate for the uncertainties inherent in the data. Our system tracks a user's pointing gesture from a single head mounted camera, to allow the user to encircle an object of interest, thereby coarsely segmenting the object. The snapshot of the object is then passed to a recognition engine for identification, and retrieval of any pre-stored information regarding the object. A comparison of our robust tracker against a plain Kalman tracker showed a 15% improvement in the estimated position error, and exhibited a faster response time.
Concept-level access control for the Semantic Web
Authors: Li Qin, Vijayalakshmi Atluri
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on XML security (2003)

Recently, the notion of the Semantic Web has been introduced to define a machine-interpretable web targeted for automation, integration and reuse of data across different applications. Under the Semantic Web, web pages are annotated by concepts that are formally defined in ontologies along with the relationships among them. As information pertaining to different concepts has varying access control requirements, in this paper, we propose an access control model for the semantic web that is capable of specifying authorizations over concepts defined in ontologies and enoforcing them upon data instances annotated by the concepts. It is important to note that semantic relationships among concepts play a key role in making access control decisions. This is because, based on the relationship, one may infer information contained in one concept node from that of the other. Therefore, we first identify the important domain-independent relationships among concepts, categorize them and propose propagation policies based on these categories of relationships. In particular, we allow propagation of authorizations based on the semantic relationships among concepts to prevent illegal inferences. We then show how concept-level security polices can be represented in an OWL-based access control language. Finally, we demonstrate how users' requests can be handled under our access control model. Our concept-level model is especially suitable for the specification and administration of access control over semantically related web data under the Semantic Web even if they conform to different DTDs or use different tag names.
Information security management: a new paradigm
Authors: Jan H. P. Eloff, Mariki Eloff
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on Enablement through technology (2003)

Information security management needs a paradigm shift in order to successfully protect information assets. Organisations must change to the holistic management of information security, requiring a well-established Information Security Management System (ISMS). An ISMS addresses all aspects in an organisation that deals with creating and maintaining a secure information environment. Organisational management and their staff to manage information security cost-effectively can use the ISMS. It can also help with the assessment of the trustworthiness of an organisation's information security arrangements by other organisations. An intelligent mix of aspects such as policies, standards, guidelines, codes-of-practice, technology, human issues, legal and ethical issues constitute an ISMS. Ideally organisations should opt for a combination of these different aspects in establishing an ISMS. The initial combination of all the aspects might by a bridge too far when embarking on the establishment of an ISMS, forcing organisations to take a 'phased' approach. One approach can be to implement the controls as contained in a standard such as ISO17799. In this case information security is driven from a management process point of view and referred to as 'process security'. Another approach that also complement or add to process security, is to use certified products in the IT infrastructure environment when possible. The approach here focuses on technical issues and is referred to as 'product security'.
Enhancing project management as an instrument for costing and controlling in small- and medium-sized enterprises
Authors: Bardo Fraunholz
Venue: Technologies & methodologies for evaluating information technology in business (2003)

This chapter presents an introduction to a Project Management Costing and Controlling System to enhance traditional project management in order to integrate all business processes of a project-driven organisation. In order to achieve this, we analyzed relevant business processes in project-driven SMEs of a particular industry and utilized this knowledge to develop an architecture for the proposed system. We describe how reuse and a multiple levels of abstraction can help to organize projects and add precision to traditional project management, thus adding extra value. With this system, the author hopes to make project management more attractive for SMEs by creating a fully integrated system to steer a project-driven business. This will assist firms to become more competitive with the added benefit of gaining easy access to vital knowledge about their process and cost structure.
System Architecture for Psychological Customization of Communication Technology
Authors: Marko Turpeinen, Timo Saari
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04) - Track 7 - Volume 7 (2004)

Personalization is a process that changes the functionality, interface, information content, orappearance of a system to increase its personal relevance to an individual. Personalization systems accommodate individual's needs and interests explicitly through changes and selections initiated by the user, and implicitly through automatic adaptation techniques. Currently most of the emphasis in personalization systems is geared towards the utilitarian aspects of personalized information delivery. However, what is lacking is the customization of information based on its likely emotional and cognitive effects on different users of communication technology. Information presented to individual users or a group of users may be customized on the basis of the immediate emotional and cognitive types of psychological effects it is likely to enable or create in certain individuals or groups. Both content and its wayof presentation (modality, visual layouts, ways of interaction, structure) may be varied. Despite obvious complexities empirical evidence suggests that the way of presenting information to certain psychological profiles has predictable psychological effects. For instance, one may facilitate positive emotion for users with certain personality type or more efficient learningfor certain cognitive styles. This is the basic concept of Mind-Based Technologies. Psychological Customization may be considered an operationalization and technique of implementing the concept of Mind-Based Technologies in system design. Psychological customization may be used for controlling social interaction-centric and individual-centric influence of the content and way of presentation of information on consequent and transient emotional and cognitive effects. This paper explores the design space and presents a basic system architecture to implement Psychological Customization.
Estimation of optical parameters of very thin films
Authors: Ernesto G. Birgin, Ivan E. Chambouleyron, José Mario Martínez, Sergio D. Ventura
Venue: Applied Numerical Mathematics (2003)

In recent papers, the problem of estimating the thickness and the optical constants (refractive index and absorption coefficient) of thin films using only transmittance data has been addressed by means of optimization techniques. Models were proposed for solving this problem using linearly constrained optimization and unconstrained optimization. However, the optical parameters of "very thin" films could not be recovered with methods that are successful in other situations. Here we introduce an optimization technique that seems to be efficient for recovering the parameters of very thin films.
Temporal representation of state transitions
Authors: Jixin Ma, Brian Knight, Ephraim Nissan
Venue: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing (1999)

This paper describes a knowledge-based temporal representation of state transitions for industrial real-time systems. To allow expression of uncertainty, we shall define fluents as disjuncts of positive/negative time-varying properties. A state of the world is represented as a collection of fluents, which is usually incomplete in the sense that neither the positive form nor the negative form of some properties can be implied from it. The world under consideration is assumed to persist in a given state until an action(s) takes place to effect a transition of it into another state, where actions may either be instantaneous or durative. High-level causal laws are characterized in terms of relationships between actions and the involved world states. An effect completion axiom is imposed on each causal law to guarantee that all the fluents that can be affected by the performance of the corresponding action are governed. This completion requirement is practical for most industrial real-time applications and in fact provides a simple and effective treatment to the so-called frame problem.
Information preservation in networks of autonomous archives
Authors: Hector Garcia-Molina
Venue:  (2003)

An ever increasing amount of information is being stored digitally, and people are becoming more and more dependent on it. However, very little is understood about how to preserve digital information for long time periods. Media failures, natural disasters and bankruptcy all conspire to cause information loss over decades or centuries. Such failures rob future generations of vital scientific and cultural artifacts. To address this problem, we have developed a distributed digital archive that is based on the concept of multiple autonomous archives cooperating to provide preservation. For such a system to effectively preserve data for the long term, it must be as self-supervising as possible. Moreover, the system should be structured so that autonomous archives have an incentive to collaborate and share resources. This dissertation discusses the design and implementation of a distributed archive that has these properties. At each archive site, an import module automatically transfers important digital information into a write-once archive store. This information is then replicated to remote sites through a data trading negotiation, which ensures that the information is preserved even in the case of whole site failures. A robust and scalable searching mechanism allows users to locate data anywhere in the archive network, even if the original index or search portal has failed.
Maximum of entropy for credal sets
Authors: Joaquin Abellan, Serafin Moral
Venue: International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems (2003)

In belief functions, there is a total measure of uncertainty that quantify the lack of knowledge and verifies a set of important properties. It is based on two measures: maximum of entropy and non-specificity. In this paper, we prove that the maximum of entropy verifies the same set of properties in a more general theory as credal sets and we present an algorithm that finds the probability distribution of maximum entropy for another interesting type of credal sets as probability intervals.
Qos-assuring multicast in wdm networks
Authors: Jianping Wang
Venue:  (2003)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation networks to provide abundant bandwidth. Multicast is a means of one-to-many communication which demands simultaneous transmission from a source to a set of receivers. With the introduction of applications demanding various measurements of Quality of Service (QoS), the multicast problem becomes more challenging in terms of end-to-end delay, delay jitter, and loss. Supporting QoS multicast in WDM networks is an important research issue toward providing multicast service in IP over WDM Networks. In this dissertation, I study different models to achieve QoS-assuring multicast in WDM networks under different resource constraints.
Interconnect-power dissipation in a microprocessor
Authors: Nir Magen, Avinoam Kolodny, Uri Weiser, Nachum Shamir
Venue: Proceedings of the 2004 international workshop on System level interconnect prediction (2004)

Interconnect power is dynamic power dissipation due to switching of interconnection capacitances. This paper describes the characterization of interconnect power in a state-of-the-art high-performance microprocessor designed for power efficiency. The analysis showed that interconnect power is over 50% of the dynamic power. Over 90% of the interconnect power is consumed by only 10% of the interconnections. Relations of interconnect power to wire length distribution and hierarchy level of nets were examined. In light of the results, a router's algorithms were modified, to use larger wire spacing and minimal length routing for the high power consuming interconnects. The power-aware router algorithm was tested on synthesized blocks, demonstrating average saving of 14% in the dynamic power consumption without timing degradation or area increase. The results demonstrate the obtainable benefits of tuning physical design algorithms to save power.
A new damascene architecture for high-performance metal-insulator-metal capacitors integration
Authors: A. Farcy, J. Torres, V. Arnal, M. Fayolle, H. Feldis, F. Jourdan, M. Assous, J. L. Di Maria, V. Vidal
Venue: Microelectronic Engineering (2003)

As high-performance metal-insulator-metal capacitors are required for new technologies, an innovative architecture was developed with standard damascene processes used for copper interconnect realization. Low-cost damascene capacitors were integrated with thin Si3N4 films, leading to 2.9 fF/µm2 capacitance values and low leakage currents, demonstrating this architecture ability to reduce the insulators thickness, thus achieving high-performance passive implementation for mixed integrated circuits.
Upper and Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Generalised Resolution and Generalised Constraint Satisfaction Problems
Authors: Oliver Kullmann
Venue: Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence (2004)

Capturing propositional logic, constraint satisfaction problems and systems of polynomial equations, we introduce the notion of systems with finite instantiation by partial assignments, fipa-systems for short, which are independent of special representations of problem instances, but which are based on an axiomatic approach with instantiation (or substitution) by partial assignments as the fundamental notion. Fipa-systems seem to constitute the most general framework allowing for a theory of resolution with nontrivial upper and lower bounds. For every fipa-system we generalise relativised hierarchies originating from generalised Horn formulas [14,26,33,43], and obtain hierarchies of problem instances with recognition and satisfiability decision in polynomial time and linear space, quasi-automatising relativised and generalised tree resolution and utilising a general &ldquo;quasi-tight&rdquo; lower bound for tree resolution. And generalising width-restricted resolution from [7,14,25,33], for every fipa-system a (stronger) family of hierarchies of unsatisfiable instances with polynomial time recognition is introduced, weakly automatising relativised and generalised full resolution and utilising a general lower bound for full resolution generalising [7,17,25,33].
Boosting Image Retrieval
Authors: Kinh Tieu, Paul Viola
Venue: International Journal of Computer Vision (2004)

We present an approach for image retrieval using a very large number of highly selective features and efficient learning of queries. Our approach is predicated on the assumption that each image is generated by a sparse set of visual &ldquo;causes&rdquo; and that images which are visually similar share causes. We propose a mechanism for computing a very large number of highly selective features which capture some aspects of this causal structure (in our implementation there are over 46,000 highly selective features). At query time a user selects a few example images, and the AdaBoost algorithm is used to learn a classification function which depends on a small number of the most appropriate features. This yields a highly efficient classification function. In addition we show that the AdaBoost framework provides a natural mechanism for the incorporation of relevance feedback. Finally we show results on a wide variety of image queries.
Simulating market dynamics: interactions between consumer psychology and social networks
Authors: Marco A. Janssen, Wander Jager
Venue: Artificial Life (2003)

Markets can show different types of dynamics, from quiet markets dominated by one or a few products, to markets with continual penetration of new and reintroduced products. In a previous article we explored the dynamics of markets from a psychological perspective using a multi-agent simulation model. The main results indicated that the behavioral rules dominating the artificial consumer's decision making determine the resulting market dynamics, such as fashions, lock-in, and unstable renewal. Results also show the importance of psychological variables like social networks, preferences, and the need for identity to explain the dynamics of markets. In this article we extend this work in two directions. First, we will focus on a more systematic investigation of the effects of different network structures. The previous article was based on Watts and Strogatz's approach, which describes the small-world and clustering characteristics in networks. More recent research demonstrated that many large networks display a scale-free power-law distribution for node connectivity. In terms of market dynamics this may imply that a small proportion of consumers may have an exceptional influence on the consumptive behavior of others (hubs, or early adapters). We show that market dynamics is a self-organized property depending on the interaction between the agents' decision-making process (heuristics), the product characteristics (degree of satisfaction of unit of consumption, visibility), and the structure of interactions between agents (size of network and hubs in a social network).