ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Validating The Utility Of Abstraction Techniques
Authors: Mary Shaw, Gary Feldman, Robert Fitzgerald, Paul Hilfinger, Izumi Kimura, Ralph L. London, Jonathan Rosenberg, Wm. A. Wulf
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference (1978)

A number of recent research efforts have been based on the hypothesis that encapsulation techniques, formal specification, and verification lead to significant improvements in program quality. As we gain experience with the language facilities produced by this research, we should attempt to validate that hypothesis. This paper poses this validation as the next major task in this area and outlines some ways to address it.
A simulation analysis of dynamic inventory policies in a generalized stochastic environment
Authors: John E. Hebert, Richard F. Deckro
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1977)

This paper presents a simulation-based comparative analysis of several of the more prominent inventory lot-sizing models under multivariate stochastic conditions. Specifically included as stochastic system variables are lead time variation, demand forecast error, and inflation rate. The six rules, classic EOQ, periodic order quantity, least unit cost, part-period balancing, lot for lot, and Wagner-Whitin, are adjusted to deal with a dynamic situation. Each dynamic lot-sizing rule was simulated for a period of three years with each stochastic variable introduced at three levels. The results were then analyzed on the basis of a complete factorial design and, secondly, as a series of randomized block designs.
Knowledge-based communication processes in software engineering
Authors: Gerhard Fischer, Matthias Schneider
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering (1984)

A large number of problems to be solved with the help of computer systems are ill-structured. Their solution requires incremental design processes, because complete and stable specifications are net available. For tasks of this sort, life cycle models are inadequate. Our design methodology is based on a rapid prototyping approach which supports the coevolution of specification and implementation. Communication between customers, designers and implementors and communication between the humans and the knowledge base in which the emerging product is embedded are of crucial importance. Our work is centered around knowledge-based systems which enhance and support the communication needs in connection with software systems. Program documentation systems are used as an example to illustrate the relevance of knowledge-based human-computer communication in software engineering.
Calculator metaphors, and goals for calculator education in elementary schools
Authors: David Moursund
Venue: Proceedings of the seventh SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1977)

Computers are not easy to understand. Even a computer scientist who devotes full time to the field cannot hope to fully comprehend the capabilities, limitations, applications, and implications of these machines. Joseph Weizenbaum, in his recent book Computer Power and Human Reason (1), suggests that most people &ldquo;understand&rdquo; computers via what he calls a computer metaphor. Weizenbaum quotes I. A. Richards, who says a metaphor is &ldquo;fundamentally a borrowing between and intercourse of thoughts, a transaction between contexts.&rdquo; That is, a metaphor is an analogy, a simile, a model; it is designed to relate the unknown to the known. There are many possible computer metaphors. Weizenbaum makes the point that many people have accepted one particular computer metaphor, and that it is a particularly misleading one. Computer scientists think of a computer as a machine that can carry out an effective procedure. The words procedure and effective procedure have meaning to non-computer scientists. They can see that humans carry out procedures, or that many activities of humans can be thought of as execution of effective procedures. The effective procedure computer metaphor thus leads to the belief that humans and computers are quite similar in their capabilities and in the way they solve problems.
Application of the diffusion approximation to queuing networks: Part I Equilibrium queue distributions
Authors: Hisashi Kobayashi
Venue: Proceedings of the 1973 ACM SIGME symposium (1973)

The practical value of queuing theory in engineering application such as in computer modeling has been limited, since the interest in mathematical tractability has almost always led to an oversimplified model. The diffusion process approximation is an attempt to break away from the vogue in queuing theory. The present paper introduces a vector-valued normal process and its diffusion equation in order to obtain an approximate solution to the joint distribution of queue lengths in a general network of queues. In this model, queuing processes of various service stations which interact with each other are approximated by a vector-valued Wiener process with some appropriate boundary conditions. Some numerical examples are presented and compared with Monte Carlo simulation results.
A system of computer programs for efficient test generation for combinational switching circuits
Authors: Eskil Kjelkerud
Venue: Proceedings of the 11th Design Automation Workshop (1974)

Modules of computer programs for test generation, fault simulation and test minimization for combinational switching circuits have been written. They form a system of computer programs in which a special strategy directs the choice of a test set. The object is to minimize the number of tests which is required for the detection of logical faults in combinational switching circuits.
Sets that don't help
Authors: Nancy Lynch, Albert Meyer, Michael Fischer
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1973)

This paper contains several results yielding pairs of problems which don't help each other's solution, and therefore which may be said to be complex for &ldquo;different reasons.&rdquo; Statements are formalized and results proved within Blum complexity theory, generalized to relative algorithms. The approach is fairly intuitive; all details appear in [1] and [2].
COBOL tables: A proposed standard of presentation
Authors: George C. Fowler, Louis W. Glorfeld
Venue: Proceedings of the fourteenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1983)

In presentation of multidimensional arrays, a common convention for presentation is the row major format. Unfortunately, the presentation of COBOL tables follows no conventional format. A survey of presentations in current texts demonstrates this lack of uniform presentation. The lack of uniformity adds complexity to classroom presentation and also is magnified due to little carry over of concepts learned when dealing with arrays. A presentation of arrays and tables is discussed along with a proposed standard for presentation of tables in COBOL.
SLEUTH - a metal-to-metal audit program in an interactive environment
Authors: David W. Hightower
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th Design Automation Conference (1976)

This paper describes SLEUTH, a new metal-to-metal audit program recently developed by the author for an interactive CRT environment. Several techniques are described which permit SLEUTH to identify tolerance violations very quickly on a PDP/15. The major features of SLEUTH are: A global audit for finding all clearance violations on the circuit levels being audited, a screen audit for finding violations on the area of the board which is currently being displayed, and a distance check which returns the distance between any two items which the user selects.
Validation of a model for predicting aptitude for introductory computing
Authors: Louis W. Glorfeld, George C. Fowler
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1982)

A double cross-validation design was used to assess the practical predictive value of a logistic classification model developed to predict &ldquo;high and low aptitude&rdquo; for introductory computing. The validation study showed that the model would have a predictive accuracy of approximately 75% in actual application. The model variables were checked by formal hypotheses tests. The results of the study indicated that the classification model would be a useful tool for counseling and formation of &ldquo;high and low aptitude&rdquo; lecture sections in introductory computing.
The cost of data replication
Authors: Hector Garcia-Holina, Daniel Barbara
Venue: Proceedings of the seventh symposium on Data communications (1981)

With the advent of data communication networks, researchers have been looking at the possibility of placing copies of a database at two or more nodes of a network. Such data replication is interesting because it makes the database accessible even when some of the nodes in the system fail. Furthermore, transactions which only read data may get faster access to the data when multiple copies exist. Due to the complex and time consuming update protocols, and due to the additional required hardware, data replication has a definite cost. This cost factor is often overlooked in discussions on replicated data, so in this paper we examine some of the cost issues involved. We argue that the cost of replicating data is so high that only in very special cases will data be replicated at different nodes of a computer communication network and kept in a consistent state. We also discuss some alternate approaches to data replication (like data replication at a single node and shadow copies).
Quality Circles (a people building concept) in a data processing environment
Authors: Elizabeth J. Godair, Arthur J. Staub
Venue: Proceedings of the eighteenth annual computer personnel research conference (1981)

Quality Circles, the Japanese concept of participative management which many management experts believe is the key to Japan's productivity gains, ties all three topics together in the fastest growing productivity improvement strategy in our country. QCs or Circles as they are sometimes called, have caught on in the U.S at a breathtaking rate. This paper provides a brief overview of the Quality Circles concepts its origin and its application.
Experimental data on how program behavior affects the choice of scheduler parameters
Authors: Juan Rodriguez-Rosell
Venue: Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Operating systems principles (1971)

A theory of combined scheduling of processor and main memory has begun to emerge in the last few years. It has been proposed that schedulers use the working set concept to avoid thrashing. To our knowledge, no data has been published on experimental measurements of working sets or on the influence that program behavior may have on the choice of quantum size. In this paper empirical data are presented and its influence on the choice of system parameters is discussed.
Effective management of simulation and modeling projects
Venue: Proceedings of the 1979 annual conference (1979)

The increasing capabilities and decreasing costs of the digital computer allow system developers to attack ever larger and more complex problems. Today's software manager must be experienced, adroit and prepared to handle the complexities and challenges of modern, large-scale, multidisciplinary systems development. The major concern of today's modeling practitioner is to foster the development and definition of a viable and disciplined life-cycle management methodology for the control of change. This methodology would include procedures for software cost estimation, control of time and resources, a means of verification/validation and procedures for proving that results are significant and correct. Effective management and control of modeling and simulation projects provides significant savings in the development of large-scale, complex, multidisciplinary systems. With the evolution of the techniques of modeling, simulation and software engineering from &ldquo;art to science&rdquo;, must come discipline. Discipline is the responsibility of the manager, and for him to effectively control the development of today's projects, he must have a detailed understanding of the simulation software phased, cascading lifecycle. With this knowledge, the management can develop an effective simulation methodology to attack the major cost problems of analysis, design, visibility, testing (verification/validation), standards, concurrent documentation, configuration management, reliability and quality control. To understand the software life-cycle, one must first understand that it is unlike any other product life-cycle and thus, an effective modeling and simulation methodology will require some techniques and mechanisms which differ from the classical management patterns. To fully support the establishment of a meaningful software development methodology,the management must define: 1. a life-cycle description and understanding 2. component activities, relationships, intexfaces and interactions 3. a schedule and milestones to be met 4. management principles, tools and techniques to help plan and control the project Among the conclusions that may be drawn from current activities in the software field are that software tools are needed for effective software management, development, control, and quantitative assessment of the modeling and simulation software processes. The panelists will discuss the problems they have encountered, the simulation life-cycle, and their experiences in the development of large-scale, multidisciplinary systems.
Hierarchical microprogram generating system
Authors: Eiji Tamura, Mario Tokoro
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1979)

A general purpose microprogram generating system has been developed to compose, together with a hardware/microprogram debugger, a general purpose development support system for LSI Processor Modules such as Am2900, MMI6700, and/or MACROLOGIC. The microprogram generator, designed to be applicable to a wide variety of microinstruction sets from vertical to horizontal including sophisticated control schemes like pipelining, has a three-level hierarchical structure. The lowest level generator is a microassembler, which has already been applied to many computers and shown its easiness of defining instructon sets and high-speed generation of object microcodes. The second level generator is an optimizing assembler, which translates a sequence of microoperations to an optimum sequence of microinstructions considering data dependency and concurrent executability of microoperations on a defined object machine. The highest level generator is the high-level microprogramming language compiler which generates an optimum sequence of microoperations utilizing techniques of optimization for high-level language compilers. Example definitions of a microinstruction set and an object machine, source programs, and object listings show the effectiveness of the hierarchical microprogram generating system.
A simulation environment for performing dataflow research
Authors: Steve P. Landry, Bruce D. Shriver
Venue: Proceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Simulation, measurement and modeling of computer systems (1979)

Dataflow languages and processors are currently being extensively studied because of their respective ability to specify and execute programs which exhibit a high degree of parallel and/or asynchronous activity [12, 7]. This paper describes a comprehensive simulation environment that allows for the execution and monitoring of dataflow programs. One overall objective of this facility was to meet the needs of researchers in such diverse areas as computer architecture, algorithm analysis, and language design and implementation. Another objective was to accommodate the semantics of several of the contending abstract dataflow models [2, 4]. Additionally, it was desired to enhance the abstract dataflow models which the simulator would support. These objectives, combined with the desired debugging and metering requirements, directed the design of the overall system. A brief introduction to dataflow and its related terminology is given to assist the reader. A companion paper [6] describes an augmentation to the basic simulation facility presented here that allows for the execution of dataflow programs on processors having finite resources.
Practitioners' views on simulation
Authors: William A. Clark,  Jr., Stanley A. Hendryx, Donald Segal
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1 (1983)

The panelists are all actively engaged in applying simulation to a variety of systems. Their areas of application include manufacturing, electronics, steel, and health systems. The panel discussion will address issues relating to the practice of simulation and make recommendations for future consideration. The panelists' position statements follow.
Extracting Patron Data from Check Images
Authors: S. Madhvanath, S. McCauliff, K. M. Mohiuddin
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1999)

We describe on-going research on a system for extraction and recognition of patron data such as name and address from scanned and binarized images of US checks. Extraction of the region of interest is accomplished by a graph algorithm that operates on connected components. OCR on the region of interest involves separation of connected components into lines, and generation of multiple segmentation hypotheses and character choices for each connected component. Interpretation of the raw OCR results as addresses and names is accomplished using Checkmate, a language-based OCR interpretation engine. A description of the different system components is presented in this paper.
Automatic layout of low-cost quick-turnaround random-logic custom LSI devices
Authors: A. Feller
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th Design Automation Conference (1976)

This paper discusses the application of the RCA-developed standard cell approach for generating low-cost, quick-turnaround random-logic LSI arrays using automatic placement and routing computer programs. Originally developed with government support1 for two-phase PMOS dynamic logic in 1967, the programs have been expanded to include many technologies2,3 and have gone through extensive evolutionary and revolutionary changes during the past 10 years. They have been used extensively by various government agencies and by many industrial concerns, including RCA. Perhaps a 1000 arrays using the PMOS, CMOS, and CMOS-SOS technologies have been generated using these programs and their derivations in the various companies. Within RCA more than 200 LSI arrays have been generated by these technologies. This paper describes these techniques and discusses various LSI circuits that demonstrate the operation of these programs, as well as the major changes that have occurred in them during the past 10 years. The applications include large LSI systems in addition to individual LSI circuit applications. The Multiport Placement and Routing Algorithm, which is introduced for the first time, demonstrates several CMOS-SOS LSI circuits (including the fastest and most powerful microprocessor yet designed) which show densities comparable to handcrafted custom LSI chips.
Practical uses of a model of APL
Authors: Kenneth E. Iverson, Arthur T. Whitney
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on APL (1982)

This paper discusses the use of a general model of APL (written in APL) which allows convenient definition of new operators and functions and experimentation with their use. Use of the model is illustrated by a number of functions and operators, some of which have been previously discussed, and some (such as the operator til) which are new. Details of the model itself are not treated. The effective use of new facilities introduced into APL systems is often long delayed, not only because of a programmer's tendency to cling to familiar ways, but also because the abstract, formal treatment necessary to the specification of a new facility often makes its assimilation and use seem unduly difficult. Working models of new facilities available before their actual introduction can be very helpful in teaching their use, and very effective in speeding their widespread application. However, the development of an accurate model for each new facility can, especially in the case of new operators, be burdensome, and we have found that a general model of the APL interpreter, developed primarily for use by the language designers in the design and modelling of new extensions, can also be useful in providing specific models for the enlightenment of users. This paper discusses such uses of the general model, employing illustrations executed by the version available on the I.P. Sharp Associates APL system. Except for information necessary for understanding its use, details of the model will not be discussed here. The model incorporates a number of facilities proposed in earlier papers [1 2 3]; the more fundamental among them are illustrated below. The model, invoked by executing the function &Dgr;APL, accepts character input and parses and executes the expression entered. 0-origin indexing is used throughout the paper.
Evaluation of Combination Methods
Authors: S. Impedovo, A. Salzo
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1999)

This paper presents a new approach to evaluate the performances of combination methods, which takes into account both the recognition rates of the experts combined and the correlation among them. At the purpose, a suitable estimator of correlation is defined. Two combination methods have been considered: Majority Vote and Dempster Shafer. A statistical test, based on the analysis of variance, has also been used to infer some interesting considerations on the behavior of combination methods. The paper shows how the proposed approach allows the selection of the best combination method for each set of experts.
Model validation: With respect to the user
Authors: Robert G. Sargent, Saul I. Gass, J. William Schmidt
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1981)

Saul I. Gass: The utility of a simulation model to a specific user depends on the user's ability to interpret available model documentation into a &ldquo;measure&rdquo; of model confidence. We shall review an approach to the obtaining of such a measure and the distinct, but interrelated roles of the user and analyst. Robert G. Sargent: A summary of the use of hypothesis testing and confidence intervals for validating models of observable systems will be presented. The presentation will include topics such as model accuracies, cost of data collection, model user's risk, model builder's risk, and acceptable validity range. J. William Schmidt: In my view validation is the process of determining whether or not the system model describes the behavior of the system modeled with fidelity adequate for effective use of the model for its intended purpose(s). At best, a model is only an approximate representation of the reality described by the model. Hence an attempt to describe system behavior through a model carries with it the implicit assumption that at least minimal discrepancy between model and system behavior is tolerable with respect to the intended purpose of the model. The discrepancy between model and system behavior is usually referred to as model error (a more descriptive reference would be model errors since errors may exist in many dimensions). The process of validation may then be viewed as the attempt to determine the magnitude of model error and whether or not the error exhibited by the model falls within limits which will permit effective use of the model.