ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
How do people really use text editors?
Authors: John Whiteside, Norman Archer, Dennis Wixon, Michael Good
Venue: ACM SIGOA Newsletter (1982)

Keystroke statistics were collected on editing systems while people performed their normal work. Knowledge workers used an experimental editor, and secretaries used a word processor. Results show a consistent picture of free use patterns in both settings. Of the total number of keystrokes, text entry accounted for approximately 1/2, cursor movement for about 1/4, deletion for about 1/8, and all other functions for the remaining 1/8. Analysis of keystroke transitions and editing states is also presented. Implications for past research, editor design, keyboard layout, and benchmark tests are discussed.
IBM System/38 support for capability-based addressing
Authors: Merle E. Houdek, Frank G. Soltis, Roy L. Hoffman
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th annual symposium on Computer Architecture (1981)

The IBM System/38 provides capability-based addressing. This paper describes how support is divided among architectural definition, microcode, and hardware to minimize overhead for this function.
Simplified data structure for &ldquo;mini-based&rdquo; turnkey CAD systems
Authors: Joseph Peled
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Design Automation Conference (1982)

The most fundamental building blocks in any CAD system are the data structure and associated data base management routines. The performance of application programs is directly dependent on the data base access time and the efficiency of the management subroutines which are the interface between data base and application programs. The designer of a minicomputer based CAD system is always faced with the need to design a data structure and interface since the available commercial Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) cannot be used due to special restrictions imposed on the data base and associated management routines by the mini-based CAD environment. This paper discusses the requirements and design of such a mini-based CAD data base and management system.
Changing Support Services in the University System of Georgia Computer Network
Authors: Ray Argo
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1982)

I am Ray Argo and I represent the University System of Georgia Computer Network (USCN). In my official capacity I am the manager of Network Services Technical Support - better known to you as user services. Today I am going to talk with you about the USCN and &ldquo;Changing Support Services&rdquo; that have been required to keep pace with our user demands. I am not here to enlighten you or necessarily provide words of wisdom on how user support should be handled. I am here to share our experiences in supporting users in a large distributed network, to tell you how we support them today, and how we think they will need to be supported in the future. More specifically I will ... &bull; Give you a brief historical perspective of the USCN &bull; Describe our user support philosophy &bull; Describe our current support activities &bull; Describe where we think we are headed with support services &bull; Describe what we think it will take to get there &bull; Summarize Comments
Processor-memory interconnections for multiprocessors
Authors: Janak H. Patel
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual symposium on Computer architecture (1979)

A new class of interconnection networks is proposed for processor to memory communication in multiprocessing systems. These networks allow a direct link between any processor to any memory module. The cost of these networks is considerably less than that of full crossbars. Moreover, the design and control of these networks is simple. The proposed networks and the full crossbars are analyzed with respect to the bandwidth and the cost.
Alignment network used for connecting a prime number of memory blocks with a power of 2 of processing elements
Authors: Zhu Chuang-qi, Shu Ren-ben
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th annual symposium on Computer Architecture (1981)

For several years, there has been considerable interest in an alignment network that is used in SIMD array computers. To avoid conflicts, the main storage in an array computer is divided into memory blocks, which are at least as numerous as the processing elements (Figure 1). The performance of the alignment network is critical with respect to the overall performance of an array computer. Its design must be aimed at achieving low cost of hardware, high operating speed, large combinational power, and simple control. We describe the principle and the structure of a &lgr; alignment network. We also introduce the simulation algorithms of the interconnection functions mentioned previously, show how to implement the conflict-free access of rows, columns, diagnonals, and back diagonals of an array, and show how to simulate the larger scale interconnection functions with a relatively smaller alignment network.
Two aspects of domain designing: C@@@@ curve rendering and blended map projections
Authors: Alyn P. Rockwood, Thomas W. Jensen
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1981)

In 1965, Shepard introduced a general interpolation formula for arbitrarily spaced data over any finite dimensional Euclidean space. The deficiencies in his initial results have been corrected and later derivations have been widely applied to surface fitting problems in aviation design and geology. This paper describes a new research direction in Shepard's method and a new application to computer graphics. In the first, the convex weighting functions are generalized by the creation of a user-defined mathematical domain which is independent of the surface. In the second, the original formula is applied to blend mapping projections for aviation visual simulation and an algorithm for rapid evaluation is presented.
Spatial allocation in design and planning
Authors: Allen Bernholtz, Steve Fosburg
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th Design Automation Workshop (1972)

Philosophical Approach to Spatial Allocation Procedures Basically, the philosophy behind the development of this program, called ALOKAT, and its predecessors was that we ought not to try to be mind-readers. Mind reading is something that human beings are notoriously bad at. By having a spatial equivalent of our functional criteria, we have in essence set up a physical counterpart of abstract relationships as a meaningful start to a dialogue. No longer must we be content with each others mental maps. Instead we can point to a solution and whether that solution initially is right or wrong at least it is there. What do these spatial allocation programs do? They are an attempt to organize space in a two dimensional way to best satisfy the constraints of a problem. Now they do not do it in a mathematical sense because they do not deal with points in space but rather with entities that have actual dimensions.
Computer simulation of computer system performance
Authors: Norman R. Nielsen
Venue: Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference (1967)

As the usage of some computer systems became more specialized and complicated, there became a need to study the performance of the software as well as the hardware. Thus, simulations were developed to assist in the design and in the improvement of the overall performance of these systems. The categories covered by such simulations ranged from batch processing direct couple systems to time-sharing systems to more specific systems such as those for message processing and switching. It is the intent of this paper to examine the circumstances which have led to the existing state of affairs and to illustrate the benefits which appropriate system performance simulations of some of the newer systems could bestow.
Structured FORTRAN programming
Authors: J. L. Wagener
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1975)

A technique for structuring FORTRAN programs is reviewed, and a preprocessor is described which converts pure structured code into standard FORTRAN. It is claimed that structured FORTRAN is generally easier to read and write than unstructured FORTRAN. Actual examples are given of structured FORTRAN and results of preprocessing.
The Laminar Architecture of Visual Cortex and Image Processing Technology
Authors: Stephen Grossberg
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (1999)

The mammalian neo-cortex is organized into layers which include circuits that form functional columns in cortical maps. A major unsolved problem concerns how bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions are organized within cortical layers to generate adaptive behaviors. This article summarizes a model, called the LAMINART model, of how these interactions help visual cortex to realize: (1) the binding process whereby cortex groups distributed data into coherent object representations; (2) the attentional process whereby cortex selectively processes important events; and (3) the developmental and learning processes whereby cortex stably grows and tunes its circuits to match environmental constraints. Such Laminar Computing completes perceptual groupings that realize the property of Analog Coherence, whereby winning groupings bind together their inducing features without losing their ability to represent analog values of these features. Laminar Computing also efficiently unifies the computational requirements of pre-attentive filtering and grouping with those of attentional selection. It hereby shows how Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) principles may be realized within the laminar circuits of neo-cortex. Applications include boundary segmentation and surface filling-in algorithms for processing Synthetic Aperture Radar images.
Leakage error in a semi-discrete analog of the heat equation
Authors: Norman E. Friedmann
Venue: Proceedings of the 1956 11th ACM national meeting (1956)

Exact solutions of a semi-discrete analog replacing the heat equation differ from the exact solution to the continuous process by the truncation error (1), (2). Because, with few exceptions (3), solutions to the semi-discrete system are obtained by some form of computer (4), (5), (6), additional errors are introduced. Among other forms (7), these may include leakage error. The objective of our discussion is to formally introduce the notion of leakage error and then to obtain global numerical bounds for it for a particular stable and compatible semi-discrete analog of the first boundary value problem in a finite spatial interval. While bounds for truncation error have been obtained for a few representative heat problems, a determination of leakage error bounds has apparently not been made.
An advanced undergraduate course in applied computer science
Authors: Ewing L. Lusk
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1977)

The purpose of this paper is to describe a senior level course in the applied computer science curriculum at Northern Illinois University. The course, Database and Data Communications, has been taught for four semesters, and enrollment has steadily grown. The course has a number of purposes. The primary one is to acquaint students with the principles of modern database management and teleprocessing applications and to instill proficiency in the writing of application programs for at least two of the major software systems supporting such applications, IBM's Information Management System (IMS) and Customer Information Control System (CICS). A secondary purpose is to consolidate and extend knowledge and techniques learned in previous courses. Course content which fulfills this purpose includes structured programming in both assembler language and COBOL, applied data structures, and access methods not previously covered (BDAM and VSAM).
Computer communication system design affects group decision making
Authors: Sharon Murrel
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (1983)

The impact of computer-based communication on group performance depends upon the structure enforced by the communication system. While the ability to introduce structures which enhance human communication processes has been applauded, research to evaluate the impact of various design features is lacking. This research has explored the impact of two synchronous systems which vary in the role of immediacy of interaction and feedback on group decision making. One system is message-oriented, requiring a conferee to complete a message before interacting with others. The other displays what each group member is typing in a separate window on the screens of all participants. In this system, comments can be made as ideas are expressed. Groups were asked to solve a problem first individually and then cooperatively using one of the two systems. All groups produced decisions superior to the average initial individual solutions. Window system groups both improved more and produced significantly higher quality decisions. These groups focused on fewer topics at one time while spending less time discussing how to organize both system and task efforts. By influencing the group's ability to organize and focus its attention, the design of the communication system influenced decision quality.
Panel discussion: Intelligent instructional systems
Authors: Avron Bar, John Seely Brown, Donald Gentner, Ira Goldstein, Mark Miller
Venue: ACM SIGCUE Outlook (1976)

An important area of computer-assisted instruction is the development of intelligent instructional systems. These systems can be distinguished from more conventional approaches by the automation of instructional interaction and choice of strategy. They promise both to reduce the costs of instructional materials preparation and to increase the adaptability and individualization of the instruction delivered. An appropriately intelligent instructional system should create a reactive environment in which a student can test his own hypotheses concerning the subject matter, probe for information at different levels of difficulty and abstraction, acquire wide experience in minimum time, obtain instructional material generated for his unique abilities and needs, receive instructional aids for partially completed solutions, and receive critiques for completed problem solutions. The panel is composed of investigators who are actively engaged in the design, development, and evaluation of intelligent instructional systems. Each member of the panel will briefly outline an aspect of his current work that illustrates a problem or issue appropriate for general discussion. An attempt will be made to assess the state-of-the-art of intelligent instructional systems and to indicate reasonable next steps for their development. Attendees are encouraged to arrive bearing questions, comments, and information.
A practical decision method for propositional dynamic logic (Preliminary Report)
Authors: V. R. Pratt
Venue: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1978)

We give a new characterization of the set of satisfiable formulae of propositional dynamic logic (PDL) based on the method of tableaux. From it we derive a heuristically efficient goal-directed proof procedure and a complete axiom system for PDL. The proof procedure illustrates a striking connection between natural deduction and symbolic execution. The completeness proof for the axiom system incorporates a method for the automatic synthesis of invariants. We also augment DL with new modalities throughout, during, and preserves, supply a new semantic foundation for DL programs, and show how to extend the satisfiability characterizations for PDL to throughout.
The potential of the computing center library
Authors: Gayle M. Lambert, William W. McMillan
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1981)

A computing center library can provide traditional library services to staff and users, while playing an integral part in the development and dissemination of system documentation. This paper deals with a discussion of the functions of a technical library. It can be a tool for research, teaching, communication among staff and users, and an archival record of computing center development. By providing a coherent classification scheme for information in computer science and related fields, the library can play a major role in decisions about development and distribution of documentation. We present a classification system, based on ACM's, that is tailored to the needs of a computing center library. We discuss the importance of the librarian's professional education, sound budgetary planning, workable library procedures, and promotional efforts.
SICSOFT (Paper Session)
Authors: Leon Osterweil, Robert H. Hoffman, Lori Clarke, Hanan Samet
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 annual conference (1976)

Development of methodologies and techniques for systematic testing of computer software is an active area of investigation. In this session, four speakers will discuss four approaches to systematic program testing. Leon Osterweil will discuss the role of allegations in static testing, Bob Hoffman will describe an interactive program testing system, and Lori Clarke will discuss symbolic execution techniques. Hanan Samet will describe an approach to validating the translations performed by a compiler. These four papers represent current trends in program testing, and illustrate the diversity of testing strategies being investigated.
Logic design automation of diagnosable MOS combinational logic networks
Authors: Yacoub M. El-Ziq, Stephen Y. H. Su
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th Design Automation Conference (1977)

The MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) offers a lot of advantages over the bipolar logic elements, such as smaller size, complexity and power consumption, as well as more flexibility and versatility. Since MOS is playing a major role in LSI (large scale integration), synthesis of MOS networks with a large number of variables is very important. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for computer-aided synthesis of MOS combinational logic networks is presented. The algorithm can synthesize both completely and incompletely specified switching functions of a large number of variables. It rapidly generates an easily-testable MOS network with near-minimum number of MOS complex cells and FET's (field effect transistors). A 10-variable example is given to illustrate the algorithm step-by-step. The algorithm has been programmed in FORTRAN IV for UNIVAC 1108 and the results of computer execution is reported. Statistical data has been taken to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the algorithm.
Delivering the word&mdash;integrating publications technologies
Venue: Proceedings of the 1984 annual conference of the ACM on The fifth generation challenge (1984)

The panelists will provide a concise overview describing the role of the Standard Document Markup Metalanguage in modern integrated, automated publication processing systems. The Metalanguage is being developed concurrently within the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Task Group X3J6.1 and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Working Group TC97/SC/18/WG8. The main thrust of the Metalanguage is to allow documents to be created by an author in a form which allows interchange across a broad range of dissimilar processing systems or devices. All types of documents may be handled, including office documents, books and journals, and technical documentation. These documents may be generated in any sector&mdash;academic, commercial, governmental, or industrial. The rationale for the basic premise of the Standard Document Markup Metalanguage&mdash;separation of form and content&mdash;will be established. The application of the logical (editorial) structure of a document will be shown. Structure designation is accomplished with explicit, unambiguous, and simple markup codes for each editorial element included in a given document. The process by which the generation of multiple, different output product forms (e.g., photocomposed pages, databases, online documentation, videotex, etc.) from the same coded source file will be described. The panelists will also discuss how the standard may be implemented in various environments.
A parallel processor system for three-dimensional color graphics
Authors: Haruo Niimi, Yoshirou Imai, Masayoshi Murakami, Shinji Tomita, Hiroshi Hagiwara
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1984)

This paper describes the hardware architecture and the employed algorithm of a parallel processor system for three-dimensional color graphics. The design goal of the system is to generate realistic images of three-dimensional environments on a raster-scan video display in real-time. In order to achieve this goal, the system is constructed as a two-level hierarchical multi-processor system which is particularly suited to incorporate scan-line algorithm for hidden surface elimination. The system consists of several Scan-Line Processors (SLPs), each of which controls several slave PiXel Processors (PXPs). The SLP prepares the specific data structure relevant to each scan line, while the PXP manipulates every pixel data in its own territory. Internal hardware structures of the SLP and the PXP are quite different, being designed for their dedicated tasks. This system architecture can easily execute scan-line algorithm in parallel by partitioning the entire image space and allotting one processor element to each partition. The specific partition scheme and some new data structures are introduced to exploit as much parallelism as possible. In addition, the scan-line algorithm is extended to include smooth-shading and anti-aliasing with the aim of rendering more realistic images. These two operations are performed on a per-scan-line basis so as to preserve scan-line and span coherence. Performance estimation of the system shows that a typical system consisting of 8 SLPs and 8&times;8 PXPs can generate, in every 1/15th of a second, the shadowed image of a three-dimensional scene containing about 200 polygons.
Automatic data acquisition and processing of train deceleration for rapid transit train systems
Authors: G. Rothbart, R. Fullwood, H. O. Conde
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

A microprocessor-based computer system has been developed for the dedicated acquisition of data associated with the deceleration characteristics of trains in a rapid transit system. The computer collects braking profiles (velocity and position) along a 4325-ft. section of track prior to station entry, at one-foot intervals. These data, occupying a volume of about 8K bytes per train, are stored on tape and transmitted to a remote microprocessor during non-revenue periods. The remote computer archives these data, and performs data reduction and analysis. Results are useful as a monitor of braking performance, and enable a statistical inference of braking distances under various ambient and train-related conditions.
Automatic synthesis of graphical object descriptions
Authors: Mark Friedell
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1984)

A technique is presented for automatically synthesizing graphical object descriptions from high-level specifications. The technique includes mechanisms for describing, selecting, and combining primitive elements of object descriptions. Underlying these mechanisms are a referential framework for describing information used in the construction of object descriptions and a computational model of the object-synthesis process. This technique has been implemented in two prototype systems to synthesize object descriptions in near-real time. One system creates graphical displays of information that resides in a conventional database. The other system is a computer graphicist's tool for creating backgrounds of complex, three-dimensional scenes.