ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Validation of a model of information seeking over multiple search sessions
Authors: Shin-jeng Lin, Nick Belkin
Venue: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (2005)

Most information systems share a common assumption: information seeking is discrete. Such an assumption neither reflects real-life information seeking processes nor conforms to the perspective of phenomenology, "life is a journey constituted by continuous acquisition of knowledge." Thus, this study develops and validates a theoretical model that explains successive search experience for essentially the same information problem. The proposed model is called Multiple Information Seeking Episodes (MISE), which consists of four dimensions: problematic situation, information problem, information seeking process, episodes. Eight modes of multiple information seeking episodes are identified and specified with properties of the four dimensions of MISE. The results partially validate MISE by finding that the original MISE model is highly accurate, but less sufficient in characterizing successive searches; all factors in the MISE model are empirically confirmed, but new factors are identified as well. The revised MISE model is shifted from the user-centered to the interaction-centered perspective, taking into account factors of searcher, system, search activity, search context, information attainment, and information use activities.
Review of "The Cybernetic Imagination in Science Fiction by Patricia S. Warrick"; Cambridge, MA: The Mit Press, 1980
Authors: James E. Tomayko
Venue: Issue 80 (April 1982) (1982)

This book is an exhaustive analysis of the depiction of artificial intelligence in science fiction during the period 1930--1977. It is a book of literary criticism that has importance for those involved in AI research as well as students of the SF genre and of literature in general. It is important for technologists because it is through the medium of science fiction, both in its printed and audio-visual forms, that the public receives its information and forms its impressions of AI and the potential contributions or complications that it can make. Therefore, what Ms. Warrick has to say about those impressions is worth consideration in view of creating a positive image for AI. A second area in which her book makes a contribution is in the discussion of the concept of consciousness as it applies to machine intelligence. Is the quality of consciousness necessary before an AI device can be considered truly "intelligent," or is the need to imbue the machine with consciousness simply an SF convention to make stories more real to readers who have little contact with computers? Unfortunately, no conclusions are reached regarding this question. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
Effective Gaussian Mixture Learning for Video Background Subtraction
Authors: Dar-Shyang Lee
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2005)

Adaptive Gaussian mixtures have been used for modeling nonstationary temporal distributions of pixels in video surveillance applications. However, a common problem for this approach is balancing between model convergence speed and stability. This paper proposes an effective scheme to improve the convergence rate without compromising model stability. This is achieved by replacing the global, static retention factor with an adaptive learning rate calculated for each Gaussian at every frame. Significant improvements are shown on both synthetic and real video data. Incorporating this algorithm into a statistical framework for background subtraction leads to an improved segmentation performance compared to a standard method.
Where do you go when you're through the turnstile?
Authors: Michael Jackson, Pamela Zave
Venue: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Software engineering (2005)

Ten years ago, our paper described how a very small system might be developed to control a coin-operated turnstile in a zoo [1]. It arose out of our efforts to understand how requirements, domain knowledge and specifications fit together, and how specifications could be derived systematically. A particular goal was to understand requirements and specifications for telecommunication systems well enough to handle the feature interaction problem that plagues telecommunication software.A year later we published a more comprehensive version of our requirements framework [3], and began to develop the Distributed Feature Composition (DFC) architecture for telecommunication services [2]. We continued to work on it together until mid-2002. DFC has proven successful in practice, and is now being used in a commercial voice-over-IP service.Since publishing the requirements framework, we have worked on different kinds of system, and have been confronted with important differences in how its principles apply. It has taken all this time to achieve the goal of understanding requirements for telecommunication services and other connection services. In this domain, requirements are heavily influenced by the fact that services are assemblies of components added to a basic network infrastructure. Our work in another direction has led to a focus on system interaction with the human and physical world, recognising the varying roles of formalisation and formal reasoning in problems of different kinds, and the need for a stronger grip on the relationship between engineering of software and engineering in the world.The common lesson of these experiences is that the requirements framework of ten years ago is a good generalization, but specific domains and situations require their own specializations of it.
System level modeling of component based software systems
Authors: Aleksandar Dimov, Sylvia Ilieva
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer systems and technologies (2004)

One of the main problems in the area of Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) is how to facilitate the integration of software components into large-scale and complex systems. A possible solution is to enforce on software architecture of the system. The increased importance of architecture in CBSE raises the necessity to explore and develop methods for its formal description. Several languages and notations, named architecture description languages (ADL), were developed for formal system level specification. This paper overviews them and outlines the main directions for their evolution.
Edge-superconnectivity of cages
Authors: Angel Rodriguez-Vazque., C. Balbuena
Venue: Networks (2004)

A graph with minimum degree &delta; is said to be edge-superconnected if each minimum edge-cut consists of all the edges incident with some vertex &lpar;so &lambda; &equals; &delta;&rpar;. A smallest &delta;-regular graph G with girth g is said to be a &lpar;&delta;, g&rpar;-cage. We show that every &lpar;&delta;, g&rpar;-cage with odd girth is edge-superconnected. This result strengthens one obtained by Wang et al. &lpar;&lambda; &equals; &delta; for every such cage&rpar; and supports the conjecture of Fu et al. that all &lpar;&delta;, g&rpar;-cages are &delta;-connected. &copy; 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GTE: description of the Tia system used for MUC-3
Authors: Robert Dietz
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Message understanding (1991)

This paper describes the version of GTE's Text Interpretation Aid (TIA) system used for participation in the Third Message Understanding Conference (MUC-3). Since 1985, GTE has developed and delivered three systems that automatically generate database records from text messages. These are the original TIA, the Alternate Domain Text Interpretation Aid (AD-TIA) and the Long Range Cruise Missile Analysis and Warning System (LAWS) TIA. These systems process messages from the naval intelligence (original TIA) and air intelligence (AD-TIA and LAWS-TIA) domains.
Learning a Similarity Metric Discriminatively, with Application to Face Verification
Authors: Sumit Chopra, Raia Hadsell, Yann LeCun
Venue: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01 (2005)

We present a method for training a similarity metric from data. The method can be used for recognition or verification applications where the number of categories is very large and not known during training, and where the number of training samples for a single category is very small. The idea is to learn a function that maps input patterns into a target space such that the L¿ norm in the target spaceapproximates the "semantic" distance in the input space. The method is applied to a face verification task. The learning process minimizes a discriminative loss function that drives the similarity metric to be small for pairs of faces from the same person, and large for pairs from different persons. The mapping from raw to the target space is a convolutional network whose architecture is designed for robustness to geometric distortions. The system is tested on the Purdue/AR face database which has a very high degree of variability in the pose, lighting, expression, position, and artificial occlusions such as dark glasses and obscuring scarves.
ImproViz: visual explorations of jazz improvisations
Authors: Jon Snydal, Marti Hearst
Venue: CHI '05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (2005)

ImproViz is a visualization technique for diagramming music that brings to light the signature patterns of a jazz musician's improvisational style. ImproViz consists of two parts: (1) melodic landscapes show the general contours of musical phrasing; and (2) harmonic palettes represent the musician's tendency to use a particular combination of notes in a given part of the song. Viewing the jazz standard All Blues through the lens of ImproViz illustrates the contrasting melodic and harmonic styles of three musicians. This analysis uncovers some surprises, such as how Miles Davis played musical ideas that contradicted his own composition. ImproViz offers jazz students a new way to study jazz theory and can also serve as a real-time improvisational aid, allowing a student to borrow the harmonic vocabulary of jazz masters.
The existence of kernel functions for logical wire connections
Authors: Norman L. Soong
Venue: ACM SIGDA Newsletter (1981)

In an automated chip design environment, the designer is responsible for writing down the functional design and specifying the type of technology to be used. This is the starting point for an automated chip design system. If the design is too large, then it is partitioned into smaller designs, so that the reduced design can be processed by the system. The first phase of such a system is a placement phase. During which the cells or circuits are geometrically placed on a chip, often in terms of rows and columes.
Weak monotonicity suffices for truthfulness on convex domains
Authors: Michael Saks, Lan Yu
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Electronic commerce (2005)

Weak monotonicity is a simple necessary condition for a social choice function to be implementable by a truthful mechanism. Roberts [10] showed that it is sufficient for all social choice functions whose domain is unrestricted. Lavi, Mu'alem and Nisan [6] proved the sufficiency of weak monotonicity for functions over order-based domains and Gui, Muller and Vohra [5] proved sufficiency for order-based domains with range constraints and for domains defined by other special types of linear inequality constraints. Here we show the more general result, conjectured by Lavi, Mu'alem and Nisan [6], that weak monotonicity is sufficient for functions defined on any convex domain.
Project Bar-S: redesigning the package labeling system
Authors: Rodna L. Mendel, Kelly Reid
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2004)

Bar-S at Clinton is a manufacturing plant. Duties involve food processing and package labeling. The existing package labeling system uses stick-on labels. The new system will print labels directly on cartons. The inkjet mechanism presently requires close tolerances and frequent adjustment.
EyeDraw: enabling children with severe motor impairments to draw with their eyes
Authors: Anthony J. Hornof, Anna Cavender
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (2005)

EyeDraw is a software program that, when run on a computer with an eye tracking device, enables children with severe motor disabilities to draw pictures by just moving their eyes. This paper discusses the motivation for building the software, how the program works, the iterative development of two versions of the software, user testing of the two versions by people with and without disabilities, and modifications to the software based on user testing. Feedback from both children and adults with disabilities, and from their caregivers, was especially helpful in the design process. The project identifies challenges that are unique to controlling a computer with the eyes, and unique to writing software for children with severe motor impairments.
An analysis of web searching by European AlltheWeb.com users
Authors: Bernard J. Jansen, Amanda Spink
Venue: Information Processing and Management: an International Journal (2005)

The Web has become a worldwide source of information and a mainstream business tool. It is changing the way people conduct the daily business of their lives. As these changes are occurring, we need to understand what Web searching trends are emerging within the various global regions. What are the regional differences and trends in Web searching, if any? What is the effectiveness of Web search engines as providers of information? As part of a body of research studying these questions, we have analyzed two data sets collected from queries by mainly European users submitted to AlltheWeb.com on 6 February 2001 and 28 May 2002. AlltheWeb.com is a major and highly rated European search engine. Each data set contains approximately a million queries submitted by over 200,000 users and spans a 24-h period. This longitudinal benchmark study shows that European Web searching is evolving in certain directions. There was some decline in query length, with extremely simple queries. European search topics are broadening, with a notable percentage decline in sexual and pornographic searching. The majority of Web searchers view fewer than five Web documents, spending only seconds on a Web document. Approximately 50% of the Web documents viewed by these European users were topically relevant. We discuss the implications for Web information systems and information content providers.
GoingPublik: suggesting creativity inside the ivory tower
Authors: Jürg Gutknecht, Art Clay, Thomas Frey
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Creativity cognition (2005)

This paper wishes to convey in the large the experience of a mutual collaboration between science and art and in the small the fruits of that collaboration both technically and artistically. Technologies in the area of human interface design which reconsider and extend the desktop metaphor as a means of com-puter interaction in the light of the progress made in hardware and software technology recently will be discussed. These include subsets stemming from the implementation of a new general purpose graphical user interface and multimedia framework, zoomable and textual user interfaces and translucent free-form windows. Artistic issues rooted in many works of the artist will be briefly touched upon in order to show where the artist's interests lay and the directions being pursued in general. These include the use of transparency for modularity in design and optical phenomena to bring about kinetic relationships between elements of that modularity. Both aspects finding implementation separately in acoustic and electronic works preceding GoingPublik. Finally, how the diverse interests manifesting in the arts and sciences were then brought together coherently into a creative tool for realtime score synthesis (RSS) whose central element revolves around the possibilities of a mobile-multimedia system and which was employed in the sonic art work GoingPublik, are concluded with.
Large-Scale Atomistic Simulations of Nanoindentation and Crack Propagation Under Compression
Authors: Rajiv K. Kalia, Aiichiro Nakano, Izabela Szlufarska, Priya Vashishta
Venue: Proceedings of the 2004 Users Group Conference (2004)

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on parallel computers to study nanoindentation-induced amorphization in silicon carbide crystal. The load-displacement response exhibits an elastic shoulder followed by a plastic regime consisting of a series of load drops. Analyses of bond angles, local pressure and shear stress, and shortest-path rings show that these load drops are related to dislocation activities under the indenter. We have found that amorphization is driven by the coalescence of dislocation loops and that there is a strong correlation between load-displacement response and ring distribution. Current efforts focus on large-scale MD simulations of (a) nanoindentation in amorphous and nanophase SiC and (b) crack propagation in amorphous and nanostructured SiO¿ under compression.
PageRank as a function of the damping factor
Authors: Paolo Boldi, Massimo Santini, Sebastiano Vigna
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web (2005)

PageRank is defined as the stationary state of a Markov chain. The chain is obtained by perturbing the transition matrix induced by a web graph with a damping factor α that spreads uniformly part of the rank. The choice of α is eminently empirical, and in most cases the original suggestion α = 0.85 by Brin and Page is still used. Recently, however, the behaviour of PageRank with respect to changes in α was discovered to be useful in link-spam detection[21]. Moreover, an analytical justification of the value chosen for α is still missing. In this paper, we give the first mathematical analysis of PageRank when α changes. In particular, we show that, contrarily to popular belief, for real-world graphs values of α close to 1 do not give a more meaningful ranking. Then, we give closed-form formulae for PageRank derivatives of any order, and an extension of the Power Method that approximates them with convergence O (tk αt) for the k-th derivative. Finally, we show a tight connection between iterated computation and analytical behaviour by proving that the k-th iteration of the Power Method gives exactly the PageRank value obtained using a Maclaurin polynomial of degree k. The latter result paves the way towards the application of analytical methods to the study of PageRank.
A New Design for Efficient t-out-n Oblivious Transfer Scheme
Authors: Hui-Feng Huang, Chin-Chen Chang
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications - Volume 2 (2005)

A general approach for constructing t-out-n oblivious transfer is more practical than 1-out-n oblivious transfer for applications. To guarantee the quality of growing popular communication service, an efficient t-out-n oblivious transfer scheme is urgently desired. Based on the RSA and two-lock cryptosystem, we propose an efficient t-out-n oblivious transfer scheme in this paper. Compared with existing oblivious transfer schemes, our scheme can reduce many computations and communications for both the sender and the receiver. Moreover, our scheme is very suitable for smart-card users.
Reduced-Load Equivalence for Queues with Gaussian Input
Authors: A. B. Dieker
Venue: Queueing Systems: Theory and Applications (2005)

In this note, we consider a queue fed by a number of independent heterogeneous Gaussian sources. We study under what conditions a reduced load equivalence holds, i.e., when a subset of the sources becomes asymptotically dominant as the buffer size increases. For this, recent results on extremes of Gaussian processes [6] are combined with de Haan theory. We explain how the results of this note relate to square root insensitivity and moderately heavy tails.
First Principles Calculations of the Chemisorption Properties of Nitro-Containing Molecules on the Al"O"(0001) Surface
Authors: Dan C. Sorescu, Jerry A. Boatz, Donald L. Thompson
Venue: Proceedings of the 2004 Users Group Conference (2004)

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to study the adsorption of nitromethane (NM) and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX7) molecules on the basal plane of ¿-Al¿O¿crystal. The calculations employ a (2x2) supercell slab model and 3D periodic boundary conditions. Based on these calculations we have determined that both NM and FOX7 molecules can adsorb nondissociatively on the surface, with the most stable adsorption configurations parallel to the surface. The corresponding binding energies arefound in the range 25.3-26.0 kcal/mol for NM and 35.6-48.3 kcal/mol for FOX-7 depending on the relative molecular orientation and the corresponding surface sites. The minimum energy pathways for NM dissociation have been determined and a low energy pathway leading to H elimination with formation of adsorbed CH¿NO¿ and hydroxyl species has been identified. Additional calculations have focused on adsorption properties of aci-nitromethane tautomers and on description of the energetic pathways connecting adsorbed nitromethane molecule with these tautomers.
How a new realistic mobility model can affect the relative performance of a mobile networking scheme: Research Articles
Authors: Tuna Tugcu, Cem Ersoy
Venue: Wireless Communications Mobile Computing (2004)

The validity of the mobility model used to evaluate a cellular network determines the validity of the evaluation. In the literature, unrealistic assumptions on mobility are exercised for the sake of simplicity. In this paper, we present a novel mobility model which is realistic in the sense that it captures the moving-in-groups, conscious traveling and inertial behaviours of the subscribers while respecting the non-pass-through feature of structures like households and preserving the autonomy of the subscribers. The mobility and call patterns of the subscribers are determined according to the locus of the subscriber over a real map. Thus, our model allows the subscribers to leave home or arrive home, walk or drive in the streets, get on the highways at specific entry points together with numerous hot and blind spots in the terrain, like city centers and lakes. The call pattern of a subscriber is affected by the type of structure he is in. The model can work on real maps to simulate the mobility patterns in real life. We have evaluated the proposed model against the well-known way point mobility model. We also analyzed the effect of the mobility model on systems with and without guard channels. Copyright &copy; 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.A preliminary version of this paper was presented in IEEE VTC Spring 2001 in Rhodes.