ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Weighing up the benefits of work: behavioral and neural analyses of effort-related decision making
Authors: M. E. Walton, S. W. Kennerley, D. M. Bannerman, P. E. M. Phillips, M. F. S. Rushworth
Venue: Neural Networks (2006)

How we decide whether a course of action is worth undertaking is largely unknown. Recently, neuroscientists have been turning to ecological approaches to address this issue, examining how animals evaluate the costs and benefits of different options. We present here evidence from rodents and monkeys that demonstrate the degree to which they take into account work and energetic requirements when deciding what responses to make. These calculations appear to be critically mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathways, with damage to either causing a bias towards options that are easily obtained but yield relatively smaller reward rather than alternatives that require more work but result in greater reward. The evaluation of such decisions appears to be carried out in systems independent of those involved in delay-discounting. We suggest that top-down signals from ACC to nucleus accumbens (NAc) and/or midbrain DA cells may be vital for overcoming effort-related response costs.
A deterministic logical semantics for pure Esterel
Authors: Olivier Tardieu
Venue: ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS) (2007)

Esterel is a synchronous design language for the specification of reactive systems. There exist two main semantics for Esterel. On the one hand, the logical behavioral semantics provides a simple and compact formalization of the behavior of programs using SOS rules. But it does not ensure deterministic deadlock-free executions, as it may define zero, one, or many possible behaviors for a given program and input sequence. Since nondeterministic programs have to be rejected by compilers, this means that it defines behaviors for incorrect programs, which is awkward. On the other hand, the constructive semantics is deterministic (amongst other properties) but at the expense of a much more complex formalism. In this work, we build and thoroughly analyze a new deterministic semantics for Esterel that retains the simplicity of the logical behavioral semantics from which it derives. It defines, at most, one behavior per program and input sequence. We further extend this semantics with the ability to deal with errors so that incorrect programs are no longer (negatively) characterized by a lack of behavior, but (positively) by the existence of an incorrect behavior. In our view, this new semantics, with or without explicit errors, provides a better framework for formal and automated reasoning about Esterel programs.
Digital Audio Essentials
Authors: Bruce Fries, Marty Fries
Venue:  (2005)

Join the digital audio revolution! Tens of millions of users are embracing digital music, and with Digital Audio Essentials, you can, too. Nearly every personal computer built in the last few years contains a CD-burning drive; MP3 and other portable player sales dominate the consumer electronics industry; and new networkable stereo equipment lets you use your digital music collection to power your home entertainment system. Whether it's downloading music, ripping CDs, organizing, finding, and creating higher quality music files, buying music players and accessories, or constructing a home stereo system, Digital Audio Essentials helps you do get it done. An indispensable reference for music enthusiasts, digital archivists, amateur musicians, and anyone who likes a good groove, Digital Audio Essentials helps you avoid time-consuming, costly trial and error in downloading audio files, burning CDs, converting analog music to digital form, publishing music to and streaming from the Web, setting up home stereo configurations, and creating your own MP3 and other audio files. The book--for both Mac and PC users--includes reliable hardware and software recommendations, tutorials, resources, and file sharing, and it even explains the basics of the DMCA and intellectual property law. You may (or may not) already know the basics of ripping CDs or downloading music, but Fries will show you so much more--including advice on the multitude of MP3 players on the market, stereo options, file formats, quality determinations, and the legalities of it all. Both a timely, entertaining guide and an enduring reference, this is the digital audio handbook you need to make the most of your expanding digital music collection.
Teaching microprogramming: a firmware laboratory
Authors: T. G. Lewis, A. R. DeKock, H. R. Alcorn
Venue: ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (1973)

Many computer science departments are entering into what might be termed 3rd generation teaching of computer science. The first generation of computer science teaching was done in primarily an open shop, hands-on environment. The machines were slow, the operating systems were simple or nonexistent, and debugging quite often depended on reading the state of the machine when it died. One author, for example, fondly recalls his experience on a drum memory machine that used paper tape/flexowriter I/O. The machine had a speaker attached to the accumulator register so that one could hear his program run! It was possible to process very few student programs per day.
Photoshop Blending Modes Cookbook for Digital Photographers: 49 Easy-to-Follow Recipes to Fix Problem Photos and Create Amazing Effects (Cookbooks (O'Reilly))
Authors: John Beardsworth
Venue:  (2005)

Layer blending modes have been part of Photoshop for years, but because they're not easy to understand at first glance, this immensely useful feature tends to get overlooked. Photoshop Blending Modes Cookbook for Digital Photographers is the only recipe-format book that covers blending modes specifically for digital photographers. The book covers:Changing hue, saturation, luminosity, and colorCorrecting basic color shiftsRepairing highlightsSharpening or softening focusAdjusting lighting for subtle or dramatic effectsControlling contrastCreating surface effects and texturesAdding interest to landscapes and urban scenesEnhancing portraits of children and adultsSimulating graphics arts techiquesUnlike Photoshop's built-in filters, blending modes don't change the actual pixels that make up an image, so their effects are completely reversible. There are over 20 blending modes in Photoshop CS2, which range from those which darken and lighten images (such as Darken, Multiply, Lighten, and Screen) to modes that increase contrast (such as Overlay and Hard Light) and adjust color (such as Hue, Color. Luminosity, and Saturation).In addition to covering each blending mode in detail, John Beardsworth, a London-based photographer and author, takes the reader through a whole collection of recipes that demonstrate how to use blending modes alone or in combination to fix problem photos, add subtle effects, and create dramatic images that are truly unique.With clear, step-by-step instructions, real-world projects, an easy-to-follow format, and hundreds of full-color examples, Photoshop Blending Modes Cookbook for Digital Photographers is shows you how to use blending modes to achieve a wide range of image adjustments and special effects-without having to first learn everything there is to know about Photoshop. and much more. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
A+ Specializations Certification All-in-One Exam Guide (Exams 220-603 220-604), 1 edition
Authors: Michael Meyers
Venue:  (2010)

From the number-one name in A+ training and exam prep--the definitive guide to two brand-new exams from CompTIAReviewed and approved by CompTIA, this book offers complete coverage of the two new A+ exams for help-desk personnel and depot technicians. Including details on core operating-system technologies and hardware, this book is useful as both a study tool and an on-the-job reference.A+ Certification Specializations All-in-One Exam Guide features helpful exam tips, end-of-chapter practice questions, and hundreds of photographs and illustrations. The CD-ROM includes four complete practice exams, a video presentation from Mike Meyers, and a new collection of Meyers&#;39;s favorite PC tools and utilities.Table of contentsChapter 1: The Visible PCChapter 2: CPUsChapter 3 RAMChapter 4: BIOSChapter 5: Expansion BusChapter 6: MotherboardsChapter 7: Power SuppliesChapter 8: Floppy DrivesChapter 9: Hard DrivesChapter 10: Removable MediaChapter 11: VideoChapter 12: Understanding Windows 9xChapter 13: Using the Command LineChapter 14: Supporting Windows 9xChapter 15: Understanding Windows NT and 2000Chapter 16: Supporting Windows NT and 2000Chapter 17: Windows XPChapter 18: SCSIChapter 19: SoundChapter 20: Notebooks ComputersChapter 21: PrintersChapter 22: NetworkingChapter 23: Internet The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
MPTP 0.2: Design, Implementation, and Initial Experiments
Authors: Josef Urban
Venue: Journal of Automated Reasoning (2006)

This paper describes the second version of the Mizar Problems for Theorem Proving (MPTP) system and first experimental results obtained with it. The goal of the MPTP project is to make the large formal Mizar Mathematical Library (MML) available to current first-order automated theorem provers (ATPs) (and vice versa) and to boost the development of domain-based, knowledge-based, and generally AI-based ATP methods. This version of MPTP switches to a generic extended TPTP syntax that adds term-dependent sorts and abstract (Fraenkel) terms to the TPTP syntax. We describe these extensions and explain how they are transformed by MPTP to standard TPTP syntax using relativization of sorts and deanonymization of abstract terms. Full Mizar proofs are now exported and also encoded in the extended TPTP syntax, allowing a number of ATP experiments. This covers, for example, consistent handling of proof-local constants and proof-local lemmas and translating of a number of Mizar proof constructs into the TPTP formalism. The proofs using second-order Mizar schemes are now handled by the system, too, by remembering (and, if necessary, abstracting from the proof context) the first-order instances that were actually used. These features necessitated changes in Mizar, in the Mizar-to-TPTP exporter, and in the problem-creating tools. Mizar has been reimplemented to produce and use natively a detailed XML format, suitable for communication with other tools. The Mizar-to-TPTP exporter is now just a XSLT stylesheet translating the XML tree to the TPTP syntax. The problem creation and other MPTP processing tasks are now implemented in about 1,300 lines of Prolog. All these changes have made MPTP more generic, more complete, and more correct. The largest remaining issue is the handling of the Mizar arithmetical evaluations. We describe several initial ATP experiments, both on the easy and on the hard MML problems, sometimes assisted by machine learning. It is shown that on the nonarithmetical problems, countersatisfiability (completions) is no longer detected by the ATP systems, suggesting that the `Mizar deconstruction' done by MPTP is in this case already complete. About every fifth nonarithmetical theorem is proved in a fully autonomous mode, in which the premises are selected by a machine-learning system trained on previous proofs. In 329 of these cases, the newly discovered proofs are shorter than the MML originals and therefore are likely to be used for MML refactoring. This situation suggests that even a simple inductive or deductive system trained on formal mathematics can be sometimes smarter than MML authors and usable for general discovery in mathematics.
Linearly implicit Runge-Kutta methods and approximate matrix factorization
Authors: M. P. Calvo, A. Gerisch
Venue: Applied Numerical Mathematics (2005)

Linearly implicit Runge-Kutta methods are a class of suitable time integrators for initial value problems of ordinary differential systems whose right-hand side function can be written as the sum of a stiff linear part and a nonlinear term. Such systems arise for instance after spatial discretization of taxis-diffusion-reaction systems from mathematical biology. When approximate matrix factorization is used for efficiently solving the stage equations appearing in these methods, then the order of the methods is reduced to one. In this paper we analyse this fact and propose an appropriate and efficient correction to achieve order two while preserving the main stability properties of the underlying method. Numerical experiments with LIRK3 [Appl. Numer. Math. 37 (2001) 535] illustrating the theory are provided. In the case of taxis-diffusion-reaction systems, the corrected method compares well with other suitable schemes.
Stochastic shipyard simulation with SimYard
Authors: Oliver Dain, Matthew Ginsberg, Erin Keenan, John Pyle, Tristan Smith, Andrew Stoneman, Iain Pardoe
Venue: Proceedings of the 38th conference on Winter simulation (2006)

SimYard is a stochastic shipyard simulation tool designed to evaluate the labor costs of executing different schedules in a shipyard production environment. SimYard simulates common production problems such as task delays and labor shortages. A simulated floor manager reacts to problems as they arise. Repeatedly simulating multiple schedules allows the user to compare the schedules on many different metrics, such as expected labor costs and the probability of missing the deadline. A SimYard simulation is driven by many inputs that describe the shipyard being simulated. Determining the correct values for these inputs can be framed as a multivariate calibration problem, which can be solved using inverse regression methods. Predictive sampling from the resulting model provides an appropriate adjustment for statistical uncertainty.
Range reduction and infeasibility testing using surrogate equalities
Authors: Ron S. Dembo
Venue: Issue 19 (August 1975) (1975)

Methods are given for combining linear equalities in integer variables into surrogate equalities in such a way as to obtain the strongest information regarding the implicit bounds on these variables. Testing for infeasibility of the original system is also discussed and the strongest such tests identified. The tests given here may be used as part of a preprocessing routine for linear integer programming problems.
Macroeconomic governmental regulation and self-regulation of market equilibrium
Authors: B. B. Dunaev
Venue: Cybernetics and Systems Analysis (2006)

Conditions for the gross domestic product (GDP) growth are established based on the developed mathematical model of market equilibrium regulation. Governmental regulation measures necessary to ensure GDP growth without overproduction crises are identified. The Ukrainian economy is used as an example to analyze market equilibrium regulation.
Stochastic learning-based weak estimation of multinomial random variables and its applications to pattern recognition in non-stationary environments
Authors: B. John Oommen, Luis Rueda
Venue: Pattern Recognition (2006)

In this paper, we formally present a novel estimation method, referred to as the Stochastic Learning Weak Estimator (SLWE), which yields the estimate of the parameters of a binomial distribution, where the convergence of the estimate is weak, i.e. with regard to the first and second moments. The estimation is based on the principles of stochastic learning. The mean of the final estimate is independent of the scheme's learning coefficient, @l, and both the variance of the final distribution and the speed decrease with @l. Similar results are true for the multinomial case, except that the equations transform from being of a scalar type to be of a vector type. Amazingly enough, the speed of the latter only depends on the same parameter, @l, which turns out to be the only non-unity eigenvalue of the underlying stochastic matrix that determines the time-dependence of the estimates. An empirical analysis on synthetic data shows the advantages of the scheme for non-stationary distributions. The paper also briefly reports (without detailed explanation) conclusive results that demonstrate the superiority of SLWE in pattern-recognition-based data compression, where the underlying data distribution is non-stationary. Finally, and more importantly, the paper includes the results of two pattern recognition exercises, the first of which involves artificial data, and the second which involves the recognition of the types of data that are present in news reports of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). The superiority of the SLWE in both these cases is demonstrated.
Sound, paper and memorabilia: resources for a simpler digital photography
Authors: David Frohlich, Jacqueline Fennell
Venue: Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (2007)

In this paper we reflect on a body of work to develop a simpler form of digital photography. We give three examples of &#x2018;Less is More&#x2019; thinking in this area which are directed and inspired by naturalistic user behaviours and reactions to design ideas. Each example happens to review the place of an old technology in the new scheme of things, and challenges a technological trend in the industry. Hence, we consider the role of sound in photography to recommend audiophotographs rather than short video clips as a new media form. We look again at the role of paper in photo sharing and recommend its support and augmentation against the trend towards screen-based viewing. Finally, we consider the role of physical souvenirs and memorabilia alongside photographs, to recommend their use as story triggers and containers, in contrast to explicit multimedia presentations. The implications for simple computing are discussed.
Towards a formal theory of on chip communications in the ACL2 logic
Authors: Julien Schmaltz, Dominique Borrione
Venue: Proceedings of the sixth international workshop on the ACL2 theorem prover and its applications (2006)

This paper is devoted to the expression for a formal theory of communication networks in the ACL2 logic. More precisely, we have developed a generic model called GeNoC, in a general mathematical notation, with the use of quantification over variables as well as over functions. We present here its expression in the first order quantifier free logic of the ACL2 theorem prover. We describe our systematic approach to cast it into ACL2, especially how we use the encapsulation principle to obtain a systematic methodology to specify and validate on chip communications architectures. We summarize the different instances of GeNoC developed so far in ACL2, some come from industrial designs. We illustrate our approach on an XY routing algorithm.
Advanced ActionScript 3 with Design Patterns
Authors: Joey Lott, Danny Patterson
Venue:  (2006)

Today's ActionScript-based applications require increasingly sophisticated architectures and code. This book aids intermediate and advanced ActionScript developers inï¾ learning how to plan and build applications more effectively. You'll learn how to apply design patterns as solutions to common programming scenarios. Beyond a reference, Advanced ActionScript with Design Patterns is a practical guide complete with sample mini-applications illustrating each design pattern. Table of Contents: Part I - Successful Projects 1. How to Design Applications ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 2. Programming to Interfaces ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ Part II - Patterns 3. MVC ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 4. Singleton ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 5. Factory (Abstract Factory and Factory Method) ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 6. Proxy ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 7. Iterator ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 8. Composite ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 9. Decorator ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 10. Command ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 11. Memento ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 12. State ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ Part III - Advanced ActionScript Topics 13. Working with Events ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 14. Sending and Loading Data ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 15. E4X (XML) ï¾ ï¾ ï¾ 16. Regular Expressions
Adobe Encore DVD 1.5 for Windows (Visual QuickStart Guide)
Authors: Steve Tomich
Venue:  (2004)

Offering enough templates, shapes, and enhancements that you can create menus without turning to Photoshop, the improved Library and Styles palettes in Encore DVD 1.5 represent just one of many reasons DVD creators like yourself are flocking to Adobe's recently updated authoring software. This no-nonsense guide offers the most practical way of getting proficient in it! Whether you're a first-time user or an Encore DVD veteran, you'll find all the simple step-by-step instructions you need to start taking advantage of all of Encore DVD 1.5's features immediately. In chapters on getting started, working with timelines and menus, linking, and previewing and finishing projects author Steve Tomich covers DVD authoring basics. He then shows you how to take advantage of the program's tighter-than-ever integration with Photoshop, After Effects, and Premiere Pro to do even cooler things, like create motion menus, produce pop-on effects, and more. Peppered throughout are the tips, tricks, and incisive advice you've come to expect from Peachpit's popular Visual QuickStart series. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
Delivering Carrier Ethernet: Extending Ethernet Beyond the LAN, 1 edition
Authors: Abdul Kasim, Prasanna Adhikari, Nan Chen, Norman Finn, Nasir Ghani, Marek Hajduczenia, Paul Havala, Giles Heron, Michael Howard, Luca Martini
Venue:  (2007)

Understand and evaluate the delivery of Carrier Ethernet using different technologies Carrier Ethernet is rapidly becoming the de facto platform for offering the next generation of high-bandwidth multimedia applications. Delivering Carrier Ethernet: Extending Ethernet Beyond the LAN provides, for the very first time, an in-depth assessment of the various network solutions that can be used to deliver Carrier Ethernet services. The book is based on extensive real-world deployments and is written by globally renowned experts. A standard solution framework is used consistently throughout to address each underlying technology, its benefits and pitfalls, deployment approaches, ongoing developments, economic assessments, and key vendors promoting the solution. The potential evolution of Carrier Ethernet itself is also considered in detail.CopperHFC (Hybrid Fiber-Coax)PONs (Passive Optical Networks)TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)Fiber and WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Optical Wireless Mesh Network/Free Space OpticsSONET (Synchronous Optical NETworking)/MSPP (Multi-Service Provisioning Platform)RPR (Resilient Packet Ring)Bridging/SwitchingMPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching)WiMAX/WiMACTable of contentsPart I: BackgroundChapter 1: Ethernet: From LAN to the WANChapter 2: Carrier EthernetChapter 3: The Ethernet Market OpportunityPart II: SolutionsChapter 4: The Solution FrameworkChapter 5: CopperChapter 6: Hybrid Fiber-CoaxChapter 7: Passive Optical Networks (PONs)Chapter 8: Fiber and WDMChapter 9: Optical Wireless Mesh NetworksChapter 10: TDM: Circuit BondingChapter 11: SONET/MSPPChapter 12: Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)Chapter 13: Ethernet BridgingChapter 14: MPLSChapter 15: WiMAXPart III: A Look into the FutureChapter 16: Evolution of Carrier Ethernet SolutionsAppendix: Final ThoughtsIndex