ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
An analytic visible surface algorithm for independent pixel processing
Authors: Edwin Catmull
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1984)

An algorithm is presented that solves the visible surface problem at each pixel independently. This allows motion blur and depth of field blurring to be integrated into the algorithm. It also allows parallel processing. The algorithm works on large numbers of polygons. An analytic Gaussian filter is used. The filter can be elongated or scaled differently for each polygon to adjust for its speed or distance from the focal plane. This is achieved by shrinking or scaling the polygon prior to solving the hidden surface problem so that blurring is correctly presented when objects obscure each other.
On the status of design automation in canada
Authors: W. M. vanCleemput, R. F. Allum, J. G. Linders
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference (1975)

An important characteristic of Canadian industry is that it is largely foreign-dominated. A result of this is that many products, that are manufactured in Canada, are designed elsewhere. Furthermore, since the development of design automation techniques and systems usually affects the whole corporation, this development is almost always done in the country in which its headquarters is established. As an example, consider the computer industry: although some major computer manufacturers have quite substantial research and development facilities in Canada, they are mainly users of Design Automation systems. The design and implementation of these Design Automation systems and the research into new Design Automation techniques is usually carried out in a central location. The same is true for companies in other fields of engineering. Although the above might indicate a far from fertile environment for Design Automation in Canada, some rather interesting developments in design automation are being carried out by Canadian universities, by Government agencies and by some Canadian-owned companies.
Computer aids for writers
Authors: Lorinda Cherry
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1981)

For many people, writing is painful and editing one's own prose is difficult, tedious, and error-prone. It is often hard to see which parts of a document are difficult to read or how to transform a wordy sentence into a more concise one. It is even harder to discover that one overuses a particular linguistic construct. The system of programs described here helps writers to evaluate documents and to produce better written and more readable prose. The system consists of programs to measure surface features of text that are important to good writing style as well as programs to do some of the tedious jobs of a copy editor. Some of the surface features measured are readability, sentence and word length, sentence type, word usage, and sentence openers. The copy editing programs find spelling errors, wordy phrases, bad diction, some punctuation errors, double words, and split infinitives.
A test-bed for user interface designs
Authors: Eugene Ball, Phil Hayes
Venue: Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems (1982)

Most presently available interactive computer interfaces treat their users in an unfriendly, uncooperative, and inflexible way, resulting in feelings of frustration and a conseqeuent loss of productivity for the users. These problems have led to attempts (e.g. [6, 8, 12, 13]) to make interfaces appear more friendly and cooperative through the addition of advanced interface features such as spelling correction, on-line help, personalized defaults, etc.. While common-sense suggests such features may be helpful, there is little hard evidence about how helpful they are or whether they are worth the overheads they entail. A primary reason for this lack of information is the practical difficulty of experimentation. Many of these features are time-consuming to implement, are usually implemented without adequate instrumentation, and are implemented in different and difficult to compare ways from system to system (see [10], for example). These problems in evaluation suggest the need for a test-bed interface in which various advanced features could be tried out in a consistent and adequately instrumented way with a variety of application systems. In this paper, we present a detailed rationale and a partially implemented design for a test-bed of this kind.
A multi-processing implementation-oriented formal definition of Ada in SEMANOL
Authors: F. C. Belz, E. K. Blum, D. Heimbigner
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM-SIGPLAN symposium on The ADA programming language (1980)

A formal definition of the syntax and semantics of Preliminary Ada has been designed and partially implemented as a metaprogram in the SEMANOL system. The paper describes the design in detail and also presents excerpts of the actual SEMANOL metaprogram. Special attention is paid to the following aspects, lacking in the formal denotational definition of Ada: (1) formal definition of the connection between the concrete and abstract syntax of Ada, a necessary element of a formal definition if it is to be executable; (2) formal definition of the semantics of concurrency in Ada tasking; (3) formal definition of the semantics of exceptions and interrupts. The complete SEMANOL metaprogram will be an executable formal definition. In effect, it defines a multi-processing operating system which accepts an Ada program, as a set of compilation units, together with data, and causes the program to be executed in a concurrent mode in accordance with the semantics of tasks prescribed in the Ada reference manual and rationale.
A general purpose data base design
Authors: Robert P. Brazile
Venue: Proceedings of the 1984 annual conference of the ACM on The fifth generation challenge (1984)

One of the major problems facing data base designers is how to develop a logical data base design for a proposed application. Usually, for each new application, a new data base design is produced. For a Data Base Task Group (DBTG) data base management system (DBMS) this means creating a new schema and subschemas. This paper describes a non-volatile data base design that allows the DBTG structure of the data base to remain constant, regardless of changes in the applications it is portraying.
Effects of secondary storage I/O contention on the performance of an interactive information management system
Authors: Richard C. Atwood
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 2 (1972)

An analysis is presented of the effects of contention for the use of the Input/Output channel to secondary storage. Quantitative results are obtained by means of a discrete simulation for an IBM System/360 Model 50 computer under the operating environment of a real-time interactive management information system (United Aircraft Information Management System - UAIMS). Alternative software and Input/Output hardware device configurations that would support increased demands for service are modeled and the relative throughput capabilities and device utilizations are compared and discussed. The model, written in GPSS/360, was designed to give substantive results reasonably independent of the specific software packages involved. In this way performance aspects dependent on the basic system architecture become more readily apparent. Conclusions drawn from the statistics of the model runs are general to interactive on-line systems of the nature discussed. Results are derived in relative rather than absolute terms. A representative benchmark configuration was modeled, and the capabilities of the other configurations measured in terms of this. When two on-line transaction partitions are maintained, it is shown that the through-put capability can be improved by 16 to 42 percent by the use of two selector channels instead of one. The degree of improved capability is dependent on the device type attached and the amount of contention that exists for the seek facility.
Circuit diagram generation via functional logic
Authors: S. M. Shenkman
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th Design Automation Workshop (1973)

A system used by Gilbert Associates, Inc. to produce, via computer, electrical elementary wiring diagrams directly from Boolean expressions is described here. Discussion is concentrated on the aspect of using a functional input format to create circuits for control of power plant systems and equipment. Information is processed on a single medium of communication for all responsible participants. A &ldquo;Functional Diagram&rdquo; contains information from and for system, control, instrumentation, and circuit engineers, reviewers, management, subcontractors, clients, and computer input personnel and output interpreters. The Functional Diagram includes a logic table, circuit auxiliary information, notation for revision and development history, and provisions for special input and applications. All data used or created by the Elementary Wiring Diagram Design System, e.g. hardware and wiring diagram correlations, wire mark lists, switch developments, etc., are maintained in reference files. The Functional Diagram centralizes inter-communication of discipline and is a direct computer input sheet. Logic table usage is emphasized in this paper.
Algorithms for rational function arithmetic operations
Authors: Ellis Horowitz
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1972)

Despite recent advances in speeding up many arithmetic and algebraic algorithms plus a general increase in algorithm analyses, no computing time study has ever been done for algorithms which perform the rational function arithmetic operations. Mathematical symbol manipulation systems which provide for operations on rational functions use algorithms which were initially given by P. Henrici in 1956. In this paper, these algorithms are precisely specified and their computing times analyzed. Then, new algorithms based on the use of modular arithmetic are developed and analyzed. It is shown that the computing time for adding and taking the derivative of rational functions is 2 orders of magnitude faster using the modular algorithms. Also, the computing time for rational function multiplication will be one order of magnitude faster using the modular algorithm.
CAF: A computer-assisted floorplanning tool
Authors: André Leblond
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

CAF (Computer-Assisted VLSI Floorplan) is an interactive program that helps a VLSI designer to get a good floorplan before he starts the actual routing. It includes a graphic output, block end pad geometric manipulation commands, a cost function which is an estimation of total wire length, an automatic pad placement, and traffic analysis. The heuristics used to compute estimated wire lengths and channel congestions are presented and will be shown to be quite accurate. The general use of CAF as a floorplan-building tool is discussed.
A tool for computer design
Authors: Helmut Weber
Venue: Proceedings of the 11th Design Automation Workshop (1974)

Computers are designed in stages. After the architectural definition of the system a block diagram is developed. From this the detail logic and the microprogram is developed in several steps, and the logic structure is mapped to a physical structure. This process consits essentially of transformations and expansions under constraints, leaving the desired function of the system being developed invariant. This paper analyzes the development process critically and covers methods with which the invariance of the function of the systems can be guranteed. Furthermore, a program systera is presented which was written as a tool to support the development of computers and which was used for the developraent of the model 125 of System /370. The Behavioral Language of this support-system will be presented in its major features.
Economic effects of fluctuations in catches and population levels, upon a population of Alaska king crab
Authors: Philip L. Katz, James W. Balsiger, Robert H. Schappelle, Thomas R. Spinker
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1 (1977)

A multiple-size-class model of the Bering Sea king crab fishery is presented, including a nonlinear, observation-based reproductive submodel, as well as measures of long-run and short-run economic benefit. The model can simulate a wide variety of equilibrium and non equilibrium fishing strategies. Demonstration cases show the importance of natural mortality parameters to the relationship between fishery management strategy and equilibrium yield, and give an example of alternating between two fishing strategies, to produce long-run yields exceeding those of either strategy implemented alone.
&ldquo;A study of personal computing in education&rdquo;
Authors: John Walstrom, David Rine
Venue: Proceedings of the eleventh SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1980)

This paper summarizes a study which was made by the authors on the various roles of personal computing in early education, college education and continued education of the individual. The role of personal computing in continued education is decomposed into its specific roles in the re-education of business persons (especially small businesses), of computer professionals, and of educators and other users of personal computing. It is pointed out that among many professional societies today, as well as within the total education of the individual, personal computing is an essential topic of national and international concern.
The user's perception of the interaction language: A two-level model
Authors: S. J. Payne, T. R.G. Green
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (1983)

Users perceive consistency and inconsistency in syntax, and family resemblances among syntactic constructions. These factors are not captured in conventional BNF-like grammars. We argue that a generalised form of a two-level grammar is a better model of the user's perceptions, and show how the model relates to current psychological notions of organisation in recall and language learning. The model provides a unified interpretation of many previous results in HCI: we analyse here findings by Reisner (1981) and Barnard et al. (1981). Two preliminary experimental tests supporting the model are described.
INDECS: General conveyorized facilities description and simulation
Authors: Shimon Y. Nof, Richard C. Wilson
Venue: Proceedings of the 76 Bicentennial conference on Winter simulation (1976)

This paper describes INDECS, a FORTRAN software system for Integrated Description and Evaluation of Conveyorized Systems. A data base catalog of system equipment is combined with user written control subroutines, GASP-II event routines, and INDECS event routines to provide a conveyor system designer with simple methods for system specification. A simple example illustrates the elements of the simulation system.
The autopunch system or design automation comes to the sheet metal shop
Authors: W. J. Samek
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual Design Automation Conference (1969)

The conventional and traditional way of designing and manufacturing sheet metal components or assemblies consists of the following operations 1 Layout drafting 2 Detail drafting 3 Checking 4 Shop layout (transferring the dimensions onto a blank metal sheet) (Fig. 1) 5 Positioning the sheet on the punch press, mounting a tool, and punching (hopefully at the correct location) 6 Flame cutting of large openings, and 7 Bending, rolling, and assembly (welding or bolting)
Interactive image query system using progressive transmission
Authors: F. S. Hill,  Jr., Sheldon Walker,  Jr., Fuwen Gao
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1983)

There is a growing need for people to browse through files of images such as satellite or medical photos, to determine which ones warrant further examination. Users located at some distance from the image archive often must use slow transmission links such as telephone lines. If an image is scanned out line-by-line, top-to-bottom, the user must often wait too long to determine whether the image is of any use. Using the Progressive Transmission Method, however, images are encoded so that during transmission the entire display shows a rough version of the image in 'fat pixels'. If the user wishes to see more detail, additional data is sent and used to refine these pixels, until the exact original image is seen. We report here on extensions of this method to the rich color imagery found in remote-sensing applications. A significant advance is the elimination of unworkably large look-up tables by using a single simple algorithm for performing the required encoding and decoding operations. The method is conceptualized in a 'transmission cone' context which assists a user in interacting with the system. The user can roam over large images, zoom to various levels of resolution, and cause specified subregions of interest in the image to fill in to full resolution, at a tremendous saving in time.
Interactive verification of communication software on the basis of CIL
Authors: H. Krumm, O. Drobnik
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM symposium on Communications architectures and protocols: tutorials symposium (1984)

The CIL-approach for the development of communication services is based on the programming language CIL (Communication Service Implementation Language) and a CIL-compatible theory of program execution. The theory contains a first-order predicate calculus and an event-oriented model of program execution. The verification of programs written in CIL is supported by the automated generation of program axioms and by an interactive theorem prover tailored to the predicate calculus. Interactive verification during the design phase leads to early detection and localization of design errors and helps to reduce the efforts for debugging and testing. The paper describes the principles of the language, the theory, and the interactive verification tool. The design of a program realizing a transport service exemplifies the CIL-approach.
Identification of viable biological strategies for pest management by simulation studies
Authors: W. W. Menke
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th conference on Winter simulation (1973)

Interdisciplinary research by management scientists and entomologists at the University of Florida has developed a stochastic computer model for studying interactions between an insect population, its host food crop, and other variables. This population growth model, highly adaptable to any insect and any host crop, is technically characterized by discrete arrivals, infinite servers and multi-stage, continuous service-time distribution functions. Because steady state is seldom achieved in nature, this paper identifies combinations of critical starting conditions (number of insects, disparate start times for insects and host crops) and critical stages for induced survival rate reductions to minimize crop damage. Sensitivity analyses serve to identify the most promising areas for future entomological research in pest management strategies.
EDP auditors' role in evaluating computerized accounting information systems efficiency by queuing, simulation and statistical models
Authors: Sara F. Rushinek
Venue: Proceedings of the fourteenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1983)

This study is a summary of the various relevant aspects related to evaluating system efficiency in computerized accounting information systems. During recent years a vast body of knowledge central to the problem of computer performance evaluation has accumulated. Unfortunately, however, the work on the subject demonstrates enormous disparity. On the one hand, one finds numerous reports and documents that present masses of empirical data obtained from measurement or simulation. On the other hand, theoretical papers are, more often than not, couched in advanced mathematics, not easily accessible to engineers and/or Electronic Data Processing (EDP) Auditors. Among a number of mathematical disciplines related to system modeling,&ldquo;queuing model,&rdquo;&ldquo;simulation method,&rdquo; and &ldquo;statistical analysis&rdquo; are the most important quantitative techniques. This paper provides a cohesive introduction to the modeling and analysis techniques for evaluating system efficiency. These techniques will certainly be applicable to modeling activities of complex systems in general, and not merely computer systems.
Experience with the use of the British Standard Interface in computer peripherals and communication systems
Authors: D. L.A. Barber
Venue: Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Problems in the optimization of data communications systems (1969)

The new British Standard Specification(1) 4421 entitled &ldquo;A Digital Input/Output Interface for Data Collection Systems&rdquo; is gaining wide recognition in the United Kingdom and has been submitted to the International Standards Organisation for International appraisal. Although the B.S. Interface has been described elsewhere (5)(6)(7) a brief outline is given here to facilitate the subsequent discussion of its applications to computer peripherals, small computers, and the NPL data network.
Personality and programming: Time-sharing vs. batch preference
Authors: Jeanne M. Lee, Ben Shneiderman
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

Only within the past ten years has some attention been given to psychological concerns of human-machine interface. A review of the literature in this area reveals that personality has received the least attention, but interest is growing. If critical personality factors can be isolated and associated with particular programming tasks, such information could be a useful tool for education as well as management. The hypothesis of this exploratory study was that two personality dimensions, assertiveness and locus of control, influence a programmer's choice of batch or interactive processing for program development. Locus of control relates to the perception an individual has of his/her influence over events. Assertiveness allows an individual expression in a manner that fully communicates personal desires without infringing upon the rights of others. These two dimensions and the programmer's preference for batch or interactive mode were studied through a questionnaire survey of experienced programmers.
Computation of skeleton by partial differential equation
Authors: D. Pasquignon
Venue: Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Image Processing (Vol. 1)-Volume 1 - Volume 1 (1995)

The problem of computation of a "good" skeleton is still open because several somehow opposite requirements must be satisfied: the skeleton must represent the connected components of the shape (connectivity requirement). The skeleton must be noise insensitive. The computation must be as independent as possible of the grid effects. We discuss several classical "thinning" algorithms and show that they can be reinterpreted as partial differential equations governing the shape evolution. We propose the best adapted partial differential equation to the computation of the skeleton, and define a reliable numerical scheme to compute it. Experiments and comparison of methods close the paper.