ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Modular Asynchronous Arbiter Insensitive to Metastability
Authors: M. j. Bellido, M. Valencia, J. l. Huertas, A. j. Acosta, S. Sánchez-Solano
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Computers (1995)

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel modular N-user asynchronous arbiter circuit which is insensitive to metastable operation (i.e., the new arbiter cannot fail because of metastability), operating asynchronously and incorporating a modular architecture. A 1.5¿m CMOS prototype arbiter has been designed and tested. Laboratory tests demonstrate the arbiter operates correctly.
Intelligent Support for Specifications Transformation
Authors: Jeffrey J. -P. Tsai, Joel C. Ridge
Venue: IEEE Software (1988)

The authors describe an expert system, the Specification-Transformation Expert System (STES), which is to translate requirements specifications into design specifications automatically during the development phase of the software life cycle. STES accepts as input a software-requirements specification expressed in terms of dataflow diagrams. Using rules that embody a structured design methodology, STES translates this specification into a template describing a structure chart. STES consist of a knowledge base and an inference engine. The knowledge base contains information on the structured-design methodology and heuristic guidelines to help determine when certain methods should be applied. Given a target software system's requirements specification, the STES inference engine can perform intelligent decision-making and determine a suitable architectural design specification for the software system being designed. STES was originally implemented in OPS5 on a VAX11/780 computer. It has since been ported to an Apollo DN 3000 workstation and integrated with a commercial CASE tool.
Electrical Modeling and Simulation Challenges in Chip-Package Codesign
Authors: Andreas C. Cangellaris
Venue: IEEE Micro (1998)

The explosive growth of wireless communications, combined with the rapid advances in high-performance portable computing, are driving the microelectronics industry toward the development of a variety of multi-functional, low-cost, yet high-performance, mixed-signal electronic products. The semiconductor industry appears to be confident that, even without any major breakthroughs in photolithography, it will be able to achieve device feature sizes in the order of 100 nm by the year 2006. This reduction in feature size implies significantly higher device switching speeds and faster circuits. More specifically, microprocessors with 3 GHz on-chip clock frequency are within reach by the year 2006. The realization of such high-performance, multi-functional systems calls for novel, often revolutionary, practices in functional-block integration and packaging. In particular, the chip, package and even the board, cannot be designed independently anymore. Instead, a holistic design approach is needed, with interconnect performance and electromagnetic compatibility imposed as primary design constraints. Some of the challenges associated with the electrical design of such systems are discussed in this article.
A Cost-Effective RISC/DSP Microprocessor for Embedded Systems
Authors: Michael Dolle, Manfred Schlett
Venue: IEEE Micro (1995)

Applications in the area of telecommunications or multimedia require a new generation of fast and flexible microprocessors. A new 32-bit RISC microprocessor with extended functionality for digital signal processing is presented, which makes the use of dedicated digital signal processors superfluous and reduces overall system cost. Due to an optimized design with just 210,000 transistors, this medium-to-high-performance, low-cost microprocessor is well suited for a wide range of embedded systems applications.
Consumer Satisfaction for Internet Service Providers: An Analysis of Underlying Processes
Authors: Sunil Erevelles, Shuba Srinivasan, Steven Rangel
Venue: Information Technology and Management (2003)

A key managerial challenge, of interest to academics and practitioners alike, is the assessment and management of customer satisfaction. In this paper, we examine the underlying processes involving consumer satisfaction and switching patterns among ISPs using different satisfaction models, including the expectations-disconfirmation model, the attribution model, and an affective model. Our results indicate that the satisfaction levels of ISP consumers are generally relatively low, despite the fact that consumer expectations of ISPs are also low, reflecting &ldquo;mediocrity&rdquo; in the marketplace. In addition, consumers attribute their dissatisfaction to ISP indifference and believe that managing dissatisfaction is within the control of the ISP. Moreover, &ldquo;affective&rdquo; factors play an important role in satisfaction processes and switching behavior. Customer service including technical support and responsiveness of service staff is an important &ldquo;determinant&rdquo; factor in ISP selection. We suggest that as the ISP market matures, service providers that pay attention to affective factors and to building &ldquo;relationships&rdquo; with their customers will have a competitive advantage in the marketplace of the future.
On the uniqueness of stationary points in L2 approximation with a rational polyphase function
Authors: Phillip M. S. Burt, Max Gerken
Venue: Signal Processing (2002)

The question of uniqueness of L2 approximation when using a rational polyphase function is of great importance for the practical use of polyphase IIR adaptive filters. As shown in a previous work, the polyphase structure can alleviate the problem of convergence speed in IIR adaptive filters, allowing their computational complexity gain over FIR adaptive filters to be exploited. In that work, however, a demonstration of a uniqueness property was not presented. In this paper, we initially present an example of a practical application and the gain in convergence speed that can be achieved by using a polyphase IIR adaptive filter. We then demonstrate the following uniqueness property of the approximation of a rational function with degree N by a p-phase rational polyphase function with pM + 1 and M free coefficients in, respectively, its numerator and denominator: if N is less or equal to M then the two functions are identical at all stationary points of the squared L2 norm of the error. Following the demonstration of the uniqueness property, we make some remarks on the existence of multiple polyphase decompositions of a rational function. Such situations lead to restrictions on the use of polyphase IIR adaptive filters, in order to avoid slow convergence.
The Indispensability of Dispensable Indexes
Authors: Elisa Bertino, Beng Chin Ooi
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (1999)

The design of new indexes has been driven by many factors, such as data types, operations, and application environment. The increasing demand for database systems to support new applications such as online analytical processing (OLAP), spatial databases, and temporal databases has continued to fuel the development of new indexes. In this paper, we summarize the major considerations in developing new indexes, paying particular attention to progress made in the design of indexes for spatial, temporal databases, and object-oriented databases (OODB). Our discussion focuses on the general concepts or features of these indexes, thus presenting the building blocks for meeting the challenges of designing new indexes for novel applications to be encountered in the future.
Beyond broadcast: a demo
Authors: Kevin Livingston, Mark Dredze, Kristian Hammond, Larry Birnbaum
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (2003)

This research discusses a method for delivering just-in-time information to television viewers to provide more depth and more breadth to television broadcasts. A novel aspect of this research is that it uses broadcast news as a starting point for gathering information regarding specific stories, as opposed to considering the broadcast version to be the end of the viewers exploration. This work is implemented in Cronkite, a system that provides viewers with expanded coverage of broadcast news stories.
Use of Analytical Performance Models for System Sizing and Resource Allocation in Interactive Video-on-Demand Systems Employing Data Sharing Techniques
Authors: M. Y. Y. Leung, J. C. S. Lui, L. Golubchik
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2002)

In designing cost-effective video-on-demand (VOD) servers, efficient resource management and proper system sizing are of great importance. In addition to large storage and I/O bandwidth requirements, support of interactive VCR functionality imposes additional resource requirements on the VOD system in terms of storage space, as well as disk and network bandwidth. Previous works have used data sharing techniques (such as batching, buffering, and adaptive piggybacking) to reduce the I/O demand on the storage server. However, such data sharing techniques complicate the provision of VCR functions and diminish the amount of benefit that can be obtained from data sharing techniques. The main contribution of this paper is a simple, yet powerful, analytical modeling approach which allows for analysis, system sizing, resource allocation, and parameter setting for a fairly general class of data sharing techniques which are used in conjunction with the providing of VCR-type functionality. Using this mathematical model, we can determine the proper amount of resources to be allocated for normal playback as well as for service of VCR functionality requests while satisfying predefined system performance requirements. To illustrate the usefulness of our model, we focus on a specific data sharing scheme which combines the use of batching, buffering, and adaptive piggybacking, as well as allows for the use of VCR functions. We show how to utilize this mathematical model for system sizing and resource allocation purposes¿that is, how to distribute the available resources between the service of normal playback and VCR functionality requests under various workloads and resource price ratios, so as to obtain the lowest system cost.
Future Impact of Solid-State Technology on Computers
Venue: Computer (1993)

Several emerging technologies that promise the highest speeds or lowest power of operation or some combination in between are discussed. The three approaches taken to increase the transistor's speed are reviewed. They are to make devices smaller so that electrons (or holes) travel shorter distances in response to a signal, to change from silicon to new high-speed materials, and to use new transistor designs or operating principles. The impact of the evolutionary trend toward smaller device dimensions on digital systems is described.
Human Capital
Authors: Tom DeMarco, Timothy Lister
Venue: IEEE Software (1998)

The original publication of Peopleware was a watershed event. With this influential track record, the new revision of Peopleware is likely to make a similar mark on the software community. This excerpt from the new edition, on human capital, provides a good sense of where DeMarco and Lister's thoughts have traveled during the last decade.
Integrating Security and Real-Time Requirements Using Covert Channel Capacity
Authors: Sang H. Son, Ravi Mukkamala, Rasikan David
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2000)

Database systems for real-time applications must satisfy timing constraints associated with transactions in addition to maintaining data consistency. In addition to real-time requirements, security is usually required in many applications. Multilevel security requirements introduce a new dimension to transaction processing in real-time database systems. In this paper, we argue that, due to the conflicting goals of each requirement, trade-offs need to be made between security and timeliness. We first define mutual information, a measure of the degree to which security is being satisfied by a system. A secure two-phase locking protocol is then described and a scheme is proposed to allow partial violations of security for improved timeliness. Analytical expressions for the mutual information of the resultant covert channel are derived and a feedback control scheme is proposed that does not allow the mutual information to exceed a specified upper bound. Results showing the efficacy of the scheme obtained through simulation experiments are also discussed.
Supercomputing: same name, different game
Venue: Computer (1994)

Vendors agree that price/performance will be an important factor in determining who stays in the supercomputing game. The supercomputer faces competition from both ends of the spectrum-the mainframe and the desktop. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
An Optical Associative Parallel Processor for High-Speed Database Processing
Authors: Ahmed Louri, James A. Hatch,  Jr.
Venue: Computer (1994)

A decade ago, university researchers were in love with parallel computers, and the US government amorously responded. Those were the days of glory, but times have changed: the market for massively parallel computers has collapsed, and many companies have gone out of business, but the researchers are still in love with parallel computing.
On Parallelizing the EM Algorithm for PET Image Reconstruction
Authors: C. M. Chen, S. Y. Lee
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (1994)

The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is one of the most suitable iterative methods for positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction; however, it requires a long computation time and an enormous amount of memory space. To overcome these problems, we present two classes of highly efficient parallelization schemes: homogeneous and inhomogeneous partitionings. The essential difference between these two classes is that the inhomogeneous partitioning schemes may partially overlap the communication with computation by deliberate exploitation of the inherent data access pattern with a multiple-ring communication pattern. In theory, the inhomogeneous partitioning schemes may outperform the homogeneous partitioning schemes. However, the latter require a simpler communication pattern. In an attempt to estimate the achievable performance and to analyze the performance degradation factors without actual implementation, we have derived efficiency prediction formulas for closely estimating the performance for the proposed parallelization schemes. We propose new integration and broadcasting algorithms for hypercube, ring, and n-D mesh topologies, which are more efficient than the conventional algorithms when the link setup time is relatively negligible. The concept of the proposed task and data partitioning schemes, the integration and broadcasting algorithms, and the efficiency estimation methods can be applied to many other problems that are rich in data parallelism, but without balanced exclusive partitioning.
A Decision Feedback Reverse Link Receiver Implementation for IS-95 CDMA Communications
Authors: David Rabinowitz, Mario E. Magaña
Venue: Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal (1999)

An implementation of a reverse link receiver for IS-95 CDMA (Code-Division Multiple-Access) communications that applies decision feedback to the decoding of the received signal is presented. Decision feedback is used in order to improve BER performance by making use of additional information that conventional receiver designs generally ignore. Qualitative analysis and computer simulation of the hardware components of the proposed implementation shows that it can be built as a single integrated circuit using present day technology. The design presented here does not include the RF front-end of the receiver, does not consider the effects of multipath and fading on system performance, and assumes perfect power control.
Reengineering User Interfaces
Authors: Ettore Merlo, Pierre-Yves Gagné, Jean-Francois Girard, Kostas Kontogiannis, Laurie Hendren, Prakash Panangaden, Renato De Mori
Venue: IEEE Software (1995)

Old software systems often use simple user interfaces that are consistent with the interface technology available at the time the software was initially developed. With the advent of new interface technologies, it has become very interesting to study automatic or semiautomatic methods of upgrading existing interfaces, thus extending the useful lifetime of the software system. This paper reports on a systematic method for reverse- engineering user interfaces based on the structural and behavioral representations. Central to this method is the development of an Abstract User Interface Description Language (AUIDL) which uses an object oriented approach to represent user interface structures and Milner's process algebra to model user interface behavior. Another key part of the approach is the development and integration of static analyses methods to approximate important aspects of the application program. For example, the development of a multi-valued constant propagation analysis was needed to support the automatic extraction of user interface structural specifications. A research prototype has been developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. This prototype was used to successfully convert reengineer the user interface for a COBOL/CICS application program that was obtained from industry.
Program Structuring for Effective Parallel Portability
Authors: G. A. Alverson, D. Notkin
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (1993)

The tension between software development costs and efficiency is especially high when considering parallel programs intended to run on a variety of architectures. In the domain of shared memory architectures and explicitly parallel programs, the authors have addressed this problem by defining a programming structure that eases the development of effectively portable programs. On each target multiprocessor, an effectively portable program runs almost as efficiently as a program fine-tuned for that machine. Additionally, its software development cost is close to that of a single program that is portable across the targets. Using this model, programs are defined in terms of data structure and partitioning-scheduling abstractions. Low software development cost is attained by writing source programs in terms of abstract interfaces and thereby requiring minimal modification to port; high performance is attained by matching (often dynamically) the interfaces to implementations that are most appropriate to the execution environment. The authors include results of a prototype used to evaluate the benefits and costs of this approach.
A single-ended blockiness measure for JPEG-Coded images
Authors: Lydia Meesters, Jean-Bernard Martens
Venue: Signal Processing (2002)

In three subjective experiments, dissimilarity data and numerical category scaling data were obtained to determine the underlying attributes of image quality in sequential baseline-coded JPEG images. Although several distortions were perceived, namely blockiness, ringing and blur, the subjective data for all attributes were highly correlated, so that image quality could approximately be described in one dimension. We therefore proceeded by developing an instrumental measure for one of the distortions, namely, blockiness. In this paper a single-ended blockiness measure is proposed, i.e., one that uses only the coded image. Our approach is therefore fundamentally different from most (double-ended) image quality models that need both the original and the degraded image. The proposed measure is based on detecting the low-amplitude edges that result from blocking and estimating the edge amplitudes. Because of the approximate one-dimensionality of the underlying psychological space, the proposed blockiness measure also predicts the image quality of sequential baseline coded JPEG images.
Beyond the Black Box: Open Implementation
Authors: Gregor Kiczales
Venue: IEEE Software (1996)

A forum for exchanging ideas, philosopies, and experience.Encapsulation, informally known as black-box abstraction, is a widely known and accepted principle. However, many practitioners find themselves violating it in order to achieve performance requirements in a practical manner. This gap between theory and practice must be filled. Open implementation is a controversial new approach that claims to do just that. The ideas that follow will spark further debate on black-box abstraction (a debate that is taking place, in part, on the Internet). I welcome your responses on this column and the subject at large.¿Tomoo Matsubara
Wireless Network Extension Using Mobile IP
Authors: Robert L. Geiger, James D. Solomon, Kenneth J. Crisler
Venue: IEEE Micro (1997)

The development of distributed computing systems, with the associated focus on the interconnecting network, and mobile computing platforms has generated much interest in mobile data network access. Wide-area wireless communication systems are particularly of interest. This article attempts to describe some of the challenges and potential solutions to providing wireless network access for mobile computing users. We present a set of characteristics and requirements for practical wireless access, many of which are not addressed well, if at all, by current wireless data systems. The paper then describes a new Internet technology, Mobile IP, which provides a foundation for addressing many of the cited requirements. The article concludes with a description of how this technology is being applied in the development of advanced new data services for the integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (iDEN).
Keys to Engineering a Workable Contract
Authors: Karl Dakin
Venue: IEEE Software (1996)

Legal and policy aspects of information technology use and development. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
A Software Reliability Engineering Practice
Venue: Computer (1993)

A recently adopted best current practice (BCP) at ATT involving performing software reliability engineering (SRE) tasks over the software life cycle is discussed. Software reliability is defined as the capability of a software product to operate failure-free for a given period under specified operating conditions. The support mechanisms for the SRE BCP are described.
Scan-Path Architecture for Pseudorandom Testing
Authors: Bulent I. Dervisoglu
Venue: IEEE Design Test (1989)

The author presents an architecture for implementing scan technology in a state-of-the-art workstation that uses a single resource to control scan and clock functions and perform pseudorandom testing of individual chips and boards. The testing approach, which is based on the use of a linear-feedback shift register, also features the ability to capture test results and compress them into a single signature for comparison with a known 'golden-circuit' signature. The author describes an application for testing the Apollo DN10000 and presents a list of design rules for pseudorandom testing at the board level. He discusses communication with scan and clock resources, timing relationships for scan operations, problems encountered, and design-for-testability issues in some depth.