ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Chrg-http: a tool for micropayments on the world wide web
Authors: Lei Tang, Steven Low
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th conference on USENIX Security Symposium, Focusing on Applications of Cryptography - Volume 6 (1996)

Chrg-http is a simple and secure protocol for electronic payments over the Internet, especially in an intranet environment. It is designed to support those micropayments (or more specific, electronic publishing, which have costs ranging from pennies to a few dollars. A widely used secure system Kerberos V5 has been incorporated into the http protocol. The security and authentication of a transactions is provided by Kerberos, without expensive public key cryptographic computations, or on-line processing through a centralized payment processing server, which is the case to most of the existing electronic payment systems on the World Wide Web. Our implementation is based on the billing model (or the subscription model). The simplicity of the model also helps to reduce the charging cost overhead.
Using Markov Models to Find Interesting Patient Pathways
Authors: Sally McClean, Lalit Garg, Brian Meenan, Peter Millard
Venue: Proceedings of the Twentieth IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (2007)

Over recent years the concept of Interestingness has come to underpin Data Mining, leading to the discovery of much new knowledge. In particular recognition of interesting patient pathways can lead to the discovery of important rules and patterns such as high probability pathways, groups of patients who incur exceptional high costs or pathways that are very long lasting. In the current paper we show how Markov models can be used to identify such patient pathways. Using Markov modelling we show how patient pathways may be extracted and describe an algorithm based on branch and bound that we have developed to efficiently extract a number of interesting pathways, subject to the number of pathways required, or some other criterion being specified. The approach is illustrated using data on geriatric patients from an administrative database of a London hospital, and we identify interesting pathways for geriatric patients. Such an approach might be used in association with healthcare process improvement technologies, such as Lean Thinking or Six Sigma.
Computational Science and Engineering Advances Understanding of Complex Unsteady Flows in High Performance Fans and Compressors
Authors: Steve E. Gorrell, Fu-Lin Tsung, Jixian Yao, Rhonda Vickery
Venue: Proceedings of the HPCMP Users Group Conference (2006)

The ability of high fidelity simulations to more accurately model complex flow phenomena in high performance military fans and compressors is demonstrated. Challenge Project C1I continues to investigate how blade row interactions and distortion transfer impact fan and compressor performance. Simulations accomplished through this Challenge Project have produced improved geometric, physical, and numerical fidelity results than previously possible, allowing the design of next generation engines to achieve unprecedented performance.
Equivalence and Dominance Relations Between Fault Pairs and Their Use in Fault Pair Collapsing for Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Irith Pomeranz, Sudhakar M. Reddy
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 6th International Conference: Embedded Systems (2007)

Equivalence and dominance relations used earlier in fault diagnosis procedures are defined as relations between faults, similar to the relations used for fault collapsing. Since the basic entity of diagnostic fault simulation and test generation is a fault pair, and not a single fault, we introduce a framework where equivalence and dominance relations are defined for fault pairs. Using equivalence and dominance relations between fault pairs, we describe a fault pair collapsing process, where fault pairs are removed from consideration under diagnostic fault simulation and test generation since they are guaranteed to be distinguished when other fault pairs are distinguished. We demonstrate the full extent of fault pair collapsing by considering circuits with small numbers of inputs. We also describe an efficient fault pair collapsing procedure for larger circuits based on structural analysis.
Minitrack: Negotiation Support Systems
Authors: Tung X. Bui, Melvin F. Shakun
Venue: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2007)

Negotiation Support Systems (NSS) are designed to assist negotiators in reaching mutually satisfactory decisions by providing a means of communication and through analysis of available information. The purpose of this minitrack is to provide a forum for interchange of ideas, research results, development activities, and applications among academicians and practitioners in the NSS field. With HICSS-40, we celebrate the 15-th year of the NSS minitrack. Since 1991, this minitrack has gathered a respectable collection of papers in this young but promising area of research. Collectively, the selected papers in this minitrack continue to offer innovative and thought-provoking research in computer-supported mediation.
Envelope Detection Based Transition Time Supervision for Online Testing of RF MEMS Switches
Authors: E. Simeu, S. Mir, R. Kherreddine, H. N. Nguyen
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International On-Line Testing Symposium (2007)

This paper introduces a new method combining low frequency actuation signal as test stimuli and envelope detection on the RF (radiofrequency) output signal to provide a low cost mean for offline as well as for online testing of RF MEMS switches. The study includes the modelling of RF MEMS switches as well as some ideas how to test online and diagnose their functionality. The proposed approach uses the principle of alternate test that replaces conventional specification-based testing procedures, which require sophisticated test equipment and are time consuming. The basic idea is to use the actuation signal as a low frequency online test stimuli to the RF device. The low frequency characteristics measured from the envelope of component response are utilized in a regression process to predict the RF conventional specifications parameters like s-parameters. In the context of our online testing scheme, on and off transition time estimated from the output low frequency envelope are used as test metrics and are concurrently updated using recursive algorithms. Preliminary validation results obtained on a capacitive RF switch are very encouraging.
Understanding the figurative language of tropes in natural language processing using a brain-based organization for ontologies
Authors: Michael Laszlo
Venue:  (2007)

Look, love, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east; Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. "Romeo and Juliet," Shakespeare Language communication is the successful interpretation of the speaker's communicative intent. When Shakespeare writes, we see the intent in Romeo's words, but it is lost again when we attempt to express it using a computer model for language; a model with an ability to handle tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony) is needed. The goal of this model is to correctly interpret the nouns that occur within these tropes.Early computer language models had not worked well when they encountered tropes, yet the brain handled them easily. These early models concentrated on the language functions of the left temporal lobes of the brain; perhaps the models worked poorly because they had limited themselves to modelling only the parts of the brain that handled propositional language. The designs of these models were also influenced by the assumption that the human brain understood language using a grammar-based Language Acquisition Device. In examining human language acquisition however, grammar does not even show up until the third year.In addition to the common taxonomic and mereologic structures that occur in most language models, the current model also recreates the brain's thematic, perceptual and functional categorizations. Words no longer occur at a single location: words defined by their perceptual features, whether nouns or adjectives, occur within perceptual categorizations, and those defined by functional features, whether nouns or verbs, occur within functional categorizations. Tenor-vehicle connections then expand these perceptual and functional categories with metaphor. Words occurring within thematic categories are used to understand metonymy; and words occurring in the taxonomic and mereologic structures are used to understand synecdoche.Classifiers, such as the Japanese hon, indicate membership in a category. Marked perceptual and functional classifiers in ASL, Japanese and Swahili made it easier to identify the occurrences of unmarked perceptual and functional categories in English. Likewise, the mythos-based categories in Dyirbal, French and German made the remnants of mythos-based categories still occurring in English understandable.
A FreeBSD based low cost broadband VPN router for a telemedicine application
Authors: Gunther Schadow
Venue: Proceedings of the BSD Conference 2002 on BSD Conference (2002)

The author developed a small low cost broadband networking router using FreeBSD to support a telemedicine application. Our router design provides IPsec based virtual private networking (VPN) and quality of service (QoS) arrangements, simultaneously supporting two-way real-time video and audio, camera control, streaming video replay and medical record access over the public Internet using Cable-modem links from physician's homes to the Internet. These routers have been critical for the implementation of the telemedicine project after several other attempts with proprietary "solutions" have failed. FreeBSD's integrated IPsec code, QoS facility, firewall, and its ability to squeeze the entire system down into a file system image of less than 8 MB, had been instrumental for the development of our routers. Above all, however, this project would not have been possible without the availability of the system's source code, the ability to investigate bugs, rapid turn-around in the user-support community, and the ability to add missing features into existing software, which is made possible by the open source software development paradigm.
Framework for Information Sharing Across Multiple Government Agencies under Dynamic Access Policies
Authors: K. Bhoopalam, K. Maly, R. Mukkamala, M. Zubair
Venue: Proceedings of the The Second International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (2007)

One of the government missions identified by the Federal Enterprise Architecture is to use computer and networking technologies to develop infrastructure to support information sharing within government organizations as well as with external stakeholders. Currently, considerable information is being maintained at individual organizations in the form of large repositories/digital libraries with no efficient means of sharing it with other government organizations and with other external user communities, including the general public. A major obstacle to information sharing is the lack of a framework and an infrastructure that allows government organizations to share information selectively with different user groups. Lack of such a framework creates unwillingness among government organizations to share their digital content. A mechanism needs to be in place where policy makers can specify which documents can be moved from one organization to another organization and/or who can access these transferred documents. Furthermore, a system is needed that enforces these policies in realtime when external events dictate a change of policies. In this paper, we propose a framework for specification, management and enforcement of dynamic access policies across multiple geographically distributed organizations. The framework can be instantiated to integrate with individual digital library systems and provide the necessary infrastructure to provide policy controlled access control management.
Organization of a capstone design course
Authors: G. K. Heitman
Venue: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Frontiers in Education - Volume 01 (2000)

The approach to engineering design varies from one school to the next but all engineering programs understand and emphasize the importance of design in their curriculum. The article presents an approach to a capstone senior design course that strives to duplicate a real industrial design project experience for the students. Accordingly, team projects are favored and encouraged, and students are held to strict project specifications, deadlines, and deliverables.
Linux on the system/390
Authors: Adam Thornton
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th annual Linux Showcase & Conference - Volume 4 (2000)

This paper is meant to serve as a general overview of the Linux port to the IBM System/390 mainframe architecture. The System/390 architecture is introduced, and its history and design are briefly discussed, including IBM's operating system VM, which allows virtualization of the System/390 and hence a way to split the machine into a large number of virtual machines. The short history of Linux on the platform is then covered, and ways in which running Linux on the System/390 make sense are discussed, chief among them the possibility of running many Linux instances on a single System/390. Differences between the System/390 port and other ports of Linux are introduced, and the necessity for a general solution to the problem of timer interrupts in a virtual environment is raised. The I/O model of the System/390 is then described, with an example comparing a Linux/390 network driver with a PCI network driver that highlights some of the idiosyncracies of the System/390. Ways that a developer can begin working with Linux for System/390 are suggested, ranging from use of an employer's existing machine through acquisition of a used development machine to Hercules, a free System/390 emulator for Linux. Finally, areas in which development help is most badly needed are spotlighted.
Some Improvements over the BLEU Metric for Measuring Translation Quality for Hindi
Authors: Niladri Chatterjee, Anish Johnson, Madhav Krishna
Venue: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing: Theory and Applications (2007)

The BLEU translation quality evaluation metric is a modified n-gram precision measure that uses a number of reference translations of a given candidate text in order to evaluate its quality of translation. In this paper, we propose some modifications to this metric so that it suits Indian languages; more specifically, Hindi. The problem of using BLEU in Hindi presents two difficulties: non-availability of multiple references and prevalence of free word order in sentence construction. It is established that the validity of BLEU scores generally increases with the number of reference translations used. Further, Hindi being a free word order language, naïve n-gram matching as adopted by BLEU does not accurately predict the quality of a translated text. In our approach we have modified BLEU in order to take care of the above-mentioned shortcomings. Our proposed metric has obtained a closer correlation with human judgment while using just one reference translation.
Towards the Orwellian nightmare: separation of business and personal emails
Authors: Sanaz Jabbari, Ben Allison, David Guthrie, Louise Guthrie
Venue: Proceedings of the COLING/ACL on Main conference poster sessions (2006)

This paper describes the largest scale annotation project involving the Enron email corpus to date. Over 12,500 emails were classified, by humans, into the categories "Business" and "Personal", and then sub-categorised by type within these categories. The paper quantifies how well humans perform on this task (evaluated by inter-annotator agreement). It presents the problems experienced with the separation of these language types. As a final section, the paper presents preliminary results using a machine to perform this classification task.
Automatic dialect classification: advances for read and spontaneous speech, and printed text
Authors: John H. Hansen
Venue:  (2006)

Dialect is one of the most important factors next to gender that influences speech system performance including automatic speech recognition. In this thesis, we address novel advances in automatic dialect classification. The goal is to detect and classify dialect information in continuous speech and text. Based on available resources, we approach this problem from three directions. First, when transcripts are given for audio training data, we propose a Word-based Dialect Classification (WDC) framework, which turns the single text-independent decision problem into a multiple text-dependent decision problem. The basic WDC system is further enhanced by the AdaBoost algorithm, a dialect dependence measure, and Context Adaptive Training (CAT) which is proposed to address the data sparseness problem in training. The WDC systems outperform the state-of-the-art system (Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (LVCSR) based system) by 38%-70% in three English dialect corpora. Second, when there are no associated transcripts available for training, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based algorithm is proposed. Here, Frame Selection (FS), Mixture Selection (MS), and Minimum Classification Error (MCE) methods are proposed and applied to discriminatively train the GMM. The discriminatively trained GMM classifiers outperform the baseline maximum likelihood estimated GMM classifier by 33%-43% in both English and Spanish corpora. Third, since dialect information is represented not only at the pronunciation level, but also at the word selection and grammar levels, text processing is also considered. Topic-specific documents from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom are collected and analyzed for dialects of English. An n-gram language model based classifier, and the Conditional Random Fields (CRF) based classifier are applied to determine dialect origin of documents. It is shown that there are strong dialect differences contained in the text structure of these documents. The n-gram language model based classifier achieves 82%-92% classification accuracy on five document topics. The CRF based classifier obtains 10%-20% improvement over the n-gram language model based classifier. Finally, a comparison between the proposed automatic systems and human listener performance in dialect classification is conducted. The CRF is applied to unsupervised dialect classification, and issues concerning data mismatch and training data size in dialect classification are explored. The algorithms formulated in this thesis, and the resulting observations provide important contributions to the advancement of effective systems for dialect classification at the acoustic level. It is also shown that text structure can contribute to effective dialect classification systems.
Comparison results on preconditioned SOR-type iterative method for Z-matrices linear systems
Authors: Xue-Zhong Wang, Ting-Zhu Huang, Ying-Ding Fu
Venue: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2007)

In this paper, we present some comparison theorems on preconditioned iterative method for solving Z-matrices linear systems, Comparison results show that the rate of convergence of the Gauss-Seidel-type method is faster than the rate of convergence of the SOR-type iterative method.
Geographic routing without planarization
Authors: Ben Leong, Barbara Liskov, Robert Morris
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 3 (2006)

We present a new geographic routing algorithm, Greedy Distributed Spanning Tree Routing (GDSTR), that finds shorter routes and generates less maintenance traffic than previous algorithms. While geographic routing potentially scales well, it faces the problem of what to do at local dead ends where greedy forwarding fails. Existing geographic routing algorithms handle dead ends by planarizing the node connectivity graph and then using the right-hand rule to route around the resulting faces. GDSTR handles this situation differently by switching instead to routing on a spanning tree until it reaches a point where greedy forwarding can again make progress. In order to choose a direction on the tree that is most likely to make progress towards the destination, each GDSTR node maintains a summary of the area covered by the subtree below each of its tree neighbors. While GDSTR requires only one tree for correctness, it uses two for robustness and to give it an additional forwarding choice. Our simulations show that GDSTR finds shorter routes than geographic face routing algorithms: GDSTR's stretch is up to 20% less than the best existing algorithm in situations where dead ends are common. In addition, we show that GDSTR requires an order of magnitude less bandwidth to maintain its trees than CLDP, the only distributed planarization algorithm that is known to work with practical radio networks.
Engineering design processes, problem solving and creativity
Authors: D. L. Dekker
Venue: Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference on 1995. Proceedings., 1995 vol 1. - Volume 01 (1995)

There is confusion as to what the terms in the title mean. None of them are clearly defined. "The engineering design processes" are often confused with open-ended problems. "Problem solving" has many definitions. "Creativity" is much more than the prevalent "free-thinking" view. The lack of a common definition leads to confusion when people, faculty included, are discussing these topics. There are many listings of the steps or phases which comprise the engineering design processes. There are also many listing of the steps or phases of problem solving. Although completing an engineering design is solving a problem, "problem solving" is not engineering design. Engineering design and problem solving can be distinguished by the activities that take place during the project. Early in most descriptions of problem solving and the design processes, there is usually a step called "search for alternatives" or "ideate". This implies that creativity is needed only in this step. The prevalent "free-thinking" view of creativity also implies that creativity will happen if all constraints and negative attitudes are removed. There are positive techniques that can help everyone become more creative. These structured creative enhancement techniques provide a tool to quantify creative skills. This quantification also makes creative skills easier to teach. These creative enhancement techniques are consistent with the structure of the engineering design processes and the phases of problem solving. In fact, these creative skills must be used throughout the engineering design processes to produce a "better" design in a shorter time!.