ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Small virtual machines: A survey
Authors: Lloyd I. Dickman
Venue: Proceedings of the workshop on virtual computer systems (1973)

It has been demonstrated that virtual machines can be successfully implemented on large computer systems. They can also be implemented on small computer systems (&ldquo;mini-computers&rdquo;). The paper will show this, and at the same time discuss the various architectural features by which virtual machine implementation is achieved. Examining features which make machines &ldquo;small&rdquo;, we find architectural limitations. These machines are usually byte or word addressable where the virtual address space bound is the word size. They usually rely on indexing and indirect addressing. Most instructions are one word long. The instruction repetoire is not particularly rich. There is a simple I/O structure with facilities for hardware interrupts and direct memory access (block I/O transfers). In summary, small virtual machines are effective for software development of systems having one or more of the following characteristics: &bull; shared facilities &bull; no common operating system &bull; user I/O programming &bull;communications control &bull;process control &bull;fictitious I/O devices
Impact of computers on engineering education (Abstract)
Authors: Harold A. Bolz
Venue: Proceedings of the third SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1973)

Considering the revolutionary effects that computer technology has had on various elements of American life, including banking, retailing, hotel and airline reservations, periodical circulation, business management, industrial inventories, etc., it seems strange that computerized methods have not had a greater impact on engineering education than is evident today. This is especially strange in the light of the fact that many basic advances in computer theory and design have been made through research performed in our engineering colleges.
The use of simulation in accounting: A managerial emphasis
Authors: Daniel E. O'Leary
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2 (1983)

This paper reviews some of the uses of simulation in accounting. The primary thrust of the paper is toward the area of managerial accounting. However, the paper also examines the use of simulation in auditing and in the public sector.
Compound data structure for computer aided design; a survey
Authors: J. C. Gray
Venue: Proceedings of the 1967 22nd national conference (1967)

The aim of Computer Aided Design is to create in the computer a model of the design problem. For example, an electronic circuit may be being designed; the engineer will use an environment consisting of standard circuit parts, with the laws that govern the operation, and will use this environment, together with the constraints on performance, to build a model which is his proposed solution to the design problem. This model may now be tested against the specification and will generally be modified iteratively until the design goal is achieved, in this case a layout with the required characteristics. It may also be that the design problem is being tackled by a team, in which case several users of the design system may wish to access and transform the model, for instance to display views and projections of it, or check on how it interfaces with a parallel project. The rest of this paper is concerned with the basic requirements of the data structure package, and with a survey of those packages which have been implemented and about which information is available.
Introducing a Software Design Language
Authors: Yaohan Chu
Venue: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering (1976)

THIS PAPER INTRODUCES SOFTWARE DESIGN LANGUAGE SDL-1, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO SERVE AS A DESIGN TOOL FOR THE SOFTWARE ENGINEER. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS OBJECTIVE, SOME NOVEL LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTS HAVE BEEN CONCEIVED. A SDL-1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION IS A TOP-DOWN 3-LEVEL STRUCTURE. SPECIAL KEYWORDS (CALLED STRUCTURE, STORAGE, AND CONTROL KEYWORDS) ARE EMPLOYED AND PLACED TO CLEARLY INDICATE THE DESIGN STRUCTURE. THESE KEYWORDS ARE HIGHLY SUGGESTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE TO THE NATURE OF DATA STRUCTURE AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTS. SDL-1 REQUIRES THE DECLARATION OF ALL PROCEDURE NAMES AND THE DESCRIPTION OF THEIR FUNCTIONS AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF THE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. IT REQUIRES ALSO THE DECLARATION OF ALL DATA STORAGES AND ALL SWITCHES, IT DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURE STRUCTURE, THE DATA-STORAGE REFERENCE STRUCTURE, AND THE SWITCH STRUCTURE. ALL PROCEDURES ARE DEFINED WITH SINGLE-IN-SINGLE-OUT CONTROL CONSTRUCTS WITH ONE EXCEPTION. THE FIRST PROCEDURE IS THE MAIN PROCEDURE. NO PROCEDURE DEFINITION IS PERMITTED WITHIN A PROCEDURE DEFINITION. THE WRITING STYLE AND DESIGN PRACTICE ARE ALSO A NECESSARY PART IN USING THE LANGUAGE FOR A SOFTWARE DESIGN. IN SHORT, A SDL DESIGN SPECIFICATION IS A STRUCTURED DESIGN WHOSE DATA STORAGE IS DESCRIPTIVE AND DIRECT, WHOSE PROCEDURE STRUCTURE DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURE CALLING AND RETURNING RELATIONSHIP, WHOSE SWITCH STRUCTURE AND REFERENCE STRUCTURE INDICATE THE INTER-PROCEDURE COMMUNICATION, AND WHOSE CONTROL FLOW IN A PROCEDURE IS STRUCTURED AND READILY OBSERVABLE.
The management of engineering changes using the PRIMUS system
Authors: Felix P. Mallmann
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th Design Automation Conference (1980)

During the development of electronic products, engineering changes cannot normally be avoided. An effective method of handling EC's using the PRIMUS system is described. The basic features are a central database used in interactive mode and the possibility of storing all states of a design at the same time. The increase of data is by about 10%, but the savings in computer time are more than 50% in the design correction loops.
System integration as a programming function
Authors: Norman A. Zimmerman
Venue: Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (1969)

System integration is the programming function that, during the development of a system, interfaces the separately programmed and tested functions. The inclusion of an integration function in building a programming system facilitates the logical addition of functions to the system, provides an independent view for reporting the progress of the project, and ensures that adequate interfacing of all system components will take place prior to release of the product. This paper describes the advantages to be gained by employing the integration function and the problems that can be circumvented as a result. Among the areas discussed are the setting in which system integration functions, the responsibilities of an integration group, and the goals that system integration can achieve.
Will Disign tools catch up to VLSI design
Authors: David Giuliani
Venue: Proceedings of the 16th Design Automation Conference (1979)

The ability to design logic produce will continue to lag the ability to produce them until design tools emerge from the stone age. IC process technology has evolved with suprising predictability over the last decade, and probably will continue to do so. How will we practically design logic circuits at the mega-transistor level? Or will Cartesian logic be our only recource?
An integrated system for computer design
Authors: Wilfried Rottmann
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference (1975)

A system for computer aided design of computers is introduced which comprises the features: verification of the logical design, automated physical design, computer aided microprogram design, and test generation. The individual components of the system are in productive use for several years.
An interactive documentation system
Authors: John C. Beatty, Janet S. Chin
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1979)

Most chronic users of time sharing computer systems are familiar with programs that allow the creation and manipulation of text files. Less often they have at their disposal programs that will format the document described by a text file, generating output such as a typist might produce. Rarely is there any mechanism by which graphics can be integrated with text. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has a powerful, flexible and interactive computer-based documentation system that will format a source document description according to user specifications and incorporate illustrations to produce online documents, offset reproduction masters, 35mm color slides, movie titles, or viewgraphs. The flexibility of the system is greatly enhanced by the use of a device independent graphics library. Text may be plotted using the hardware characters specific to a device (when possible), or may be drawn as Hershey characters or polygonally outlined symbols. Illustrations may be defined in a simple 2d graphics language, and graphical output from application programs may also be incorporated directly into a document.
ATOMLLL: ATOMS with shading and highlights
Authors: Nelson L. Max
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1979)

The ATOMS program, written at Bell Telephone Laboratory, is capable of determining the visible portions of a scene consisting of interpenetrating spheres and cylinders, put together to represent &ldquo;space-filling&rdquo; or &ldquo;ball-and-stick&rdquo; molecular models. The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory version contains enhancements to add shading and highlights, and to render the spheres on film as ellipses, so they will appear round when projected in various wide-screen formats. The visible parts of each sphere or cylinder are shaded by a minicomputer controlling the film recorder, thus releasing the main computer from transferring the millions of intensity values for each frame. The minicomputer is microprogrammed with an efficient algorithm for the intensities, which uses the color look-up tables in the film recorder to store the reflectance as a function of angle of incidence.
A new product design model: The Case of a carribean resort destination
Authors: Richard Bjorklund
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1977)

The model developed in this study designs a new product based on a target market's responses to preference stimuli. The model is applied to a Caribbean resort destination. Previous research has indicated the perceptual dimensions subjects use to evaluate resort destinations might be classified as hotel related and environment attractiveness related. Since there is more than one hotel at a resort destination, the model designs a product line of many different hotels. Hotels are defined by their attributes. A list of vacationers' most popular hotels is compiled and salient hotel attributes are photographed. A preference analysis of the photographs (attributes) is undertaken using an additive linear model. Utility weights of the attributes are then generated for individual respondents in a consumer sample. An iterative heuristic search is developed that allows each person in the sample to design a more satisfying hotel. The hotel is temporarily &ldquo;built&rdquo; if it attracts more consumers than an existing hotel. Hotels having fewer rooms than the potential demand are assumed to increase prices until supply and demand are in line. The number of rooms, potential demand and mean utility at each hotel is developed. Hotels that are unprofitable are eliminated and consumers not satisfied with a hotel are assumed to vacation else where. Elimination of unsatisfied vacationers has the effect of decreasing hotel and resort destination demand. A land use plan is used to operationalize environmental attractiveness. Consumers' locate required infrastructure facilities relative to their most preferred hotel. Engineer appraisals are used to rate the relative suitability of each location at the resort destination site for every infrastructure facility. An aggregation of preferred facility location coordinates across subjects is used to define the most preferred facility location configuration. A model is developed to search unoccupied and occupied locations with the objective of moving facilities to maximal rated locations while maintaining a satisfactory correlation with the preferred facility location configuration. The configuration correlation measures consumer satisfaction with the new facility location configuration.
An annotated bibliography of background material on text manipulation
Authors: Brian K. Reid, David Hanson
Venue: ACM SIGOA Newsletter (1981)

This is the first ACM conference specifically devoted to text manipulation, but there have been good papers and books on the topic published in the past. To help define the state of the field as of the time of this first conference, we have assembled this small annotated bibliography listing classic or important past work on text manipulation, including material on text editing, document formatting, typography, graphic communication, writing style, string and pattern matching, and other problems of interest to researchers in this field. Ben Schneiderman of the University of Maryland and Chris Fraser of the University of Arizona have provided us with some of the annotations of papers on text editing. In a bibliography like this one it is impossible to include every relevant paper, or even every important paper. We in general have chosen to include those that have been influential, are widely available, and are also reasonably current. We have additionally included a number of papers and books that supply background knowledge about relevant applications areas that might not be widely known to computer scientists.
Techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of interactive computer service
Authors: Marshall D. Abrams
Venue: Proceedings of the 1977 annual conference (1977)

Three key system-independent functional measures of the effectiveness of interactive computer service are response time, turnaround time, and throughput. Measurement can be made under uncontrolled conditions using a communications monitor such as the NBS Network Measurement System and under controlled conditions using Remote Terminal Emulators. Additional measurement and test tools include accounting logs and programs, stopwatches, live operators, tape loops, and internal stimulators. A feasibility test is described; a collection of illustrative data is presented.
The ACM project on computers and society and computer literacy courses and materials
Authors: Gerald L. Engel
Venue: Proceedings of the 1979 annual conference (1979)

Over the past four years the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) with support from the National Science Foundation, has conducted a study of computer and society and computer literacy courses and materials. In this study, the literature resources supporting such courses have been carefully analyzed, and course recommendations have been prepared for levels ranging from pre-college through continuing education. This panel will give a final report on the project. Included in the discussion items will be the bibliography prepared during the project, the course recommendations, and a summary of the workshop conducted and position statements prepared during the course of the project.
Indentation, documentation and programmer comprehension
Authors: A. F. Norcio
Venue: Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems (1982)

Recent investigations into the psychological factors underlying computer programming have focused on the effects of internal documentation and statement indentation on programmer performance [1, 5, 7]. Using memory recall approaches several studies have concentrated on the relationship between logic segments of a program's algorithm and the memory organization of the programmer. Since memory organization appears to be a functional psychological process, it seems reasonable to assume that indentation and documentation function as aids to comprehension rather than as organizers for memory [4]. The purpose of this study was to examine experimentally the relationship between documentation, indentation and the comprehension of computer programs.
Concurrency control in database systems: A step towards the integration of optimistic methods and locking
Authors: George Lausen
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM '82 conference (1982)

The traditional approach to concurrency control is based on locking. Recently, new methods have been presented called optimistic methods. These methods are well suited in situations where the likelihood of conflicting actions is rather small. Otherwise locking should be used. Typically in database systems it is not known in advance what kind of transactions are to be processed. Therefore what is really needed are methods which combine the benefits of optimistic methods and locking. This paper is a first step in this direction.
Experiments with the SLIM Circuit Compactor
Authors: Ralph C. McGarity, Daniel P. Siewiorek
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

Experiments performed with the SLIM symbolic circuit compactor are described. The experiments were designed to compare SLIM created modules to manually created modules, to attempt to find performance predictors for SLIM, and to determine how well SLIM would compact modules created by a &ldquo;synthesis-by-refinement&rdquo; program. The results indicate that SLIM compacts modules which will be created by this program as area efficiently as it compacts modules created by other methods. Also, a performance predictor which estimates the area required by SLIM generated modules was developed. Finally, it was found that SLIM's designs are larger than manual designs by 60% to 90%.
The implementation of ALGOL N
Authors: N. Suzuki, T. Fujisaki, K. Kakehi, E. Wada, T. Simauti
Venue: Proceedings of the international symposium on Extensible languages (1971)

Recent expansion of new techniques invented a great number of application areas in which computers are used in the ways which have not been dreamed of a decade ago. Since the usage of computers was controlled by programs stored in computers, the production of programs has been increasing in enormous rate. In order to ease programming efforts, many programming devices have been invented and organized to become an operating system and a programming system. Nowadays the operating system serves as an interface between the hardware and the programming system or a programmer. They are designed as a multipurpose program so as to be able to handle any usage of the computer. The programming system is, on the other hand, the tool for the programmer to make a program. It serves as an interface between a programmer and the operating system or the hardware. Since there are peculiar notions in each application area, different programming languages are invented for each application area so that programs become short and easy to write. The nucleus of the programming system is the language processor, so the programming system is expanding in terms of language processors. It now becomes necessary to find an easy way to create programming systems which can be expanded easily. There are three main approaches to resolving this problem. The first approach is to make a universal language and to write all programs in this language. Only one language processor is necessary for one computer. But this has never been realized. PL/I is supposed to serve as a higher programming language version of a universal language. The second approach is to make one compiler-compiler and to generate all compilers for different programming languages by that compiler-compiler. Strong tools for defining the syntax of the language already exist, but it is still not easy to define semantics. So it is very difficult to generate a good compiler with a good optimization facility. The third approach, now becoming more attractive, is the attempt to make a language extensible. An extensible language is the language which can introduce new syntax, practically in the form of operators, and new data structures. So if a programmer wants special operators and data structures, he can declare them before the program and can program in terms of them. This approach is promising since the programmer can make a program constructively.
Graphics in APL
Authors: Alfred M. Bork
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on APL (1972)

This document describes an experimental graphic facility within APL. The terminals are assumed to be inexpensive timeshared graphic terminals equipped with an APL character set. We first describe functions in a graphic workspace, and then APL primitives for graphing.
&ldquo;A minicomputer-based logic-fault simulator&rdquo;
Authors: M. Flomenhoft, B. M. Csencsits
Venue: Proceedings of the 11th Design Automation Workshop (1974)

A unit-gate-delay three-valued-logic parallel fault simulator handles up to 1500 gates on a minicomputer with 16K core. Capabilities, programming novelties, and performance statistics will be presented.
Computer science and minority colleges universities: The Jackson State University NSF educational computing network
Authors: Jesse Lewis
Venue: ACM SIGCUE Outlook (1976)

Jackson State University is the lead institution in a Cooperative Regional Educational Computing Network. The network is funded by the National Science Foundation. When it began operating in January, 1974, it involved eleven (11) other participating institutions. Now there are seventeen (17). The purpose of the network is to provide appropriate equipment, with an accompanying massive educational effort, so as to allow each of the participating institutions to become more aware of the academic implications of computers. The ultimate goal is to profoundly affect basic curricula. The results have been positive. Some faculty at participating institutions have reconstructed course content so as to include the use of the computer at appropriate points in their courses. More positive is the fact that a large number of students from disadvantaged educational and cultural backgrounds now have access to interactive computing.
Local congestion control in computer-communication networks with random routing
Authors: N. D. Georganas, A. Chatterjee, P. K. Verma
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth symposium on Data communications (1977)

This paper considers the problem of congestion in message-switched, or packet-switched, networks, which employ probabilistic routing schemes. A queueing model for the analysis of a local congestion control scheme is presented. Analytic study of the model shows that local congestion control with random routing is superior to similar control with deterministic routing for a particular example worked out here.
Direct architectural implementation of a requirements-oriented computing structure
Authors: M. S. Anastas, R. F. Vaughan
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1979)

Many of the advances in computing technology that have a direct bearing on software productivity have been integrated into a unique requirements-oriented computing structure devoid of transfer of control constructs. Overhead is a major obstacle to such a structure. A computer architecture based on this structure is therefore derived for which combinational logic can be used to solve this overhead problem. A family of computers called Transition Machines is thereby defined which addresses many of the major problem areas affecting software productivity.