ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Perception of computer simulated pulmonary lesions in chest radiographs
Authors: J. M. Degroot, E. L. Hall, R. N. Sutton, G. S. Lodwick, S. J. Dwyer,  III
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 1 (1972)

Simulated abnormalities in radiographs may be used to investigate a number of problems of interest to radiologists. First, in the study of radiographic image quality, the manner in which physical image quality affects perception and diagnostic ability may be quantitatively explored. Second, since the increasing demand for diagnostic radiological examinations has stimulated studies to determine whether the effectiveness and efficiency of radiologists can be increased by the use of trained technical assistants, the simulated abnormalities provide a useful method for trained technical assistants, the simulated abnormalities provide a useful method for training and evaluation of the technical assistants. Previous radiographic simulations have been made using photographic and television systems; however, digital computer simulation provides greater flexibility and quantitive control. The purpose of this paper is to describe a system for digital simulation of nodular lesions in chest x-rays. The effects of lesion size, contrast, and shape are easily studied with the simulation system. For example, lesions of sizes from 2 to 10 mm were generated at various contrast levels to test the Weber-Fechner law for a complex image with two different shape profiles - a sharp edge and Gaussian. The threshold of perception for each lesion was determined and the ratio of the contrast of the lesion to the contrast of the immediate surrounding area determined. As expected, the perception of sharp edged objects was much greater than for the smoothed edged objects. To illustrate this use a series of test images with lesions of various contrast levels and sizes were generated. This series of images was then shown to several radiologists and their lesion detection ability as a function of contrast, size, and viewing distance, was measured. This work was supported in part by NIGMS Grant 17729-01.
The SCALD physical design subsystem
Authors: Thomas M. McWilliams, Lawrence C. Widdoes,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th Design Automation Conference (1978)

The SCALD physical design subsystem is described. SCALD supports the automatic construction of ECL-10K logic on wire wrap cards from the output of a hierarchical design system. Results of its use in the design of an operational 15-MIPS 5500-chip processor are presented and discussed.
Geometric modelling and display primitives towards specialised hardware
Authors: A. L. Thomas
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1983)

Work over the last ten years developing a simple geometric modelling scheme has led to the design of a high speed display processor capable of generating real time moving displays directly from a three dimensional model. The geometric model consists of a graph-matrix boundary representation linked to a boolean expression volume overlap representation. The architecture of the display processor is particularly suitable for implementation as a pipeline of VLSI components, and current work is exploring this possibility. A divide and conquer, quad tree algorithm applied to the boolean expression model allows the system to make use of scene coherence, and used with the hardware will make it possible to handle scenes of high complexity.
On-Line System simulation
Authors: R. J. Ceci, G. W. Dangel
Venue: Proceedings of the second conference on Applications of simulations (1968)

The objectives and description of a simulation model in the evaluation of On-Line Systems are discussed. In addition, the design and implementation of the model is considered. Finally, simulation results obtained from the model are presented.
Protocol considerations for software controlled access methods in distributed data bases
Authors: Samy Mahmoud, J. S. Riordon
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Computer performance modeling measurement and evaluation (1976)

Access control to shared files in a distributed computing environment requires an efficient method of allocating file resources with local and remote user processes. While software controlled access methods are convenient from the user's point of view, they give rise to serious operational problems such as job interferences (deadlock situations) and critical race conditions. Two software controlled access schemes, one centralized and one distributed are described in this paper. A basic set of protocols is derived to illustrate the implementation aspects of each scheme in a given network environment. The two approaches are then evaluated in the light of several performance criteria.
The software sampler workshop: Intermediate training for university microcomputer users
Authors: Susan Jenkins
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1984)

The acquisition of microcomputers has changed the nature of user support at the Ohio State University. The pioneer micro users of a few years ago primarily desired assistance in these areas: &bull; introductory terminology, &ldquo;computerese&rdquo; vocabulary; &bull; setting up their new systems; &bull; communicating with the mainframes on campus. As users gained experience on their systems, training demands evolved. Now micro users want training in the &ldquo;big three,&rdquo; word processing, data base management, and electronic spreadsheets. In this paper, I shall examine this evolution in training support. What is taught, including a basic outline of objectives, and specific examples of materials, will be discussed. Finally, a plan for administration will be given.
Production and representation of computer system simulation models
Authors: Giuseppe G. Iazeolla, Enrico Martinelli, Orazio Tedone
Venue: ACM SIGSIM Simulation Digest (1976)

The problem of the production of computer systems simulation models is dealt with. The software production process is generally carried out without considering the performance aspects of the whole system: performance evaluation is generally made later, once the system has been implemented. In this paper the process of the development of a system simulation model which can be used to discover aspects of system behaviour before the system is completely implemented is investigated. This process starts from the knowledge of the technical specifications of the software system and then, proceeding by levels of abstraction, yields a top-down model specification in terms of resources, resource requests, resource activities, etc. J.D. Noe and G.J. Nutt's Evaluation Nets are used for the progressive model development. E-nets provide a formal system representation which can either be supplied to a system for the automatic generation of the simulation code, or used for the straightforward coding of the simulation program in any language.
SIGMOD(Panel Session): next steps
Authors: James P. Fry, Richard Godlove, Harry Kepner, Edgar Sibly, William Steiger
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 annual conference (1976)

The rapid growth in the design and use of Data Base Systems was the basis for an ACM/NBS sponsored workshop on Evolving Data Base Technology in October, 1975. The purpose of the workshop was to develop guidelines and advice on the evolution of data base technology. Specifically, a position paper was developed describing the types of technology which will be evolving during the next five to ten years, the effect of this evolution and the new work needed to develop alternatives or to guide the evolution of data base systems in a reasonable direction. Workshop participants will be discussing the conclusions of the three day meeting. Topics which were considered include data base specification, use of programming aids, data base tuning, availability of data bases, error recovery and data independence. Others are data base architecture, distributed data base systems, data base models, relational inferences, natural languages and data base semantics.
A three-dimensional surface design system
Authors: Franklin C. Crow
Venue: Proceedings of the 1977 annual conference (1977)

An experimental interactive system for the design of a class of curved surfaces is described. The surfaces are initially designed by specifying a set of closed curves representing sections through the surface. Subsequent distortion of these curves allows more freedom in the shape and a more compact representation of the surface. Extensive visual feedback is provided throughout the design of the surface using a vector display. Where a better representation is needed, the surface may be represented as a solid using a sub-system for generation of shaded pictures. The vector system attempts to provide real-time feedback during the design phase while the shaded system provides a different, and sometimes more valuable perspective. In a closing section an attempt is made to evaluate the strengths and failures of the system.
CG-1, a course generating program for computer-assisted instruction
Authors: Charles T Meadow, Douglas W Waugh, Forrest E Miller
Venue: Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM national conference (1968)

In this paper we discuss a computer program which assists authors in producing computer-assisted instruction courses. The courses are executable computer programs. The course generator, CG-1, is an interactive program which produces a course program as the result of a conversation between the computer and the course author carried on entirely in natural language. The generated programs are in a language called the PL/I Interactive Dialect (PL/I ID) which is derived from PL/I. CG-1 was written in a form of the interactive dialect. The principal concepts and initial programming for this project originated during a design study of a larger system 1 which had as its objective the elicitation and dissemination of computer program documentation. From various other modules of the system, we were able to assume the availability of natural language documentation in machine readable form, and we were required to develop a method of converting this information into instruction courses. Instructional materials were to be aimed primarily at professional programmers joining a large, existing project, or users of a large program system who were not programmers.
Autobiography of a first-time discretionary microcomputer user
Authors: Marilyn Mantei, Nancy Haskell
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (1983)

Research in the area of human-computer interaction has typically concentrated on hardware and software design characteristics which increase the usability of the system, or the effectiveness of the relationship between the user and the system in the accomplishment of a task (Bennett, 1979). Few of these studies have concentrated on documentation. This is striking since the documentation of a computer system is a major portion of the user's learning experience with the system and also the primary interface when difficulties with the system occur. There is a growing market of users who are expected to learn how to use a computer system solely by reading the documentation, namely, the personal computer users. The number of privately authored books on &ldquo;how to survive the personal computer experience&rdquo; bespeak both the growing number of such users and the inadequacy of the documentation provided by the vendors.
Current methodological research
Authors: Alfred M. Pietrasanta
Venue: Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM national conference (1968)

The quality of resource estimates for computer program system development can be improved. The methods for improving estimates, however, are not simple. There will be no technical breakthroughs in the near future which will greatly simplify the system development process, and therefore simplify estimating that process. There will be no magic formulas derived which will crank out accurate estimates merely by the substitution of some known quantities.
Learning and remembering interactive commands
Authors: P. Barnard, N. Hammond, A. MacLean, J. Morton
Venue: Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems (1982)

There is a rich and expanding folklore concerning the consequences of inappropriate naming of computer commands. The problems are particularly acute for occasional users of interactive systems who may be unfamiliar with the jargon of computing. While &ldquo;naming&rdquo; has long been of interest to philosophers, linguists and psychologists [2], there is little systematic research on the psychological processes involved in the understanding and acquisition of the vocabularies of interactive computer systems. Since the names for interactive commands tend to be drawn from the wider vocabulary of natural language, occasional users are faced with the task of understanding, learning and remembering new meanings for the words.
A study of Ostrowski efficiency for composite iteration algorithms
Authors: Alan Feldstein, Roger M. Firestone
Venue: Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (1969)

The following question is investigated: Is it possible for the function composition of Hermite interpolatory iteration algorithms to result in an increase in the Ostrowski efficiency? A detailed investigation is carried out to discover those cases when the answer is yes. Several interesting, new algorithms are uncovered. Each has a theoretical efficiency greater than that of either the secant method or of Newton's method.
The value of CPU utilization as a criterion for computer system usage
Authors: Warren J. Erikson
Venue: ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review (1974)

It is generally agreed that a computer system's CPU utilization means little by itself, but there has been only a limited amount of research to determine the value of CPU utilization when used with other performance measures. This paper focuses on time-sharing systems (or similar systems such as some remote batch systems) as viewed by someone who wants to minimize the mean cost per job run on the system. The paper considers cost per job to include both the computer cost (as allocated among all the jobs run on the system) and the user cost (where user cost is the time spent waiting for a response from the system multiplied by the user's wage rate). Given this approach, cost per job is a function of some constants (user wage rate, computer system cost, and mean processing time per job) and only one variable (CPU utilization). The model thus developed can be used to determine the optimum CPU utilization for any system. It can also be used to determine the value of different tuning efforts.
Design of fault-tolerant associative processors
Authors: Behrooz Parhami, Algirdas Avizienis
Venue: Proceedings of the 1st annual symposium on Computer architecture (1973)

Recent advances in computer technology have made the design of large and very flexible associative processors possible. Such systems are extremely complex and must be adequately protected against failures if they are to be used in critical application areas such as air traffic control or for performing control functions in fault-tolerant computers. This paper summarizes the results of a study which has indicated the techniques that are applicable in the design of fault tolerant associative processors. Associative processors are divided into four classes of fully parallel, bit-serial, word-serial, and block-oriented systems. A technique for modularizing the design of an associative processor is given. The detection of errors within modules is discussed for the four classes mentioned above. Several schemes for reconfiguration are discussed which allow us to establish an appropriate inter-communication pattern after replacing the faulty module by a spare. The design of a fault-tolerant associative processor, which uses some of the techniques discussed previously, is presented.
Efficient dynamic programming using quadrangle inequalities
Authors: F. Frances Yao
Venue: Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1980)

Dynamic programming is one of several widely used problem-solving techniques in computer science and operation research. In applying this technique, one always seeks to find speed-up by taking advantage of special properties of the problem at hand. However, in the current state of art, ad hoc approaches for speeding up seem to be characteristic; few general criteria are known. In this paper we give a quadrangle inequality condition for rendering speed-up. This condition is easily checked, and can be applied to several apparently different problems. For example, it follows immediately from our general condition that the construction of optimal binary search trees may be speeded up from O(n3) steps to O(n2), a result that was first obtained by Knuth using a different and rather complicated argument.
Deriving empirical equations from simulation results
Authors: Leo J. Boelhouwer
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th conference on Winter simulation (1980)

Analysis of variance is performed in a formal sensitivity analysis of a simulation model. This technique identifies those variables that significantly affect the response variable(s). Then curves are fitted to the results to explain the response in terms of the significant variables. Finally, the equations are available to optimize the system under study.
Some complexity results for the Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Christos H. Papadimitriou, Kenneth Steiglitz
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1976)

It is shown that, unless P&equil;NP, local search algorithms for the Traveling Salesman Problem having polynomial time complexity per iteration will generate solutions arbitrarily far from the optimal. The Traveling Salesman Problem is also shown to be NP-Complete even if its instances are restricted to be realizable by a set of points on the Euclidean plane.
Ergonomic studies in computer aided design
Authors: G. H. van der Heiden, E. Grandjean
Venue: Proceedings of the 21st Design Automation Conference (1984)

Although there is a large amount of research publications available on the ergonomics of Visual Display Terminals, only few authors applied human factors' thoughts in a CAD-environment. This paper describes the results of an ergonomic survey on interactive graphics workstations. Starting from an analysis of specific characteristics of CAD-operation, areas of improvement in workstation design can be deduced.
Array reference operations
Authors: J. B. Hext
Venue: Proceedings of the conference on Programming languages and compilers for parallel and vector machines (1975)

An examination is made of the different ways in which APL and ALGOL 68 refer to cross-sections or other subsets of an array. It is noted that APL allows a variety of reference operations but no reference variables; on the other hand, ALGOL 68 has reference variables and parameters, but only one array operation. Two kinds of array reference are distinguished - the linear and the nonlinear - and a proposal is made for representing a linear reference by a simple form of descriptor, suitable for processing in hardware. The reference operations are then divided into those which give linear results and those which give non-linear. By retaining only the linear ones, it is possible to combine the main advantages of the APL and ALGOL 68 operations into a single system. A discussion is given of some of the issues involved, including those of dynamic types and bounds.
Natural Language Dialogue For Managing An On-Line Calendar
Authors: George E. Heidorn
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference (1978)

This paper describes a project for studying the feasibility of developing systems which accomplish typical office tasks by means of human-like communication with the user. An actual dialogue with the initial version of a system that is being built for scheduling activities such as meetings is presented and then is used as a source of examples in explaining the operation of the system. The knowledge network is described, and the use of Augmented Phrase Structure Grammars for both the analysis and generation of English utterances in this system is discussed.
Microfiche in a computing-center environment or fiching for alternatives
Authors: John Beck
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1978)

Microfiche is an important alternative to printed material in the computing center environment. While this statement may be so obvious as to have little meaning, some of the advantages of microfiche are easily overlooked. Additionally, it is often difficult to turn a customer's or staff member's &ldquo;yes, but&rdquo; response into action.
Applications of logic simulation in design automation at Texas Instruments
Authors: John M. Robison
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th Design Automation Workshop (1972)

In the sequence of events normally associated with the design cycle for a digital system, the two operations where simulation has the greatest impact are at opposite ends of the cycle. These are the Design Verification step and the Functional Test Generation step in Figure 1. Between Design Verification and Test Generation, the implementation, partitioning, packaging, placement, and routing operations are performed. These operations lead to a complete design, and all work from a common data base. Each step in the cycle augments the data base as the design progresses from concept to hardware.
The systems approach to computational systems: The documentation case
Authors: Arturo Moreno G., Gerardo Mancillas B., Cari De Sinfin
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd annual international conference on Systems documentation (1984)

In this paper the authores explore the possible causes for the lack of proper systems documentation; regard the situation not as a single cause attribute, but rather as a many and varied interrelated factors. The authors then put forward a documentation methodology associated to a computer model based on basic principles of Systems Analysis. The model presented in this paper can evolve from the simple case of one organization, one system, one programme application to more complex documentation cases; it uses a relational database and is implemented in a microcomputer.
Some properties of APL programs
Authors: Harry J. Saal, Zvi Weiss
Venue: Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL (1975)

Some results of a study of the static usage of features of the APL language is presented. We compare several characterizations of APL programs with previously measured FORTRAN data, and discuss the significant differences observed. The verity of popular rumors and intuitions about APL programs is also examined. APL users appear to take advantage of the unique matrix features inherent in APL, but in general, use extremely heavily only a small fraction of the available features. The distribution of use agrees well with the so-called &ldquo;80-20 rule&rdquo;.
Guarded commands, non-determinacy and a calculus for the derivation of programs
Authors: Edsger W. Dijkstra
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software (1975)

So-called &ldquo;guarded commands&rdquo; are introduced as a building block for alternative and repetitive constructs that allow non-deterministic program components for which at least the activity evoked, but possibly even the final state, is not necessarily uniquely determined by the initial state. For the formal derivation of programs expressed in terms of these constructs, a calculus will be shown.