ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Deadlock-Free Multicast Wormhole Routing in 2-D Mesh Multicomputers
Authors: X. Lin, P. K. McKinley, L. M. Ni
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (1994)

Multicast communication services, in which the same message is delivered from a sourcenode to an arbitrary number of destination nodes, are being provided in new-generationmulticomputers. Broadcast is a special case of multicast in which a message is deliveredto all nodes in the network. The nCUBE-2, a wormhole-routed hypercube multicomputer,provides hardware support for broadcast and a restricted form of multicast in which thedestinations form a subcube. However, the broadcast routing algorithm adopted in thenCUBE-2 is not deadlock-free. In this paper, four multicast wormhole routing strategiesfor 2-D mesh multicomputers are proposed and studied. All of the algorithms are shown to be deadlock-free. These are the first deadlock-free multicast wormhole routing algorithms ever proposed. A simulation study has been conducted that compares the performance of these multicast algorithms under dynamic network traffic conditions in a 2-D mesh. The results indicate that a dual-path routing algorithm offers performance advantages over tree-based, multipath, and fixed-path algorithms.
Process Improvement for Small Organizations
Authors: Declan P. Kelly, Bill Culleton
Venue: Computer (1999)

Software process improvement has been a hot topic within the software industry for numerous years. Its high profile has been partly due to the introduction and industry acceptance of standard improvement models, most notably the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) developed by the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. To this end, a small organization must minimize the limitations of its smaller size and maximize the benefits inherent in its culture. In this article, the authors describe an approach to SPI that has been used successfully in an organization of approximately 150 software engineers. The authors believe their approach to process improvement has produced a noticeable shift in attitudes toward the quality system. They claim that process improvement is now seen as a living thing that constantly evolves. Thus, although not everyone agrees with all aspects of the quality system, people now are far more willing than in the past to make constructive suggestions.
Evolution in software and related areas
Authors: M. M. Lehman, J. F. Ramil
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution (2001)

After briefly discussing the meaning of the term evolution in the context of software, its technology, the software process and related domains, the paper describes some of the facets and implications of the evolution phenomenon as identified during many years of active interest in the topic, most recently during the FEAST (Feedback, Evolution And Software Technology) projects.
Making the Knowledge Base Systems More Efficient: A Method to Detect Inconsistent Queries
Authors: A. Illarramendi, J. M. Blanco, A. Goñi
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (1994)

The processing cost of queries with an empty answer, both in the database and knowledge base context, is usually high. One purpose of semantic query optimization methods in the database context is to use semantic knowledge to detect such types of queries. Although semantic query optimization is well known in the database context, this is not the case for knowledge base systems (KBSs). This paper presents a method that allows the detection of queries with an empty answer using only semantic information expressed in the knowledge base definition. The method can be applied in the context of KBSs that provide some of the following features: structuring mechanisms, assertional knowledge, temporal information, and handling of inequality expressions.
Development of PECVD WNx ultrathin film as barrier layer for copper metallization
Authors: R. Ecke, S. E. Schulz, M. Hecker, T. Gessner
Venue: Microelectronic Engineering (2002)

A PECVD process for WNx deposition was developed to deposit ultrathin films of 10-nm thickness using a WF6-N2-H2 gas mixture. This paper deals with the influence of several process parameters such as temperature, RF power and gas flows on the deposition rate. For a stable deposition process of ultrathin films, a low deposition rate with controllable parameters is required. All deposited WNx films have a X-ray amorphous microstructure and the fluorine content in the film is very low. Their electrical resistivity is around 200 µΩ cm and almost independent of the film composition and the film thickness. This is why it is a promising diffusion barrier.
Optimizing Fault Tolerance in Embedded Distributed Systems
Authors: Silke Draber
Venue: IEEE Micro (2000)

High-voltage switchgear stations consist of numerous components, actuators, censors, and a quite complex distributed computing system. On different hierarchical levels, there are several types of embedded computing systems: The PISAs (process interface for sensors and actuators), VME racks for control and protection, bus administrators, and star coupler modules. A failure in the power delivery leads to enormous costs. Minimizing the down-time-related costs must be combined with the objectives to keep maintenance costs down and not to exaggerate the initial investment costs. This article presents a general approach to this combined optimization problem applied successfully to the case of high-voltage switchgear stations.
The periodicity of square fuzzy matrices based on minimal strong components
Authors: Wenbin Liu, Zhijian Ji
Venue: Fuzzy Sets and Systems (2002)

In this paper, the notion of minimal strong component of a fuzzy matrix is proposed. By using this concept, the periodicity of the power sequence of a fuzzy matrix is described on the basis of the relation of periodicity between a fuzzy matrix and its cut matrices. Further the greatest value maxΣli=n [li] of periodicity of all n × n fuzzy matrices is obtained.
Virtual-Channel Flow Control
Authors: W. J. Dally
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (1992)

Network throughput can be increased by dividing the buffer storage associated with each network channel into several virtual channels. Each physical channel is associated with several small queues, virtual channels, rather than a single deep queue. The virtual channels associated with one physical channel are allocated independently but compete with each other for physical bandwidth. Virtual channels decouple buffer resources from transmission resources. This decoupling allows active messages to pass blocked messages using network bandwidth that would otherwise be left idle. The paper studies the performance of networks using virtual channels using both analysis and simulation. These studies show that virtual channels increase network throughput, by a factor of four for 10-stage networks, and reduce the dependence of throughput on the depth of the network.
Implementing a Sentient Computing System
Authors: Mike Addlesee, Rupert Curwen, Steve Hodges, Joe Newman, Pete Steggles, Andy Ward, Andy Hopper
Venue: Computer (2001)

Sentient computing systems, which can change their behavior based on a model of the environment they construct using sensor data, may hold the key to managing tomorrow's device-rich mobile networks. As computer users become increasingly mobile and the diversity of devices with which they interact increases, the authors note that the overhead of configuring and personalizing these systems must also increase. A natural solution to this problem involves creating devices and applications that appear to cooperate with users, reacting as though they are aware of the context and manner in which they are being used, and recon-figuring themselves appropriately. At AT&T Laboratories Cambridge, the authors built a system that uses sensors to update a model of the real world. The model describes the world much as users themselves would, and they can use it to write programs that react to changes in the environment according to their preferences. The authors call their approach sentient computing because the applications appear to share the user's perception of the environment. Sentient computing systems create applications that appear to perceive the world, making it easy to configure and personalize networked devices in ways that users can easily understand. But sentient computing offers more than a solution to the problems of con-figuration and personalization. When people interact with computer systems in this way, the environment itself becomes the user interface--a natural goal for human-computer interaction.
South African Sign Language Machine Translation System
Authors: Lynette van Zijl, Dean Barker
Venue: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa (2003)

The South African Sign Language Machine Translation System (SASL-MT System) takes as its input English text, and outputs an avatar signing the equivalent SASL. This paper describes our experiences to date with the implementation of a signing avatar, in the light of the specific requirements of Sign Language.
Intelligent Assistance for Software Development and Maintenance
Authors: Gail E. Kaiser, Peter H. Feiler, Steven S. Popovich
Venue: IEEE Software (1988)

An environment is described, called Professor Marvel, that provides early error checking and answers questions about the program under development. The environment has a certain understanding of the systems being developed and how to use tools to produce software. It aids individual programmers and helps coordinate programming teams. The key components of Marvel are a database that stores data represented as objects, as in object-oriented languages, and a model of the development process that imposes a structure on programming activities. Marvel's support of insight and of opportunistic processing is discussed at length, as is the handling of side effects. A sample session is described.
Generations of User-Interface Management Systems
Authors: Deborah Hix
Venue: IEEE Software (1990)

The term user-interface management system (UIMS) is used to refer to a broad category of interface-development systems supporting interface development during all life-cycle phases. The evolution of UIMSs is presented, focusing on distinguishing characteristics that have emerged to delineate the significant differences in various types of UIMSs. Example systems that typify each generation are briefly described. The relationships (or lack thereof) of each generation to software engineering are explored.
A Decomposition Algorithm for Optimal Static Load Balancing in Tree Hierarchy Network Configurations
Authors: J. Li, H. Kameda
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (1994)

We study the static load balancing problem in a distributed computer system with thetree hierarchy configuration. It is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem. Afterstudying the conditions that the solution to the optimization problem of the tree hierarchynetwork satisfies, we demonstrate that the special structure of the optimization problemleads to an interesting decomposition technique. A new effective decomposition algorithm to solve the optimization problem is presented. The proposed algorithm Is compared with two other well known algorithms: the Flow Deviation (FD) algorithm and the Dafermos-Sparrow (D-S) algorithm. It is shown that the amounts of the storage required for the proposed algorithm and the FD algorithm are O(n) for load balancing of an n-node system. However, the amount of the storage required for the D-S algorithm is O(n log(n)). By using numerical experiments, we show that both the proposed algorithm and the D-S algorithm have much faster convergence in terms of central processing unit(CPU) time than the FD algorithm.
Fast Implementation of Two-Dimensional APES and CAPON Spectral Estimators
Authors: Erik G. Larsson, Petre Stoica
Venue: Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing (2002)

The matched-filterbank spectral estimators APES and CAPON have recently received considerable attention in a number of applications. Unfortunately, their computational complexity tends to limit their usage in several cases &ndash; a problem that has previously been addressed by different authors. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to the computation of the APES and CAPON spectra, which leads to a computational method that is considerably faster than all existing techniques. The new implementations of APES and CAPON are called fast APES and fast CAPON, respectively, and are developed for the two-dimensional case, with the one-dimensional case as a special case. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the application of APES to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, and to illustrate the reduction in computational complexity provided by our method.
A Database Perspective on Geospatial Data Modeling
Authors: A. Voisard, B. David
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2002)

We study the representation and manipulation of geospatial information in a database management system (DBMS). The geospatial data model that we use as a basis hinges on a complex object model, whose set and tuple constructors make it efficient for defining not only collections of geographic objects but also relationships among these objects. In addition, it allows easy manipulation of nonbasic types, such as spatial data types. We investigate the mapping of our reference model onto major commercial DBMS models, namely, a relational model extended to abstract data types (ADT) and an object-oriented model. Our analysis shows the strengths and limits of the two model types for handling highly structured data with spatial components.
Fault Tolerance in Highly Parallel Hardware Systems
Authors: K. E. Grosspietsch
Venue: IEEE Micro (1994)

As the demand for highly parallel systems grows, the vast amount of concurrently operating hardware involved can make it difficult to guarantee proper system behavior. Problems arise both from permanent and transient hardware faults and from errors caused by improper programming. A number of fault tolerance solutions have emerged. Following a survey of fault tolerance in arrays, a discussion of solutions for more specialized architectures is presented.
A component-based Petri net model for specifying and validating cooperative information systems
Authors: Nasreddine Aoumeur, Gunter Saake
Venue: Data Knowledge Engineering (2002)

This paper presents fundamentals of a novel framework adequately tailored for specifying and validating complex information systems as fully distributed, autonomous yet cooperating components. The proposed framework, referred to as CO-NETS, is a multi-paradigm soundly integrating object-oriented (OO) structuring mechanisms, modularity concepts and some constructions from semantical data modeling into an appropriate variety of algebraic Petri nets. The model is semantically interpreted in a true concurrency way using an adequate instantiation of rewriting logic.CO-NETS main features may be highlighted as follows: firstly, CO-NETS allow to build autonomous components as a hierarchy of OO classes with explicit interfaces. Each component behaves with respect to an intra-component evolution pattern that fully exhibits intra-as well as inter-object concurrency. Secondly, while such components autonomously behave they may interact with each other using their explicit interfaces and respecting an inter-component interaction pattern. Thirdly, from a methodological point of view, CO-NETS components may be incrementally conceived from well known semi-informal OO diagrams. Besides that, thanks to their rewriting-logic based semantics, CO-NETS components are validated using concurrent rewriting techniques simultaneously accompanied by graphical animations. CO-NETS practicability is illustrated through a non-trivial case study, and all CO-NETS features are compared to similar existing OO formalisms on the basis of some exhaustive criteria.
Challenges and opportunities in broadband and wireless communication designs
Authors: Jan M. Rabaey, Miodrag Potkonjak, Farinaz Koushanfar, Suet Fei Li, Tim Tuan
Venue: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design (2000)

Communication designs form the fastest growing segment of the semiconductor market. Both network processors and wireless chipsets have been attracting a great deal of research attention, financial resources and design efforts. However, further progress is limited by lack of adequate system methodologies and tools. Our goal in this tutorial is to provide impetus for development of communication design techniques and tools.The first part addresses network processors (NP) that we study from three viewpoints: application, architecture, and system software and compilation tools. In addition to summary of main issues and representative case studies, we identify main system design issues. The second part of the tutorial focuses on wireless design. The main emphasis is on platform-based design methodology that leverages on functional profiling, architecture exploration, and orthogonalization of concerns to facilitate low-power wireless communication systems. The highlight of the paper, an in-depth study of the state-of-the-art wireless design, PicoRadio, is used as explanatory design example.
Duality principles for optimization problems dealing with the difference of vector-valued convex mappings
Authors: M. Volle
Venue: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications (2002)

Using the concept of a subdifferential of a vector-valued convex mapping, we provide duality formulas for the minimization of nonconvex composite functions and related optimization problems such as the minimization of a convex function over a vectorial DC constraint.
Programming In Concurrent Logic Languages
Authors: Matthew M. Huntbach, Graem A. Ringwood
Venue: IEEE Software (1995)

The authors survey concurrent logic languages, which expand Prolog by dropping its built-in sequential search order. These languages make parallelism easy by avoiding the low-level constructs that result from a too-direct translation of machine hardware into programmer¿s language.
A Comparison of 12 Parallel FORTRAN Dialects
Authors: Alan H. Karp, Robert G. Babb II
Venue: IEEE Software (1988)

A simple program that approximates pi by numerical quadrature is rewritten to run on nine commercially available processors to illustrate the compilations that arise in parallel programming in FORTRAN. The machines used are the Alliant FX/8, BBN Butterfly, Cray X-MP/48, ELXSI 6400, Encore Multimax, Flex/32, IBM 3090/VF, Intel iPSC, and Sequent Balance. Some general impediments to using parallel processors to do production work are identified.
Fault Detection in a Tristate System Environment
Authors: Wenyi Feng, Farzin Karimi, Fabrizio Lombardi
Venue: IEEE Micro (2001)

Embedded computers commonly rely on multiple-board systems, called tristate system environments. These environments consist of an interconnect and drivers or receivers with tristate features and boundary scan capabilities. The authors present a comprehensive fault model that provides 100 percent fault coverage and minimizes test set size.
Making Business Sense of Electronic Commerce
Authors: Dawn Jutla, Peter Bodorik, Catherine Hajnal, Charles Davis
Venue: Computer (1999)

Electronic commerce is possibly the most promising information technology application that enterprises have seen in recent years. It has revolutionized supply-chain management and has enormous potential for retail merchandising and brokerages. These benefits do not come without careful planning, however. Most of the business community acknowledges that intensive use of any information technology means transforming the current, often core, business models and processes. The array of solutions can be daunting. E-commerce implementation alone offers a potpourri of special-purpose hardware servers and the attendant distributed computing software solutions, Internet networking protocols, and transaction management technologies. Moreover, some technologies are in their infancy. Distributed software component models such as Microsoft's DCOM (Distributed Common Object Model) and CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) continue to evolve rapidly. This article shows the depth and scope of the decision-making process that accompanies e-commerce adoption. The authors mention specific strategies and tools.
Embedded Totally Self-Checking Checkers: A Practical Design
Authors: Sandip Kundu, Sudhakar M. Reddy
Venue: IEEE Design Test (1990)

In a totally self-checking (TSC) design, the circuit detects errors by monitoring redundantly coded data/control paths through a TSC checker. A problem arises when not all these code words are on the monitored lines during normal operation. A method of designing checkers that solves this difficulty is proposed. The method uses TSC checkers based on flip-flops instead of using the mostly combinational checkers now available. Two design applications are presented: TSC checkers for arithmetic AN codes, and a TSC iterative logic array.
Prospects and limitations of psychological testing on the internet
Authors: Azy Barak, Nicole English
Venue: Journal of Technology in Human Services (2002)

Internet-based psychological testing is a recent extension of computerized testing, a technology developed in the 1980s. The new procedure possesses the benefits and costs of computerized testing and introduces several new fascinating professional opportunities as well as new problems. Side by side with professional tests, numerous, mostly unmoderated, popular, quasi-psychological tests have been published on the Internet in different diagnostic areas: intelligence and special aptitudes, personality traits, emotional states, attitudes and attitude sets, interpersonal and social behavior dispositions, vocational interests and preferences, and more. Net surfers may take most tests for free and receive immediate feedback. Although there are great benefits to this new procedure, risks and problems exist, too. This article reviews representative Internet-based psychological tests and discusses their professional status. Cumulative research that tries to shed light on the possible utility of this testing procedure is surveyed. The prospects and advantages as well as the problems and limitations are discussed, as are proposals aimed at maximizing the former and minimizing the latter. A plea for intensive research, as well as additional and different types of measures, is voiced.
Automatic composition of music by means of grammatical evolution
Authors: Alfonso Ortega de la Puente, Rafael Sánchez Alfonso, Manuel Alfonseca Moreno
Venue: ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad (2002)

This work describes how grammatical evolution may be applied to the domain of automatic composition. Our goal is to test this technique as an alternate tool for automatic composition. The AP440 auxiliary processor will be used to play music, thus we shall use a grammar that generates AP440 melodies. Grammar evolution will use fitness functions defined from several well-known single melodies to automatically generate AP440 compositions that are expected to sound like those composed by human musicians.