ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
SIGARCH (Paper Session)
Authors: D. R. Innes, J. R. Alty, S. L. Rege, L. A. Hollaar, B. J. Hurley, D. J. Kuck, D. H. Lawrie, J. W. S. Liu, J. M. Milner, J. K. Morgan, J. R. Rinewalt, W. H. Stellhorn
Venue: Proceedings of the 1976 annual conference (1976)

One of the current problems facing computer architecture is the design of hardware for efficient storage and retrieval of data. The three papers in this session consider various aspects of this problem: Spooling data for batch-type processing, accessing data on charge couple devices, and using data in an experimental information retrieval system.
ELAN: An Elementary Language that promotes godd programming
Authors: Lowell A. Carmony
Venue: Proceedings of the thirteenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1982)

The purpose of this paper is twofold: To consider the characteristics that a programming language for beginners ought to have, and to offer a new language from Germany that shows great promise for providing beginners with many of these characteristics. This language is called ELAN (Elementary LANguage) and was designed in 1974 by C. H. A. Koster and his associates at the Technical University of Berlin. An ELAN compiler was developed soon thereafter from two theses written by J. Liedtke and U. Bartling at the University of Bielefeld. It is hoped that this paper will bring to ELAN some of the recognition that it deserves but has not yet received in this country.
Test data generation tutorial session chairman introductory remarks
Authors: Stephen P. Krosner
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 2 (1972)

The theme of this session will be Test Data Generation. This session will be tutorial in nature and (we hope) informative to all of you. For those who are not intimately involved in this field, I will attempt to describe some of the concerns and constraints.
Relax: A new circuit for large scale MOS integrated circuits
Authors: E. Lelarasmee, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Design Automation Conference (1982)

Algorithms and techniques used in RELAX are described. RELAX is a time domain MOS digital circuit simulator based on a new analysis method called Waveform Relaxation Method [1] which exploits decomposition techniques. Preliminary comparisons between RELAX and the standard circuit simulator SPICE2 have shown that RELAX is a fast and reliable circuit simulator.
Interactive bicriteria linear programming systems implemented on a personal computer
Authors: Mitsuo Gen, Kenichi Ida
Venue: Proceedings of the 1983 ACM SIGSMALL symposium on Personal and small computers (1983)

Linear programming is one of the most widely used Operations Research/Management Science/Industrial Engineering techniques. Recently, multiple criteria decision making or multiple objective linear programming has been well established as a practical approach to seeking satisfactory solutions to real-world decision problems. Also, much attention has been focused on a personal computer as an economical management tool. A bicriteria linear programming problem arises as a special case of multiple objective linear programming problems when only two objective functions are of interest. In this paper we develop a bicriteria revised simplex method using the compromise technique for interactively solving bicriteria linear programming problems on a personal computer. In the software package Micro-BLP implemented here, we can also solve single objective linear programming problems and design a conversational and user-friendly system.
Artificial intelligence and self-organizing systems: Teaching a digital computer to assist in making decisions
Authors: J. H. Ward,  Jr., K. J. Davis
Venue: Proceedings of the 1962 ACM national conference on Digest of technical papers (1962)

DESPITE THE ADVANCES we have made, techniques of processing information so as to satisfy specific objectives of management are still needed in business. The resources available for meeting these needs are three types of services: the services of machines, e.g., high-speed digital computers; the services of materials, e.g., punched cards and magnetic tapes; and the services of humans. Most of us are not satisfied, however, when we ask ourselves &ldquo;How well are we using these resources to design and develop 'business systems'?&rdquo; Computers, for example, are employed too often for counting rather than computing. We talk about, but make little practical use of computer capabilities for performing the tasks ordinarily delegated to humans. In short, we frequently fail to utilize fully the machine and human services available. Within this context, the technique to be described is one in which the human services include teaching a digital computer to make decisions that are satisfying to management. In addition, the machine services are not limited to processing information so as to help man make decisions. Instead, the computer captures the essentials of human information-processing in a form such that it can make adequate decisions, when provided the information available to human decision-makers. Given adequate instruction and input information, the machine simulates management's decision-making activities. With this technique, the computer can take account of the human factors&mdash;even company politics&mdash;that preclude operating a business on purely logical bases. This approach also resolves problems often met in specifying management's objective, or policy, and in translating it into action. The computer learns a policy and implements it in the form of decisions. This learning takes place when the machine is given as sample of the results of several satisfying decisions and the information used by management in reaching these decisions. The computer treats this sample of decisions as a variable to be predicted, the information known prior to the decisions as predictor variables. The following examples illustrate this technique of using a digital computer to assist in decision-making.
Internal communication A workshop centered around techniques that can be used to improve internal communications within the computer center
Authors: Ann White
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1978)

Since service to users is our profession, it is our responsibility to communicate with all users&mdash;those who communicate easily with us and those who don't. Before we can understand users, we must be sure that we communicate with each other within the center. The purpose of this workshop will be to derive specific methods to enable us to listen more intently and to project our ideas more clearly.
An overview of ergonomic considerations in computer systems
Authors: M. L. Schneider, F. B. Arble, N. Olson, D. Wolff
Venue: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual computer personnel research conference (1980)

The ergonomic considerations in computer systems involve an examination of hardware and software components. This paper examines some of the topics that must be considered in the design of a useful system. The state of the art in this area is underdeveloped. Thus, there is little hard data upon which to base design decisions.
Can an APL workspace be used as a data base?
Authors: Karl Soop
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on APL (1984)

Experience from applications that use APL workspaces as data storage is reported. Different design decisions are discussed with illustrations of how APL is exploited. The final design, which achieves an utter simplicity of data representation, is described, with examples of usage. This simplicity allows a developer to concentrate on data manipulation, where the power of APL is at its best, rather than on storage techniques.
Multiprocessor software design
Authors: Peter Hibbard
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference (1980)

Machines intended for parallel computations exhibit a wide variety of architectural designs, including pipeline, vector and array organizations, less traditional associative, data-flow and systolic organizations, and shared-memory MIMD organizations. It is not surprising, therefore, that the software support for these machines exhibits a wide variety of features reflecting the differing designs. Even within a single class of parallel machine, the system software used on different machines within that class may appear radically different. In part this variety arises because the design space for multiprocessor software is richer than for uniprocessor software; for example there are tradeoffs to be selected between performance and reliability, extensibility, fault-tolerance, etc., and the particular choice of design parameters can have a profound effect on the structure of the operating system. Another factor, however, which causes variety between different operating systems is that the costs of various design choices are known much less accurately than they are with uniprocessors, and thus individual multiprocessor operating systems may exhibit a great deal of experimental variability. Fortunately, the design principles are relatively well understood, and may be described in broad terms. In the case of special-purpose SIMD and associative machines, built with some particular set of applications in mind, a general-purpose host uniprocessor usually takes over most of the resource allocation and scheduling for both itself and for the special-purpose attached processor, which it treats as a peripheral. Consequently the support software on the special-purpose machine is relatively primitive. Since only a small number of programming techniques are appropriate for such machines, they are most easily provided to the programmer as machine-oriented extensions to conventional languages, though several systems have language processors which provide optimizers appropriate for the architecture.
Public utility operation and growth: A system simulation model
Authors: Thomas D. Clark,  Jr., William A. Shrode
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1978)

An organizational model of a public utility is described in this paper. The system is conceptualized as an informational feedback structure with four major sectors. The sectors deal with production, financial growth, and pollution management in a utility. The model is computerized in the System Dynamics language DYNAMO and provides a research vehicle for executives developing policy for utility management.
Design of a graphic processor for computer-aided drafting
Authors: Clive K. Liu, Charles M. Eastman
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Design Automation Conference (1982)

A drafting system is under development by the CAD-Graphics Laboratory at Carnegie-Mellon University. The purpose of this system is to provide an advanced tool for teaching engineering drawing and as a production tool for designers who regularly produce engineering drawings. The graphic processor is part of the system, which incorporates a set of operations that produce and manipulate graphic entities and that require graphic entities as operands. This paper examines the issues of constructing such a processor. Representations are proposed of 2D graphic objects, including points, line segments and segments generated by conic sections; they are the predefined data types of the system. The geometric primitive operators take these objects as arguments and produce other graphic objects, and allow users to build up various construction operators and drawings with the same flexibility and generality allowed in, say, descriptive geometry. These operators, which are functions, can be combined as macro expressions that are executed by the processor.
Application of hardware description languages to microprogramming: Method, practice, and limitations
Authors: Paul J. Drongowski, Charles W. Rose
Venue: ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (1979)

The use of microprogrammable processors and networks of microcomputers has induced a reconsideration of development tools and methodologies for system design and construction. This article presents the history, structure, and use of a system developed at Case Western Reserve to support the development of these kinds of systems. Other applications of hardware description languages to microprogramming and system development are discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations on the application of hardware description languages to this area as a consequence of faults in the languages themselves.
Characteristics And Problems Encountered In Different Database Applications (Panel Discussion)
Authors: Don P. Moehrke, A. O. Smith, John Lyon, David Lewis
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference (1978)

The work in presently available database management system was strongly influenced by business data processing. The future systems need to represent solutions to many of the problems that are encountered in databases employed in many applications such as medicine, manufacturing, insurance, and airline reservation systems. The purpose of this panel is to identify characteristics and problems of very large databases managed in these applications. The panel members represent broad experience and hope the discussion will give direction to the current research and development in large databases.
Semantic paging on intelligent discs
Authors: G. Jack Lipovski
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth workshop on Computer architecture for non-numeric processing (1978)

In order to apply Artificial Intelligence techniques like inferencing to large (109-1012 bit) data bases, an intelligent secondary memory is proposed that is capable of extracting a subgraph from a graph stored in it for further processing in a conventional or special purpose computer. The &ldquo;pointer transfer&rdquo; technique developed for CASSM is used to efficiently mark and output a subgraph stored in one file, and a simple technique is proposed to link parts of the subgraph stored on different files. Besides proposing a useful secondary memory system for applying Artificial Intelligence techniques to large data bases, this paper attacks one of the most difficult problems in distributed data base systems, which is the generation of &ldquo;homomorphic query fragments&rdquo; that automatically carry the query from one file to other files needed to resolve the query.
A large system evaluation of SREM
Authors: Paul A. Scheffer, William E. Rzepka, Albert H. Stone,  III
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering (1984)

A comprehensive evaluation of the Software Requirements Engineering Methodology (SREM) was performed to assess its capabilities for specifying the software requirements of large, embedded computer systems and to recommend improvements which would enhance its effectiveness. Specific evaluation criteria were developed to judge the effectiveness of the methodology, its support tools and user training. The approach included attending a SREM training course and using SREM to specify the software requirements for two Air Force systems. The relatively small number of errors uncovered indicates the effectiveness of disciplined requirements analysis techniques and the capabilities of SREM for exposing subtle problems. In general, it was found that the SREM was an effective vehicle for specifying and analyzing the software requirements of large embedded computer systems, especially descriptions of real world objects, data requirements and message processing. However, deficiencies were noted in the specification language, in the &ldquo;friendlin&eacute;ss&rdquo; of the user interfaces to the analysis and simulation tools, in the performance of these tools and in the effectiveness of the training. Appropriate improvements to all of the functional deficiencies are recommended.
The dynamics of naval resource allocation
Authors: Rolf Clark
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1 (1981)

Naval policy planning requires viewing the entire spectrum of annual resource allocation, over a long period. Emerging research into the trade offs between force asset levels and fund flows to support those assets is described. The method underlying the results is a feedback simulation incorporating ship and aircraft assets and their operating, maintenance, and manpower characteristics, as well as fleet ownership policies, production factors, and relative price movements. The sensitivity of force levels and their funding requirements to changes in annual budgets, in fleet characteristics, in force mix, in relative prices changes, and in production rates, is explored.
Importance of device independence to the CADCAM industry
Authors: James R. Warner
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

One of the most challenging problems facing developers and system integrators in the computer-aided design field today is the ever-growing influx of new sophisticated graphics display devices offering a broad range of capabilities. While such devices give users efficient, cost-effective ways to produce the exact graphic output they need, they bring with them the on going problem of software portability. Designers who can find ways to insure that their systems are device independent, that is, will run on new devices with little or no modification, will have a definite advantage in developing graphics application software. Device independence implies that a single application program will produce similar perhaps identical images on more than one graphics device. For example, a systems integrator might develop an interactive design application on a storage tube terminal, even though the application will eventually be targeted to a beam-directed or color raster display. Graphics can be built, viewed, and altered at an interactive graphics terminal, with eventual hard-copy output routed to an offline plotter or microfilm recorder. In short, device independence means that graphics application software is not bound to a particular manufacturer's equipment. &ldquo;Device intelligence&rdquo; extends the principles of device independence to take advantage of the sophisticated hardware and firmware capabilities built into today's graphics terminals and graphics workstations. With device intelligence, graphics functions (e.g., creating and filling polygons, controlling the visibility of parts of the picture, copying objects from one area of the screen to another area of the screen, and manipulating objects in real time on the display surface) are performed within the graphics terminal wherever possible. Functions that cannot be performed directly in hardware (e.g., polygon fill on a storage tube), are simulated in software. Finally, requested functions that are impossible or impractical to perform on the target device are ignored (e.g., color on a monochromatic device). This seminar will provide attendees with sufficient information to intelligently evaluate, select, or specify a device-independent computer graphics software package appropriate to the needs of the CAD/CAE community. Functional capabilities of graphics software will be reviewed and the terminology and concepts of device-independent software will be presented. A partial list of these concepts includes: system architectures, virtual device interfaces, graphics data structures, device independence in the highly interactive environment, device drivers, and graphics metafiles. Trends in graphics hardware and graphics software will also be discussed along with an analysis of the effect of intelligent workstations on the CAD/CAE marketplace. This seminar is aimed at managers, technical personnel, and system integrators considering the purchase, adoption, or development of a device-independent computer graphics subroutine package.
A functional view of data independence
Authors: Michael Stonebraker
Venue: Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control (1974)

Many researchers have used the term &ldquo;data independence&rdquo; without indicating a precise meaning. One common definition is&mdash;the isolation of a program from considerations of the data which it processes [1,2].Another is&mdash;the ability of an applications program to execute correctly regardless of the actual storage of its data[3,4].Although these suggest the general concept, a precise framework is clearly needed. The current paper provides such a framework and explores its ramifications.
A decidable propositional probabilistic dynamic logic
Authors: Yishai A. Feidman
Venue: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1983)

A propositional version of Feldman and Harel's Pr (DL) is defined, and shown to be decidable. The logic allows propositional-level formulas involving probabilistic programs, and contains full real-number theory for dealing with probabilities. The decidability proof introduces model schemes, which seem to be the most basic structures relating programs and probabilities.
&ldquo;USS Transit Station Simulation&rdquo; demonstration and documentation film
Authors: E. S. Joline
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

&ldquo;USS Transit Station Simulation&rdquo; is a 19-minute, 16 mm, color and sound motion picture developed for the Urban Mass Transportation Administration to demonstrate and document the operation of the subject simulation model. The film is intended to assist potential users in understanding the dynamics of model operation and the steps in using the model. Color-coded symbology is used to represent transit vehicles, passengers, and passenger queues as passengers arrive, depart and are processed through a transit station. A series of experiments conducted on simplified networks is shown to illustrate key features of the model and the effects of input parameter settings on model operation. The use of the model to compare two alternative designs for the case study station described in the user's manual is also illustrated.
DAS: An automated system to support design analysis
Authors: R. R. Willis
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th Design Automation Conference (1978)

The DAS is an automated system that supports design verification with the goal of improved software quality and reduced life cycle costs. The integral use of a system engineering language for requirements and design specification, automatic simulation model generation, and user-oriented features are key to the comprehensive approach. This paper briefly describes DAS' components and its intended application.
Background Removal in Image Indexing and Retrieval
Authors: Yi Lu, Hong Guo
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (1999)

This paper presents our research in image content based indexing and retrieval, a key technology in digital image libraries. In most of the existing image content-based techniques, image features used for indexing and retrieval are global, features are computed over the entire image. The major problem with the global image feature based retrieval methods is that background features can be easily mistakenly taken as object features. When a user attempts to retrieve images using color features, he/she usually means the color feature of an object or objects of interests contained in the image. The approach we describe in this paper utilizes color clusters for image background analysis. Once the background regions are identified, they are removed from the image indexing procedure; therefore, no longer interfering with the meaningful image content during the retrieval process. The algorithm consists of three major steps of computation, fuzzy clustering, color image segmentation, and background analysis.