ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
The affordable application of formal methods to software engineering
Authors: James F. Davis
Venue: ACM SIGAda Ada Letters (2005)

The purpose of this research paper is to examine (1) why formal methods are required for software systems today; (2) the Praxis High Integrity Systems' Correctness-by-Construction methodology; and (3) an affordable application of a formal methods methodology to software engineering. The cultivated research for this paper included literature reviews of documents found across the Internet and in publications as well as reviews of conference proceedings including the 2004 High Confidence Software and Systems Conference and the 2004 Special Interest Group on Ada Conference. This research realized that (1) our reliance on software systems for national, business and personal critical processes outweighs the trust we have in our systems; (2) there is a growing demand for the ability to trust our software systems; (3) methodologies such as Praxis' Correctness-by-Construction are readily available and can provide this needed level of trust; (4) tools such as Praxis' SparkAda when appropriately applied can be an affordable approach to applying formal methods to a software system development process; (5) software users have a responsibility to demand correctness; and finally, (6) software engineers have the responsibility to provide this correctness. Further research is necessary to determine what other methodologies and tools are available to provide affordable approaches to applying formal methods to software engineering. In conclusion, formal methods provide an unprecedented ability to build trust in the correctness of a system or component. Through the development of methodologies such as Praxis' Correctness by Construction and tools such as SparkAda, it is becoming ever more cost advantageous to implement formal methods within the software engineering lifecycle. As the criticality of our IT systems continues to steadily increase, so must our trust that these systems will perform as expected. Software system clients, such as government, businesses and all other IT users, must demand that their IT systems be delivered with a proven level of correctness or trust commensurate to the criticality of the function they perform.
Prototypes in the Wild: Lessons from Three Ubicomp Systems
Authors: Scott Carter, Jennifer Mankoff
Venue: IEEE Pervasive Computing (2005)

The study of ubiquitous computing is concerned with enabling a future in which the most useful ubicomp applications are feasible to build and pleasing to use. But what is useful? What is usable? What do people actually need? Ubicomp application developers are only beginning to answer these questions, partly because ubicomp systems are more difficult to evaluate than desktop applications. A case study of three ubicomp systems that were evaluated at multiple design stages provides a better understanding of how ubicomp evaluation techniques should evolve.This article is part of a special issue on rapid prototyping.
Segmentation and Pre-Recognition of Arabic Handwriting
Authors: Liana Lorigo, Venu Govindaraju
Venue: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (2005)

We propose a novel algorithm for the segmentation and pre-recognition of off-line handwritten Arabic text. Our character segmentation method over-segments each word, then removes extra breakpoints using knowledge of letter shapes. On a test set of 200 images, 92.3% of the segmentation points were detected correctly, with 5.1% instances of over-segmentation. The pre-recognition component annotates each detected letter with shape information, to be used for recognition in future work.
Whatever happened to adverbs?
Authors: Tom Bergeron
Venue: ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation (1981)

Are you treating your readers badly? Do you deliberately annoy them with a simpler than thou approach to documentation? Are you treating every level of expertise with a patronizing style as if levels didn't exist? If so, don't bother to read this; it will confuse you too much. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
Grid-Based Numerical Integration and Visualization
Authors: Shujun Li, Karlis Kaugars, Elise de Doncker
Venue: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (2005)

A Grid service, called Integration Service (PI), is used to solve numerical integration problems which are computationally intensive. Remote visualization helps monitor the progress of the computation, and gives a vivid view of the shape of a multidimensional function. The data are filtered by the server and transferred to the client, which is responsible for visualization mapping and rendering. Both numerical integration and its visualization are Web service-based to ensure interoperability.
A comparison of keyword-based and semantics-based searching
Authors: Mukkai Krishnamoorthy
Venue:  (2005)

Since its emergence in the early 1990s, the World Wide Web has rapidly evolved into a global information space of incomparable size. Keyword-based search engines such as Google&trade; attempt to index Web pages for the benefit of human users. Sophisticated as such search engines have become, they are still often unable to bridge the gap between HTML and the human. Surveys indicate that almost 25% of Web searchers are unable to find useful results in the first set of URLs that are returned [118]. Further, the majority of human-oriented data on the Web prohibits software agents from providing humans with more efficient and effective means of processing such information. To help solve this problem, Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web, has architected the Semantic Web in which machine-interpretable information provides an automated means for machines to traverse the Web on behalf of their human counterparts. Though its foundation has been established, the Semantic Web and its related applications are still in their infancy. As the Semantic Web continues to form, a necessary cornerstone application is the search engine capable of tying components of the Semantic Web together into a comprehensive and traversable landscape. Through our research, we have architected a Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE) that performs semantics-based searching, providing more predictable and accurate results. We have also implemented a prototype of SWSE that serves as a proof of concept. To evaluate our efforts and compare keyword-based searching to semantics-based searching, we constructed the Google CruciVerbalist (GCV), which attempts to solve crossword puzzles by reformulating the clues into &ldquo;Google-friendly&rdquo; queries that are sent to Google via the Google API. Results are used to derive candidate answers to clues, which are inputted into the grid-solving components of GCV. As a culmination of our research, we integrated GCV with the SWSE prototype to quantitatively show how semantics-based search improves upon keyword-based search from the perspective of a machine intelligence. Mimicking the human brain's ability to create and traverse relationships between facts, our research helps the Web to &ldquo;think&rdquo; using semantics-based reasoning, opening the door to intelligent search applications that utilize the Semantic Web.
Low-Cost Production Testing of Wireless Transmitters
Authors: Achintya Halder, Abhijit Chatterjee
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 5th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design (2006)

Production testing of wireless transmit systems incurs high test cost primarily due to the need for using lengthy bit-sequences for testing critical specifications, such as adjacent-channel-power ratio (ACPR) and error-vector-magnitude (EVM). Given the production test sequence for measuring multiple specifications of a transmitter-under-test, switching from one test hardware setup to the next, impacts test time. In this paper, anew test methodology for wireless transmitters is demonstrated, in which a single stimulus is used to test multiple frequency-domain and modulation-domain transmitter specifications in a significantly short test time. In the proposed test method, a multi-tone stimulus is applied at the baseband of the transmitter-under-test; the corresponding spectral test response at the RF output of the transmitter is analyzed for predicting the transmitter specifications using an alternate testing framework. Pass/fail decisions are made using the predicted specification values. Experimental data for a 1.575 GHz digital-IF transmitter prototype is presented.
En Route to Artificial Intelligence, Software Learns Language
Authors: Pam Frost Gorder
Venue: Computing in Science and Engineering (2006)

Shimon Edelman was an electrical engineer until the early 1980s, when he read Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Even today, Douglas Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize-winning examination of mathematical patterns in human cognition is still a recruiting manual for those who would pursue artificial intelligence (AI) research.
Synchronisation dans les jeux multijoueurs sur t&eacute;l&eacute;phone mobile
Authors: Sophie Chabridon, Christophe Kodrnja
Venue: Proceedings of the 2nd French-speaking conference on Mobility and ubiquity computing (2005)

This articles surveys some of the synchronisation techniques in use in multiplayer games on the Internet or on local networks to lessen the effects of latency. These solutions must be revisited with respect to the additional constraints encountered in mobile environments, i.e. a higher latency than in wired networks, but also a fluctuating connectivity that may lead to involuntary disconnections, and lightweight mobile terminals with limited computing capacity. Some experimentations using the Java toolkit for mobile phones (J2ME) are planned after this preliminary study to compare and evaluate several solutions.
PRISM: indexing multi-dimensional data in P2P networks using reference vectors
Authors: O. D. Sahin, A. Gulbeden, F. Emekci, D. Agrawal, A. El Abbadi
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia (2005)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems research has gained considerable attention recently with the increasing popularity of file sharing applications. Since these applications are used for sharing huge amounts of data, it is very important to efficiently locate the data of interest in such systems. However, these systems usually do not provide efficient search techniques. Existing systems offer only keyword search functionality through a centralized index or by query flooding. In this paper, we propose a scheme based on reference vectors for sharing multi-dimensional data in P2P systems. This scheme effectively supports a larger set of query operations (such as k-NN queries and content-based similarity search) than current systems, which generally support only exact key lookups and keyword searches.The basic idea is to store multiple replicas of an object's index at different peers based on the distances between the object's feature vector and the reference vectors. Later, when a query is posed, the system identifies the peers that are likely to store the index information about relevant objects using reference vectors. Thus the system is able to return accurate results by contacting a small fraction of the participating peers.
Understanding human-work domain interaction: Implications for the design of a corporate digital library
Authors: Hong (Iris) Xie
Venue: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (2006)

The author applies the cognitive work analysis (CWA) approach to investigate human&ndash;work interaction in a corporate setting. This study reports the analysis of data collected from a Web survey, diaries, and telephone interviews. The results present characterizations of actors and the work domain; three dimensions for each of the four interactive activities involved in the human&ndash;work interaction and their relationships are identified. An enhanced model and its implications for the development of a corporate digital library are discussed. &copy; 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Wide-Range, High-Resolution, Compact CMOS, Time to Digital Converter
Authors: V. Ramakrishnan, Poras T. Balsara
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 5th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design (2006)

This paper describes a wide range, area efficient, high resolution Time to Digital Converter (TDC), which has applications in digital frequency synthesizers used in wireless applications. The proposed architecture removes the need for long Vernier delay stages while measuring large phase differences using the Vernier delay line method. Resolution of a Vernier TDC is extremely susceptible to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. The proposed compact implementation thereby minimizes the susceptibility of the TDC resolution to PVT variations. In the proposed method, time is digitized to the nearest multiple of a constant buffer delay and finer time digitization, less than one buffer delay is carried out using Vernier delay line. The TDC Circuit was designed and implemented in 0.18µm CMOS technology and achieves a resolution less than 10ps. The resolution variation in all the process corners was analyzed and the simulation results, layout implementation details and the linearity plots are presented.
Image region entropy: a measure of "visualness" of web images associated with one concept
Authors: Keiji Yanai, Kobus Barnard
Venue: Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia (2005)

We propose a new method to measure "visualness" of concepts, that is, what extent concepts have visual characteristics. To know which concept has visually discriminative power is important for image annotation, especially automatic image annotation by image recognition system, since not all concepts are related to visual contents. Our method performs probabilistic region selection for images which are labeled as concept "X" or "non-X", and computes an entropy measure which represents "visualness" of concepts. In the experiments, we collected about forty thousand images from the World-Wide Web using the Google Image Search for 150 concepts. We examined which concepts are suitable for annotation of image contents.
VLSI circuit design supported by computer system simulation
Authors: John Nelson
Venue: ACM SIGSIM Simulation Digest (1979)

Satisfying the enormous signal processing demands of space based sensors in the next decade is beyond the capability of integrated circuit technology as we know it today. However the performance promise of digital VLSICs (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) should make this problem soluble if the right device technologies, computational algorithms and computer architectures can be selected which best exploit VLSI for this application. In this space sensor signal processor design study, computer system simulation using the language ECSS (Extendable Computer System Simulator) proved to be the key to performing tradeoffs and developing designs which could meet the stressing demands for low power and high computational throughput.
Market Agents with a Sense for Mechanisms
Authors: Stefan Luckner, Daniel Rolli, Christof Momm, Christof Weinhardt
Venue: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (2005)

When software agents act on markets they typically face a predetermined market mechanism. Their strategies are a priori tailored by the agent designer to suit the market mechanism at stake. So, the market mechanisms are only considered and examined at design time. In this paper, we present an approach to how agents themselves can grasp market mechanisms at runtime, directly derive a valid interaction protocol and consider the mechanism structure for their strategieseven for mechanisms they have not known before. For exemplifying our ideas, we present a BPEL implementation of a reverse English auction that is based on the notion of an Auction Reference Model and make the BPEL description available to the agent. We show how the agent will derive an interaction protocol the valid behaviorand how it even forms a reasonable strategy when presuming some generic market knowledge and basic strategy building blocks.
Dynamic bayesian networks to model insider user behavior in trusted computing environment
Authors: Ghazi A. Alghamdi
Venue:  (2005)

This research tackles a key part of information security problem; modeling insider user threat behavior. The specific problem we deal with in this research is the identification of malicious behavior by insiders in trusted computing environments, i.e. individuals who attempt to misuse their own system resources. Even if insider users are assumed trusted, modeling their behavior can give important information about the legitimacy of their actions. Most work in information security focused on intrusion detection systems (IDS's) to detect and respond to intrusions. Although most of the security techniques in IDS lean toward protecting the system boundaries from outside attacks, defending against an insider who attempts to misuse privileges is an equally significant problem for network security. Violations of system security policy by authorized computer users present a major threat to the all three information security objectives: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Modeling insider user behavior is a complex problem that requires a systematic and a structured process to manage design, development, and evaluation of models. This research provides a methodology, based on multi-entity Bayesian networks, to develop a scalable and extensible behavior model that can be applied to any computer network. The research methodology provides an approach to design, develop, and evaluate an insider behavior model. This systematic process is based on the spiral lifecycle model. At each phase, we develop a prototype model, evaluate the prototypes, and plan for the next phase. At the first phase, we develop a proof-of-concept model and provide a computational experiment in dynamic simulated situations to demonstrate the potential of the model to detect abnormal behavior. This cyclic process of design, development, evaluation, and modification is repeated as necessary. The evaluation process that we followed in this research includes expert elicitation, computational experiments to test prototype models, and sensitivity analysis experiments to test the robustness of the model.
Fairness, QoS, and buffer sizing
Authors: Damon Wischik
Venue: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (2006)

This note is a reply to some of the points about buffer sizing raised by Dhamdhere and Dovrolis [1]. I'll use a simple mathematical model to make stark some of the tradeoffs that need to be weighed when deciding on buffer size.
A flexible 3D slicer for voxelization using graphics hardware
Authors: Hsien-Hsi Hsieh, Yueh-Yi Lai, Wen-Kai Tai, Sheng-Yi Chang
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia (2005)

In this paper we present a simple but general 3D slicer for voxelizing polygonal model. Instead of voxelizing a model by projecting and rasterizing triangles with clipping planes, the distance field is used for more accurate and stable voxelization. Distance transform is used with triangles on voxels of each slice. A voxel is marked with opacity only when the shortest distance between it and triangles is judged as intersection. With advanced programmable graphics hardware assistance, surface and solid voxelization are feasible and more efficient than on a CPU.
On the sociology of computing: conceptual frameworks and curriculum development
Authors: Francis Sim, Ronald E. Anderson
Venue: ACM SIGSOC Bulletin (1975)

This work was supported in part by NSF Grant GZ-3431 for a College Faculty Workshop on Computer Science in Social and Behavioral Science Education at the University of Colorado, 1974.
Specular Reflection Elimination for Projection-Based Augmented Reality
Authors: Hanhoon Park, Moon-Hyun Lee, Sang-Jun Kim, Jong-Il Park
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (2005)

In projection-based augmented reality, specular reflection may distract the users. This paper demonstrates that the specular reflection can be eliminated by redundantly illuminating the projection surface using multiple overlapping projectors mounted at different locations. Our initial system using two projectors is presented. The system automatically determines the pixels which include specular reflection in one projector, blank the light falling on the pixel and boost the other projector's output so that the added light is projected onto the pixel consistently.
SAPOR: second-order Arnoldi method for passive order reduction of RCS circuits
Authors: Yangfeng Su, Jian Wang, Xuan Zeng, Zhaojun Bai
Venue: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design (2004)

The recently-introduced susceptance element exhibits many prominent features in modeling the on-chip magnetic couplings. For an RCS circuit, it is better to be formulated as a second-order system. Therefore, corresponding MOR (model-order reduction) techniques for second-order systems are desired to efficiently deal with the ever-increasing circuit scale and to preserve essential model properties. We first review the existing MOR methods for RCS circuits, such as ENOR and SMOR, and discuss several key issues related to numerical stability and accuracy of the methods. Then, a technique, SAPOR (second-order Arnoldi method for passive order reduction), is proposed to effectively address these issues. Based on an implementation of a generalized second-order Arnoldi method, SAPOR is numerically stable and efficient. Meanwhile, the reduced-order system also guarantees passivity.
An Unsymmetrical Dual Cross Search Algorithm for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation
Authors: Haihua Liu, Changsheng Xie, Yi Lei
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (2005)

In block motion estimation, search patterns with different shapes or sizes have a large impact on the searching speed and quality of performance. In this paper, we propose an unsymmetrical dual cross search algorithm (UDCS), using a small cross-search pattern as the initial step for small motion vector estimation in according to center-biased characteristics of motion-vector distribution. In addition, the algorithm uses an unsymmetrical cross search patterns (UCSP) as the subsequent steps based on direction characteristics of motion vector distribution for large motion vectors search. The improvement of UDCS over DS and CDS can be up to a 70% and 40% gain on speedup, respectively. Experimental results show that the UDCS is much more robust, and provides faster searching than other popular fast block-matching algorithms with the comparative distortions.