ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Accelerating parallel maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic tree calculations using subtree equality vectors
Authors: Alexandros P. Stamatakis, Thomas Ludwig, Harald Meier, Marty J. Wolf
Venue: Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing (2002)

Heuristics for calculating phylogenetic trees for a large sets of aligned rRNA sequences based on the maximum likelihood method are computationally expensive. The core of most parallel algorithms, which accounts for the greatest part of computation time, is the tree evaluation function, that calculates the likelihood value for each tree topology. This paper describes and uses Subtree Equality Vectors (SEVs) to reduce the number of required floating point operations during topology evaluation.We integrated our optimizations into various sequential programs and into parallel fastDNAml, one of the most common and efficient parallel programs for calculating large phylogenetic trees.Experimental results for our parallel program, which renders exactly the same output as parallel fastDNAml show global run time improvements of 26% to 65%. The optimization scales best on clusters of PCs, which also implies a substantial cost saving factor for the determination of large trees.
Evolutionary growth and control in user tailorable systems
Authors: Anders I. Mørch
Venue: Adaptive evolutionary information systems (2003)

This chapter is about evolutionary application development as a means for including end users in further development of existing software systems. The chapter presents concepts and techniques for evolutionary development that reuses ideas from other domains in which evolution plays a dominant role (biology, architecture, and art objects). It argues that end users need access to representations of a system that are less formal than program code, but morepowerful than informal design representations, and that this information can be obtained from the system's past use and development history. The "resemblance relation" is presented as a tentative solution. It includes elements of object-oriented programming and component-based development. It is hoped that this chapter will provide the reader with a new view on systems development, and how end users can participate as designers in the evolutionary process.
Relations between harmonic analysis associated with two differential operators of different orders
Authors: Youssèf Ben Cheikh
Venue: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2003)

The transmutation operators were introduced by Delsarte and Lions to state relations between harmonic analysis (generalized translation operators, generalized convolution, generalized Fourier transform and generalized Paley-Wiener theorem) associated with two differential operators of the same order in the complex domain. In this paper, we discuss the analogous problem for differential operators having different orders. More precisely, we consider a suitable class of differential operators Lz in the complex domain and from harmonic analysis associated with Lz, we state the corresponding one associated with Lzn, n being an arbitrary positive integer. Our analysis is based on Ricci's decomposition. Some particular cases are singled out.
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2 edition
Authors: Stuart J. Russell, Peter Norvig
Venue:  (2003)

:Intelligent Agents - Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig show how intelligent agents can be built using AI methods, and explain how different agent designs are appropriate depending on the nature of the task and environment. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach is the first AI text to present a unified, coherent picture of the field. The authors focus on the topics and techniques that are most promising for building and analyzing current and future intelligent systems. The material is comprehensive and authoritative, yet cohesive and readable. State of the Art - This book covers the most effective modern techniques for solving real problems, including simulated annealing, memory-bounded search, global ontologies, dynamic belief networks, neural networks, adaptive probabilistic networks, inductive logic programming, computational learning theory, and reinforcement learning. Leading edge AI techniques are integrated into intelligent agent designs, using examples and exercises to lead students from simple, reactive agents to advanced planning agents with natural language capabilities.
Toward the intelligent control of hierarchical clustering
Authors: Ronald R. Yager
Venue: Technologies for constructing intelligent systems: Tasks (2002)

The importance of the inter-cluster distance measure in the determination of the clusters in hierarchical clustering is pointed out. We note a fundamental distinction between the nearest neighbor cluster distance measure, Min, and the furthest neighbor measure, Max. The first favors the merging of large clusters while the later favors the merging of smaller clusters. We introduce a family of intercluster distance measures which can be parameterized along a scale characterizing their preference for merging larger or smaller clusters. We then consider the use of this distinction between distance measures as a way of controlling the hierarchical clustering process. Combining this with the ability of fuzzy systems modeling to formalize linguistic specifications we see the emergence of a tool that can aid in the inclusion of intelligence in the clustering process.
Top Management-Team Diversity and Firm Performance: Examining the Role of Cognitions
Authors: Martin Kilduff, Reinhard Angelmar, Ajay Mehra
Venue: Organization Science (2000)

Demography research rarely examines the black box within which the cognitive diversity of the top management team is assumed to affect firm performance. Using data from 35 simulated firms run by a total of 159 managers attending executive education programs, the current research tested several hypotheses concerned with (a) the relationship between demographic and cognitive team diversity and (b) the reciprocal effects of diversity and firm performance. Results showed that members of high-performing teams tended to preserve multiple interpretations early in the team's life cycle, but that they moved toward greater clarity near the end of the life cycle. These high-performing teams, therefore, exhibited both early interpretative ambiguity and late heedful interrelating. Cognitive diversity in teams affected and was affected by changes in firm performance. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of any effect of demographic diversity on measures of cognitive diversity.
An object-oriented approach for model integration within virtual human: a computational environment for physiological modeling
Authors: Ming Gu
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2002)

This project applies object-oriented principles and hierarchical design to improve the structure and run-time performance of a large simulation package. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Virtual Human (VH) is being developed as a simulation platform to investigate a wide range of human biological and physical responses to stimuli. The long-term goal of VH is to produce a comprehensive simulation of the structure and function of the entire human body that would integrate smaller models of individual organs, body processes, cells, and even neurons in the brain. While earlier development of VH enabled simulation of various physiological models, each time the integration of a new model to this platform requires more coding. The goal of this project is to modify VH's architecture so that it is more independent of individual models. In this project, the VH platform regards each model as an independent object. A model's XML configuration file and its function code are made to plug into the VH environment. A model's graphic user interface (GUI) is made more flexible and extensible by a set of painting objects, all of which extend a universal super class. As a result of this work, the VH architecture is now more general and easier to expand for inclusion of more features and connection to new models. Simulation runs are faster than previous architecture.
Cognitive architecture
Authors: Michael D. Byrne
Venue: The human-computer interaction handbook: fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications (2002)

Designing interactive computer systems to be efficient and easy to use is important so that people in our society may realize the potential benefits of computer-based tools .... Although modern cognitive psychology contains a wealth of knowledge of human behavior, it is not a simple matter to bring this knowledge to bear on the practical problems of design-to build an applied psychology that includes theory, data, and knowledge.
Spontaneous speech parsing in travel information inquiring and booking systems
Authors: Pengju Yan, Fang Zheng, Hui Sun, Mingxing Xu
Venue: Journal of Computer Science and Technology (2002)

Grammar-based parsing is a prevalent method for natural language understanding (NLU) and has been introduced into dialogue systems for spoken language processing (SLP). A robust parsing scheme is proposed in this paper to overcome the notorious phenomena. such as garbage, ellipsis, word disordering, fragment, and ill-form, which frequently occur in spoken utterances. Keyword categories are used as terminal symbols, and the definition of grammar is extended by introducing three new rule types, by-passing, up-messing and overcrossing , in addition to the general rules called up-tying in this paper, and the use of semantic items simplifies the semantics extraction. The corresponding parser marionette, which is essentially a partial chart parser, is enhanced to parse the semantic grammar. The robust parsing scheme integrating the above methods has been adopted in an air traveling information service system called EasyFlight, and has achieved a high performance when used for parsing spontaneous speeches.
Talking with John Stuckey
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Venue: Ubiquity (2003)

A conversation with the Director of University Computing at Washington and Lee University
Lessons learned from incorporating an XML component into an upper division web development course
Authors: John D. Haney
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2002)

The use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) to describe how data is structured is growing in use. This growth has led to the decision to include an XML component to an upper division web development course. XML is not a replacement for Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) but is an extension that allows user-defined tags to describe structured data, but does not render the data ready for browser display. The use of XML in the course, allows the students to learn valuable lessons by comparing the development of the same process using XML and not using XML. By experiencing the step-by-step process of the two options, the students learn the costs and benefits as well as the strengths and weaknesses of both. The students learn that additional steps are required when using XML, but produce greater flexibility for data manipulation. A further lesson they learn is that a good foundation of HTML, Structured Query Language (SQL), and a scripting language is essential for the successful accomplishment of XML.
Passively Q-switched operation of a double contact tapered InGaAs/GaAs diode laser
Authors: B. Cakmak
Venue: Microelectronic Engineering (2003)

High power picosecond pulse generation from a two-contact tapered two quantum well 980 nm InGaAs/ GaAs diode laser is investigated using a passive Q-switching technique for the first time. Tail-free and single peak Q-switched pulses are obtained by applying reverse bias voltages in the range of 0 to -9 V to the absorber section of the device. Optical pulses with 41 ps (down to 29 ps) durations and peak powers in excess of 1.5 W are obtained in a well-defined single lobed far-field. Such an improvement in the optical pulses is attributed to a reduction of absorber recovery time.
An optimization model for telecommunication systems
Authors: Bahador Ghahramani
Venue: Creating business value with information technology: challenges and solutions (2003)

The Optimization Model for Telecommunication Systems (OMTS) is designed and developed to optimize System Designers and Developers (SD&D) efforts in the Telecommunication Industry (TI). Using the life-cycle process, OMTS continuously evaluates business value and utility of every activity in the systems design and development process. The primary objective of the OMTS is to increase business value of the TI system and improve their performance. Through OMTS, SD&D are able to answer such critical questions as "Do modern telecommunication technologies pay off?" and "How can we best use modern technologies in the TI?" The OMTS is capable of facilitating higher business profitability and productivity by enhancing systems' strategic goals such as product position, product quality, and customer service.
Modeling command selection for speech-based applications
Authors: Jinjuan Feng
Venue: CHI '03 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (2003)

Command selection is an important problem in human computer interaction. We are applying a decision-making approach to model the process by which users select commands when multiple alternatives exist. Our initial focus is on speech-based systems, but the underlying approach is applicable to a wide range of interaction styles. Two empirical studies that provide a foundation for this research are complete and an initial decision model is proposed which specifies the factors that influence the command selection decisions and the relationships between those factors. Empirical studies are planned to investigate users' perceptions of individual model components and to validate the complete model.
CRC cards for product modelling
Authors: Lars Hvam, Jesper Riis, Benjamin Loer Hansen
Venue: Computers in Industry (2003)

This paper describes the CRC (class, responsibility, collaboration) modelling process for building product models. The proposed CRC modelling process includes: organising the CRC modelling team, educating relevant personnel, and iteratively performing the steps of CRC modelling (find classes, find responsibilities, define collaborators, etc.). CRC modelling covers some of the basic work before the actual implementation of the product model in a standard configuration software. This article focuses on the application of CRC-cards in the analysis phase.The concepts and methods for modelling product knowledge have been tested in Danish industrial companies. The article presents a case study from Alfa Laval Separation.
ICT and social exclusion: the role of libraries
Authors: B. Hull
Venue: Telematics and Informatics (2003)

The digital divide in both the UK and the USA is examined. The adequacy of government initiatives to overcome electronic disadvantage is considered. Some of the key findings of research "Barriers to Libraries as agents of Lifelong Learning", undertaken by the author in 1999, on behalf of the Library and Information Commission are presented. The digital divide is considered in the light of social class, gender and age. Although libraries are unlikely to be able to rectify entirely the effects of material disadvantage, it is clear that they can play a key compensatory role.
The Effective Design of Work Under Total Quality Management
Authors: Bart Victor, Andrew Boynton, Theresa Stephens-Jahng
Venue: Organization Science (2000)

In this research, we address the question: Why do many total quality management implementations fail? We develop a theoretical model in which the total quality management role for line employees results in a dual work design that requires both standardized production and continuous improvement. We propose that workers effectively integrate both types of work by switching, defined as shifting between standardized production and continuous work while on the job in response to situational cues. Alternatively, workers can respond to the challenges of a job involving both types of work by avoiding the continuous improvement work. Switching and avoidance are associated with different performance and attitudinal outcomes. We present evidence drawn from an exploratory field study which suggests that line employees who effectively integrate standardized production and continuous improvement work by switching experienced less job stress and greater job satisfaction. Moreover, plants which were more effective in total quality management performance had a greater proportion of line employees using switching.
Wireless devices for mobile commerce: user interface design and usability
Authors: Peter Tarasewich
Venue: Mobile commerce: technology, theory, and applications (2003)

Well-designed and usable interfaces for mobile commerce applications are critical. But given the uniqueness of the wireless environment, usability becomes even harder to ensure. This chapter describes the benefits and limitations of various wireless device interface technologies. It provides guidance on determining the usability of wireless devices, emphasizing the fact that context will factor heavily into the use of mobile applications. Some of the additional challenges that developers face when designing applications for wireless devices, such as infrastructure and software issues, are also discussed.
Design for Postponement: A Comprehensive Characterization of Its Benefits Under Unknown Demand Distributions
Authors: Yossi Aviv, Awi Federgruen
Venue: Operations Research (2001)

Recent papers have developed analytical models to explain and quantify the benefits of delayed differentiation and quick response programs. These models assume that while demands in each period are random, they are independent across time and their distribution is perfectly known, i.e., sales forecasts do not need to be updated as time progresses. In this paper, we characterize these benefits in more general settings, where parameters of the demand distributions fail to be known with accuracy or where consecutive demands are correlated. Here it is necessary to revise estimates of the parameters of the demand distributions on the basis of observed demand data. We analyze these systems in a Bayesian framework, assuming that our initial information about the parameters of the demand distributions is characterized via prior distributions. We also characterize the structure of close-to-optimal ordering rules in these systems, for a variety of types of order cost functions.
Efficient Content-Based Image Retrieval through Metric Histograms
Authors: A. J. M. Traina, C. Traina, J. M. Bueno, F. J. T. Chino, P. Azevedo-Marques
Venue: World Wide Web (2003)

This paper presents a new and efficient method for content-based image retrieval employing the color distribution of images. This new method, called metric histogram, takes advantage of the correlation among adjacent bins of histograms, reducing the dimensionality of the feature vectors extracted from images, leading to faster and more flexible indexing and retrieval processes. The proposed technique works on each image independently from the others in the dataset, therefore there is no pre-defined number of color regions in the resulting histogram. Thus, it is not possible to use traditional comparison algorithms such as Euclidean or Manhattan distances. To allow the comparison of images through the new feature vectors given by metric histograms, a new metric distance function MHD( ) is also proposed. This paper shows the improvements in timing and retrieval discrimination obtained using metric histograms over traditional ones, even when using images with different spatial resolution or thumbnails. The experimental evaluation of the new method, for answering similarity queries over two representative image databases, shows that the metric histograms surpass the retrieval ability of traditional histograms because they are invariant on geometrical and brightness image transformations, and answer the queries up to 10 times faster than the traditional ones.
A neural network based real-time gaze tracker
Authors: Nischal M. Piratla, Anura P. Jayasumana
Venue: Journal of Network and Computer Applications (2002)

A real-time gaze-tracking system that estimates the user's eye gaze and computes the window of focused view on a computer monitor has been developed. This artificial neural network based system can be trained and customized for an individual. Unlike existing systems in which skin color features and/or other mountable equipment are needed, this system is based on a simple non-intrusive camera mounted on the monitor. Gaze point is accurately estimated within a 1 in. on a 19-in. monitor with a CCD camera having a 640 × 480 image resolution. The system performance is independent of user's forward and backward as well as upward and downward movements. The gaze-tracking system implementation and the factors affecting its performance are discussed and analyzed in detail. The features and implementation methods that make this system real-time are also explained.
The use of web-based visualization techniques and its effect on student comprehension
Authors: Jose L. Cordova
Venue: Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges (2003)

This paper discusses the use of web-based visualization laboratories in an intermediate programming and data structures course that uses Java as the language of instruction. Students were exposed to algorithm visualization exercises to explain basic concepts of the intermediate programming course. Short quizzes were designed to measure students' understanding of the concepts before and after participation in the visualization exercises. An analysis of the results revealed a statistically significant increase in quiz scores for the participating students.
Optimizing Periodic Maintenance Operations for Schindler Elevator Corporation
Authors: Fred Blakeley, Burçin Argüello, Buyang Cao, Wolfgang Hall, Joseph Knolmajer
Venue: Interfaces (2003)

Schindler, the world's largest escalator company and second-largest elevator company, maintains tens of thousands of elevators and escalators throughout North America. Thousands of technicians are on the road each day to maintain, repair, and help in emergencies. Each technician's route requires precise and optimized planning. Schindler Elevator Corporation turned to Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) to develop an automated route-scheduling and planning system. ESRI provided a geographic-information-system-integrated application that employs operations research techniques to optimize preventive maintenance operations. It relies on a series of algorithms to assign maintenance work to technicians and to create efficient day-routes by solving the periodic-vehicle-routing problem. These automated tools allow Schindler to restructure and streamline service areas. The optimization system saves over $1 million annually and increases Schindler's managers' awareness of operating revenue.