ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
A study in reading comprehension improvement
Authors: Rodica Waivio
Venue: Issue 73-74 (June-September 2002) (2002)

As everyday computing plays an increasingly prominent role in our daily lives, user reading comprehension is of vital importance for human progress. This paper proposes to investigate the improvement of the user reading comprehension by different factors. Two main experiments tested how an explicit display of a small collection of keywords and a summary explanation aid reading comprehension. Twelve subjects were used for the first experiment and eight subjects for the second experiment. All were UIC undergraduate and graduate students, with computer experience. In the post experimentation stage, the subjects recommended different techniques for reading improvement. Comprehension was estimated by two procedures, a quantitative evaluation by a comprehension questionnaire and a qualitative evaluation by the subjective report. Important results were pointed out by the subjective evaluation. The advantages and disadvantages were summarized by a small focus group of users. A Dynamic Reading Device was designed for experimentation usage.
Debugging: from novice to expert
Authors: Ryan Chmiel, Michael C. Loui
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (2004)

We conducted a study to demonstrate that formal training in debugging helps students develop skills in diagnosing and removing defects from computer programs. To accomplish this goal in an assembly language course, we designed multiple activities to enhance students' debugging skills. These activities included debugging exercises, debugging logs, development logs and reflective memos, and collaborative assignments. In a previous paper, we reported positive qualitative results. Students agreed that formal debugging training enhanced their debugging skills. In this paper, we present positive quantitative results that support our previous qualitative results. Students who completed the optional debugging exercises spent significantly less time on debugging their programs than those who did not. Furthermore, we develop a model of debugging abilities and habits based on students' comments in their debugging logs, development logs, reflective memos, and evaluation surveys. Students and educators could use the model to diagnose students' current debugging skills and take actions to enhance their skills.
VLSI Implementation of Visible Watermarking for a Secure Digital Still Camera Design
Authors: Saraju P. Mohanty, N. Ranganathan, Ravi K. Namballa
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on VLSI Design (2004)

Watermarking is the process that embeds data calleda watermark into a multimedia object for its copyrightprotection. The digital watermarks can be visible to aviewer on careful inspection or completely invisible andcannot be easily recovered without an appropriate decodingmechanism. Digital image watermarking is a computationallyintensive task and can be speeded up sigificantly byimplementing in hardware. In this work, we describe a newVLSI architecture for implementing two different visible watermarkingschemes for images. The proposed hardware caninsert on-the-fly either one or both watermarks into an imagedepending on the application requirement. The proposedcircuit can be integrated into any existing digital still cameraframework. First, separate architectures are derived for thetwo watermarking schemes and then integrated into a unifiedarchitecture. A prototype CMOS VLSI chip was designedand verified implementing the proposed architecture and reportedin this paper. To our knowledge, this is the first VLSIarchitecture for implementing visible watermarking schemes.
Measurement and performance of a multiprogramming system
Authors: B. Arden, D. Boettner
Venue: Proceedings of the second symposium on Operating systems principles (1969)

This paper presents a brief description of a general multiprogramming (and time-sharing) system in operation at the University of Michigan. A number of time and space distributions obtained from a typical month of operation are presented. The performance is summarized by a load diagram. Efficiency as a comparison with ideal performance is discussed and a model suitable for idealization is proposed.
Building Intelligent Environments with Smart-Its
Authors: Lars Erik Holmquist, Hans-Werner Gellersen, Gerd Kortuem, Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach, Stavros Antifakos, Florian Michahelles, Bernt Schiele, Michael Beigl, Ramia Mazé
Venue: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (2004)

Smart-Its are self-contained, stick-on computers that attach to everyday objects. These augmented objects become soft media, enabling dynamic digital relationships with users and each other.
A Multi-Layered Approach to Security in High Assurance Systems
Authors: Jim Alves-Foss, Carol Taylor, Paul Oman
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04) - Track 9 - Volume 9 (2004)

Past efforts at designing and implementing ultra high assurance systems for government security and safety have centered on the concept of a monolithic security kernel responsible for a system-wide security policy. This approach leads to inflexible, overly complex operating systems that are too large to evaluate at the highest assurance levels (e.g., Common Criteria EAL 5 and above). We describe a new multi-layered approach to the design and verification of embedded trustworthy systems that is currently being used in the implementation of real time, embedded applications. The framework supports multiple levels of safety and multiple levels of security, based on the principle of creating separate layers of responsibility and control, with each layer responsible for enforcing its own security policy.
A multi-modal approach for determining speaker location and focus
Authors: Michael Siracusa, Louis-Philippe Morency, Kevin Wilson, John Fisher, Trevor Darrell
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces (2003)

This paper presents a multi-modal approach to locate a speaker in a scene and determine to whom he or she is speaking. We present a simple probabilistic framework that combines multiple cues derived from both audio and video information. A purely visual cue is obtained using a head tracker to identify possible speakers in a scene and provide both their 3-D positions and orientation. In addition, estimates of the audio signal's direction of arrival are obtained with the help of a two-element microphone array. A third cue measures the association between the audio and the tracked regions in the video. Integrating these cues provides a more robust solution than using any single cue alone. The usefulness of our approach is shown in our results for video sequences with two or more people in a prototype interactive kiosk environment.
The Nostrum Backbone - a Communication Protocol Stack for Networks on Chip
Authors: Mikael Millberg, Erland Nilsson, Rikard Thid, Shashi Kumar, Axel Jantsch
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on VLSI Design (2004)

We propose a communication protocol stack to be used inNostrum, our Network on Chip (NoC) architecture. In orderto aid the designer in the selection process of what parts ofprotocols, and their respective facilities, to include, a layeredapproach to communication is taken. A nomenclaturefor describing the individual layers' interfaces and servicedefinitions of the layers in the protocol stack is suggestedand used. The concept includes support for best effort trafficpacket delivery as well as support for guaranteed bandwidthtraffic, using virtual circuits. Furthermore anapplication to NoC adapter is defined, as part of theResource to Network Interface, and is used to communicatebetween the Nostrumprotocol stack and the application.An industrial example has been implemented, simulated,and the results justifies the suggested layered approach.
Modelling and estimating the pose of a human arm
Authors: Thomas B. Moeslund, Erik Granum
Venue: Machine Vision and Applications (2003)

Pose estimation of 3-D objects based on monocular computer vision is an ill-posed problem. To ease matters a model-based approach can be applied. Such an approach usually relies on iterating when matching the model and the image data. In this paper we estimate the 3-D pose of a human arm from a monocular image. To avoid the inherent problems when iterating, we apply an exhaustive matching strategy. To make this plausible, we reduce the size of the solution space through a very compact model representation of the arm and prune the solution space. The model is developed through a detailed investigation of the functionality and structure of the arm and the shoulder complex. The model consists of just two parameters and is based on the screw-axis representation together with image measurements. The pruning is achieved through kinematic constraints and it turns out that the solution space of the compact model can be pruned 97%, on average. Altogether, the compact representation and the constraints reduce the solution space significantly and, therefore, allow for an exhaustive matching procedure. The approach is tested in a model-based silhouette framework, and tests show promising results.
An Empirical Assessment of Transaction Risks of IT Outsourcing Arrangements: An Event Study
Authors: Wonseok Oh, Michael J. Gallivan
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04) - Track 8 - Volume 8 (2004)

Our study uses stock market reactions to assess various risks associated with IT outsourcing. Because much of the value and cost of IT outsourcing is intangible, hidden, and long-term oriented, most prior studies have articulated IT outsourcing risks conceptually and paid little attention to an empirical validation of such risks. We employ an event study methodology to assess how investors perceive and evaluate the risks related to IT outsourcing. More precisely, we empirically test the extent to which sources of IT outsourcing transaction risk (including asset-specificity, resource dependency, technological discontinuity, and performance monitoring) influence investors' reactions to IT outsourcing announcements. Our results indicate that investors exhibit two extreme responses: one perceives that benefits from IT outsourcing outweigh the risks associated with it; the other adopts the exact opposite view. Further analyses reveal that asset specificity of the IT resources to be outsourced and the size of the contract are negatively correlated with investors' reactions as measured by stocks' cumulative abnormal returns (CARs). Contrary to our predictions, contract duration and performance monitoring problems were not significantly associated with the market reaction. We discuss these findings and offer implications for both research and practice.
Mining sequential data through layered phases
Authors: Wei-Min Shen
Venue:  (2002)

A recognized group of large temporal databases consist of a collection of sequential data. Some of these databases have some unique characteristics, which ask for a radically different approach for mining useful knowledge. The huge size and uncertainty embedded in these collections make it difficult and impractical to mine the whole database at once. This research proposes a domain independent novel technique to mine temporal databases through layered phases. We introduce a novel method to mine sequential data by layered phases for prediction and forecasting in both short term and long term. The concept of phase and hierarchy plays a fundamental role in many real world application domains. We apply such a point of view to mine sequential data. To construct model of a pool of sequence we project the model to a layer of phases interacting with each other. The whole model will be built gradually in a top-down fashion and each level might be investigated for more details. This technique consists of tow major steps: phase recognition and model construction. We provide a novel iterative phase recognition technique to detect major phases in data. In addition, we explore phase transition for a layered model construction as an extension to Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In the second part of this dissertation, we introduce and analyze a special but powerful and popular case of Layered HMM as Self-Similar Layered HMM, for a certain group of complex problems, which show self-similar property, and exploit this property to reduce the complexity of model construction. In addition, phase recognition through monitoring fractal dimension will be introduced and analyzed. The last chapter of this thesis is devoted to exploiting self-similarity to discovering interesting rules by scaling the previously recognized sequential association rules. Mining by layered phases has investigated in the context of four different domains: Synthetic data which we used for test and tuning the algorithms; Critical Care, a large databases of patients in critical care condition; Network database and World Wide Web. We illustrate data mining by layered phases has several advantages in terms of accuracy in predictions, interpretability, optimization and speed.
Guest Editors' Introduction: How Is Open Source Affecting Software Development?
Authors: Diomidis Spinellis, Clemens Szyperski
Venue: IEEE Software (2004)

The open source movement is affecting software development products and processes. Software products benefit from reusable elements' increased availability and flexibility but might suffer from tighter coupling and more complex dependencies between reused components. The software development process is gaining from the widespread availability and use of sophisticated open source development platforms and tools, and the adoption of corresponding development and coding practices by the programmer community. In addition, code as literature is helping the meaningful education of programmers. However, process integration and the coevolution of multiple open source and proprietary projects are still open problems.
Don't miss-r --: recommending restaurants through an adaptive mobile system
Authors: Dina Goren-Bar, Tsvi Kuflik
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (2004)

The present study compares an adaptive simulated cellular-phone based recommender system to a non-adaptive one, in order to evaluate user preferences with respect to system adaptivity. The results show that users prefer the adaptive system over the non adaptive one even after minimal interaction with the system.
Graph Models for Communication of Mobile Users in Access Areas
Authors: D. Baum, I. N. Kovalenko
Venue: Cybernetics and Systems Analysis (2003)

Graph models for investigating behavior of mobile users in an environment with several access areas, such as cells in cellular networks, Bluetooth clusters in devices controlling ad hoc networks, or similar configurations, are presented in the paper. Based on these models, distributions of a number of communication links in different access areas are derived.
Intelligent knowledge extraction from the web
Authors: Jesús Cardeñosa, Edmundo Tovar
Venue: International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems (2003)

Many websites are in general poorly defined and its users are not able to find the information they need. That is the reason why many papers are addressed to propose techniques able to find the right information for a user. Most of these techniques focus on finding the required information in the whole Internet. Many times the owner of the website gives incomplete/imprecise information with low level of usefulness for the user. The re-structuring of the information is many times enough for detecting lacks of information, inconsistencies and imprecisions. However this work is normally very difficult without losing performances of the website. The authors have developed a novel application to exploit existing information in a website in a more profitable way restructuring the information without the intervention of the content provider. This paper describes the authors' experience during their participation in the European Commission ESPRIT 29158 FLEX Project.
Towards the resolution of the Gibbs phenomena
Authors: Bernie D. Shizgal, Jae-Hun Jung
Venue: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2003)

It is well known that the expansion of an analytic nonperiodic function on a finite interval in a Fourier series leads to spurious oscillations at the interval boundaries. This result is known as the Gibbs phenomenon. The present paper introduces a new method for the resolution of the Gibbs phenomenon which follows on the reconstruction method of Gottlieb and coworkers (SIAM Rev. 39 (1997) 644) based on Gegenbauer polynomials orthogonal with respect to weight function (1 - x2)λ-1/2. We refer to their approach as the direct method and to the new methodology as the inverse method. Both methods use the finite set of Fourier coefficients of some given function as input data in the re-expansion of the function in Gegenbauer polynomials or in other orthogonal basis sets. The finite partial sum of the new expansion provides a spectrally accurate approximation to the function. In the direct method, this requires that certain conditions are met concerning the parameter λ in the weight function, the number of Fourier coefficients, N and the number of Gegenbauer polynomials, m. We show that the new inverse method can give exact results for polynomials independent of λ and with m=N. The paper presents several numerical examples applied to a single domain or to subdomains of the main domain so as to illustrate the superiority of the inverse method in comparison with the direct method.
Compiler optimization and ordering effects on VLIW code compression
Authors: Montserrat Ros, Peter Sutton
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems (2003)

Code size has always been an important issue for all embedded applications as well as larger systems. Code compression techniques have been devised as a way of battling bloated code; however, the impact of VLIW compiler methods and outputs on these compression schemes has not been thoroughly investigated.This paper describes the application of single- and multiple-instruction dictionary methods for code compression to decrease overall code size for the TI TMS320C6xxx DSP family. The compression scheme is applied to benchmarks taken from the Mediabench benchmark suite built with differing compiler optimization parameters.In the single instruction encoding scheme, it was found that compression ratios were not a useful indicator of the best overall code size - the best results (smallest overall code size) were obtained when the compression scheme was applied to size-optimized code. In the multiple instruction encoding scheme, changing parallel instruction order was found to only slightly improve compression in unoptimized code and does not affect the code compression when it is applied to builds already optimized for size.
Learning structure and concepts in data through data clustering
Authors: Gregory James Hamerly
Venue:  (2003)

Data clustering is an important and applications-oriented branch of machine learning. Its goal is to estimate the structure or density of a set of data without a training signal. There are many approaches to data clustering that vary in their complexity and effectiveness, due to the wide number of applications that these algorithms have. Due to the explosive growth of the amount of data that humans want to analyze, fast (e.g. linear-time) algorithms are necessary, but they can often give poor quality results. While maintaining the runtime characteristics of the fast algorithms, we show modifications that improve clustering algorithms in two ways. The first focus is on finding better solutions for a fixed number of clusters. We decompose the algorithms into fundamental parts, and analyze how the parts affect the quality of clustering solutions. The second focus is on estimating the number of clusters efficiently using statistical hypothesis tests, and how that may be applied in novel ways. We also discuss the application of data clustering to the task of learning the structure of computer programs. We show how clustering may be used to improve the accuracy of computer processor simulations while simultaneously improving their efficiency.
Managing human and artificial intelligence
Authors: N. Joseph Cayer
Venue:  (2003)

This study investigates the tactical and strategic use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Diverse tactical applications of AI, under development by scientists at NASA Ames Research Center, are reported. The strategic role these AI applications may play i n NASA's mission is examined, in light of discussions with, and documentation provided by, senior management at NASA Headquarters. The science of AI is controversial; critics maintain that efforts to develop sentient machines are futile. Alternatively, some proponents believe that AI will eventually surpass human intelligence, and that humans will themselves evolve into machine form. This study argues that fundamental change in human organizations will occur even as non-sentient AI (intelligent tools) becomes increasingly adept at tasks traditionally done by human &ldquo;knowledge workers.&rdquo; For this study, therefore, AI is described as an evolving species of machine that can work autonomously to assist or replace human intellectual effort. A key question addressed in this study is whether organizations will use intelligent tools to assist human knowledge workers or replace workers as the competence of intelligent tools supersedes those of human counterparts. Discussions with NASA officials suggest that all development of AI at the Agency is &ldquo;human centered,&rdquo; whereby intelligent tools will function in &ldquo;partnership&rdquo; with humans. As the reliability of intelligent tools increases, AI will relieve humans from mundane and repetitious work, thus raising the sophistication of human productivity. Trends in other organizations-as evidenced by &ldquo;lights out factories,&rdquo; for instance-indicate that AI could generate redundancies amongst human workers, particularly lesser skilled ones. Thus, as a consequence, domestic use of highly efficient intelligent tools for production of goods and services could eliminate the appeal of outsourcing work to low wage-, or slave-wage labor overseas.
Designing Collaborative Virtual Environments Based on Real Spaces to Promote Community Interaction
Authors: Luis A. Guerrero, César A. Collazos, José A. Pino, Sergio F. Ochoa, Felipe Aguilera
Venue: Proceedings of the First Conference on Latin American Web Congress (2003)

A Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) is a metaphor of a real environment, but it is not a copy of it. Members of a community may not know each other in real life. The design of CVE in which members are known and there is interaction in a real space is different to the traditional design of CVE. It should consider the real location of each resource, appropriated awareness and communication strategies, and the human-human and human-resource relations. Our University Department was selected as an example organizational unit for experimentation. We start with the real physical environment and we design a CVE to provide new collaboration features to people working in the unit and those who will visit it. The advantages of the approach are many. First, people are familiar with the basic physical environment. Second, some activities requiring physical presence can be done with virtual presence, enabling more convenient ways to work for employees. Third, new opportunities for collaborative work appear as it is easy to do them with the proposed CVE. Finally, the approach is extensible, since new features can be added. In this paper we present the approach and the design of the proposed CVE.