ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Size, power, and speed (Keynote Address)
Authors: Maurice V. Wilkes
Venue: ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (1983)

The author discusses the roles of power and size in determining the speed of a computer.
Behavioral education requisites for application-oriented computer scientists
Authors: James A. Senn, Blake Ives
Venue: Proceedings of the tenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1979)

The content of programs in computer science is an issue of substantial concern to both academicians and practitioners. Studies have been conducted to determine what background graduates should have and which sets of courses and training experiences should be pursued. Emphasis has been on ensuring that students acquire the necessary skills to be successful in a computer science positions [1,2,7]. In virtually all studies, the focus has been exclusively on topics within the areas of computer architecture, data structures, software systems, and processing methodology. In the discussion that follows, the need for another dimension in computer science programs, namely the behavioral and interpersonal dynamics dimension, is explored. Analysis of the importance of behavioral considerations in computer science is presented. Suggestions are also included for dealing with this aspect of training within current educational programs. The intent of this article is to raise issues for discussion and study within individual institutions and departments.
Investigating the relationship between the development of abstract reasoning and performance in an introductory programming class
Authors: Barry L. Kurtz
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1980)

A test of formal (or abstract) reasoning abilities was given to students in an introductory programming course. Based on these results, students were classified at three intellectual development (ID) levels: late concrete, early formal, and late formal. Performance in various aspects of the course was analyzed by these three ID levels. It was found that: (1) ID level did not vary with sex, class level, and previous coursework; (2) the levels of late concrete and late formal are strong predictors of poor and outstanding performance, respectively; and (3) the ID level predicts performance on tests better than performance on programs.
Computer-aided computer-aided design: Improving CAD programmer productivity
Authors: S. Wong
Venue: Proceedings of the 18th Design Automation Conference (1981)

Software tools to improve the productivity of the CAD programmer have had a significant impact on the cost effectiveness of providing computer-aided design tools at the Hughes Aircraft Company. The CAD system in use at our Electro-Optical and Data Systems Group is a large, integrated, and mature system. It was designed to improve the productivity of not only the user but also that of those who implement and maintain the system: the CAD programmers. Four areas where these tools have had a beneficial effect will be examined.
DDA: An interactive and extensible language for data display and analysis
Authors: Scott B. Guthery
Venue: The papers of the ACM symposium on Graphic languages (1976)

Graphical techniques are becoming more and more popular tools of applied statisticians and data analysts. This growing popularity is due both to the great intrinsic utility of graphic data displays and to the more widespread availability of graphic peripherals to computing systems. Since, however, graphical data analysis techniques are most valuable when used 1) interactively and 2) in conjunction with each other, rapidly shifting and expanding graphic display hardware and software technology has inhibited their full exploitation and utilization. The DDA language &ldquo;workbench&rdquo; attempts to minimize the amount of time which a statistician or data analyst must devote to language and machine-dependent considerations of graphical data analysis. This should enable him or her to concentrate on the development, investigation, and utilization of the graphical techniques themselves.
A foundations course for a developing computer science program
Authors: Mark Benard
Venue: Proceedings of the twelfth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1981)

This paper discusses a course, referred to as Foundations, which has been used to partially satisfy the need for a broad program in computer science in a situation where staffing is limited. This course was introduced at Tulane University in 1974 and was taught until recently when a full-fledged major program was established.
Topologic class routing for printed circuit boards
Authors: L. Mah, L. Steinberg
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th Design Automation Workshop (1972)

A routing procedure is given which is different from Lee type algorithms in that it considers a large group of interconnections simultaneously. A finite number of path classes are established and an algorithm is given for finding the maximum number of non-intersecting interconnections which can be routed if the paths are restricted to these classes. Procedures are given for drawing all interconnections which have been assigned to some path class.
Structure and content of service courses in computer science for other disciplines
Authors: Alton R. Goddard
Venue: Proceedings of the third SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1973)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the problems with, hopefully, some suggestions or lessons learned from past experiences to provide guidelines for workable solutions to these problems. Some universities, including the one where I am presently employed, permit graduate students in doctoral programs to take two courses in statistics and two courses in Computer Science in lieu of a satisfactory knowledge of two foreign languages. The courses in Computer Science and statistics are referred to as &ldquo;research tool courses.&rdquo;
The document editor: A support environment for preparing technical documents
Authors: Janet H. Walker
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation (1981)

As understanding of a particular problem domain matures, its tools become more specialized, moving from general low-level tools to more specialized high-level tools. Early work in a field applies the same set of low-level aids to all problems. Gradually more specialized tools emerge as we come to better understand the problem and the tools that are best for it. Since the emergence of the first program editors in the early 1960s we have learned a lot about the editing process and about building editors. Recently several editors specialized for editing program sources, text, and data structures have been developed. To date, little work has been reported on specialized document editors for editing complex text. This paper describes a research effort into identifying the requirements for an interactive environment for editing complex documents and an initial implementation for the environment.
CLUSTR: A program for structuring design problems
Authors: Murray A. Milne
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th Design Automation Workshop (1971)

CLUSTR is a computer program which assists the designer in finding the structure inherent in his design problem. The designer supplies the list of elements which define the design problem, and then decides which of these elements are related. The computer decomposes the problem into subsets in which each element is related to every other element. In theory each of these subsets represents the smallest &ldquo;structural&rdquo; component of the problem: a coherent functional or behavioral sub-system. The most closely related subsets are then combined into larger clusters. This process continues until all clusters have been recombined. The computer then draws a diagram to show how these subsets are combined to form the final problem structure. The computer also identifies the dominant elements at each node in the structure to assist the designer in finding the solutions to each sub-problem.
Some problems associated with interactive graphics in computer mediated tutorials
Authors: J. C. Weber, D. J. Linden, W. W. Frayer, W. D. Hagamen
Venue: Proceedings of the 1972 SIGGRAPH seminar on Computer graphics in medicine (1972)

Whether one is talking about the verbal or graphic aspects of a computer mediated tutorial, there are two prime considerations. (1) How easy is it for the medical teacher to input the information? (2) How closely does the interaction with the student approximate a free format tutorial? Our experience has gone through two distinct phases. For the first two years we worked with the IBM 1500 System and its associated language COURSEWRITER II (1). The 1500 has both a CRT with light pen and a random access, computer addressed, 35mm film strip projector. For the past two years we have been working with APL/360 and an IBM 2741 Communications Terminal with no graphic capabilities. Using APL we have developed a new (author) programming language called ATS (A Tutorial System) (2,3,4). Our purpose here today is to focus on the two aspects of a computer mediated tutorial already mentioned. Because of the nature of our personal experience, we would like to compare the problems (both the similarities and differences) associated with handling verbal and graphic input. The discussion will be divided into the following major topics. (1) A brief description of the 1500 System and our contributions to it. This work has been documented previously. (2) Interfacing the medical author with the computer. (3) Providing the machine with the intelligence to handle free format interactions with the student. (4) A word about encoding verbal and graphic information.
(SM)2-Sparse Matrix Solving Machine
Authors: Hideharu Amano, Takaichi Yoshida, Hideo Aiso
Venue: ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (1983)

In analyzing electronic circuits, it is usually necessary to solve simultaneous linear equations which provide with a sparse coefficient matrix. In order to treat these problems effectively, we propose a dedicated parallel machine called 'Sparse Matrix Solving Machine', or (SM)2 for short. (SM)2 is composed of multiple clusters, each consisting of multiple processing units (PUs) attached to a sophisticated shared memory which enables any PUs to read data from memory simultaneously without conflict. The structure of the cluster is organized so as to make the best use of the neighboring effects involved in the problems. In this paper, the characteristics of the problems to be solved and the behavior of the PUs will be discussed, and the optimum system configuration for (SM)2 will be shown and its effectiveness will be justified through behavior analysis and simulations.
The small liberal arts college: A challenge for computer science
Authors: James Smith
Venue: Proceedings of the tenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1979)

Considerations involved in designing an undergraduate computer science curriculum for a small private liberal arts college are presented. Observations are made relative to the design and implementation of such a program at the School of the Ozarks, a small college located in the southwest corner of Missouri. The computing needs of the college are presented, and the challenges of introducing computer science to a predominantly liberal arts faculty are described.
An overview of COMMON LISP
Authors: Guy L. Steele,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 1982 ACM symposium on LISP and functional programming (1982)

A dialect of LISP called &ldquo;COMMON LISP&rdquo; is being cooperatively developed and implemented at several sites. It is a descendant of the MACLISP family of LISP dialects, and is intended to unify the several divergent efforts of the last five years. We first give an extensive history of LISP, particularly of the MACLISP branch, in order to explain in context the motivation for COMMON LISP. We enumerate the goals and non-goals of the language design, discuss the language features of primary interest, and then consider how these features help to meet the expressed goals. Finally, the status (as of May 1982) of six implementations of COMMON LISP is summarized.
An extensible architecture for data flow processing
Authors: Bezalel Gavish, Harvey Koch
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth workshop on Computer architecture for non-numeric processing (1978)

In this research, we propose a general model for computer architectures. This model allows us to integrate some of the existing system architecture approaches for increasing computer capacity and indicates new possibilities for improving the cost/performance ratio of future computer systems. The model leads to the development of general purpose data flow machines and to different degrees of sophistication within these machines. Our fundamental approach is to separate the CPU into elementary components. This allows us to make a distinction between components for control and components for performing various processing functions, thus yielding a high degree of resource sharing.
EASY and AVS: The two auxillary storage subsystems of the MCM/70
Authors: J. Morgan Smyth
Venue: Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL (1975)

As you know, the MCM/70 is the world's first APL mini-computer. Its size, price, power supply and processor are just a few of the attractive features the /70 offers. One additional attribute that I would like to talk about is its secondary storage capabilities. This option is composed of two parts &mdash; hardware and software. The second part of this option is probably the more important of the two. Split into three functional areas, the software is composed of ten system functions. Their appearance is consistent with the system functions in MCM/APL in that their names each begin with a @@@@ followed by two letters and they are always present in memory. (EASY and AVS stand for External Allocation SYstem and A Virtual System respectively.)
Computer science (1979)
Authors: Gordon Bailes, Terry A. Countermine
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1980)

Each year Computer Science Departments generally find that enrollment, at least in Associate and Bachelor's level programs, is increasing. At the same time, most Computer Science Departments find it difficult to recruit faculty with Ph.D. 's in Computer Science. In fact, Computerworld (6) recently reported on an NSF study which identified approximately 600 vacant faculty positions in Computer Science in this country. Primarily, the purpose of this article is to report the results of the study without attempting extensive analysis or interpretation. Certain inconsistencies in the data have been noted by the authors&mdash;primarily due to inaccurate or incomplete answers to various questions. It was not feasible to disregard incomplete or inconsistent questionnaires since the number of complete, consistent responses was small. In a few cases, the authors have attempted to correct obvious inconsistencies&mdash;for example, if an institution reported that it recruited to fill 3 vacancies on the faculty, that no one was hired, and that 4 of those hired had a Ph.D. in Computer Science, we assumed that the 4 should be a 0. In most other cases, the data is reported as given in the responses and the authors believe that it is reasonably accurate and representative.
An adaptive microscheduler for a multiprogrammed computer system
Authors: Edgar M. Pass, John Gwynn
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference (1973)

The objective of this paper is the description of the development and verification of a new, adaptive method of internal scheduling of resources, with the goal of the optimization of computer system performance. A general system effectiveness measure is defined which parametrically encompasses the prototypical system effectiveness measures to be considered. The adaptive internal scheduler then selects such tasks for resource allocation request fulfillment that a local system effectiveness measure, derived from the general measure, is optimized, leading to semi-optimization of the general measure. The adaptive scheduler functions, as a second-order exponential estimator. A predicator-corrector algorithm functions as the adaptive controller by varying the estimator's parameters and the time of application of the estimator in response to the nature of the sequence of deviations between the predicted and actual values of resource utilization. In order to validate the new scheduler, a workload description in the form of task profile distributions was gathered by a software monitor on the Georgia Tech B5700 running a live job stream. A simulator was developed to allow the comparison of the new scheduler with other nonadaptive schedulers shown to be good by various researchers, under various general system effectiveness measure prototypes. The simulators was validated by running it with the B5700 TSSMCP scheduler against the B5700 workload job profiles. Values resulting from the simulation checked against those of the measured B5700 system quite well. The results of other simulation runs show that the new adaptive scheduler is clearly statistically superior to other schedulers under most measures considered and is inferior to no other scheduler under any measure considered, at least in that environment. Only the new internal scheduler is described here.
Information processing in electricity distribution systems
Authors: Kilnam Chon
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

The use of information processing technologies in electric power distribution systems is surveyed and analyzed; both current practices and on-going projects are included. Alternative information processing systems, which are needed for improved reliability/maintainability, load management, and possible inclusion of dispersed storage and generation systems, are explored and discussed.
The view from down under
Authors: Sister Patricia Marshall
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1975)

Xavier shares at least six characteristics with other developing institutions. some of which are not shared by all: private small, predominantly black, liberal arts-oriented, church-related, and serving a large percentage of disadvantaged students. Difficulties in launching and maintaining a computer science program at such an institution are not rooted in any one of these alone but rather in the complex, often apparently conflicting, cross currents of philosophies represented by these characteristics. Serving the needs of disadvantaged students in a liberal arts milieu is difficult enough, and once you establish computer science in this picture, you still have to meet the challenge of staffing with permanent, full-time faculty to effect continuity. It has been evident at Xavier from the beginning (1968) that without a strong computer science curriculum the ability to serve other departments would be severely limited; its experience bears this out. We have no great success story to tell, but we have experience to relate and some ideas for the future.
A review of two-dimensional programming languages
Authors: Mark B. Wells
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1972)

Everyday mathematical language, as it appears on the printed page for instance, non-trivially makes use of two dimensions. This paper discusses various technical aspects of programming languages which utilize such natural symbolism. First, some terminology which is and can be useful in describing these systems is presented. Then, the man-machine interface in relation to two-dimensional languages in general is examined. This is followed by an historical survey of particular languages, including a brief description of their two-dimensional characteristics. Finally, a review of the analysis problem for such languages is given.
APL as a notation for statistical analysis
Authors: K. W. Smillie
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on APL (1972)

This paper discusses the use of APL as a notation for statistical analysis and presents as a simple example the derivation of the chi-square statistic for independence in a two-way contingency table.
A VLSI view of microprogrammed system design
Authors: Tientien Li
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1982)

In this paper, the possible effects of VLSI technology on the design and development process of microprogrammed systems are explored. The function architectures of future microprogrammed VLSI systems are expected to be very complex, and most of them will be implemented as heterogeneous multiprocessors with each processor being microprogrammed to perform specific tasks. Current microprogrammed system design methodologies are examined and are shown to be inadequate. A new design methodology employing a synthetic approach for developing microprogrammed systems is proposed.
Computer mapping and geographical analysis: Some observations based on experience
Authors: Robert B. Honea, Paul E. Johnson
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference (1980)

This paper focuses upon explaining six conclusions concerning what the authors consider to be an appropriate philosophy toward developing computer graphics software, particularly computer mapping. In summary, the conclusions are that computer mapping software should not be developed apart from the researcher or analyst and that those efforts developed apart tend to be esoteric in nature, Three examples involving regional energy modeling and related impact assessment are used to illustrate how development of computer graphics should be integrated into research involving geographical analysis.
Designing linear storage hierarchies so as to maximize reliability subject to cost and performance constraints
Authors: K. S. Trivedi
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on Computer Architecture (1980)

A geometric programming model is proposed to determine the optimal design of the CPU and its matching storage hierarchy. The objective function is the maximization of system reliability subject to performance and budgetary limitations. Examples illustrating the use of the model are presented.
An Implementation of Postal Numerals Segmentation and Recognition System for Chinese Business Letters
Authors: Yue Lu, Pengfei Shi, Jianzhong Wu, Jianming Rui
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1999)

In this paper, a practical postal numerals segmentation and recognition system for Chinese business letters is presented. Line information of address blocks is gained from envelope's image according to projection, then the sub-image of postal numerals is segmented. The numerals are recognized by three independent classifiers, and their results are combined to form final results. An improved voting principle based on a prior knowledge of each classifier is utilized to combine multiple classifiers in order to achieve perfect performance for high recognition rate and low error rate. Recognition ability of each classifier, acting as basis of voting principle, is obtained by the statistic for a large set of samples. Different thresholds gained by training are employed for different classes, which can yield better results. A parallel structure hardware is designed to implement real-time image processing system. It has been proved that the performance of the system is satisfactory, which suffices to the requirement of the practical use.
Addition in signed digit number systems
Authors: M. Davio, J. -P. Deschamps
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on Multiple-valued logic (1978)

The paper studies a general class of signed number representation systems. Among the members of that class, it selects the number representation systems that allow one to build multisummand ripple carry-like adders enjoying simultanesouly the properties of saturation, expandability and symmetry.