ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Program checking
Authors: Graeme Williams
Venue: Proceedings of the 1979 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction (1979)

In languages such as Pascal, the programmer can arrange to have the compiler check such things as the range of the value of a variable only by defining a new type or sub-type. I have investigated how more powerful checking facilities might be provided if they were divorced from the type machinery, and also if the necessary language constructs were designed independent of what any particular compiler would check at compile-time. The first part of the project is the language design. An important goal is that the programmer can have checked as little or as much as he cares, and that it is not necessary for the programmer to specify complete input and output specifications for the program. My work falls short of program verification not only because I wanted to be able to check a program quickly, but also because I was unwilling to force the programmer to specify the program in that much detail. Current program verification systems, such as that of Constable [Constable and Johnson, 1978] seem to require that the programmer write the program twice: once as a program and again as a proof.
A system modeling language translator
Authors: Stephen Y. H. Su, Mehmet B. Baray, Robert L. Carberry
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th Design Automation Workshop (1971)

The structure of the design automation language is examined and the sections of a system specification which can be translated independently of one another are identified. The ability to do incremental translation of changes in a system specification is demonstrated. The tables required for translator operation are defined and an algorithm for generating the required tables from a design language system specification is presented. The procedure for minimization of the system specification prior to logic circuit realization and a method for realization of the various sections of the system specification are described.
Developing a style manual for university computing centers
Authors: Bill Landrum, Patrick Gossman
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1978)

There was a general consensus among the attendees at one of the documentation sessions at SIGUCC User Services Conference V that: a. There is no generally accepted published style for university computing center newsletters and documentation. b. It would be useful to have published guidelines that User Services personel could use to help choose a style for their publications. Accordingly, a national survey of User Services groups will be conducted to identify the most common styles in use today and to publish a style manual that can be used by User Services groups in the future to choose styles implemented by other User Services groups.
On-line circuit analysis and optimization with commercially available time-shared computer systems
Authors: M. A. Murray-Lasso, F. J. Kasper
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th annual Design Automation Workshop (1968)

A circuit analysis-design-optimization system, DCANAL, has been designed specifically for on-line interactive computer aided circuit design on the General Electric Desk Side Computer System. The system is useful for obtaining all the circuit responses of linear and nonlinear circuits. Transistor and diode operating points, effects of circuit element variations, and the design or optimization of element values for desired circuit responses may be quickly and easily determined. The features of the program system are 1. Availability. All circuit designers at any Bell Telephone Laboratories location may access the program. Only a teletypewriter terminal is needed. 2. Large Circuits. Fifty branch, 30 node circuits with 20 transistors and 20 diodes may be analyzed. 3 Fast Response. Most analyses are performed within 30 seconds. 4. Modeling Flexibility. Circuits may be modeled with resistors, controlled current sources, independent voltage and current sources, and &ldquo;black boxes&rdquo; represented as admittance matrices. Transistors and diodes may be modeled with the conventional Ebers-Moll equations or by data tables from measured terminal characteristics. The data tables, or the Ebers-Moll coefficients, may be stored in device files for easy recall. 5. Design Optimization. Selected resistors may be designated as variable, and their values automatically designed to meet specified circuit responses. Circuits may also be automatically optimized by designing resistance values to constrain branch currents and voltages to lie between specified minimum and maximum values. 6. Circuit Description Storage. Circuit descriptions may be saved and stored on files. Several versions of a circuit or several different circuits may be recalled for comparison or additional work. The same circuit file may be used for analysis, design, and optimization. Repeating the lengthy and error prone input is avoided. 7. English Commands. All input commands consist of two English words directly associated with the function to be performed. 8. Selective Output. Particular entries or entire arrays of node voltage, branch current, branch power, transistor and diode voltage and current, and circuit description may be selected as output. 9. Element Modification. Any or all of the circuit elements may be temporarily or permanently modified. 10. Parameter Variation and Sensitivity. Any specified circuit element may be varied over a prescribed range with any circuit response and its sensitivity selected as output. 11. On-Line Distributions. All the up-to-date information on the capabilities, new factors, and modifications to the system are available in an auxiliary instruction program. This provides the user with the latest information when he needs it and where he needs it.
XSIM: A corporate financial model development language
Authors: William A. Sherden
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1977)

The corporate financial model is coming into increased usage as a tool for supporting specific decision points throughout the corporation. Attendant with this trend in model building is the growing importance of the model builder's implementation approach which requires he or she to be flexible and selective in the application of methods and computer tools. This paper relates the capabilities of a model development language called XSIM to the growing decentralization of the corporate financial modeling application. Specifically, the use of XSIM to build model systems addresses two key aspects of project implementation: adapting to new applications and accommodating the evolving requirements of a planning system.
A course in advanced programming for undergraduate computer science majors
Authors: David B. Loveman
Venue: Proceedings of the second SIGCSE technical symposium on Education in computer science (1972)

The University of Dayton, located in Dayton, Ohio, is a &ldquo;medium-sized, private, coeducational school located in the heart of the Midwest,&rdquo; with a full-time student body of sixty-five hundred. The University, which is also the fifth largest Catholic college in the country, &ldquo;includes three schools and the college, offering a large selection of study ranging from art and philosophy to geology and computer science.&rdquo The Department of Computer Science, supported by the University's time shared RCA Spectra 70/46 and the department's own IBM 360/25, offers an interesting and challenging undergraduate program. Computer Science students are offered a wide selection of courses, both technical and non-technical, for a four year program and B.S. degree through a very flexible curriculum. In addition to the formal course work, the department feels that practical, hands-on experience with real problems in the computer field is highly desirable. Students are encouraged to seek part time or summer jobs as programmers. Some jobs are available at the University computer center and other students are given the opportunity to participate in departmental research projects. Current projects include a high speed compile and go PL/I compiler for the Spectra 70/46, microprogramming extensions to the 360/25, use of an interactive vector graphic crt, and the implementation of LISP on the 70/46.
Repackaging the introductory course to separate the control language
Authors: Caroline M. Eastman, Steven L. Blumsack
Venue: Proceedings of the tenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1979)

The introductory course in computer science usually covers a mixture of topics. It generally includes an introduction to algorithms and problem solving, use of a particular programming language, basic concepts about computer systems, and use of the local computer system. This paper describes an organization of the introductory course, suitable for an interactive environment, which locates the control language coverage, which is dependent on the local computer system, in a separate course. The separation has two major advantages. It eases the transition for students entering with some previous course work or experience using a different computer system. And it enables the control language to be covered in enough detail so that students can become proficient in the basic commands even under the time pressures of a quarter system.
The economics of segregated and integrated systems in data communication with geometrically distributed message lengths
Authors: P. K. Verma, A. M. Rybczynski
Venue: Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Data communications and Data networks: Analysis and design (1973)

Integrating two different message switching systems into one with the resultant integrated system having the combined channel capacity, need not necessarily result in improved performance. This segregated system vs. integrated system question has been adequately answered in a recent communication for the specific case when the message arrivals are Poisson processes and the message lengths for the two systems are (separately) exponentially distributed. While the Poisson assumption is probably adequate for message arrivals, recent investigations indicate that in computer communications traffic, a better approximation of the message lengths is provided by the geometric distribution. This paper presents a new algorithm which establishes the relative superiority of the segregated or the integrated system for the geometrically distributed message lengths. In order to make an equitable comparison, the average delay per message for the segregated systems is computed after making an optimum reallocation of the total available channel capacity. This is done by numerically solving a sixth order equation. The first and the second moments of the combined traffic, which need not necessarily have a geometric distribution, is then computed. Using this statistics and the combined channel capacity, the delay for the integrated system is obtained. A comparison between the performances of the segregated and the integrated systems is then effected.
Educational experiences in industrial software engineering
Authors: Allan R. Moore, Richard S. Kopp
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference (1980)

The Federal Systems Division of IBM is in the midst of a significant program to provide its software personnel advanced education in the use of modern software engineering practices. Most of today's computer science graduates have a far greater understanding of these advances, their mathematical basis and their application, than do programmers in industry, many of whom have been away from the academic environment for 10 or more years. This paper discusses the program from the education point of view, focusing on the issues pertinent to the teaching methodology, such as classroom environment, instructor staff, maintaining consistency, prerequisites, evaluation of students, teaching methodology, and motivation.
Methods for improving controlled experimentation in software engineering
Authors: Thomas Moher, G. Michael Schneider
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Software engineering (1981)

Within the past decade Computer Science researchers have begun to use controlled experimentation to address questions of human factors in the programming process. However, some of this work has been criticized for lack of experimental controls, insufficient sample sizes, and questionable generality. In a study of 160 student and professional programmers, several key biographical factors have been identified which account for a large proportion of performance variation on typical experimental tasks. The study has implications for subject selection and interpretation of results in software experimentation. Our findings should lead to improved experimental design and analysis techniques with increased confidence in the results of software psychology studies.
Designing real-time software systems
Authors: Geoffrey H. Kuenning
Venue: ACM SIGSMALL Newsletter (1981)

Real-time software design has become more difficult as devices have become more complex. A two-dimensional categorization of real-time software is presented which has proven useful in high-level design.
Storage concepts in a software-reliability-directed computer architecture
Authors: Glenford J. Myers
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th annual symposium on Computer architecture (1978)

Because of the tremendous difficulty of producing reliable software (application and system software) and the serious consequences of software errors, a new solution is being explored: the development of a new computer architecture that will substantially enhance the reliability of the programs executing above it. This paper concentrates on the storage concepts (e.g., data representations and addressing) in the architecture.
Automatic programming: Automating the software system development process
Authors: Gregory R. Ruth
Venue: Proceedings of the 1977 annual conference (1977)

To meet the burgeoning software demands of the future the computer will have to take a more active role in the writing of its own software. Many computer tools have been developed that enable the machine to help human software developers. It would be preferable, and in the not too distant future it will be necessary, for the machine to actually take over a substantial part of software development. Automatic programming seeks to do this by moving the human developer up from the implementation level of programming (e.g. COBOL, where the human has to include such details as data and control structures), to a level of programming that is less specific, where it is left to the computer decide the best way to fill in implementation. This article provides a survey of current research and development in automatic programming and a discussion of future directions in this field.
PEARL at the age of three: Case study of development and application of a common high order realtime programming language
Authors: T. Martin
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Software engineering (1979)

Programming language PEARL for industrial process automation has been developed since 1969. After extensive studies its final definition was frozen in 1976. Since then considerable experience has been gained with some 10 implementations and 140 applications. With PEARL at the age of three, these experiences are published in this paper for the first time and offered as a case study. The paper starts with a characterization of PEARL by indicating the requirements for such a tool, by classifying it with respect to other language types and by pleading for embedded realtime features. As PEARL has been submitted to ISO for international standardization, the question of how it meets the requirements set up by ISO is more thoroughly answered in Appendix A. The report of experience is given separately for implementation, application, and standardization with as much quantitative results as possible, including compiler behaviour, application areas, and economical benefit. For readers not yet familiar with PEARL a tutorial introduction by means of a simple but completely
Methods for teaching program verification
Authors: Susan L. Gerhart
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1975)

&ldquo;Program verification&rdquo; is generally defined as the process of ascertaining and demonstrating that a program is correct, i.e., that a program satisfies a given set of specifications. The most common method of verifying a program is by testing, the process of executing a program for a set of selected inputs and inferring from the results of those executions that the program is correct for all possible inputs. In practice today, a few programs are being proved correct but the most common method of program verification is still testing. Both methods are unreliable in different ways, but when combined, their complementary relationship can provide a high degree of assurance that programs are correct. The purpose of this paper is (1) to review the state of the art of these two approaches to program verification and the relationship between them, and (2) to suggest a number of ways in which program verification can be introduced into the computer science curriculum.
Reliability problems in data communications systems
Authors: John Spragins
Venue: Proceedings of the fifth symposium on Data communications (1977)

Although a great deal of work on modeling reliability of data communications systems has been done, there are important problems with current models which do not seem to be adequately appreciated, much less solved. Two important problems of this nature are discussed: 1) finding adequate techniques for computing reliabilities of systems with dependent communications line failures (which are the dominant cause of system failures in important classes of systems), and 2) developing adequate techniques for handling systems with tremendously variable reliability parameters (since parameters such as line failure rates typically vary by three or four orders of magnitude for different communication lines). Motivations for considering these to be important problems are given and the results of initial rough models which include the effects are discussed.
The engineering computer library (ENGLIB) an APL system for increased engineering productivity
Authors: Harold R. Ward
Venue: ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad (1983)

Choosing APL as the primary environment for engineering computer usage requires careful consideration of the extremes of computer usage sophistication, amounts of computation and storage, and types of computer programs. A system of APL workspaces is described which enables a small group of engineering technicians to provide appropriate computing support to a large group of users in and outside the Engineering Department. ENGLIB is developed as a working model for a practical, conceptually simple environment for engineering data processing with facilities for handling and expediting all phases of engineering computer usage. Computer support ranging from routine job production to highly technical engineering programming to computer education is accomplished using APL as the background for man-machine synergy and interpersonal communication. Featured are interfaces to non-APL software and data storage/retrieval systems and a general description of the major sub-systems and key peripheral functions which enable ENGLIB to fit and increase engineering productivity.
An analysis of natural vs. synthetic speech intelligibility: A preliminary appraisal of a reading machine for the blind
Authors: P. W. Nye, J. H. Gaitenby, J. D. Hankins
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference (1973)

With Veterans Administration support, Haskins Laboratories has been developing a method of speech synthesis production for automatic reading aloud of printed text, with the goal of applying this technique to a practical reading machine for blind people. The laboratory prototype, as it exists today, uses for input a low cost Optical Character Recognition (OCR) device capable of reading (i.e., recognizing the print of) typewritten pages. The machine-readable orthographic text created by the OCR reader is then processed by a dictionary program which converts the input words to phonetic form. This program assigns stress and intonation symbols according to rules based on word type, context and sentence punctuation. The resulting phonetic code is then made visible to an editor who can insert corrections, if deemed necessary, before synthesis of the sentences begins. (Eventually the program will operate with no editorial intervention.) A series of intelligibility tests have been administered to both blind and sighted students at the University of Connecticut* in circumstances which allowed comparison of their listening performances with synthetic speech and&mdash;with natural speech. The tests, which are still in progress, have yielded results which indicate that the perception of synthetic speech places somewhat heavier demands on a listener's language processing capacity than does natural speech. However, this increased load appears to interact strongly with the subject content of the material, the syntactic structure, the punctuation provided in the text, and the speaking rate used in the output. An analysis of the results of this continuing evaluation study will be presented at the Conference.
A simulated investment analysis for a gas pipeline company
Authors: Hal Miller
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th conference on Winter simulation (1973)

The supply and demand schedules for gas pipeline companies are probabilistic in form and dynamistic in nature. These factors, along with the other uncertainties associated with gas supply investment decisions, must be considered in order to properly evaluate decision alternatives. These dynamic, uncertain and interrelated decision elements can be properly evaluated through computer based simulation, where each element not known precisely is considered as a random variate, to be simulated. The manifestation of the resulting simulation model is the expected profit and loss (variance from the perfect decision) of each investment alternative, evaluated over its anticipated life.
A software development environment for simulation programming
Authors: Richard Reese, Sallie Sheppard
Venue: Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2 (1983)

A prototype simulation software development environment (SSDE) has been developed at Texas A M University as a means of providing a flexible system for the development of simulation software. It utilizes an underlying structure composed of a series of data bases and a language. This framework provides the means of hiding the file system, hiding the development support tools, and automating the transition between the different phases of development. The prototype SSDE includes several tools developed specifically to support simulation programming. This paper presents the rationale for software development environments and gives an overview of the prototype which has been constructed.