ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
On the fly estimation of the processes that are alive/crashed in an asynchronous message-passing system
Authors: Achour MOSTEFAOUI, Michel RAYNAL, Gilles TREDAN
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (2006)

It is well-known that, in an asynchronous system where processes are prone to crash, it is impossible to design a protocol that provides each process with the set of processes that are currently alive. Basically, this comes from the fact that it is impossible to distinguish a crashed process from a process that is very slow or with which communications are very slow. Nevertheless, designing protocols that provide the processes with good approximations of the set of processes that are currently alive remains a real challenge in fault-tolerant distributed computing. This paper proposes such a protocol. To that end, it considers a realistic computation model where the processes are provided with nonsynchronized local clocks and a function . That function takes a local duration as a parameter, and returns an integer that is an estimate of the number of processes that can crash during that duration. A simulation-based experimental evaluation of the protocol is also presented. The experiments show that the protocol is practically relevant.
How Tomcat Works
Authors: Budi Kurniawan, Paul Deck
Venue:  (2004)

How Tomcat Works is the only book that explains the internal workings of Tomcat, the open source project used by millions of Java developers. Unlike other Tomcat titles, it is unique because it does not simply covers the configuration or servlet development with Tomcat. Rather, this book is meant for advanced readers interested in writing their own Tomcat modules or in understanding more beyond servlet/JSP programming. The authors of this book have cracked open Tomcat 4 and 5 and revealed the internal workings of each component. Upon understanding the contents of this book, you will be able to develop your own Tomcat components or extend the existing ones. In particular, this book explains: - How to develop Java web servers - Whether or not more Tomcat creates more than one instance for each servlet - How Tomcat runs a servlet that implements the SingleThreadModel interface - Why you cannot change the value of request parameters. - The two main modules of a servlet container: connector and container - How to build your own connector or extend the existing ones - The four types of containers: engine, host, context, wrapper - How Tomcat manages sessions and how to extend the session manager in a distributed environment. - The class loader and how to create custom loaders - How Tomcat implements security and basic/form-based/digest authentication - How realms and login configuration work. - How Tomcat processes the configuration file (server.xml) and converts the XML elements to Java objects using Digester - Tomcat's shutdown hook - JMX, Apache's Commons Modeler, and Tomcat JMX manageable resources
Combining Architectures for Temporal Learning in Neural-Symbolic Systems
Authors: Rafael V. Borges, Luis C. Lamb, Artur S. d'Avila Garcez
Venue: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (2006)

We present a new approach to incorporate a temporal dimension into a hybrid system, by integrating a symbolic model and recurrent neural networks. This combination is supported by an algorithm to perform empirical learning. Further, the network is submitted to testbeds to analyse the influence of background knowledge insertion in the experiments and to validate the algorithm's learning capability. Finally, we show that the proposed architecture outperforms existing approaches to temporal learning in connectionist systems.
How to port Linux when the hardware turns soft
Authors: David Lynch
Venue: Linux Journal (2007)

Soul of the Pico machines
Lambek calculus is NP-complete
Authors: Mati Pentus
Venue: Theoretical Computer Science (2006)

We prove that for both the Lambek calculus L and the Lambek calculus allowing empty premises L* the derivability problem is NP-complete. It follows that also for the multiplicative fragments of cyclic linear logic and noncommutative linear logic the derivability problem is NP-complete.
Neural network based steganalysis in still images
Authors: Liu Shaohui, Yao Hongxun, Gao Wen
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo - Volume 1 (2003)

Seganalysis has recently attracted researchers' interests with the development of information hiding techniques. In this paper we propose a new method based neural network to get statistics features of images to identify the underlying hidden data. We first extract features of image embedded information, then input them into neural network to get output. And experiment results indicate this method is valid in steganalysis. This method will be used for Internet/network security, watermarking and so on.
Inference of S-system Models for Large-Scale Genetic Networks
Authors: Shinn-Ying Ho, Chih-Hung Hsieh, Fu-Chieh Yu
Venue: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (2005)

This study proposes an efficient evolutionary algorithm, Intelligent Genetic Algorithm (IGA), for inference of S-system models of large-scale genetic networks from the observed time-series data of gene expression patterns. High performance of IGA mainly arises from an intelligent crossover operation which applies orthogonal experimental design to speed up the search by using a systematic reasoning method instead of the conventional generate-and-go method. The proposed intelligent crossover employs a divide-andconquer technique to cope with the problem of a large number of S-system parameters. The effectiveness of IGA is evaluated using simulated expression patterns. The proposed IGA with an existing problem decomposition strategy can efficiently cope with the inference problem of S-system models with several dozen genes to significant accuracy using a single- CPU personal computer.
Computational modeling and experimental investigation of effects of compositional elements on interface and design aesthetics
Authors: Michael Bauerly, Yili Liu
Venue: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (2006)

This article describes computational modeling and two corresponding experimental investigations of the effects of symmetry, balance and quantity of construction elements on interface aesthetic judgments. In the first experiment, 30 black and white geometric images were developed by systematically varying these three attributes in order to validate computational aesthetic quantification algorithms with subject ratings. The second experiment employed the same image layout as Experiment 1 but with realistic looking web pages as stimuli. The images were rated by 16 subjects in each experiment using the ratio-scale magnitude estimation method against a benchmark image with average balance and symmetry values and a standard number of elements. Subjects also established an ordered list of the images according to their aesthetic appeal using the Balanced-Incomplete-Block (BIB) ranking method. Results from both experiments show that subjects are adept at judging symmetry and balance in both the horizontal and vertical directions and thus the quantification of those attributes is justified. The first experiment establishes a relationship between a higher symmetry value and aesthetic appeal for the basic imagery showing that subjects preferred symmetric over non-symmetric images. The second experiment illustrates that increasing the number of groups in a web page causes a decrease in the aesthetic appeal rating.
Acoustical Vision of Neglected Stimuli: Interaction among Spatially Converging Audiovisual Inputs in Neglect Patients
Authors: Francesca Frassinetti, Francesco Pavani, Elisabetta Làdavas
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2002)

Cross-modal spatial integration between auditory and visual stimuli is a common phenomenon in space perception. The principles underlying such integration have been outlined by neurophysiological and behavioral studies in animals (Stein & Meredith, 1993), but little evidence exists proving that similar principles occur also in humans. In the present study, we explored such possibility in patients with visual neglect, namely, patients with visuospatial impairment. To test this hypothesis, neglect patients were required to detect brief flash of light presented in one of six spatial positions, either in a unimodal condition (i.e., only visual stimuli were presented) or in a cross-modal condition (i.e., a sound was presented simultaneously to the visual target, either at the same spatial position or at one of the remaining five possible positions). The results showed an improvement of visual detection when visual and auditory stimuli were originating from the same position in space or at close spatial disparity (16&deg;). In contrast, no improvement was found when the spatial separation of visual and auditory stimuli was larger than 16&deg;. Moreover, the improvement was larger for visual positions that were more affected by the spatial impairment, i.e., the most peripheral positions in the left visual field (LVF). In conclusion, the results of the present study considerably extend our knowledge about the multisensory integration, by showing in humans the existence of an integrated visuoauditory system with functional properties similar to those found in animals.
Manipulation of qualitative degrees to handle uncertainty: formal models and applications
Authors: Isis Truck, Herman Akdag
Venue: Knowledge and Information Systems (2006)

In this article, qualitative, symbolic and linguistic models for knowledge representation are presented as well as their applications. Such models are useful in decision making problems when information from the experts' knowledge is expressed through different heterogeneous types such as numerical, interval-valued, symbolic, linguistic ... The whole work proposed here takes place in a given many-valued logic. First, as an alternative to classic probabilities, a method using qualitative degrees is described and an application in supervised learning is proposed. Then we study the transformation of these degrees when they are subjected to a modification: thus we present the Generalized Symbolic Modifiers. These tools are defined as manipulations computed on a pair (degree, scale). They are grouped together into several families and thus offer many possibilities to handle uncertainty. An application in colorimetrics is described and shows the feasibility of the approach. The last point addressed in this article is the data combination. An operator called the Symbolic Weighted Median gives a summary of several qualitative degrees with associated weights. One particularity is that this median is constructed on the Generalized Symbolic Modifiers. Finally we explain how the Symbolic Weighted Median is exploited in the internal mechanism of the application in colorimetrics.
The development of middle school students' inquiry strategies in project-based science classrooms
Authors: Joseph Krajcik, Phyllis Blumenfeld, Ronald W. Marx, Kristin M. Bass, Jennifer Fredricks, Elliot Soloway
Venue: Proceedings of the 1996 international conference on Learning sciences (1996)

Inquiry is an essential component of science learning (Lunetta, in press; Roth, 1995). New constructivist and social constructivist approaches to science instruction feature inquiry as essential for student learning. These approaches assume that students need opportunities to find solutions to real questions by asking and refining questions, designing and conducting investigations, gathering and analyzing information and data, making interpretations, drawing conclusions, and reporting findings. A number of programs have been developed that stress engaging students in inquiry. Examples include Scientists in Action developed by the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1992), Linn's (in press) Computers as Learning Partner, Songer's (1993) Kids as Global Scientists, Brown and Campione's (1994) Community of Learners, and Peas' (1992) Collaborative Visualization.
Comparing Educational Modelling Languages on a CaseStudy: An Approach using IMS Learning Design
Authors: Colin Tattersall
Venue: Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (2006)

This paper examines how IMS Learning Design (IMSLD) and the current generation of IMSLD based tooling can be used to model an e-learning case study in astronomy
A Monte Carlo simulator for evaluating server placement within network topology designs
Authors: Sami J. Habib
Venue: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Performance evaluation methodolgies and tools (2006)

This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulator (MCS), which is embedded within a computer-aided design tool called iCAD. iCAD is a design and analysis tool that concurrently synthesizes and integrates network topology, server placement and file allocation for application-specific networks. We formulated the three problems as a single optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the design cost, and to satisfy both the design and performance constraints. iCAD used an evolutionary approach to search the design space; therefore, we embedded two performance evaluation methodologies: analytical and simulation within iCAD. During each evolution cycle, an analytical queuing model (network of M/M/1 queues) is used to evaluate the performance of the network topology, which carries both the client-to-client and client-server traffic. On the other hand, a Monte Carlo simulator (MCS) is used to evaluate the performance of the placed servers within the network. MCS is used due to some uncertainty concerning with the timing of file-transfer requests by the clients that could lead to unacceptable performance by the servers. Uncertainty is introduced by randomizing the timing of files' requests by each server, and then simulating the file-transfer within a server over time. The two heterogeneous analysis methodologies (queuing and simulation) complement each other in evaluating each candidate design as fast as possible; moreover, our experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of iCAD in finding good designs from a large design space (65 to 150 client nodes) in a reasonable amount of time.
Performance bound on depth estimation of bioelectrical source
Authors: T. G. Xydis, A. E. Yagle
Venue: Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1993. ICASSP-93 Vol 4., 1993 IEEE International Conference on - Volume 04 (1993)

The unknown depth of bioelectrical sources confined to a horizontal plane in a horizontally layered volume conductor is estimated from noisy measurements of electrical potential on another, parallel plane (e.g. the surface). The Cramer-Rao bound is computed and discussed. Numerical simulation results suggest that the maximum likelihood depth estimate is asymptotically efficient. These results have applications in cardiology, e.g., in determining locations of still-active muscle layers following myocardial infarction.
Musical Training Enhances Automatic Encoding of Melodic Contour and Interval Structure
Authors: Takako Fujioka
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2004)

In music, melodic information is thought to be encoded in two forms, a contour code (up/down pattern of pitch changes) and an interval code (pitch distances between successive notes). A recent study recording the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked by pitch contour and interval deviations in simple melodies demonstrated that people with no formal music education process both contour and interval information in the auditory cortex automatically. However, it is still unclear whether musical experience enhances both strategies of melodic encoding. We designed stimuli to examine contour and interval information separately. In the contour condition there were eight different standard melodies (presented on 80% of trials), each consisting of five notes all ascending in pitch, and the corresponding deviant melodies (20%) were altered to descending on their final note. The interval condition used one five-note standard melody transposed to eight keys from trial to trial, and on deviant trials the last note was raised by one whole tone without changing the pitch contour. There was also a control condition, in which a standard tone (990.7 Hz) and a deviant tone (1111.0 Hz) were presented. The magnetic counterpart of the MMN (MMNm) from musicians and nonmusicians was obtained as the difference between the dipole moment in response to the standard and deviant trials recorded by magnetoencephalography. Significantly larger MMNm was present in musicians in both contour and interval conditions than in nonmusicians, whereas MMNm in the control condition was similar for both groups. The interval MMNm was larger than the contour MMNm in musicians. No hemispheric difference was found in either group. The results suggest that musical training enhances the ability to automatically register abstract changes in the relative pitch structure of melodies.
Common Neural Mechanisms for Response Selection and Perceptual Processing
Authors: Yuhong Jiang, Nancy Kanwisher
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2003)

Behavioral evidence supports a dissociation between response selection (RS; stimulus-to-response [S-R] mapping) and perceptual discrimination (PD): The former may be subject to a central processing bottleneck, whereas the latter is not (Pashler, 1994). We previously (Jiang & Kanwisher, 2003) identified a set of frontal and parietal regions involved in RS as those that produce a stronger signal when subjects follow a difficult S-R mapping rule than an easy mapping rule. Here, we test whether any of these regions are selectively activated by RS and not perceptual processing, as predicted by the central bottleneck view. In Experiment 1, subjects indicated which of four parallel lines was unique in length; PD was indexed by a higher BOLD response when the discrimination was difficult versus easy. Stimuli and responses were closely matched across conditions. We found that all regions-of-interest (ROIs) engaged by RS were also engaged by perceptual processing, arguing against the existence of mechanisms exclusively involved in RS. In Experiments 2 and 3, we asked what processes might go on in these ROIs, such that they could be recruited by both RS and perceptual processing. Our data argue against an account of this common activation in terms of spatial processing or general task difficulty. Thus, PD may recruit the same central processes that are engaged by RS.
Distributed Microarchitectural Protocols in the TRIPS Prototype Processor
Authors: Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, Ramadass Nagarajan, Robert McDonald, Rajagopalan Desikan, Saurabh Drolia, M. S. Govindan, Paul Gratz, Divya Gulati, Heather Hanson, Changkyu Kim, Haiming Liu, Nitya Ranganathan, Simha Sethumadhavan, Sadia Sharif, Premkishore Shivakumar, Stephen W. Keckler, Doug Burger
Venue: Proceedings of the 39th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (2006)

Growing on-chip wire delays will cause many future microarchitectures to be distributed, in which hardware resources within a single processor become nodes on one or more switched micronetworks. Since large processor cores will require multiple clock cycles to traverse, control must be distributed, not centralized. This paper describes the control protocols in the TRIPS processor, a distributed, tiled microarchitecture that supports dynamic execution. It details each of the five types of reused tiles that compose the processor, the control and data networks that connect them, and the distributed microarchitectural protocols that implement instruction fetch, execution, flush, and commit. We also describe the physical design issues that arose when implementing the microarchitecture in a 170M transistor, 130nm ASIC prototype chip composed of two 16-wide issue distributed processor cores and a distributed 1MB nonuniform (NUCA) on-chip memory system.
Geometrical Algorithms to Detect Patterns from a Set of Points
Authors: Sebastien Bougleux, Mahmoud Melkemi, Abderrahim Elmoataz
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Voronoi Diagrams in Science and Engineering (2006)

This article presents a new approach for detecting patterns, such as lines, parabolas and circles, from a twodimensional cloud of points S. This scheme transforms the problem of detecting the patterns from S, to the problem of detecting simpler patterns from a set of points S computed from the Voronoi and Delaunay diagrams of S. It is based on the differential properties of the Voronoi diagram that reflect the patterns to be retrieved. For example, in the case of parabolas, the patterns to be detected in S are straight lines. The general idea of using the Voronoi diagram to detect patterns is an alternative and a complementary approach to the Hough Transform. It does not need to code a space of parameters and can be generalized to higher dimensions, with some adaptations.
Proceedings of the 2004 workshop on Quantitative techniques for software agile process
Venue: Foundations of Software Engineering (2004)

New disciplines are usually based on intuitions of pioneers who have been able to scavenge through anecdotes, practices, and issues to establish a corpus of knowledge able to justify facts and to support the identification and the explanation of new phenomena.The original corpus of knowledge may not understand correctly the essence of a discipline, but still can be very important for the human life. Take as an example the Aristotelian physics. It was based on assumptions that turned out to be completely wrong. Still, people used it to build houses, to navigate with ships, to understand the dynamics of fluids. Even more, still today people use some of the terms and the practices coming from the Aristotelian physics, for instance in astronomy.However, new disciplines are often subjects to fads. At the beginning it is difficult to distinguish what is true science from what is the result of witchcraft. The lack of a sound mathematical basis is a major concern.Software engineering is indeed a new discipline built on the basis of the intuition, the ingenuity, the genius, and the hard work of a few pioneers. Parallel to such outstanding work there has been several fads. Needless to say, it has always difficult to distinguish fads from solid methods and to determine the scope of applicability of the proposed solid methods.Quantitative software engineering (also referred to as Empirical Software Engineering) deals with the quantitative assessment of software engineering practices. It is intended to be a way to solidly assess whether a new method is solidly grounded or it is just a new fad. Thanks to the groundbreaking work of a few pioneers, namely Victor Basili and Barry Boehm (in strict alphabetical order), the discipline has now grown even if it seriously lack the absence of widely accepted corpus, which could simplify its systematic adoption in evaluating every single methodology that is proposed, as it already happens in other "soft" disciplines, such as education, psychology, etc.One of the new methods proposed have been the so-called Agile Methodologies. They look very reasonable, supporters claim the tremendous added value that Agile Methodologies produce. However, the question is up in the air: "Are they just a new fad?"The works presented in this collection try to provide a rigorous answer to this question applying the principle of quantitative software engineering. Needless to say, this is just one of the many collections of works that are needed to provide a solid answer to the question above.