ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Open source life project
Authors: Beth Cerny, Diane Figueredo, Chris Keating, Joey Lindsey, Flo McGarrell, Daniel Romano
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Web Graphics (2003)

The experimental new media group - Nomads & Homesteaders explore biotechnology, artificial life systems and simulation through, the Open Source Life (OSL) project.OSL participants create artificially intelligent plants, designed to adapt to life in a changing environment. Once created, the virtual plant's survival is the responsibility of its "creator." Plant-like avatars represent participants, who are also provided interactive controls to promote a sense of community, resource sharing and collaboration. Outside the context of the physical installation, plants and the environment are tended to by virtual visits to the garden via the World Wide Web.This code-based environment uses open source technology in the creation of the project with hopes that it will continue to be built upon by open source developers. Nomads and Homesteaders wrote the engine of OSL in Python so that the plants can continuously grow on the Apache server. OSL also uses MySQL and PHP to store and retrieve each of the individual plant information. The interactive site is then displayed with Flash where the plants are then presented in a 3D world where the users can view their plant amongst others in the environment.Open Source Life is a collaborative project produced by the Nomads & Homesteaders: Beth Cerny, Diane Figueredo, Joey Lindsey, Flo McGarrell and Daniel Romano, with the support of Jon Cates, Ben Chang, Claire Pentecost; the Film, Video and New Media and Art and Technology Studies departments at SAIC; and the UIC Electronic Visualization Laboratory.
A neural model of how the brain represents and compares multi-digit numbers: spatial and categorical processes
Authors: Stephen Grossberg, Dmitry V. Repin
Venue: Neural Networks (2003)

Both animals and humans represent and compare numerical quantities, but only humans have evolved multi-digit place-value number systems. This article develops a Spatial Number Network, or SpaN, model to explain how these shared numerical capabilities are computed using a spatial representation of number quantities in the Where cortical processing stream, notably the inferior parietal cortex. Multidigit numerical representations that obey a place-value principle are proposed to arise through learned interactions between categorical language representations in the What cortical processing stream and the Where spatial representation. Learned semantic categories that symbolize separate digits, as well as place markers like 'ty,' 'hundred,' and 'thousand,' are associated through learning with the corresponding spatial locations of the Where representation. Such What-to-Where auditory-to-visual learning generates place-value numbers as an emergent property, and may be compared with other examples of multi-modal cross-modality learning, including synesthesia. The model quantitatively simulates error rates in quantification and numerical comparison tasks, and reaction times for number priming and numerical assessment and comparison tasks. In the Where cortical process, transient responses to inputs are integrated before they activate an ordered spatial map that selectively responds to the number of events in a sequence and exhibits Weber law properties. Numerical comparison arises from activity pattern changes across the spatial map that define a 'directional comparison wave.' Variants of these model mechanisms have elsewhere been used to explain data about other Where stream phenomena, such as motion perception, spatial attention, and target tracking. The model is compared with other models of numerical representation.
Responding intelligently to unparsable inputs
Authors: Ralph M. Weischedel, John E. Black
Venue: Computational Linguistics (1980)

All natural language systems are likely to receive inputs for which they are unprepared. The system must be able to respond to such inputs by explicitly indicating the reasons the input could not be understood, so that the user will have precise information for trying to rephrase the input. If natural language communication to data bases, to expert consultant systems, or to any other practical system is to be accepted by other than computer personnel, this is an absolute necessity.This paper presents several ideas for dealing with parts of this broad problem. One is the use of presupposition to detect user assumptions. The second is relaxation of tests while parsing. The third is a general technique for responding intelligently when no parse can be found. All of these ideas have been implemented and tested in one of two natural language systems. Some of the ideas are heuristics that might be employed by humans; others are engineering solutions for the problem of practical natural language systems.
New characterizations of M-convex functions and their applications to economic equilibrium models with indivisibilities
Authors: Kazuo Murota, Akihisa Tamura
Venue: Discrete Applied Mathematics (2003)

The concept of M-convex functions plays a central role in "discrete convex analysis", a unified framework of discrete optimization recently developed by Murota and others. This paper gives two new characterizations of M- and M'-convex functions generalizing Gul and Stacchetti's results on the equivalence among the single improvement condition, the gross substitutes condition and the no complementarities condition for set functions (utility functions on {0,1} vectors) as well as Fujishige and Yang's observation on the connection to M-convexity. We also discuss implications of our results in an exchange economy with indivisible goods.
Inter-Organizational Information Systems Research: A Critical Review and an Integrative Framework
Authors: Dipanjan Chatterjee, T. Ravichandran
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04) - Track 7 - Volume 7 (2004)

This paper reviews the literature on inter-organizational information systems. It has long beenargued that information technology can have profound effects on the structure and process of inter-firm relationships. This proposition has gained additional importance with the advent of internet, and resultant forms of business to business transactions over the web. Despite the interest and volume of research on this topic few theoretical generalizations have emerged. The lack of theorization has been compounded by the fact that the literature has grown in many directions to address various technological and practitioner concerns. To date, there have not been many reviews that put this body of work in perspective. To address this gap we propose a framework to review this field of research, and provide a means to reconcile the differences and appreciate the complementarities that run through this research stream. Our framework is based on two important themes, Inter-organizational information systems, and inter-organizational relationships. We argue that the research in this area can be effectively analyzed by understanding the persuasion of the researchers regarding these two central themes. The review is followed by a discussion of future research directions in this area.
An Experience Developing an IDS Stimulator for the Black-Box Testing of Network Intrusion Detection Systems
Authors: Darren Mutz, Giovanni Vigna, Richard Kemmerer
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (2003)

Signature-based intrusion detection systems use a set ofattack descriptions to analyze event streams, looking forevidence of malicious behavior. If the signatures are expressedin a well-defined language, it is possible to analyzethe attack signatures and automatically generate eventsor series of events that conform to the attack descriptions.This approach has been used in tools whose goal is to forceintrusion detection systems to generate a large number ofdetection alerts. The resulting "alert storm" is used to desensitizeintrusion detection system administrators and hideattacks in the event stream. We apply a similar technique toperform testing of intrusion detection systems. Signaturesfrom one intrusion detection system are used as input toan event stream generator that produces randomized syntheticevents that match the input signatures. The resultingevent stream is then fed to a number of different intrusiondetection systems and the results are analyzed. This paperpresents the general testing approach and describes thefirst prototype of a tool, called Mucus, that automaticallygenerates network traffic using the signatures of the Snortnetwork-based intrusion detection system. The paper describespreliminary cross-testing experiments with both anopen-source and a commercial tool and reports the results.An evasion attack that was discovered as a result of analyzingthe test results is also presented.
F-RTO: an enhanced recovery algorithm for TCP retransmission timeouts
Authors: Pasi Sarolahti, Markku Kojo, Kimmo Raatikainen
Venue: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (2003)

Spurious TCP retransmission timeouts (RTOs) have been reported to be a problem on network paths involving links that are prone to sudden delays due to various reasons. Especially many wireless network technologies contain such links. Spurious retransmission timeouts often cause unnecessary retransmission of several segments, which is harmful for TCP performance. Recent proposals for avoiding unnecessary retransmissions after a spurious RTO require use of TCP options which must be implemented and enabled at both ends of teh connection. We introduce a new TCP sender algorithm for recovery after a retransmission timeout and show that unnecessary retransmissions after a spurious retransmission timeout, improving the TCP performance considerably. The algorithm is friendly towards other TCP connections, because it follows the congestion control principles and injects packets to the network at same rate as a conventional TCP sender. We implemented the algorithm and compared its performance to conventional TCP and Eifel TCP when RTOs occurred either due to sudden delays or due to packet losses. The results show that our algorithm either improves performance or gives similar througput as the other TCP variants evaluated in different test cases.
Random Jitter Extraction Technique in a Multi-Gigahertz Signal
Authors: Chee-Kian Ong, Dongwoo Hong, Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng, Li-C Wang
Venue: Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 1 (2004)

In this paper, we propose a simple technique for estimating the standard deviation of a Gaussian random jitter component in a multi-gigahertz signal. This method may utilize existing on-chip single-shot period measurement techniques to measure the multi-gigahertz signal periods for the estimation. This method does not require an external sampling clock, nor any additional measurement beyond existing techniques. Experimental results show that this extraction method can accurately estimate the random jitter variance in a multi-gigahertz signal even with the presence of a few hundred-hertz sinusoidal jitter components.
A pragmatic basis for the formal development of distributed systems
Authors: Kenneth R. Wood
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on Software specification and design (1993)

We present a basis for the formal specification and stepwise development of distributed systems, i.e. programs which are intended (at least conceptually) to run on distributed-memory parallel machines which communicate via synchronized message-passing. Our approach was motivated by the need for a practicable formal complement to the informal "bubbles and arrows" reasoning which is typically used by those who develop such programs for real parallel machines. The approach extends the sequential refinement calculus to allow the introduction of CSP-style concurrency. This extension is achieved by augmenting the language of the sequential calculus with appropriate parallel constructs and by replacing the underlying weakest precondition semantics with an extended failures-divergences semantics originally used to give a denotational semantics to occam. The resulting calculus maintains the laws of the original sequential calculus while allowing the seamless introduction of concurrency
The Use of Force Histograms for Affine-Invariant Relative Position Description
Authors: Pascal Matsakis, James M. Keller, Ozy Sjahputera, Jonathon Marjamaa
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2004)

Abstract--Affine invariant descriptors have been widely used for recognition of objects regardless of their position, size, and orientation in space. Examples of color, texture, and shape descriptors abound in the literature. However, many tasks in computer vision require looking not only at single objects or regions in images but also at their spatial relationships. In an earlier work, we showed that the relative position of two objects can be quantitatively described by a histogram of forces. Here, we study how affine transformations affect this descriptor. The position of an object with respect to another changes when the objects are affine transformed. We analyze the link between 1) the applied affinity, 2) the relative position before transformation (described through a force histogram), and 3) the relative position after transformation. We show that any two of these elements allow the third one to be recovered. Moreover, it is possible to determine whether (or how well) two relative positions are actually related through an affine transformation. If they are not, the affinity that best approximates the unknown transformation can be retrieved, and the quality of the approximation assessed.
Mobile Agent-Based Architecture for Large-Scale CVE
Authors: Zhang Liang, Lin Qingping, Choo Tian Fook
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Cyberworlds (2003)

Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) is apromising technology which provides people a 3D sharedvirtual world over the networks, where participants caninteract with each other more naturally. However, thescalability of existing CVE system is limited due to theconstraints in processing power and network speed ofeach participating host. On the other hand, mobile agentis a new paradigm for the network-centric programmingwhich can implement distributed applications in an openand dynamically changing environment. In this paper, amobile agent-based architecture for Large-scale CVE(LCVE) is proposed to support a large number ofconcurrent participants in a VE with a large amount ofevolving virtual entities. The LCVE software system ismade up of mobile agents. And each mobile agent will beresponsible for an independent task for the LCVE. Withthe mobility and autonomy of mobile agents, LCVEsoftware system will be extensible; the workload in theLCVE will be balanced dynamically; the management ofLCVE contents will be autonomous at agent level.
Combinatorial power in multimedia processors
Authors: Mikkel Thorup
Venue: ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (2003)

We point out the significance of a few multimedia instructions in fundamental combinatorial problems such as hashing, sorting, minimum spanning tree and single source shortest paths. The hope is convince the processor design community to give these instructions a more central role so that they will be supported consistently as a standard in future multimedia processors. At the same time, we provide a simple model of multimedia processors for the algorithms community, highlighting the aspects of relevance in combinatorial algorithms.
Generating and evaluating designs and plans for microwave modules
Authors: Dana Nau, Michael Ball, John Baras, Abdur Chowdhury, Edward Lin, Jeff Meyer, Ravi Rajamani, John Splain, Vinai Trichur
Venue: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing (2000)

This paper describes the process planning techniques we developed for use in an Integrated Product and Process Design (IPPD) tool for the design and manufacture of microwave transmit/receive modules. Given a collection of data about the design of a microwave module, the IPPD tool uses a combination of AI planning and OR trade-off analysis to produce a collection of alternative designs and alternative process plans that have Pareto optimal values for manufacturing and purchasing lead time, process yield, cost, and number of suppliers. The IPPD tool provides facilities to enable the user to generate and examine these Pareto optimal alternatives in real time, in order to provide immediate feedback on how to modify the design to improve its cost and productivity.
Pattern Discovery based on Rule Induction and Taxonomy Generation
Authors: Shusaku Tsumoto, Shoji Hirano
Venue: Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (2003)

One of the most important problems with rule inductionmethods is that they cannot extract rules, which plausiblyrepresent experts' decision processes. In this paper,the characteristics of experts' rules are closely examinedand a new approach to extract plausible rules is introduced,which consists of the following three procedures. First, thecharacterization of decision attributes (given classes) is extractedfrom databases and the concept hierarchy for givenclasses is calculated. Second, based on the hierarchy, rulesfor each hierarchical level are induced from data. Then, foreach given class, rules for all the hierarchical levels are integratedinto one rule.
Agent-based demand forecasting for supply chain management
Authors: James H. Graham
Venue:  (2003)

This dissertation introduces a new agent-based demand forecasting system, which incorporates causal information in addition to historical demand data, to improve the forecasting accuracy, especially for e-commerce and supply-chain oriented businesses. Due to the lack of historical data resulting from shortened product life cycles, proliferation of products, and shifting of consumer behaviors, the ability to make accurate and consistent demand forecasts using traditional forecasting methods has been challenged. The objectives of this study are (1) to develop a forecast system to overcome limitations of traditional demand forecasting methods, (2) to utilize existing forecasting methods in a more effective way, and (3) to improve forecast accuracy through the inclusion of influential information available from both internal and external data sources. The agent-based forecasting system is implemented through the use of four types of agents: the coordination agent, the task agent, the data collection agent, and the interface agent. The coordination agent provides weighted overall prediction from the forecasts reported by various task agents. The task agents perform forecasting by using different forecasting methods or incorporating special event patterns and possible causal effects for demand variation. The data collection agents are controlled by the coordination agent for demand data gathering. Finally, the interface agent communicates between the coordination agent and the human user. Through the periodical re-evaluation of weights, the agent-based forecasting system is able to provide improved forecasts and make adjustments when the characteristics of the demand pattern change over time. Also, a novel combination of a pattern-matching algorithm and the weighting approach is developed as an alternative to traditional time series forecasting for limited demand data situations. The objective of the pattern-matching algorithm is to consider if certain event patterns would actually represent the immediate development of the on-going time series and to use the candidate patterns as indicators of future trends. This was shown to work well in situations with small amount of historical data, such as in the early introductory stages of a new product. The superiority of using the multiple agent based forecast system over traditional forecasting methods is demonstrated through four case studies. In all four cases, the agent-based forecasting system was able to provide more accurate forecast than traditional time series and causal forecasting methods. The results showed statistically significant improvement over existing methods.
A collaborative design process model in the sociotechnical engineering design framework
Authors: Stephen C.-Y. Lu, Jian Cai
Venue: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing (2001)

Collaborative engineering design involves various stakeholders with different perspectives. The design process is relatively complex and difficult to handle. Various conflicts always happen among the design tasks and affect the design team performance. Therefore, to represent the collaborative design process and capture the evolution of design perspectives in a structured way, it is critical to manage the design conflicts and improve the collaborative design productivity. This article provides a generic collaborative design process model based on a sociotechnical design framework. This model has a topological format and adopts process analysis techniques from Petri Nets. By addressing both the technical and social aspects of collaborative design activities, it provides a mechanism to identify the interdependencies among design tasks and perspectives of different stakeholders. Based on this design process model, a methodology of detecting and handling the design conflicts is developed to support collaborative design coordination.
Quantification of trabecular bone mass and orientation using Gabor wavelets
Authors: Yongqing Xiang, Vanessa Yingling, Jonathan Silverberg, Mitchell B. Schaffler, Theodore Raphan
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Applied computing (2003)

Bone strength is dependent on both its mass and architecture. In this study, a tool was developed that incorporates metrics associated with both of these features. To accomplish this, textural features of trabecular bone were extracted from stained bone images using Gabor wavelets. Gabor wavelets are 2-D spatial filters that are both frequency and orientation tunable. A texture feature vector was constructed that consists of localized texture energies along different orientations at different scales. The texture feature characterizes the spatial (regional) distributions of the constituent bone lattice in terms of their size, shape and orientation. Results indicated that wavelet analysis provides the insight of the frequency composition that can be localized to the pizel level. Bone mass can be discriminated by the averaged texture energy across all orientations. Dominant bone lattice orientation can be determined by the orientation with the maximal value of the averaged texture energy across all scales. A measure of anisotropy can be quantified by the span between the maximum texture energy and the minimum texture energy. This methodology has the potential to provide a tool for quantifying both bone mass and bone structural anisotropy.