ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Trends in Java code changes: the key to identification of refactorings?
Authors: Steve Counsell, Youssef Hassoun, Roger Johnson, Keith Mannock, Emilia Mendes
Venue: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Principles and practice of programming in Java (2003)

Changes made to object-oriented (OO) systems over time provide an insight into both design robustness and changes in requirements. When expressed at a high level of abstraction, observing trends in changes to code can indicate opportunities for refactoring at the architectural level. In this paper, we empirically investigate the changes made to a set of fifty-two Java library classes over a three year period. The research attempts to support the hypothesis that certain types of changes made to Java code fall into distinct trends and, furthermore, are likely to be made at a high level of abstraction; in this case to method signatures. Our empirical results show that change trends are identifiable thus informing well-known refactorings, but not as we had envisaged. Control logic constructs were found to be the focus of most changes to the library classes examined.
Variational Inequalities and Applications to a Continuum Model of Transportation Network with Capacity Constraints
Authors: Giovanna Idone
Venue: Journal of Global Optimization (2004)

A continuum model of transportation network is considered in presence of capacity constraints on the flow. The equilibrium conditions are expressed in terms of a Variational Inequality for which an existence theorem is provided.
Dimensionality reduction using magnitude and shape approximations
Authors: Ümit Y. Ogras, Hakan Ferhatosmanoglu
Venue: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on Information and knowledge management (2003)

High dimensional data sets are encountered in many modern database applications. The usual approach is to construct a summary of the data set through a lossy compression technique, and use this lower dimensional synopsis to provide fast, approximate answers to the queries. In this paper, we develop a novel dimensionality reduction technique based on partitioning the high dimensional vector space into orthogonal subspaces. First, we find a relation between the Euclidian distance of two n-dimensional vectors and the Euclidian distances of their projections on the orthogonal subspaces. Then, based on this relation we develop a method to approximate the Euclidian distance using novel inner product approximation. This process allows us to incorporate the shape information of the vectors to this approximation. While the inner product approximation is symmetric, i.e., captures only the magnitude information of the data, the proposed method takes both the magnitude and shape information of the original vectors into account through partitioning. In the experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by comparing it with commonly used methods.
Three applications of optimization in computer graphics
Authors: Jeffrey David Smith
Venue:  (2003)

This thesis addresses the application of nonlinear optimization to three different problems in computer graphics: the generation of simple motions for legged creatures, the generation of models of truss structures, and the generation of models of constant mean curvature structures. Our technique for generating motion for legged creatures is a reformulation of spacetime optimization, which poses the task of motion synthesis as the process of solving a large, constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Traditionally, the objective function of these problems is a measure of consumed energy, and the constraints are a combination of the laws of physics and a high-level description of the motion we wish to see. Our technique replaces the Newtonian constraints that previous techniques have used to enforce physical realism with a dynamic simulation, which makes the spacetime constraints framework more flexible. We then present a method for using nonlinear optimization to design truss structures, a common and complex category of buildings. Truss structures are ubiquitous in the industrialized world, appearing as bridges, towers, roof supports and building exoskeletons, yet are complex enough that modeling them by hand is difficult and time consuming. We represent trusses as a set of rigid bars connected by pin joints, which may change location during optimization. By including the location of the joints as well as the strength of individual beams in our design variables, we can simultaneously optimize the geometry and the mass of structures. The third application we examine is the task of generating models of surface area minimizing, constant mean curvature objects. Constant mean curvature objects, which include such diverse natural and man-made structures as thin film membranes, sails, pneumatic structures, and soap bubbles and films, are both common and often difficult to create by hand. Using the technique of constrained nonlinear optimization, we can automatically generate models of these structures by minimizing surface area while maintaining a constant mean curvature on each surface in addition to volume and other geometric constraints. We conclude this thesis with a discussion of the advantages and shortcomings of optimization as a technique for solving modeling and animation problems in computer graphics.
The non-desirability of structured programming in user languages
Authors: George Atkinson
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1977)

The applicability of structured programming concepts in the design of special-purpose languages for the nonprogramming "casual user" is examined. Design criteria for a casual user language are presented along with a modus operendi (the 4:50 FRIDAY approach) for developing "natural notations" which are easily learned and used. An example of a casual user language is presented along with evidence that, for the casual user, the ability to write or even recognize a well-structured program is an unnecessary burden. The ACM Portal is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2010 ACM, Inc. Terms of Usage Privacy Policy Code of Ethics Contact Us Useful downloads: Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player
On complexity of minimization and compression problems for models of sequential choice
Authors: L. A. Sholomov
Venue: Discrete Applied Mathematics (2004)

A model of sequential choice of depth k for binary relations r1, r2,...,rk on a set A of alternatives relates each X ⊆ A to its subset Crk(... Cr2(Cr1 (X))...), where Cr(Y)={y ∈ Y | (rz ∈ Y)zry}, Y ⊆ A. The minimization problem is of building an equivalent model of minimal depth; the compression problem is posed similarly, but the model built must satisfy some "insertion" condition. We prove that for k ≥ 3, the minimization and compression problems for models of depth k are NP-hard (for k = 2, they are polynomial). Parameters of local algorithms solving these problems are investigated, and it is shown that the compression problem is decidable by algorithms working with neighbourhoods of size 3, whereas the minimization problem is not decidable for any finite neighbourhood size. For an arbitrary k, a model of depth k is built such that its minimization problem is not decidable with the use of neighbourhoods smaller than the whole model.
CORBA-based integration framework for distributed shop floor control
Authors: Junho Shin, Sungsik Park, Chuljin Ju, Hyunbo Cho
Venue: Computers and Industrial Engineering (2003)

Distributed shop floor control is likely to become a key component of 21st century manufacturing technology. The interest in distributed control arises from the promise of increased flexibility, reliability, and tolerance to the uncertainty that exists in the shop floor environment. However, the communicational complexities involved in the integration of distributed equipment controllers have long hindered the development of distributed systems. The present paper proposes a COBRA-based integration framework for the efficient and effective development of distributed shop floor control systems (SFCS). The framework integrates the data and methods common to the distributed controllers into services and provides the mechanism for each controller to access the services via CORBA. The use of CORBA as a middleware provides the basis for simple and well-defined interfaces between service servers and distributed equipment controllers located on heterogeneous platforms. A systematic implementation procedure is also included in the framework to allow easy implementation of the defined services and each controller. A prototype system is presented to validate the proposed integration framework. The proposed framework will enable system developers to efficiently and effectively implement distributed SFCSs.
A Centroid-Based Approach to Solve the Bandwidth Minimization Problem
Authors: Andrew Lim, Brian Rodrigues, Fei Xiao
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'04) - Track 3 - Volume 3 (2004)

We propose a Node Centroid method with Hill-Climbing to solve the well-known matrix bandwidth minimization problem, which is to permute rows and columns of the matrix to minimize its bandwidth. Many heuristics have been developed for this NP-complete problem including the Cuthill-McKee (CM) and the Gibbs, Poole and Stockmeyer (GPS) algorithms. Recently, heuristics such as Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search and GRASP have been used, where Tabu Search and the GRASP with Path Relinking have achieved significantly better solution quality than the CM and GPS algorithms. Experimentation shows that the NodeCentroid method achieves the best solution quality when compared with these while being much faster than the newly-developed algorithms. Also, the new algorithm achieves better solutions than the GPS algorithm in comparable time.
Advantages of point of use (POU) slurry filter and high spray method for reduction of CMP process defects
Authors: Yong-Jin Seo, Sang-Yong Kim, Woo-Sun Lee
Venue: Microelectronic Engineering (2003)

As integrated circuit devices shrink to smaller dimensions, a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process was required for the global planarization of the inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer with free-defects. However, as the IMD layer gets thinner, micro-scratches are becoming a major defect. Micro-scratches are generated by agglomerated slurry, solidified and attached slurry in the pipeline of the slurry supply system. In order to prevent the agglomerated slurry particles from slurry inflow, we installed a 0.5 µm point of use (POU) filter, which is a depth-type filter and has 80% filtering efficiency for 1.0 µm size particles. Also a high spray bar of de-ionized water with high pressure was installed in the CMP equipment. Our experimental results showed that it is impossible to completely prevent defect-causing particles through the depth-type filter. Thus, we suggest that it is necessary to optimize the slurry flow rate and to install a high spray bar of de-ionized water (DIW) with high pressure, in order to overcome the weak points of a POU depth-type filter.
Developing a CD-ROM to teach ceramics
Authors: Jared E. Bendis
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Educators Program (2003)

Beyond the technical considerations, the integration of multimedia in education requires the consent, participation, and enthusiasm of the educator. To foster this relationship, a graduate student in Art Education, who is also the university's instructional multimedia and virtual reality specialist, volunteered to develop a CD-ROM documenting a Raku ceramics workshop to demonstrate the power of technology in cooperation with established pedagogical goals. This paper outlines the technical considerations that went into the production of this diverse CD-ROM. The production was grounded in the idea of the 'economy of multimedia' following a pragmatic path of realism and compromise to obtain a goal with available resources. These constraints did not limit the variety of media elements or the technical and creative application of their use.The purpose of the CD-ROM is to follow the pedagogical outline of the workshop and to share experiential learning as well as concrete instructional demonstrations on Raku; it also serves to educate about the potentials of multimedia and of instruction with multimedia.
Techniques for very low-voltage operation of continuous-time analog CMOS circuits
Authors: Jaime Ramirez-Angulo, Ramon Gonzalez-Carvajal, Antonio Lopez-Martin
Venue: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on VLSI Design (2004)

In this paper some techniques for continuous-timeoperation of low-voltage analog CMOScircuits are revisited These are based on theutilization of static, dynamic and switchedfloating voltage sources, on floating and quasi-floatinggate transistors and on a versatile celldenoted flipped voltage follower. Circuits basedon these techniques operate with a single supplyvoltage close to a transistor's threshold voltage
Representing the applications and compositions of design patterns in UML
Authors: Jing Dong
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Applied computing (2003)

Design patterns capture the distilled experience of expert designers. The compositions of design patterns may reuse design experience and solve a set of problems. Design patterns and their compositions are usually modeled using UML. When a design pattern is applied or composed with other patterns, the pattern-related information may be lost because UML does not track this information. Thus, it is hard for a designer to identify a design pattern when it is applied or composed. The benefits of design patterns are compromised because the designers cannot communicate with each other in terms of the design patterns they use when the design patterns are applied or composed. In this paper, we present notations to explicitly represent each pattern in the applications and compositions of design patterns. The notations allow us to maintain pattern-related information. Thus, a design pattern is identifiable and traceable from its application and composition with others.
Distributed deviation detection in sensor networks
Authors: Themistoklis Palpanas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Vana Kalogeraki, Dimitrios Gunopulos
Venue: ACM SIGMOD Record (2003)

Sensor networks have recently attracted much attention, because of their potential applications in a number of different settings. The sensors can be deployed in large numbers in wide geographical areas, and can be used to monitor physical phenomena, or to detect certain events.An interesting problem which has not been adequately addressed so far is that of distributed online deviation detection in streaming data. The identification of deviating values provides an efficient way to focus on the interesting events in the sensor network.In this work, we propose a technique for online deviation detection in streaming data. We discuss how these techniques can operate efficiently in the distributed environment of a sensor network, and discuss the tradeoffs that arise in this setting. Our techniques process as much of the data as possible in a decentralized fashion, so as to avoid unnecessary communication and computational effort.
A multimodal learning interface for grounding spoken language in sensory perceptions
Authors: Chen Yu, Dana H. Ballard
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces (2003)

Most speech interfaces are based on natural language processing techniques that use pre-defined symbolic representations of word meanings and process only linguistic information. To understand and use language like their human counterparts in multimodal human-computer interaction, computers need to acquire spoken language and map it to other sensory perceptions. This paper presents a multimodal interface that learns to associate spoken language with perceptual features by being situated in users' everyday environments and sharing user-centric multisensory information. The learning interface is trained in unsupervised mode in which users perform everyday tasks while providing natural language descriptions of their behaviors. We collect acoustic signals in concert with multisensory information from non-speech modalities, such as user's perspective video, gaze positions, head directions and hand movements. The system firstly estimates users' focus of attention from eye and head cues. Attention, as represented by gaze fixation, is used for spotting the target object of user interest. Attention switches are calculated and used to segment an action sequence into action units which are then categorized by mixture hidden Markov models. A multimodal learning algorithm is developed to spot words from continuous speech and then associate them with perceptually grounded meanings extracted from visual perception and action. Successful learning has been demonstrated in the experiments of three natural tasks: "unscrewing a jar", "stapling a letter" and "pouring water".
Understanding contexts by being there: case studies in bodystorming
Authors: Antti Oulasvirta, Esko Kurvinen, Tomi Kankainen
Venue: Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (2003)

AbstractA thorough appreciation of physical, social, interactional, and psychological contextual factors is crucial in the design of ubiquitous computing applications. This paper investigates the benefits of a method called bodystorming for carrying out design sessions in the original context, `in the wild', instead of the office. A location is selected that is identical or similar to the original environment. Innovation, carried out on-site, is based on ethnographical data presented as concrete design questions. Individual solutions to design questions are brainstormed and discussed on-site. Facets of data collection and preparation, formulation of design questions, selection of locations, session administration, and evaluation of design ideas are presented. We found that bodystorming permits immediate feedback for generated design ideas, and can provide a more accurate understanding of contextual factors. Bodystorming sessions were found memorable and inspiring. It is best suitable for designing for activities that are accessible and unfamiliar to the researchers.
Capture Configuration for Image-Based Street Walkthroughs
Authors: Dong Hoon Lee, Soon Ki Jung
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Cyberworlds (2003)

Image-based rendering for walkthroughs in a virtualenvironment has many advantages over a geometry-basedapproach, due to the fast construction of the environmentand, photo-realistic rendered results, etc. However, sincelight field approaches are limited to a closed space, theycannot be directly applied to large and complex streetenvironments.Accordingly, the current paper, presents an image-basedrendering method that can handle a large-scalescene, thereby, allowing street walkthroughs with lightfield style rendering. First, the problem of captureconfiguration is described based on the previous work.Then an efficient sampling configuration of imagesequences is presented, and the efficiency of the proposedmethod demonstrated with several experiments.
DPR, LPR: Proactive Resource Allocation Algorithms for Asynchronous Real-Time Distributed Systems
Authors: Binoy Ravindran, Peng Li
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Computers (2004)

Abstract-- We present two proactive resource allocation algorithms, called DPR and LPR, for satisfying the timeliness requirements of real-time tasks in asynchronous real-time distributed systems. The algorithms are proactive in the sense that they allow application-specified and user-triggered resource allocation by allowing anticipated task workloads to be specified for future time intervals. When proactively triggered, the algorithms allocate resources to maximize the aggregate deadline-satisfied ratio for the future time interval under the anticipated workload. While DPR uses the Earliest Deadline First scheduling algorithm as the underlying algorithm for process scheduling and packet scheduling, LPR uses a modified Least Laxity First scheduling algorithm. We show that LPR is computationally more expensive than DPR. Further, our experimental studies reveal that LPR yields a higher deadline-satisfied ratio than DPR.
"Those look similar!" issues in automating gesture design advice
Authors: A. Chris Long, James A. Landay, Lawrence A. Rowe
Venue: Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces (2001)

Today, state-of-the-art user interfaces often include new interaction technologies, such as speech recognition, computer vision, or gesture recognition. Unfortunately, these technologies are difficult for most interface designers to incorporate into their interfaces, and traditional tools do not help designers with these technologies. One such technology is pen gestures, which are valuable as a powerful pen-based interaction technique, but are difficult to design well. We developed an interface design tool that uses unsolicited advice to help designers of pen-based user interfaces create pen gestures. Specifically, the tool warns designers when their gestures will be perceived to be similar and advises designers how to make their gestures less similar. We believe that the issues we encountered while designing an interface for advice and implementing this advice will reappear in design tools for other novel input technologies, such as hand and body gestures.
Flowchart techniques for structured programming
Authors: I. Nassi, B. Shneiderman
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1973)

With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing a complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model.
Social issues in electronic commerce: implications for policy makers
Authors: Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou, Athanasia Pouloudi
Venue: Advanced topics in information resources management (2003)

The revolutionary development of network technologies launched electronic commerce as a global phenomenon. Consequently, the policy issues that arise from its use create new responsibilities for policy makers worldwide. Apart from the technical (e.g., fast and reliable networks) and regulatory (e.g., legal frameworks and standardization) challenges that need to be tackled, there are a number of social concerns that also need consideration. It is important for policy makers to see Internet use and electronic commerce as a social as well as a technical phenomenon. In this chapter we examine how social concerns such as trust and digital democracy pertain to all levels of Internet and electronic commerce policy, posing dilemmas and influencing the construction of an effective and socially responsible strategy for electronic commerce.
A Highly Flexible Testbed for Studies of ad-hoc Network Behaviour
Authors: Hartmut Ritter, Min Tian, Thiemo Voigt, Jochen Sch
Venue: Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (2003)

Studies of mobile ad-hoc networks are often based onsimulation and their underlying, necessarily simplifiedassumptions of physical reality. In order to analyse thepractical problems we built our own hardware andsoftware. The hardware consists of a core Motorolacontroller and different wired and wireless interfaceslike a Bluetooth and a 433/868 MHz RF module. Itallows therefore analysing different scenarios: First, thedeployment of a pure ad-hoc network using Bluetooth or433/868 MHz RF modules. Scenarios going beyond thiscover the connection of Bluetooth piconets using thecomplementary RF technology. This overcomes theproximity requirements of Bluetooth scatternets. Finally,hybrid scenarios with some nodes connected to theInternet and providing Web access over a multihop ad-hocnetwork can be studied.In this paper we present the testbed and solutionsrealized up to now. These include home automationscenarios as well as support for mobile ad-hoc games.