ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Stochastic reliability growth: A model with applications to computer software faults and hardware design faults
Authors: B. Littlewood
Venue: Proceedings of the 1981 ACM workshop/symposium on Measurement and evaluation of software quality (1981)

An assumption commonly made in early models of software reliability is that the failure rate of a program is a constant multiple of the number of faults remaining. This implies that all faults have the same effect upon the overall failure rate. The assumption is challenged and an alternative proposed. The suggested model results in earlier fault-fixes having a greater effect than later ones (the worst faults show themselves earlier and so are fixed earlier), and the DFR property between fault-fixes (confidence in programs increases during periods of failure-free operations, as well as at fault-fixes). The model shows a high degree of mathematical tractability, and allows a range of reliability measures to be calculated exactly. Predictions of total execution time to achieve a target reliability, and total number of fault-fixes to target reliability, are obtained. It is suggested that the model might also find applications in those hardware reliability growth situations where design errors are being eliminated.
Techniques for mass training in basic computer skills
Authors: Jim D. Mitchell, Joshua Yeidel
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1984)

The user service group within a university computing center faces a growing training challenge as computing becomes available to much larger numbers of students. In many institutions, larger class sizes for computer training are becoming a necessity. At Washington State University (WSU), our class sizes have grown from a maximum of 12 students to a maximum of 250 students in four years. The larger classes require new and enhanced training techniques. This paper presents some techniques which have been successful at Washington State University for classes up to 250 students. Also presented are some speculations about the impact on training techniques of even larger classes (750 to 1000 students).
Improving word processing - data processing relationships
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM '82 conference (1982)

Word Processing and Data Processing have developed separately over the past two decades with different equipment, different types of personnel and services performed. The latest technological advances have produced systems which have an overlap of functions. As a result, the well - established Data Processing and Word Processing groups within many organizations are involved in &ldquo;turf protection&rdquo; and confused roles. Heavy-handed management effort s to resolve the issues often create more problems than they solve. This Panel seeks to open channels of communication between Data Processing and Word Processing Management by identifying word processing tasks and services and their relevance to data processing services.
Interactive flowcharting on a presentation graphics terminal
Authors: Gustav Tollet
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on APL (1984)

The application to be described supports the interactive creation and editing of ISAC activity graphs (a type of flow charts) on an IBM 3279 graphics terminal and output on an IBM 3287 graphics printer. It is experimental and primarily addresses the graphical aspects of the problem involved. Its main points of interest should lie in the multiplicity of function made possible by APL even in a small-scale project like this one, in its extension of GRAPHPAK facilities and usage of GDDM to solve a number of technical problems, and in the level of graphical interactivity which, perhaps contrary to common belief, is attainable on a presentation graphics terminal. The application is called ISACAID.
Instruction set design issues relating to a static dataflow computer
Authors: F. J. Burkowski
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th annual symposium on Computer Architecture (1982)

In an effort to minimize traffic in the distribution network of a static dataflow machine the design of the system includes alternate data paths so that data movement may take place over &ldquo;shorter&rdquo; paths when it is permissible to do so. The main emphasis of this approach is to allow rapid transfer of data in sequential code segments residing in single memory blocks. This decreases crowding in the more expensive distribution network utilized by data that fans out to two or more blocks as required when more concurrent activity is to be initiated during the execution of the program. The objective of data movement minimization has also influenced the design of the instruction set. In this case, composite, that is, &ldquo;multi-actor&rdquo; instructions have been proposed as an effective strategy. This has been done without compromizing the utility of the instructions or overly increasing the time and space requirements of their execution. In the paper, these principles are illustrated by defining controlled instructions that are especially useful in the management of loops.
EMACS the extensible, customizable self-documenting display editor
Authors: Richard M. Stallman
Venue: ACM SIGPLAN Notices (1981)

EMACS is a display editor which is implemented in an interpreted high level language. This allows users to extend the editor by replacing parts of it, to experiment with alternative command languages, and to share extensions which are generally useful. The ease of extension has contributed to the growth of a large set of useful features. This paper describes the organization of the EMACS system, emphasizing the way in which extensibility is achieved and used. This report describes work done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for the laboratory's research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office of Naval Research contract N00014-80-C-0505.
BUMPS: A program for animating projections
Authors: Robert F. Gurwitz, Richard W. Thorne, Andries van Dam, Ingrid B. Carlbom
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1980)

BUMPS (Brown University Multiple Projection System) is a program that illustrates the implementation of viewing transformations using animation. The program uses the viewing model defined in the Core Graphics System. BUMPS employs interactive computer graphics to demonstrate how planar geometric projections are generated, what the effects of different projections and projection parameters are on the projected object, and how the viewing functions of the Core Graphics System work. After presenting background material on projections, the features of BUMPS are described, followed by a pictorial user scenario of BUMPS in action. The paper concludes with a discussion of the merits of user controlled animation for teaching and possible improvements to the program.
Computer Augmented Video Education at the United States Naval Academy
Authors: Richard A. Pollak
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1978)

The Computer Augmented Video Education (CAVE) Project at the United States Naval Academy has been in existence for over eighteen months. The project was designed to combine the unique instructional advantages of educational television and computing systems. The interactive powers of the computer were interfaced with the audio-pictorial capabilities of educational television, thereby forming one powerful instructional resource.
Structured analysis for Requirements Definition (abstract only)
Authors: Douglas T. Ross, Kenneth E. Schoman,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering (1976)

Requirements Definition encompasses all aspects of system development prior to actual System Design. We see the lack of an adequate approach to Requirements Definition as the source of major difficulties in current systems work. This paper examines the needs for Requirements Definition, and proposes meeting those objectives with three interrelated subjects: Context Analysis, Functional Specification, and Design Constraints. Requirements Definition replaces the widely-used, but never well-defined term &ldquo;requirements analysis&rdquo;. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a comprehensive manner, concepts that apply throughout Requirements Definition (and, by implication, to all of system development). The paper discusses the functional architecture of systems, the characteristics of good requirements documentation, the personnel involved in the process of analysis, and management guidelines that are effective even in complex environments. The paper then outlines a systematic methodology that incorporates, in both notation and technique, the concepts previously introduced. Reference is made to actual Requirements Definition experience and to practicable automated support tools that may be used with the methodology.
&Dgr;Editor APL function and data maintenance system
Authors: R. G. Germain, J. W. Burgeson
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on APL (1976)

&Dgr;EDITOR IS AN APL WORKSPACE CONTAINING A SET OF HIGHLY USEFUL APL FUNCTIONS FOR USE IN THE CONSTRUCTION, DEBUGGING, MODIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF APL WORKSPACES. FEATURES OF &Dgr;EDITOR: A POWERFUL COMMAND SET, INCLUDING ADD, DELETE, CHANGE, MOVE, COPY, MERGE, BUILD AND FIND FUNCTIONS. EDITING OF BOTH APL FUNCTIONS AND DATA ARRAYS. FLEXIBILITY - THREE LEVELS OF FUNCTION AND STORAGE REQUIREMENTS, GROUPED FOR EASY COPYING INTO AND DELETING FROM USER WORKSPACES. DOCUMENTATION - USER MANUAL, HELP FUNCTION AND STORAGE REQUIREMENTS TABLE. EASE OF USE - TERSE, EASY TO REMEMBER COMMAND NAMES WITH CONSISTENT SYNTAX.
Implementation issues for a source level symbolic debugger (Extended Abstract)
Authors: John D. Johnson, Gary W. Kenney
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN software engineering symposium on High-level debugging (1983)

This paper deals with issues that have emerged as a result of a successful implementation of a source level symbolic debugger for HP-1000 computer systems. By analyzing a user's thought processes during a debugging session we created a powerful and easy to use tool for program analysis.
Simulation of government policy
Authors: James A. Calloway
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1978)

Government policy, and sometimes the lack of it, can alter the basic structure of the U.S. economic system. This paper describes the development of a policy evaluation model and its use to simulate proposed energy and environmental policy effect on the national economy. The model and its components are described together with the analytical and validation processes used.
PEN: A hierarchical document editor
Authors: Todd Allen, Robert Nix, Alan Perlis
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN SIGOA symposium on Text manipulation (1981)

Three terms in common usage in computerized text processing are text-editing, word-processing, and computer controlled typesetting. This paper deals with a fourth term, manuscript preparation, that has important intersections with the above three. A computerized manuscript preparation system is one that supports an author in the preparation of a manuscript. In what follows we deal with one such, the PEN system, directed towards the preparation of manuscripts containing significant mathematical notation.
A methodology for objectively evaluating error messages
Authors: Barbara S. Isa, James M. Boyle, Alan S. Neal, Roger M. Simons
Venue: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (1983)

Message quality is a critical factor in influencing user acceptance of a program product. Good error messages can reduce the time and cost to create and maintain software, as well as help users learn about the product. We have developed a methodology for conducting controlled usability evaluations of error messages. The Message Test Program is easily modified to adapt to different product situations, and messages can be evaluated even before working code exists. The Message Test Program can be used to test error messages for a batch product, as well as messages for an interactive product. It can also be used for stand-alone messages, for products that offer on-line help, or messages that provide additional information in a reference manual. Message testing enables us to objectively evaluate error messages and provide specific feedback about the difficulties users encounter and how error messages can be improved.
Computer education in the 1980s, a somber view
Authors: William Mitchell
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1980)

The discipline of computer science is a child of the 1970s. Its growth in infancy has been impressive, statistically, but so it is with infants. As we enter the decade of the 1980s, the discipline and all of us engaged in computer science education face some difficult choices. It is becoming abundantly clear that in the 1980s computer education cannot be provided for our students in the variety and quality which they demand. It will fall to us, personally, to decide what kind of computer education will be made available. In this next decade we will suffer a national deficiency of computer expertise equivalent to our national deficiency in oil. The cost of this expertise is already inflating at an alarming rate, and we have yet to begin to mobilize programs which in the long-term will stabilize the market. It is therefore inevitable that the 1980s will witness a frantic shift to alternative sources of expertise and a consequent dilution in the quality of computer professionals and computer products. The academic profession must make program decisions now which will serve to minimize the cost which our society will pay as it struggles to fully enter the computer age.
Conservation equations and variance reduction in queueing simulations
Authors: John S. Carson, Averill M. Law
Venue: Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1 (1977)

We consider the efficient estimation of mean delay in queue, d, mean wait in system, w, time average number in queue, Q, and time average number in system, L, for simulated queueing systems. We prove for the GI/G/s queue that it is more efficient to estimate w, Q, and L from an estimate of d than it is to estimate them directly. This generalizes previous results for the M/G/l queue and also confirms empirical studies on other GI/G/s queues.
A pipelined processing unit for on-line division
Authors: Mary Jane Irwin
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th annual symposium on Computer architecture (1978)

A division algorithm suitable for pipelining is presented. The algorithm possesses the on-line property: that is, to generate the jth digit of a result (where a digit consists of n bits for base 2n), it is necessary and sufficient to have the operands available only up to the jth digit plus a predetermined number of extra digits which correspond to an &ldquo;on-line delay&rdquo;. This delay is shown to be a small, positive, radix dependent constant. The implementation of this algorithm and the implications on cost and speed are then presented. Finally, alterations in the design making the algorithm suitable for pipelining and its benefits are discussed.
Automated computer card design
Authors: L. Steinberg, B. Kolman
Venue: Proceedings of the 1961 16th ACM national meeting (1961)

In recent years, within the computer industry greater and greater efforts have been placed upon the problem of designing computers through the use of computers, a form of self regeneration. The problems encountered in such an endeavor can be divided into three general classes: a. The card design problem which uses the logical drawings as input and designs circuit cards tailored to the specifications of the computer defined by the drawings. b. The card placement problem which attempts to position the cards in the computer backboard so as to optimize some function of the resulting configuration, e.g. maximum wire length, total euclidean length, etc. c. The bifurcation problem, a complex variant of the traveling salesman problem, attempts to distribute power from a source to m nodes using n or less wires and subject to certain engineering restrictions. The present paper deals with the first of these problems, puts it into mathematical form and obtains a solution by linear programming methods.
Design automation at Norden
Authors: A. Spitalny
Venue: Proceedings of the SHARE design automation project (1966)

Three and a half years ago, we heard about how IBM was using design automation in the design of new computers and started asking the same questions at Norden. One of the early definitions - that design automation was using computers to design computers was quickly rejected. We wanted to use it for designing radars, display systems, and a wide variety of other electronic, mechanical and optical equipment. Any way in which a computer could be used to help design and develop better equipment faster and at lower cost was fair game for investigation. The resulting applications cover the full range of complexity, illustrated in Figure 1, from simple computations to complex man-machine design systems and automatic optimization techniques.
The design of a multi-micro-computer system
Authors: S. H. Fuller, D. P. Siewiorek, R. J. Swan
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture (1976)

Continuing advances in semiconductor technology now makes practical the construction of multi-micro-processor systems with tens to hundreds of processors. We are currently involved in the design and construction of a multi-micro-processor system to experimentally investigate the problems of building and programming systems with a large number of processors. The LSI-11 microcomputer is the basic &ldquo;computer module&rdquo; that provides processing power and primary memory. The interconnection scheme between the computer modules allows the processors to cooperate in a true multiprocessor fashion: they can share and efficiently access all of primary memory. A number of working groups are now investigating the central problems facing the design and successful application of reliable multi-micro-processor systems and these problems will also be discussed.
Remote services to a diverse group of users
Authors: Robert D. Burgess, John E. Tuecke
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1975)

The State University of New York is the largest publicly supported, centrally managed, diversified higher educational system in the nation. There are four university centers, thirteen liberal arts and sciences colleges, fifteen specialized institutions (such as agricultural and technical colleges, two medical schools and other specialized colleges) and 38 two-year locally sponsored community colleges. The SUNY system offers 1500 different degree programs to approximately 240,000 full-time and 130,000 part-time students. The state is divided into four regions with one university center in each region. A university center may serve as a source of large-scale computer resources and a focal point of computer expertise in its respective region. SUNY at Albany (SUNYA) is the University Center for the northeast region. It has an enrollment of approximately 13,000 full-time equivalent students with 830 full-time faculty and about 430 non-teaching professionals. Organizationally, the Center is divided into three main areas: an administrative systems development group, an operations and systems programming group, and an academic services group. This latter group has responsibility for supporting remote (i.e., regional) services. Remote users can be categorized as follows: (1) Secondary Schools, (2) Institutions of Higher Education, (3) State Agencies, and (4) Research Centers. The categories are distinguished by the level of computer sophistication, the amount of computer resources required and the amount of personnel support they need from the Center.
The computing center at the small-college: The sense of the meeting
Authors: Gerald L. Engel
Venue: Proceedings of the annual ACM SIGUCCS symposium on The administration and management of small-college computing centers (1972)

The forces have met; they have agreed they have problems; they will meat again. Such is the sense of most meetings and indeed this one was no exception. What was an exception was that some fifty individuals with the common experience of running small computer centers on small budgets got together to compare notes. This was a meeting of those who had been through it, and those that are in it, not a meeting of high beliefs of how things should be. In my opening remarks as Symposium Chairman, I characterized the small college computer center director as part teacher, part registrar, part dean, part business manager, part janitor, and part football coach. Nothing I heard in Atlanta changed my mind on this, and instead my respect for these individuals, who will give so much time of themselves to bring adequate computing services to their campuses, is justified.
Depth extraction using lateral or axial camera motion: an integration of depth from motion and stereo
Authors: A. K. Dalmia, M. M. Trivedi
Venue: Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Image Processing (Vol. 1)-Volume 1 - Volume 1 (1995)

We present an integrated methodology that can be used to extract the depth from a sequence of images. The method combines the ability of stereo processing to acquire highly accurate depth measurements and the efficiency of spatial and temporal gradient analysis. As a result of this integration, depth measurements of a high quality are obtained at a speed approximately ten-times higher than that of stereo processing. Without any a priori information of the locations of the points in the scene, the correspondence problem in stereo processing is computationally expensive. In our approach, we use the spatial and temporal gradient analysis, which has been shown to provide the depth with a high efficiency but limited accuracy, to guide the stereo matching process. Experiments for lateral and axial camera translations have acquired depth results with a mean error of less than 3 percent.
The Mythical Man-Month
Authors: Fred P. Brooks,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software (1975)

The book, The Mythical Man-Month, Addison-Wesley, 1975 (excerpted in Datamation, December 1974), gathers some of the published data about software engineering and mixes it with the assertion of a lot of personal opinions. In this presentation, the author will list some of the assertions and invite dispute or support from the audience. This is intended as a public discussion of the published book, not a regular paper.