ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Programming by semantic refinement
Authors: James B. Morris
Venue: Proceeding of ACM SIGPLAN - SIGOPS interface meeting on Programming languages - operating systems (1973)

It is becoming increasingly evident that human programmers are not capable of efficiently producing reliable programs if they must be concerned initially with every detail of the final program. The approach described here is one of &ldquo;semantic levels of programming&rdquo;, which involves a graduated approach to the production of programs. A common but fallacious belief of some software implementors today is that the efficient execution of software systems should be a major concern in the initial system version. In fact, the primary concern in the initial version should be the reliable operation of the system, which is closely connected with the existence of a sound, overall system design. Assuming that we recognize that there is some reasonable time from the initiation of a software system implementation project to the availability of an initial version, the philosophy of semantic refinement is based on the belief that: &ldquo;If a major concern in the implementation of the initial version of a software system is efficiency, then the initial version will be unreliable.&rdquo; Many systems which are initially unreliable have a way of remaining unreliable for a discouragingly long period of time.
On-line operation of CADIC (Computer aided design of integrated circuits)
Authors: A. Spitalny, M. J. Goldberg
Venue: Proceedings of the 4th Design Automation Conference (1967)

The computer can be used to assist in mechanical layout as well as in analysis. An on-line man-machine system for computer-aided design of integrated circuits takes full advantage of human judgement, while relieving the man of most of the detailed work needed to implement his ideas. Mechanical layout or packaging design is required for all types of electronic circuitry. In the old vacuum tube chassis days, little more was needed than a structure to support the tubes and other components which could be arranged in almost any order and then wired together by insulated leads. Transistor circuitry on printed circuit boards required much greater attention to component arrangement and presents a severe topological problem in routing printed interconnections without metalization crossovers. Integrated circuitry, in which all circuit elements are diffused patterns within a single silicon chip, presents more complex design layout problems and offers great benefits from introduction of computer-aided design methods.
A polynomial-time algorithm for determining the isomorphism of graphs of fixed genus
Authors: I. S. Filotti, Jack N. Mayer
Venue: Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1980)

The isomorphism problem for graphs has been in recent years the object of a much research (see e.g. [Col 78] or [Re-Cor 77]). Its complexity is still unknown. It is not known whether the problem is NP-complete, although it is NP, of course. It is not known whether there exists a polynomial-time algorithm for it. Recently, Babai [Ba 79] has discussed probabilistic algorithms. For additional information see also [Mi 77]. The problem has also some practical applications. Of the known algorithms let us only quote the work of Weinberg [We 66] and of Hopcroft and Tarjan [Ho-Ta 72]. Weinberg's algorithm rums in quadratic time (in &agr;o, the number of vertices of the graphs). Hopcroft and Tarjan's runs in time 0(&agr;o log&agr;o) and uses their powerful technique of depth-first search. Both these algorithms apply only to planar (Weinberg's only to 3-connected planar) graphs. They rely on a well-known rigidity theorem of Withney [Withney 32].
RTL - The firmware Design Automation system
Authors: Robert L. Hasterlik
Venue: Proceedings of the 11th Design Automation Workshop (1974)

The development of firmware controlled devices poses several new requirements on Design Automation. Because firmware is central to system design and reflects heavily on system speed and cost, the basic assembly parameters change after during the early design phases. It is necessary to have an automation system which is able to react to design changes without reprogramming of system components. Thus the standard approach of simulating firmware with a special purpose language and a special purpose assembler or assembler/simulator is no longer practical. This paper discusses a general solution to the several requirements of firmware design.
Formal opening of conference: Social and economic aspects of electronic data processing
Authors: W. W. Finke
Venue: Proceedings of the 1962 ACM national conference on Digest of technical papers (1962)

THERE ARE many differing views regarding the impact that electronic data processing will have on the development of our social and economic lives, but most of us can agree that the potentialities of EDP are limited only by the boundaries of our individual imaginations. The outlook, therefore, is open to wide-ranging speculations.
Software management
Authors: Leon Presser
Venue: Proceedings of the 1975 annual conference (1975)

Conventional software production efforts commence with an analysis of requirements, and proceed through design, coding and testing, with the product finally moving into an operational enviornment where subsequent maintenance and modification occurs. Moreover, various types of documentation are generated throughout these project phases. This is a gross outline and actual implementations vary widely between efforts, depending on environmental constraints. In addition to the satirical chronology listed above the introduction, we can make several key observations that apply to conventional software projects:
The computer professional as an expert witness
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM '81 conference (1981)

Along with increasing numbers of computers and increasing utilization of computers in industry, government, and education, more hardware and software contracts are being written. As a result, there is an increase in computer-related litigation and a need for computer professionals to serve as expert witnesses. The purpose of this panel is to present issues of importance to the computer professional who is asked to serve as an expert witness. The panel will consist of computer professionals who have served as expert witnesses and attorneys (who may also be computer professionals).
A microprogrammable display processor concept
Authors: Reiner W. Hartenstein, Klaus D. Mueller
Venue: Conference record of the 6th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1973)

In late 1971 we started research on an intelligent microprogrammed display terminal for 3-D dynamic interactive computer graphics. The system was to be used in a &ldquo;stand alone mode&rdquo; or a &ldquo;satellite mode&rdquo;. The following report will give a brief survey of the hardware concept /1/. The system has not yet been realized, but has been simulated to some extent with SIDIS /2/ on a CD 3300 computer.
Array theory in an APL environment
Authors: A. Hassitt, L. E. Lyon
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on APL: part 1 (1979)

Trenchard More has proposed an array theory which offers a powerful set of operators and operations on nested arrays. We have written a program called Array Theory/370 (AT/370) which implements these array theoretic operations at the assembler-language level on an IBM/370. We have also written a VS APL auxiliary processor which enables the APL user to access AT/370 and to manipulate nested arrays. This paper describes the simple but powerful APL-AT/370 interface and illustrates how the interface was used to build an interactive array-theoretic system.
Faculty development
Authors: Louis Parker
Venue: Proceedings of the annual ACM SIGUCCS symposium on The administration and management of small-college computing centers (1972)

My organization, the North Carolina Educational Computing Service (NCECS), is a regional computer center currently serving forty institutions of higher education in North Carolina. We have been heavily involved in faculty training since our network began in 1967. After about two years of network operation, we realized that computer usage in disciplines other than computer science was very limited. We saw a need for efforts by the central staff to develop computer use in the physical sciences, the social sciences, business administration, etc. I would like to spend my time today not on technical training but on NCECS activities to promote computer use in a variety of disciplines&mdash;an area we call &ldquo;curriculum development.&rdquo; We received a grant from the National Science Foundation 2-1/2 years ago to support a statewide program of cooperative curriculum development. The program has included collection and development of curriculum materials, introducing the materials to faculties and students across the state through workshops, documentation, and supporting the materials by both technical and information services. One of the first things we did was to create a position of Curriculum Development Manager on the central staff, and to obtain someone who was primarily an educator (with broad interests in computer applications) rather than a computer scientist. The program described below has been managed by Dr. Joe Denk, Curriculum Development Manager for NCECS, and the following description was derived from his reports.
A preemptive priority model with two classes of customers
Authors: M. Segal
Venue: Proceedings of the ACM second symposium on Problems in the optimizations of data communications systems (1971)

In this paper we propose a model for a service facility which caters to two types of customers. One motivation for this model is a trunk group which is used simultaneously for voice and data communication. We assume that primary customers receive preemptive priority service and leave the system without service if on arrival they find all servers busy with other primary customers. The facility has a queueing provision (buffer) for secondary customers who are served only when the facility is not fully occupied by primary customers. The motivation for this model is discussed. Numerical examples of the statistics of the content of the buffer are presented.
MVS in the classroom
Authors: Edith A. McCharen
Venue: ACM SIGCSE Bulletin (1980)

The design principles of operating systems have been isolated and comprehensively expounded in texts that have appeared in the last decade which are suitable for either an advanced undergraduate or low-level graduate course. The topics covered are those listed in the course outline for CS10, Operating Systems and Computer Architecture II in Curriculum '78 (1). Generally one of two approaches is taken. The first is that the computer architecture already decides many of the fundamental policies of the operating system which it is to support. The second is that an operating system must solve certain allocation and scheduling problems in order to provide a user with a variety of services and to manage its own resources efficiently, and that once identified, solutions to the problems must be implemented on some computer architecture. In either case the text usually culminates with a limited project in which students design and implement some type of multiprogramming operating system. This report outlines the approach taken to present IBM's Multiple Virtual Storage Operating System (MVS) in this setting.
A systems analysis design course sequence
Authors: Iza Goroff
Venue: Proceedings of the thirteenth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (1982)

The University of Wisconsin-Whitewater's Management Computer Systems (MCS) Major1 includes a two course sequence, Systems Analysis and Design 1 and Systems Analysis and Design 2. In the ACM Information Systems Curriculum2 there is also a two course sequence in systems analysis and design. The managers of information systems departments who hire our graduates frequently express the opinion that this sequence is especially important. The progression of the courses begins with three weeks of 100% &ldquo;theory&rdquo; with artificial homework assignments before the students are assigned their projects. From the fourth week of the first course to almost the end of the second course the projects are carried through the successive phases of the systems development life cycle. The overall balance between theory and project is evenwith the theory coming earlier so as to illuminate the practice which follows.
A computer simulation facility for packet communication architecture
Authors: Clement K.C. Leung, David P. Misunas, Andrij Neczwid, Jack B. Dennis
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture (1976)

Several proposals for computer data processing and memory systems that exploit the inherent parallelism in programs expressed in data flow form have been advanced recently. These systems have packet communication architecture&mdash;each system consists of many units that interact only through the transmission of information packets through channels that link pairs of units. A simulation facility for evaluating the programmability and potential performance of these proposed data processing and memory systems has been designed. The facility uses microprocessor modules to emulate the behavior of system units or groups of units. By conducting a simulation in accurate scale time a precise extrapolation of performance of a proposed system may be obtained. The user of the facility will specify the system to be simulated in an architecture description language. A host computer translates the system description modules into microprocessor programs and controls the loading and monitors the operation of the microprocessors. Application of the facility is illustrated by consideration of a simple data flow processor.
On classes of computable functions
Authors: Sanat K. Basu
Venue: Proceedings of the first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1969)

The complexity closure of a computable function is defined by a set of axioms. The axioms are satisfied by complexity classes that are computation time closed and also by other complexity classes which do not have this property. It is then shown that there exist honest recursive functions whose complexity closure are setwise incomparable. Further that there exist chains of honest recursive functions whose complexity closures are densely ordered under set inclusion.
TILT: Translation in Leisure Time
Authors: Abby Gelles, Gary Harris
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSMALL symposium and the first SIGPC symposium on Small systems (1980)

This paper addresses the question whether it is feasible to implement a computerized translation between audio-visual equipment-driving programmers. Programmer systems are comprised of the hardware and software components which record and play back coded cues defining audio-visual presentation sequences. Cue sequence output differs between programmer systems in the actual coding schemes attributed to cues, the number contiguous of repetitions per cue (redundancy factor) in the output stream, and recording density (usually bits per inch) on the output medium (usually tape). Currently, some programmers utilize discrete circuitry. While newer models rely on microprocessor-driven software.
Lists and why they are useful
Authors: M. V. Wilkes
Venue: Proceedings of the 1964 19th ACM national conference (1964)

Computers have long been in general use for solving numerical problems and pioneering interest has now switched to their use for non-numerical work, that is, for manipulating symbols. Examples are compiling, studies in artificial intelligence, layout problems, etc. List-processing was a breakthrough in symbol manipulation since it provided a flexible way of organizing the computer memory. The paper explains in a tutorial manner what goes on in the computer memory when list-processing operations are performed, and takes as an example the formal differentiation of an algebraic expression written in Polish notation.
Delay test simulation
Authors: T. M. Storey, J. W. Barry
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th Design Automation Conference (1977)

The delay test simulator described here has two functions. First, it computes the actual timing to be used for each delay test. This computation requires delay distributions and tester tolerances. Second, it performs a parallel fault simulation to determine which delay faults have been detected.
Contents of a meaningful plan
Authors: Sidney Diamond
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

A major challenge to MIS is in developing a long range MIS plan that is understood by top management. Pressure point analysis is a planning tool for developing an MIS master plan of a strategic nature. Through a step-by-step process, this strategic planning tool focuses on strategic alternatives, scenarios, strategies, risks, costs obstacles and pressures for change. The components of a strategic MIS plan that was actually presented to top management for approval will be discussed, along with the pressure point analysis tool that was used in developing this plan.
An interactive simulation programming system which converses in English
Authors: George E. Heidorn
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th conference on Winter simulation (1973)

In this paper an experimental system for producing simulation programs through natural language dialogue with a computer is described. With the current version of this system, which operates under CP/CMS on an IBM 360/67, a queuing problem may be stated to the computer in English. The system checks the problem description for completeness, and if necessary, asks questions which may be answered in English. Then it can produce an English description of the problem as it &ldquo;sees&rdquo; it and a GPSS program for performing the simulation. The user may then modify the problem through further dialogue to produce additional programs, as desired. A complete sample problem is included in the paper.
Beyond ALBE/P: Language neutral form
Authors: J. W. Lewis
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Software engineering (1981)

ALBE/P is a language-based CRT editor for PASCAL programs. The CRT screen serves as a window through which a programmer can view and modify a &ldquo;pretty-printed&rdquo; picture of any part of a PASCAL program. The ALBE/P system differs from conventional screen-oriented text editors in that the program is stored as a PASCAL parse tree and the editing operations are designed specifically for the PASCAL language. Moreover, because ALBE/P is language-based, it will not accept programs with local syntax errors (e.g., ill-formed expressions) or global errors (e.g., undeclared variables). The system is also an effective tool for developing and maintaining application systems and subroutine packages in multiple language environments. Programs can be entered in Language-Neutral Form (LNF), a PASCAL subset with language features common to C, PL/I, and ALGOL. Then, ALBE will generate a PASCAL program to be run and debugged under the host operating system. When program development is complete, ALBE/LNF will generate equivalent programs for the desired target languages and operating system environments. Currently, ALBE/LNF supports PASCAL, C, and FORTRAN under VAX/VMS.
The dynamic storage management for increasing a programming language power: The SIMULA lesson
Authors: Karel Babcicky
Venue: ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad (1981)

The runtime storage management system used by typical SIMULA implementations is outlined. The consequences of its global approach, based on the exclusively dynamic nature of the execution data, are assessed.
The MECCA system&mdash;a modified list processing application for library collections
Authors: William G. Castner, Andrew L. Calvery, Clarice I. Mac Donald, Ruth E. Peerenboom
Venue: Proceedings of the 1966 21st national conference (1966)

The MECCA (Mechanized Catalog) system1 has been in use by Boeing Aerospace Group Technical Library since July 1, 1964. Designed to produce printed library catalogs and to generate a data bank for later machine retrieval, the system is a major modification of an earlier program.2 Prior to 1964, the library manually produced catalog cards for books and documents in its central library and four branches; this operation provided a complete catalog for the central location, while the branch library catalogs represented only the data held in each respective collection. A system was required that would produce complete catalogs for all library service areas and reduce operating costs as well. The library needed an output format that would conform to library standards and provide the following products: four sheaf listings (accession number, contract/document number, title/subject, and author lists) ; four duplicate sets of 3&ldquo;&times;5&rdquo; catalog cards for a twelve-month trial period; and a weekly announcement bulletin. Each input set for a single book or document would be identified by a variable number of descriptive elements such as author, title, contract number, subject, etc., which in turn would be manipulated into various arrangements according to the type of output list.
Toward a new vocational interest scale for computer programmers&mdash;a procedural report
Authors: W. M. Cannon
Venue: Proceedings of the third annual computer personnel research conference (1965)

With the growth of the computing industry, and its promise for assuming even greater significance in the future, almost every computer installation is feeling new demands for doing a better job of selecting for employment the best possible computer programmers. In response to this need, many individual computer installations are working independently, with relatively limited resources, toward developing their own methods for quickly finding potentially good programmers. These independent efforts may be useful in developing guidelines for selecting programmers in the individual installations, but there are some factors which require a more broadly based research effort. One such factor is vocational interest. Measurement of vocational interests is a well established and firmly founded technique, which has proven highly valuable for counseling and personnel selection.
A visual programming toolkit demonstrator for offline handwritten forms recognition
Authors: A. C. Downton, S. J. Hanlon, A. Amiri
Venue: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2 (1995)

Successful commercialisation of off-line handwritten forms-based applications requires integration of numerous different handwriting recognition components with form-specific syntactic and contextual knowledge. To support these requirements, we are developing a handwritten forms recognition toolkit which is based upon a visual programming paradigm. In this paper, we outline the main components of the toolkit, and then describe an initial demonstrator for handwritten postcode recognition which has been implemented using it. The demonstrator currently achieves a postcode recognition rate of 63.7% on a sample of 748 testset images from the Essex handwritten address database, corresponding to a raw alphanumeric character recognition rate of 93.8%, whereas the actual raw alphanumeric recognition rate is only 75.5%. More importantly, the components utilised in the demonstrator conform to a standard specification which allows them to be readily re-used in other offline handwriting recognition applications.