ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
A case study of problem-based learning in a middle school science classroom: lessons learned
Authors: Alice D. Gertzman, Janet L. Kolodner
Venue: Proceedings of the 1996 international conference on Learning sciences (1996)

Research on teacher thinking within a constructivist framework emphasizes the relationship between teacher beliefs about teaching and learning and effective classroom practices. A project sponsored by the EduTech Institute at Georgia Tech provides training and support to middle-school teachers using problem-based learning (PBL) in their science and math classes, seeking also to enhance the role of technology in learning. This report of an ethnographic case study in one 8th-grade science class discusses the specific difficulties encountered in implementing PBL and identifies coping strategies improvised by teacher and students in adapting to the unfamiliar roles and expectations of the PBL approach. Classroom observation and interviews with the teacher reveal the importance not only of training teachers in the appropriate classroom techniques but also of providing ongoing support as they develop context-sensitive PBL modules and acquire deeper understanding and acceptance of the philosophy underlying the new approach. Reflection infuses the teaching and learning processes, encouraging all participants to re-view both content knowledge and knowledge about learning.
Ajax Security in Groupware
Authors: Michael Sonntag
Venue: Proceedings of the 32nd EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (2006)

Ajax is a new model for web applications to provide more responsive and faster user interfaces resembling more closely that of applications. Typical usage areas are user input validation without page submission, integrating small elements from several servers on a single page, and simulating push-services. Especially the latter are promising for enhancing groupware applications and for realizing them directly in browsers without plug-ins or additional software. The Ajax programming model introduces new security issues, which could be especially dangerous as they were not fully accounted for in previous threat models or considered as of less importance. This paper investigates the security implications of Ajax and discusses possible solutions with a special focus on the context of groupware. It explains security issues which are inherent to the Ajax programming model or are exacerbated through it, and which especially affect cooperative application.
Multimedia semantic indexing using model vectors
Authors: J. R. Smith, M. Naphade, A. Natsev
Venue: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo - Volume 1 (2003)

In this paper we propose a novel method for multimedia semantic indexing using model vectors. Model vectors provide a semantic signature for multimedia documents by capturing the detection of concepts broadly across a lexicon using a set of independent binary classifiers. While recent techniques have been developed for detecting simple generic concepts such as indoors, outdoors, nature, manmade, faces, people, speech, music, and so forth [W.H. Adams et al., November 2002], these labels directly support only a small number of queries. Model vectors address the problem of answering queries for which relationships to specific concepts is either unknown or indirect by developing a basis across across the lexicon. In the simplest case, each model vector dimension corresponds to the confidence score by which a corresponding concept from the lexicon is detected. However, we show how other information such as relevance, reliability and concept correlation can also be incorporated. Overall, the model vectors can be used in a variety of methods for multimedia indexing, including model-based retrieval, relevance feedback searching and concept querying. In this paper, we present the model vector method and study different strategies for computing and comparing model vectors. We empirically evaluate the retrieval effectiveness of the model vector approach compared to other search methods in a large video retrieval testbed.
Rule Extraction from Opaque Models-- A Slightly Different Perspective
Authors: Ulf Johansson, Tuve Lofstrom, Rikard Konig, Cecilia Sonstrod, Lars Niklasson
Venue: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (2006)

When performing predictive modeling, the key criterion is always accuracy. With this in mind, complex techniques like neural networks or ensembles are normally used, resulting in opaque models impossible to interpret. When models need to be comprehensible, accuracy is often sacrificed by using simpler techniques directly producing transparent models; a tradeoff termed the accuracy vs. comprehensibility tradeoff. In order to reduce this tradeoff, the opaque model can be transformed into another, interpretable, model; an activity termed rule extraction. In this paper, it is argued that rule extraction algorithms should gain from using oracle data; i.e. test set instances, together with corresponding predictions from the opaque model. The experiments, using 17 publicly available data sets, clearly show that rules extracted using only oracle data were significantly more accurate than both rules extracted by the same algorithm, using training data, and standard decision tree algorithms. In addition, the same rules were also significantly more compact; thus providing better comprehensibility. The overall implication is that rules extracted in this fashion will explain the predictions made on novel data better than rules extracted in the standard way; i.e. using training data only.
Enhancing e-Commerce with Intelligent Agents in Collaborative e-Communities
Authors: Xiaojun Shen, Shervin Shirmohammadi, Chris Desmarais, Nicolas D. Georganas, Ian Kerr
Venue: Proceedings of the The 8th IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology and The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce, and E-Services (2006)

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of and interdisciplinary research project involving an intelligent agent-based framework for collaborative ecommerce applications. A Multi-Agent System (MAS) architecture for large collaborative e-commerce environments is designed and developed, where a number of geographically dispersed users (customers/merchants) can participate. This architecture not only applies agent technologies in eCommerce system in novel manners, but also incorporates privacy law and legislation into its technical design, and in that respect it is different from other existing e-Commerce systems.
A Systems Model for Computation, Communication, Command and Control (C4) in a Spacecraft or Satellite Cluster
Authors: Brian J. D'Auriol, Tanushree Ghosh
Venue: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (2006)

A Computation, Communication, Command and Control (C4) model is proposed for the scenario of a space-bourn remote sensing application involving a spacecraft or satellite cluster. This paper considers the distributed processing nature of such an application together with the highly dynamic free space optical interconnection network deployed for communications. The C4 model provides for a unified and comprehensive modeling of these four aspects. An overview of the C4 model including its sub models is presented in this paper. A simulation is also briefly described.
"GeoAnalytics" - Exploring spatio-temporal and multivariate data
Authors: Mikael Jern, Johan Franzen
Venue: Proceedings of the conference on Information Visualization (2006)

The voluminous nature of social scientific, spatialtemporal statistical databases calls for high interactive performance and creative integrated information and geovisualization tools. A solution to this challenge can be found in the emerging Visual Analytics (VA), a science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces and innovative visualization and is now actively pursued by research groups worldwide. In this paper, we present a tool called "GeoAnalytics", based on the principles behind VA. Our objective is to define new suitable approaches and tools for exploring time variant and multivariate attributes simultaneous including a spatial dimension. We introduce parallel coordinates integrated with time series and trend graph that serves as the visual control panel for the application. Multivariate attribute dynamic queries can express simultaneously queries involving time varying spatial data. VA encourages the need to build a bridge between the advantages of both human perception and computer science technologies. The sense of immediacy and speedof- thought interaction is achieved in our dynamically linked components and maximum allocation of screen area for visual displays that helps users stay focused on their work and shortens their time to enlightenment.
"Hybrid Cone-Cylinder" Codebook Model for Foreground Detection with Shadow and Highlight Suppression
Authors: Anup Doshi, Mohan Trivedi
Venue: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance (2006)

In the interest of 24-7 long-term surveillance, a truly robust, adaptive, and fast background-foreground segmentation technique is required. This paper deals with the especially difficult but extremely common problems of moving backgrounds, shadows, highlights, and illumination changes. To produce reliable foreground extraction in the face of these problems, the best practical aspects of two algorithms, Codebook Segmentation[6] and HSV Shadow Suppression[2] are combined. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of the "Hybrid Cone-Cylinder" Codebook (HC3) model. Results show superior speed and quantitatively better performance in many different conditions and environments. Applications include people-tracking with Omni-directional cameras and vehicle-counting with rectilinear cameras.
Change Point Problems in Linear Dynamical Systems
Authors: Onno Zoeter, Tom Heskes
Venue: The Journal of Machine Learning Research (2005)

We study the problem of learning two regimes (we have a normal and a prefault regime in mind) based on a train set of non-Markovian observation sequences. Key to the model is that we assume that once the system switches from the normal to the prefault regime it cannot restore and will eventually result in a fault. We refer to the particular setting as semi-supervised since we assume the only information given to the learner is whether a particular sequence ended with a stop (implying that the sequence was generated by the normal regime) or with a fault (implying that there was a switch from the normal to the fault regime). In the latter case the particular time point at which a switch occurred is not known.The underlying model used is a switching linear dynamical system (SLDS). The constraints in the regime transition probabilities result in an exact inference procedure that scales quadratically with the length of a sequence. Maximum aposteriori (MAP) parameter estimates can be found using an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm with this inference algorithm in the E-step. For long sequences this will not be practically feasible and an approximate inference and an approximate EM procedure is called for. We describe a flexible class of approximations corresponding to different choices of clusters in a Kikuchi free energy with weak consistency constraints.
Criteria for UNIX-like systems
Authors: Alan Mason
Venue: ACM SIGSMALL Newsletter (1982)

In setting a standard for UNIX-like systems we must first consider why we wish to do this, and effectively constrain our areas of interest. As a User Group we wish to have a common reference base for discussion whilst as a group of users we are more interested in the question of portability. Portability, not simply of software but of personnel. We look, in fact, for an environment whereby users may move with ease between different systems without perpetually residing at the low end of the learning curve. This is particularly important in the research environment, which is rarely constrained to a single architecture and with todays growing interest in distributed and networked systems. Having said this, it must be realised that in many ways, attempting to set a standard is contrary to aspects of the philosophy of a non-supported, high level language written system such as UNIX. We are not attempting to set a standard which must be obeyed by every installation, but one which must be able to be implemented on any system. Nor do we wish to be overly formal in its definition, but rather give guidelines as to what a UNIX User/Programmer might expect from a UNIX-like system.
Depth and breadth away from the desktop: the optimal information hierarchy for mobile use
Authors: Arjan Geven, Reinhard Sefelin, Manfred Tscheligi
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services (2006)

The optimal way to structure information in hierarchies has occupied researchers for at least two decades. In the last few years, mobile devices added new challenges to this research: the limited screen size, navigation methods and data transfer rates make the search for the optimal information structure even more complex. In this paper an experiment is presented that investigates the usability of 4 different information hierarchies (46, 84, 163 and 642) on three mobile devices. It turns out that the narrow hierarchies (46 and 84) perform better than the broader hierarchies on the three devices. The experiment was repeated on two more occasions with the same participants to test expertise effects; the preference for narrow hierarchies did not change over the three occasions.
Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Timing: A PET Study of Auditory and Visual Rhythm Reproduction
Authors: V. B. Penhune, R. J. Zatorre, A. C. Evans
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (1998)

The perception and production of temporal patterns, or rhythms, is important for both music and speech. However,the way in which the human brain achieves accurate timing of perceptual input and motor output is as yet little understood. Central control of both motor timing and perceptual timing across modalities has been linked to both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (BG). The present study was designed to test the hypothesized central control of temporal processing and to examine the roles of the cerebellum, BG, and sensory association areas. In this positron emission tomography (PET) activation paradigm, subjects reproduced rhythms of increasing temporal complexity that were presented separately in the auditory and visual modalities. The results provide support for a supramodal contribution of the lateral cerebellar cortex and cerebellar vermis to the production of a timed motor response, particularly when it is complex and/or novel. The results also give partial support to the involvement of BG structures in motor timing, although this may be more directly related to implementation of the motor response than to timing per se. Finally, sensory association areas and the ventrolateral frontal cortex were found to be involved in modality-specific encoding and retrieval of the temporal stimuli. Taken together, these results point to the participation of a number of neural structures in the production of a timed motor response from an external stimulus. The role of the cerebellum in timing is conceptualized not as a clock or counter but simply as the structure that provides the necessary circuitry for the sensory system to extract temporal information and for the motor system to learn to produce a precisely timed response.
Rainbow Hamilton cycles in random regular graphs
Authors: Svante Janson, Nicholas Wormald
Venue: Random Structures Algorithms (2007)

A rainbow subgraph of an edge-colored graph has all edges of distinct colors. A random d-regular graph with d even, and having edges colored randomly with d/2 of each of n colors, has a rainbow Hamilton cycle with probability tending to 1 as n &rarr;&infin;, for fixed d &ge; 8. &copy; 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
A Storage Management for Mining Object Moving Patterns in Object Tracking Sensor Networks
Authors: Chih-Chieh Hung, Wen-Chih Peng
Venue: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM international conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (2006)

One promising application of sensor networks is object tracking. Because the movements of the tracked objects usually show repeating patterns, we propose a heterogeneous tracking model, referred to as HTM, to efficiently mine object moving patterns and track objects. To ensure the quality of moving patterns, we develop a storage management to facilitate mining object moving patterns. Specifically, we explore load-balance feature to store more moving data for mining moving patterns. Once a storage of a cluster head is occupied by moving data, we devise a replacement strategy to replace the less informative patterns. Simulation results show that HTM with storage management is able not only to increase the accuracy of predition but also to save more energy in tracking objects.
An approach to resolving semantic inconsistency of multiple prepositional attitudes
Authors: Radoslaw P. Katarzyniak, Agnieszka Pieczynska-Kuchtiak
Venue: Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology (2006)

In this paper an approach to resolving semantic inconsistency of incoming messages is proposed. It is assumed that in order to collect knowledge about a current state of properties in an external object a cognitive agent asks other agents located in the same world about their knowledge of this object. The other agents reply by sending messages in which modal formulas extended with operators for knowledge, belief and possibility are conveyed. These formulas are translated by the receiving cognitive agent into related internal representations and a profile of fuzzy sets representing mental models assigned to collected formulas is developed. Due to the fact that incoming messages carry some content that can differ from one message to another the resulting collection of fuzzy sets can be inconsistent, This inconsistency means that in order to create and communicate its own prepositional attitude the cognitive agent needs to resolve the underlying semantic inconsistency. This resolution of inconsistency is achieved in two steps: the determination of a consensus for the whole profile of fuzzy sets and the choice of a formula representing the content of derived consensus. A simple method is used to derive the consensus and an adaptation of an algorithm for extracting language messages from cognitive agents is presented. This algorithm has been proposed and studied in detail in other cited works.
Towards Traceability across Sovereign, Distributed RFID Databases
Authors: Rakesh Agrawal, Alvin Cheung, Karin Kailing, Stefan Schonauer
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium (2006)

Tracking and tracing individual items is a new and emerging trend in many industries. Driven by matur- ing technologies such as Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and upcoming standards such as the Electronic Product Code (EPC), a rapidly increasing number of enter- prises are collecting vast amounts of tracking data. To en- able traceability over the entire life-cycle of items data has to be shared across independent and possibly competing en- terprises. The need to simultaneously compete and cooper- ate requires a traceability system design that allows compa- nies to share their traceability data while maintaining com- plete sovereignty over what is shared and with whom. Based on an extensive study of traceability applications, we introduce the formal concept of traceability networks and highlight the technical challenges involved in shar- ing data in such a network. To address these challenges, we present an innovative combination of query process- ing techniques from P2P networks and distributed as well as parallel databases with confidentiality enforcement tech- niques.
Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Wireless mobile applications and services on WLAN hotspots
Venue: International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (2006)

Welcome to the fourth ACM International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Applications and Services on WLAN Hotspots (WMASH 2006). We are extremely pleased to be able to present this fourth edition, testifying the un-relented interest on the evolution of wireless LANS toward the real support for nomadic computing. This fourth edition represents the transition to maturity for WMASH: from the enthusiasm of youth to the relaxed attention of experience. Still, it is the premiere discussion forum of the community that believes in the commercial success of WLANs as public access networks.The program comprises 12 full papers, selected from 28 submissions from 12 different countries. The program has been kept light to leave space for a panel titled "The Evolution of Wi-Fi and its Role in the Future Mobile/Wireless Networks" chaired by Sunghyun Choi, that promises lively discussion at the end of the workshop, in line with WMASH tradition. The program covers a variety of topics, but we have focused it mainly on service support, management of mobility and resources, and management of users (AAA, Security, Privacy).
Unmanned Vehicles Come of Age: The DARPA Grand Challenge
Authors: Guna Seetharaman, Arun Lakhotia, Erik Philip Blasch
Venue: Computer (2006)

While the DARPA Grand Challenge has revitalized interest in intelligent highway systems, autonomous vehicles, and sensing technology, a host of other novel issues afford interesting design and computer-engineering challenges for the future.
Bisimulation Congruence for Asymmetric \chi ^ \ne -Calculus
Authors: Farong Zhong, Yuxi Fu, Xiaoju Dong
Venue: Proceedings of the Proceedings of The Fifth International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (2006)

In this paper a systematic study of bisimilarities on asymmetric \chi ^ \ne -processes is carried out. The notion of L- bisimilarities on asymmetric \chi ^ \ne -processes is introduced. Twelve distinct L-bisimilarities are derived from all of L- bisimilarities by constructing a bisimulation lattice. For each of these twelve distinct L-bisimilarities, its open version is defined and showed to coincide with it, and then its congruence is presented. Three update laws are proposed and three tau laws are modified. Finally, sound complete equational systems are established for twelve congruences.
A Cortical Mechanism for Binding in Visual Working Memory
Authors: Antonino Raffone, Gezinus Wolters
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2001)

Luck and Vogel (1997) showed that the storage capacity of visual working memory is about four objects and that this capacity does not depend on the number of features making up the objects. Thus, visual working memory seems to process integrated objects rather than individual features, just as verbal working memory handles higher-order "chunks" instead of individual features or letters. In this article, we present a model based on synchronization and desynchronization of reverberatory neural assemblies, which can parsimoniously account for both the limited capacity of visual working memory, and for the temporary binding of multiple assemblies into a single pattern. A critical capacity of about three to four independent patterns showed up in our simulations, consistent with the results of Luck and Vogel. The same desynchronizing mechanism optimizing phase segregation between assemblies coding for separate features or multifeature objects poses a limit to the number of oscillatory reverberations. We show how retention of multiple features as visual chunks (feature conjunctions or objects) in terms of synchronized reverberatory assemblies may be achieved with and without long-term memory guidance.