ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Broadening and strengthening a user base through documentation
Authors: Charles E. Taylor
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1980)

One of the purposes of documentation is to educate and train the people who come in contact with computers. One approach which makes available usable documentation and which encourages new users (faculty) takes three components to accomplish the desired results. First, a set of useful documentation is prepared. Second, the users (faculty) submit projects which can be developed for classroom use. Finally, seminars are conducted to teach about the hardware and software of the computer from the user documentation.
Position paper role of technology design rules in Design Automation
Authors: Gayla J. Von Ehr
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference (1983)

Today when VLSI is the major concern of Design Automation system designers, we must remember that size and complexity are not the only problems. This is a time of rapidly changing and evolving semiconductor process technologies, and advancements in this area make the realization of VLSI possible. The Design Automation community must recognize the severity of the problems associated with this changing technology environment and be able to respond quickly to them. Technology-dependent factors influence every phase of the design process. A formal set of technology design rules, integrated with Design Automation tools can provide a basis for supporting ever-changing technologies.
The ethics of macines which mimic people
Authors: Terry Winograd
Venue: Proceedings of the 1984 annual conference of the ACM on The fifth generation challenge (1984)

In presenting machines as &ldquo;intelligent&rdquo; we produce an illusion which may be beneficial, may lead to breakdown in the interaction, or may be used by parties to deceive and exploit others. The following quote (from a researcher at a major computer firm) is a bit extreme, but makes it clear the concern clear. &ldquo;From my point of view, natural language processing is unethical for one main reason: It plays on the central position which language holds in human behavior. I suggest that the deep involvement Weizenbaum found some people to have with ELIZA, is due to the intensity with which most people react to language in any form. When a person sees a lingusitic utterance in any form, the person reacts, much as a dog reacts to an odor. We are creatures of language .... Since this is so, it is my feeling that baiting people with strings of characters (tokens) clearly intended by someone to be interpreted as SYMBOLS, is as much misrepresentation as would be your attempt to sell me property for which you had a false deed. In both cases, an attempt is made to encourage someone to believe that something is a thing other than what it is, AND, only one party in the interaction is aware of the deception.&rdquo; This talk will examine the ethical and practical choices in developing machines which mimic human behavior.
Use of state diagrams to engineer communications software
Authors: Paul Chung, Barry Gaiman
Venue: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Software engineering (1978)

This paper presents our experience with a variation on the use of state diagrams in the development of a communications system. The following techniques are described: - State diagram notation functions as the design language used to describe the functional specification of major program modules. - These modules are coded in a high-level language using the state diagrams as the program structure and specification. - The actual programs are used as input to a simulator which performs a structured walk-through. - Automatically produced state diagrams from final software serve as documentation and act as a check on meeting initial system requirements.
The analysis of two-dimensional patterns using picture processing grammars
Authors: Shi-Kuo Chang
Venue: Proceedings of the second annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1970)

A method for the description of the hierarchical structure of two-dimensional pictures is proposed. The model is called picture-processing grammar. It can be regarded as an extension of phrase-structure grammars to the two-dimensional case. A picture analysis program is described. It accepts picture-processing grammar in tabular form and processes pictures using that grammar. Experiments have been performed to analyze handwritten numerals, mathematical expressions and line drawings. Some practical applications are discussed.
SOFTDOC - A system for automated software static analysis and documentation
Authors: H. Sneed
Venue: ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review (1981)

The code itself is useless without adequate documentation. Besides that it is almost impossible to validate and verify code unless it is properly documented. Yet most of the attention of the past has been devoted to producing code and little to producing the documentation although it is obvious that it is necessary both for testing and maintaining the software product. Software documentation can be classified according to its usage. Thus, there is a functional documentation for describing what a system does and what it is used for, and technical documentation for describing how the software is constructed and how it performs its functions. The former is directed toward the user, the latter toward the tester and maintainer. The two are, however, highly interrelated. Since the programmer seldom writes the user documentation it is necessary for those who describe what the system does, to know how it does it. An accurate technical documentation is a prerequisite for producing accurate user documentation. Finally it serves yet another purpose. Without it, it is not possible to control the quality of the software. Software Quality Control presupposes a full and up to date technical description in order to assess the characteristics of the system such as modularity, portability, reliability, etc.
Interactive system for structured program production
Authors: H. Maezawa, M. Kobayashi, K. Saito, Y. Futamura
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering (1984)

The automation of program development procedures is one of the important subjects to be solved for improving productivity. The documentation of program specification and coding process involve many mechanical operations. Presently, however, they are done mostly by human efforts. This greatly hinders the improvement of both productivity and program quality. For the purpose of solving all the problems, we developed an experimental system SDL/PAD. Upon receipt of the specifications described in a structured form which has been defined in accordance with structured design, the SDL/PAD. system automatically generates programs written with a computer language such as PL/M or the like and specification documents. This system eliminates the troublesome inconsistency between documents and source programs.
A multinomial ranking and selection procedure: Simulation and applications
Authors: David Goldsman
Venue: Proceedings of the 16th conference on Winter simulation (1984)

This paper reports on the role of simulation in the development of a certain statistical ranking and selection procedure.
Predetermining visibility priority in 3-D scenes (Preliminary Report)
Authors: Henry Fuchs, Zvi M. Kedem, Bruce Naylor
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (1979)

The principal calculation performed by all visible surface algorithms is the determination of the visible polygon at each pixel in the image. Of the many possible speedups and efficiencies found for this problem, only one published algorithm (developed almost a decade ago by a group at General Electric) took advantage of an observation that many visibility calculations could be performed without knowledge of the eventual viewing position and orientation&mdash;once for all possible images. The method is based on a &ldquo;potential obscuration&rdquo; relation between polygons in the simulated environment. Unfortunately, the method worked only for certain objects; unmanagable objects had to be manually (and expertly!) subdivided into managable pieces. Described in this paper is a solution to this problem which allows substantial a priori visibility determination for all possible objects without any manual intervention. The method also identifies the ( hopefully, few) visibility calculations which remain to be performed after the viewing position is specified. Also diescussed is the development of still stronger solutions which could further reduce the number of these visibility calculations remaining at image generation time. The reduction in overall processing and memory requirements enabled by this approach may be quite significant, especially for those applications (e.g., 3-D simulation, animation, interactive design) in which numerous visible surface images are generated from a relatively stable data base.
The text's the thing: Concordances to literary texts (abstract only)
Authors: Michael Preston
Venue: Proceedings of the joint conference on Easier and more productive use of computer systems. (Part - I): Information processing in the social sciences and humanities - Volume 1981 (1981)

The history of computer-generated concordances is already one-third of a century long. Thousands of concordances have been generated; many have been published. Most of these are useful, but there are limitations to all of them. In this presentation I discuss a number of variations on concordance-making based on specific projects being carried out at the University of Colorado.A word-form concordance can be of considerable utility. Particularly for older states of language of which our knowledge is often less than perfect, this "primary" concordance form seems best for initial circulation, but such a concordance is insensitive to variants and ambiguities. It is often as suggestive of what might have been done as it is directly useful.With the increasing availability of microcomputers and various kinds of remote terminals, it is now possible to remove many of the difficulties of text-editing so that a "secondary" concordance edited toward particular applications can be produced more readily. At the University of Colorado, at which the majority of humanists who use computers wish to make maximum use of the available technology without becoming computing scientists, I have found it practical to suggest a particular synthesis of batch and interactive computing. This involves the use of a retrieval, concordance-generating, and editing system so modular in design that editorial intervention is practical at many points. This editing makes use of device-dependent text editors of sufficient sophistication that the user perceives little of the technical operation beyond requesting his programs and his text; otherwise he has the freedom of a typewriter coupled to the benefits of a screen for displaying modifications to his text as they are made, whether directly by him or by a variety of programmed functions. Stations built around "smart" terminals as well as "dumb" terminals with microcomputer and floppy disks are operational.Thus it is now more practical to produce second-generation concordances which more nearly reflect the perceived needs of a scholarly community: words may be (manually) disambiguated by meaning and function, contexts may be edited either to omit extraneous material or insert explanatory matter, and words may be clustered by dictionary or thesaurus. The result is concordances of far greater utility in specific areas and more meaningful statistics.The development of better equipment and new techniques has made it possible to interact more thoroughly with one's text. There is no need for premature data reduction, but rather the encouragement of what I call the "infinite loop of literary scholarship": one works with one's texts to produce results which suggesst work to produce more results which suggest still more work .... The newer technology seems to fit the humanist far better than did the old.
The educational possibilities of intelligent videodiscs
Authors: Alfred Bork
Venue: Proceedings of the 1977 annual conference (1977)

The possible form of an educational system combining the home videodisc with computer technology is outlined, particularly with regard to the way it could be utilized in learning environments. This paper reviews the advantages and problems with current uses of computers in education, and thus how these could be solved with the proposed new Intelligent Videodisc. At the present moment computers are being used relatively little as teaching devices, in spite of considerable talk about the topic. But during the next twenty-five years we will see a gradual transition to greater and greater usage of computers, until they become one of the dominant modes of teaching. This paper presents one possible mode of evolution, based on the use of the Intelligent Videodisc.
Analysis of indexed sequential and direct access file organizations
Authors: James A. Behymer, Robert A. Ogilive, Alan G. Merten
Venue: Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control (1974)

A computer systems designer is faced with a decision concerning the organization of data files. He often would like to design a file so that sequential and random processing can both be performed efficiently. Two file organizations often proposed for these processing requirements are indexed sequential and direct. Another technique called &ldquo;batch random&rdquo; has been proposed for the batch updating of direct access files. Discrete simulation models of these file organizations and access methods in both transaction and batch processing modes are developed and used to analyze the file organizations. A general guideline is derived to indicate whether batch or transaction processing should be performed based on the percentage of the file which is to be processed. Based on these results, a methodology for selecting the &ldquo;best&rdquo; file organization is developed for a given set of criteria. Not all the parameters for describing a file organization are incorporated into the methodology and therefore &ldquo;best&rdquo; does not necessarily mean optimal.
On the problem of recognizing zero
Authors: S. C. Johnson
Venue: Proceedings of the second ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation (1971)

The problem of recognizing when a complicated mathematical expression equals zero has great importance in symbolic mathematics. This paper gives two algorithms which can be applied to many such problems, and discusses two concrete examples. The algorithms are based on the recognition that many interesting functions (such as exponentiation) are eigenvectors of well studied transformations (such as differentiation).
Determination of the fittest number of truth-values and canonical forms of logical functions for a many-valued axiom set by a computer
Authors: Motinori Goto, Shinji Kao, Tomoko Ninomiya
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on Multiple-valued logic (1978)

Usually the number of truth-values and the meanings of operators in a given axiom set for many-valued logic are not defined explicitly but done implicitly by many formulas derived from the set. However, it is very laborious to determine them. In this paper, axioms and undefined operators are treated as logical equations and unknown logical functions respectively. General solutions of those equations give general truth tables for undefined operators. For example, M. Wajsberg's axiom set is solved by a computer. The fittest number of truth-values are determined in relation to the construction of the canonical form of logical functions.
Bibliometric analysis of isi's Arts Humanities Citation index
Authors: Morton V. Malin, Martha C. Dean
Venue: Proceedings of the joint conference on Easier and more productive use of computer systems. (Part - I): Information processing in the social sciences and humanities - Volume 1981 (1981)

Bibliometrics, the quantitative study of literature, has made a considerable contribution to the management of scientific libraries and to the understanding of the sociology of science. It has joined operations research as effective management tools in making substantial impact on optimization of library services, resources sharing and allocation in library networks. With the common belief that humanistic literatures are different, these analytic techniques have not been applied to any extent. We believe that although sociological factors may impact on the humanities in different ways, patterns of regularity in communication, individual contribution, and literature growth shall be studied. Knowledge of the characteristics of humanistic literatures may enable us to improve information access and to maximize available resources in space, manpower, and funds for books. A pilot study has been attempted on a bibliography of the history of the American Revolution.The data base is constructed from the Writings on American History: A Subject Bibliography of Articles under the heading "Revolution amp; Confederation (1763-1789)". To facilitate the analysis, the data management program FAMULUS was used.Selected Results: 1095 articles were published between 1962-1976 by 790 authors in 224 journals or publishing sources. The average author productivity is 1.39 which is similar to other fields studied. As expected, a few highly prolific authors dominated the field, and their productivity distribution follows the well-known Lotka's Law. The dispersion of publications over journals also adheres to Bradford's distribution, identifying the most productive journal in this field as the William and Mary Quarterly. Thus, scholarship in general assumes certain common characteristics regardless of the discipline. Yet differences exist. There are only 77 (10%) authors who have ever co-authored in a mere 47 (4%) of the total literature. This is a dramatic departure from the intensely collaborative enterprise of science in which almost all scientific writers co-author.From our experience, FAMULUS is a useful tool in bibliometric analysis in addition to being a good personal documentation system to replace our shoebox of cards. We have also used it in the teaching of indexing and retrieval of documents.
Distributed communication via global buffer
Authors: David Gelernter, Arthur J. Bernstein
Venue: Proceedings of the first ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing (1982)

Design and implementation of an inter-address-space communication mechanism for the SBN network computer are described. SBN's basic communication primitives appear in context of a new distributed systems programming language strongly supported by the network communication kernel. A model in which all communication takes place via a distributed global buffer results in simplicity, generality and power in the communication primitives. Implementation issues raised by the requirements of the global buffer model are discussed in context of the SBN impementation effort.
National educational computing policy alternatives
Authors: Ronald E. Anderson, Robert M. Aiken, Richard Close, Karen Duncan, Marc Tucker
Venue: Proceedings of the 1984 annual conference of the ACM on The fifth generation challenge (1984)

During the past two years a number of bills have been introduced in the U. S. Congress to improve the quantity and quality of computer instruction in our nation's schools and colleges. While none of these bills are likely to pass before the presidential election, they raise major policy questions regarding what is needed (and should be implemented) in 1985 and beyond.
Practical results with CADSYS
Authors: Daniel E. Whitney
Venue: Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference (1975)

CADSYS is an interactive computer-aided decision support system which interfaces designer with a mathematical, rather than graphic, model of a design problem. Multiple design goals can be imposed in the form of equality and inequality constraints, whose levels can be manipulated. A numerical search is used to find designs which meet the constraints. CADSYS has now been applied to two real and current design problems: the hydraulic system of a novel inertial navigation unit and the financial, technical and logistical problem of liquified natural gas tanker design and operation. Both of these studies returned new understanding of the problems themselves and of the capabilities of CADSYS.
A performance comparison between an APL interpreter and compiler
Authors: Clark Wiedmann
Venue: Proceedings of the international conference on APL (1983)

An analysis of the execution of several simple APL statements illustrates that interpretive overhead in the form of setup time is awesome, and is on the order of 100 times as much as the per-element time. Comparison with an experimental compiler for APL illustrates that the setup time can often be eliminated or reduced greatly, producing code fragments that are more than 300 times as fast in favorable cases. Further work on the compiler should make some compiled code fragments about 500 times as fast as interpreted programs in favorable cases. In less favorable cases, performance improvements of a factor of two are commonplace. Many opportunities remain to improve the performance in such cases. A production compiler based on this work might allow use of APL to solve problems that in the past have been prohibitively expensive for APL solution.
Segmentation of Complex Documents Multilevel Images: A Robust and Fast Text Bodies-Headers Detection and Extraction Scheme 770
Authors: O. Déforges, D. Barba
Venue: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2 (1995)

We present a method for segmenting multilevels images of documents. The documents are considered difficult ones in the sense they may contain text paragraphs with different orientations and shapes, mixed with graphics and photographs. The proposed method extracts and separates blocks of text lines (printed or handwritten characters) and headers as well as stroke structures. The generic approach is first based on a multiscale analysis with the use of a pyramid representation of the image. At each level, text location is performed by a line borders detection scheme. Then, an efficient bottom-up procedure generates bodies (text paragraphs) as the output of algebric transformations upon a set of four directed graphs associated with the topological relationships of physical components.
On storing and changing shape information
Authors: I. C. Braid
Venue: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (1978)

A data structure for modelling engineering components and assemblies is described. It is shown how the same structure, slightly extended, can also be used to represent a single component defined as boolean combinations of more primitive shapes. This leads to a unified method of handling both the concise boolean description and the longer explicit description in terms of faces, edges and vertices. The technique permits close control of evaluation from boolean to explicit description, and facilitates saving of partly evaluated results and back tracking. The data structure is built up and evaluation is controlled through a geometrical language embedded in Algol 68. The language is intended for the construction of computer-aided design systems, for simulating engineering production processes, or for any application in which shapes and changes to shapes must be recorded and manipulated.