Expanding the 'mobility' concept
Authors: Masao Kakihara, Carsten Sørensen
Venue: ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin (2001)

During the last two decades of the twentieth century we have seen various transformations in our society as a whole. In particular, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have played a critical role in this transformation process. Because of their pervasiveness and our intensive use of them, ICTs have changed our ways of living in virtually all realms of our social lives. ICT is of course not the sole factor of this transformation; various "old" technologies have also played a significant part. Modern transportation technologies, for example, have become dramatically sophisticated in terms of effectiveness and usefulness since the early twentieth century. The train and airline infrastructures are highly integrated with ICTs such as electronic reservation systems and traffic control systems. It is therefore important to recognize that the fundamental nature of technological revolution in the late twentieth century is the dynamic and complex interplay between old and new technologies and between the reconfiguration of the technological fabric and its domestication [6, 27, 32, 40].This paper concerns the concept of mobility, which manifests such a transformation of our social lives combining new and old technologies. It is now widely argued that our life styles have become increasingly mobile in the sense that the speed of transportation and hence geographical reach within a given time span is dramatically augmented by modern technological developments and sophistication such as train and airplane systems. However, in spite of the upsurge of concern with mobility in our social lives, current research perspectives define the notion of mobility quite narrowly, exclusively in terms of humans' independency from geographical constraints. For example, Makimoto and Manners [28] argue that within the next decade or so, a large part of the facilities and tools at home and in the office will be reduced enough in size to be carried, making people "geographically independent" (p. 2) and that people who use such mobile technologies, it is claimed, will be "free to live where they want and travel as much as they want" (p. 6). Their arguments for the significance of mobility, or nomadicity, are clearly confined to the corporeal characteristic of human movement freed from geographical constraints thanks to mobile computing technologies and services such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Likewise, most of research on mobility in the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) field has been showing the same tendency [e.g. 5, 11].Considering such a confined situation of the debates on mobility looking only at human geographical movement, we reconsider in this paper the notion of mobility and try to expand our perspective towards it. To do so, we argue that "being mobile" is not just a matter of people traveling but, far more importantly, related to the interaction they perform --- the way in which they interact with each other in their social lives. New configurations of social-technical relationships resulting from the diffusion of ICTs afford various dimensions of mobility to humans' interactivity with others in their social lives. We here suggest expanding the concept of mobility by looking at three distinct dimensions of human interaction; namely, spatial, temporal and contextual mobility. These three dimensions of human interaction have been dramatically mobilized by intensive use of ICTs, especially mobile technologies, in our social lives in general and work environments in particular. In the following, we will discuss each of these three dimensions in detail and implications for future debates on mobility will be drawn.