ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
The Compressor project: coupling thermodynamics and mechanical design in a cross-curricular project
Authors: E. W. Constans
Venue: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Frontiers in Education - Volume 01 (2000)

This paper describes a design-based effort to build an effective cross-curricular link between thermodynamics and mechanical design-two traditionally distinct subjects. The result was a design challenge in which the authors asked their junior engineering undergraduate students to design and build an air compressor as a project conducted simultaneously in their thermodynamics and mechanical design courses. This paper describes the design challenge, the results of this cross-curricular experiment, and future enhancements to the project.
A Secure Web Service for Electricity Prepayment Vending in South Africa: A Case Study and Industry Specification
Authors: K. P. Subramoney, G. P. Hancke
Venue: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (2007)

Current standardised offline vending systems play a critical role in supporting electricity prepayment-metering infrastructure by enabling convenient access to point of sales for customers to purchase prepaid electricity tokens. Electricity utilities are now opting for online vending systems over offline vending systems. Online vending represents a step change in prepayment vending systems, which promises several benefits to utilities. However, the lack of an industry specification for online vending systems was a cause of major concern and risk for utilities, as they faced the problem of being locked into proprietary online systems. Further, the unchecked proliferation of proprietary online vending systems would have a detrimental impact on already successful standardisation efforts in the electricity prepayment industry. Thus, the South African prepayment industry, initiated a project to develop an open industry specification for online vending systems. This paper analyses the industries migration to online vending systems, the specification development process, the design issues that emerged and implementation of the specification as a Web service.
A Practical Electronic Payment System for Message Delivery Service in the Mobile Environment
Authors: Iuon-Chang Lin, Chin-Chen Chang
Venue: Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal (2007)

Instead of the traditional credit card payment system, we propose a new electronic payment system for use in a mobile environment. The idea behind this payment service is that a user (customer) applies a message delivery service to obtain a varied authentication token from a servicing bank through his cell phone. The token is used to ensure the validity of the transaction and the legality of the user. On the other hand, because only the user knows the authentication token, he/her cannot later deny that he/her made the transaction. Therefore, in addition to authentication, the property of non-repudiation can also be achieved by using our proposed scheme. Most importantly, our scheme does not require any credit card or tamper-resistant device (i.e. smart card) to store critical information. Consequently, the electronic payment system enhances the security of the traditional credit card payment system. The proposed scheme eliminates the risks of losing a card and duplicating the content of a user's card by a dishonest merchant.
An Efficient Scheme to Motivate Cooperation in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
Authors: Saeed Soltanali, Sajjad Pirahesh, Salman Niksefat, Masoud Sabaei
Venue: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Networking and Services (2007)

In Mobile Ad hoc networks, communication between distant nodes relies on cooperation of intermediate nodes to forward packets to the destination. But, a selfish node for saving its resources (e.g. battery power and bandwidth) does not cooperate and drops packets which are not belonging to it. If there is no mechanism to cope with selfish nodes, cooperative nodes will be overloaded, hence network performance will degrade. In this paper we propose a distributed scheme to counter with selfish nodes and to enforce cooperation in pure mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed scheme is a combination of reputation based and currency based schemes which mitigates defects and improves advantages of them. The proposed scheme neither needs central control nor a priori trust between nodes. The proposed scheme detects selfish nodes faster and more accurately. This scheme fairly increases throughput of well-behaving nodes and decreases selfish nodes' throughput.
Statistical natural language understanding using hidden clumpings
Authors: M. Epstein, K. Papineni, S. Roukos, T. Ward, S. Della Pietra
Venue: Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1996. on Conference Proceedings., 1996 IEEE International Conference - Volume 01 (1996)

We present a new approach to natural language understanding (NLU) based on the source-channel paradigm, and apply it to ARPA's Air Travel Information Service (ATIS) domain. The model uses techniques similar to those used by IBM in statistical machine translation. The parameters are trained using the exact match algorithm; a hierarchy of models is used to facilitate the bootstrapping of more complex models from simpler models.
Statistics and Retrieval: Past and Future
Authors: Karen Sparck Jones
Venue: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing: Theory and Applications (2007)

Statistical approaches to document indexing and retrieval date back to the beginning of automation. This paper considers early ideas, how they developed, their status now, and the challenges to be tackled in the future.
GPSDTN: Predictive Velocity-Enabled Delay-Tolerant Networks for Arctic Research and Sustainability
Authors: R. Beck, K. Hinkel, W. Eisner, L. Liu, Jacob Norda, Ngoc Hoang, Kevin Fall, Jiang Li, Moses Garuba, Richard Machida, Steve Smith, S. Burleigh, L. Torgerson, A. Hooke, Robert Bulger, Glenn Sheehan, Ben Ellis, Robert Durst, Avri Doria, Maria Uden, James Ferl, D. Pleva, W. Ivancic, P. Paulsen, Ward Bathrick, G. Parr, C. Peoples, B. Scotney, A. Moore, Charles Lambert, Steven Groves, Christopher Small, Lawrence Freudinger, Jason LeBrun, Marc Seibert, Andrew Maffei
Venue: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection (2007)

A Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) is a necessity for communication nodes that may need to wait for long periods to form networks. The IETF Delay Tolerant Network Research Group is developing protocols to enable such networks for a broad variety of Earth and interplanetary applications. The Arctic would benefit from a predictive velocity-enabled version of DTN that would facilitate communications between sparse, ephemeral, often mobile and extremely power-limited nodes. We propose to augment DTN with power-aware, buffer-aware location- and time-based predictive routing for ad-hoc meshes to create networks that are inherently location and time (velocity) aware at the network level to support climate research, emergency services and rural education in the Arctic. On Earth, the primary source of location and universal time information for networks is the Global Positioning System (GPS). We refer to this Arctic velocity-enabled Delay-Tolerant Network protocol as "GPSDTN" accordingly. This paper describes our requirements analysis and general implementation strategy for GPSDTN to support Arctic research and sustainability efforts.
Energy-efficient encoding techniques for off-chip data buses
Authors: Walid Najjar
Venue:  (2006)

Embedded systems are special purpose computer systems that repeatedly perform selected, pre-defined functions throughout their lifetime. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems are usually battery-powered and operate under tight real-time constraints. Hence, power consumption becomes a very critical design constraint for an embedded system. Over the years, researchers have devised increasingly sophisticated techniques to throttle the power expenditure in major components of embedded systems. Off-chip bus lines are one of the key constituents that contribute significantly to the system's total power consumption.The energy consumed in the off-chip bus is in direct proportion to the supply voltage, capacitance of the bus wires and the switching activity of the bus during each cycle. While voltage scaling or reducing the equivalent line capacitance decreases the bus energy consumption, reducing signal transitions can further boost the energy savings. Bus encoding schemes are techniques that reduce the total number of transitions on the bus and consequently lower the overall energy consumption. The overhead associated with encoding and decoding of the bus lines is negligible compared to the energy saved during off-chip-transmission.Both address and data streams can be encoded effectively to minimize power. While numerous techniques exist for reducing bus power in address buses, only a handful of techniques have been proposed for off-chip data-bus power reduction. We propose three novel data bus encoding schemes to reduce power consumption in the data buses. The second scheme called FV-MSB-LSB encodes entire data, MSB and LSB portions of data values. The second scheme called Variable Length Value Encoder (VALVE), is capable of detecting and encoding variable lengths of repeating bit patterns in the data. The third technique called Tunable Bus Encoder (TUBE) encodes repetition in contiguous as well as non-contiguous bit positions of data vales. All of the aforementioned schemes do not require prior knowledge of input data and use just one external control signal to encode data values. Ours is the first proposed hardware based bus encoding scheme capable of detecting contiguous and non-contiguous bit patterns of varying widths.Experimental evaluation on a large set of benchmarks shows an energy reduction of 53%, 58% and 60% on average, for FV-MSB-LSB, VALVE and TUBE respectively. We evaluate the performance penalty incurred due to the codec delay and it is found to be 0.45% of the total program execution time. We also quantify our hardware overhead in terms of area, delay and energy consumption. We find that VALVE and TUBE require minimal area of 0.0486 mm 2 and 0.0521 mm2 respectively.
Code Compaction of an Operating System Kernel
Authors: Haifeng He, John Trimble, Somu Perianayagam, Saumya Debray, Gregory Andrews
Venue: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (2007)

General-purpose operating systems, such as Linux, are increasingly being used in embedded systems. Computational resources are usually limited, and embedded processors often have a limited amount of memory. This makes code size especially important. This paper describes techniques for automatically reducing the memory footprint of general-purpose operating systems on embedded platforms. The problem is complicated by the fact that kernel code tends to be quite different from ordinary application code, including the presence of a significant amount of hand-written assembly code, multiple entry points, implicit control flow paths involving interrupt handlers, and frequent indirect control flow via function pointers. We use a novel "approximate decompilation" technique to apply source-level program analysis to hand-written assembly code. A prototype implementation of our ideas on an Intel x86 platform, applied to a Linux kernel that has been configured to exclude unnecessary code, obtains a code size reduction of close to 24%.
On creating a multidisciplinary curricular paradigm
Authors: M. R. Heil
Venue: Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference, 2001. 31st Annual - Volume 02 (2001)

This work-in-progress reports on the state of the multidisciplinary experiment currently being conducted at North Carolina State University (NC State) as a result of an Action Agenda award from the National Science Foundation. The three-year plan is to develop a cross disciplinary, multifunctional, lab-integrated series of courses in bioprocessing. This semester, the Action Agenda team of nine faculty and staff representing various disciplines at NC State guided multidisciplinary student teams through senior design projects. The students involved in the pilot study received customized instruction in professional writing, speaking, and teaming that they applied to multidisciplinary projects.
Toward Higher Level Intelligent Systems
Authors: Kurosh Madani
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications (2007)

If much remains still to discover concerning animal brain's internal structure as well as concerning its learning and self-organization mechanisms,, a number of recent advances in "neurobiology" already highlight some of key mechanisms of this marvels machine. Among them one can emphasizes brain's "modular" structure and its "self-organizing" capabilities. The main goal of this paper is to show how these primary supplies, especially the modularity, could be exploited and combined in the frame of "soft-computing" issued techniques in order to design intelligent artificial systems emerging higher level intelligent behavior than conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based structures.
Web Services Wind Tunnel: On Performance Testing Large-Scale Stateful Web Services
Authors: Marcelo De Barros, Jing Shiau, Chen Shang, Kenton Gidewall, Hui Shi, Joe Forsmann
Venue: Proceedings of the 37th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (2007)

New versions of existing large-scale web services such as Passport.com© have to go through rigorous performance evaluations in order to ensure a high degree of availability. Performance testing (such as benchmarking, scalability, and capacity tests) of large-scale stateful systems in managed test environments has many different challenges, mainly related to the reproducibility of production conditions in live data centers. One of these challenges is creating a dataset in a test environment that mimics the actual dataset in production. Other challenges involve the characterization of load patterns in production based on log analysis and proper load simulation via reutilization of data from the existing dataset. The intent of this paper is to describe practical approaches to address some of the aforementioned challenges through the use of various novel techniques. For example, this paper discusses data sanitization, which is the alteration of large datasets in a controlled manner to obfuscate sensitive information, preserving data integrity, relationships, and data equivalence classes. This paper also provides techniques for load pattern characterization via the application of Markov Chains to custom and generic logs, as well as general guidelines for the development of cache-based load simulation tools tailored for the performance evaluation of stateful systems.
Modeling of battery-powered computer systems to enable dynamic power management
Authors: Massoud Pedram
Venue:  (2006)

With the rapid progress in semiconductor technology, chip density and operation frequency have increased, making power consumption in battery-operated portable devices a major concern. Dynamic power management (DPM), which refers to a selective shutoff or slowdown of system components that are idle or underutilized, has proven to be a particularly effective technique for reducing power dissipation in such systems. In this dissertation, four novel DPM techniques are proposed as summarized next. i. A battery-aware DPM technique based on continuous-time Markovian decision process model is proposed. This technique addresses the problem of maximizing the battery energy capacity utilization in a portable electronic system under performance constraints. First, a detailed stochastic model of a battery-powered electronic system is presented. Next, the battery-aware DPM problem is formulated as a policy optimization problem and solved exactly by using a linear programming approach. ii. A hierarchical DPM architecture is proposed that aims to facilitate power-awareness in an Energy-Managed Computer system with multiple components. The proposed architecture divides DPM function into two layers: system-level and component-level. The system-level DPM is formulated as a service request flow regulation problem. In addition, application scheduling is integrated with system-level DPM to achieve higher power savings. iii. A perturbation analysis based DPM optimization technique is presented to determine the optimal timeout values for an electronic system with multiple power saving states. A Markovian process based stochastic model is described to capture the power management behavior of an electronic system under the control of a timeout policy. Perturbation analysis is used to construct offline and online gradient-based approaches to determine the set of optimal timeout values. iv. A technique is proposed to combine DPM with dynamic voltage scaling to address the problem of power optimization of a real-time system having heterogeneous components and performing periodic hard real-time tasks. More precisely, an integer programming based formulation is first provided to exactly state the optimization problem to be addressed. Next, a progressive refinement algorithm is presented to solve the power-aware task scheduling and voltage-to-task assignment problems to minimize the total system energy consumption.
A Graphically-Based Machine Learning Approach for Remote Learning Services
Authors: Alessandra Orsoni
Venue: Proceedings of the First Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation (2007)

Interactive learning is becoming increasingly important in the modern educational system. Ideally students should be able to expand on their knowledge, assess their progress and receive feedback from a remote location, outside the classroom. This research presents a graphically-based methodology to model the semantic structure of textual exchanges in the form of question and answer (Q/A). A machine learning approach is then presented which classifies questions and answers based on the similarities of their semantic structures. Because the methodology is graphically-based, similarities between graphs can be identified to establish context-free relationships/ associations between answers, or between questions and possible answers. By these means the relevant textual exchanges can be systematically analyzed and classified.
EPMPLCS: An Efficient Power Management Protocol with Limited Cluster Size for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Amir Sepasi Zahmati, Nadieh M. Moghadam, Bahman Abolhassani
Venue: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (2007)

Wireless sensor networking, an emerging new field in technology, now opens a vast horizon of application scenarios including environment monitoring, home security and earthquake warning. Since the sensor nodes have limited available power, energy conservation is a critical issue and developing an energy-efficient routing protocol is one of the major issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, the authors propose a novel hierarchical routing protocol called Efficient Power Management Protocol with Limited Cluster Size (EPMPLCS) which limits the size of clusters and avoids large energy consumption among cluster-heads and distant members in big clusters thus prolongs the network lifetime. Furthermore, EPMPLCS improves the assumption that the data of different sensors in one cluster are highly correlated. Simulation results show that EPMPLCS performs better than Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH).
An experimental study of acoustic adaptation algorithms
Authors: A. Sankar
Venue: Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1996. on Conference Proceedings., 1996 IEEE International Conference - Volume 02 (1996)

There has been much interest in the area of adaptation for improved speech recognition in the presence of mismatches between the training and testing conditions. We focus on transformation-based maximum-likelihood (ML) adaptation. Some of the important adaptation parameters include whether the adaptation is performed in the feature-space or model-space, and whether the adaptation is supervised or unsupervised. An additional parameter is the adaptation data. For example adaptation may be performed using an independent dataset or the test data itself. The latter is referred to as transcription-mode adaptation. We experimentally study the effect of these various parameters, and report on our findings.
Computerized Contingency Management for Motivating Behavior Change: Automated Tracking and Dynamic Reward Reinforcement Management
Authors: Massoud Vahabzadeh, Jia-Ling Lin, David H. Epstein, Mustapha Mezghanni, John Schmittner, Kenzie L. Preston
Venue: Proceedings of the Twentieth IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (2007)

Contingency management has been successfully used to reinforce abstinence in drug-dependent patients. The major challenge associated with this technique, however, is its likely prohibitive cost especially when the reinforcement follows an escalating amount schedule. At our clinic, we have implemented a less costly approach involving prize draws as the reinforcer. Workflow challenges of such an implementation are extensive considering varying conditions concurrently used in various protocols for meeting inclusion criteria, stratifying into various groups, tracking categories of prizes, determining eligibility for bonus draws based on laboratory results, etc. To address these challenges we implemented the Automated Contingency Management (ACM) decision support system for dynamic reward reinforcement in the study of treatment of cocaine and opiates. A discussion of the results of our research as well as possible insight into some of our findings provided by ACM is presented in this paper.
Traffic Characteristics-Based Flow Assignment Method for Reducing Queuing Delay
Authors: Yoshinor Kitatsuji, Satoshi Katsuno, Masato Tsuru, Tetsuya Takine, Yuji Oie
Venue: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Networking (2007)

In traffic engineering, for effectively distributing traffic flows over multiple network paths, it is vital to take traffic characteristics of individual flows into account in appropriately assigning the flows to the network paths to achieve better delay performance as a whole. We have developed a traffic characteristic-based flow assignment method that reduces queuing delay in a buffer at the beginning of each network path. By taking the traffic characteristics of individual flows into account the method can effectively assigns flows to the paths so as to minimize overall queuing delay. We consider the simple case in which two types of flows with distinct traffic characteristics (burstiness) are assigned to two bandwidth-guaranteed paths. The flow assignment of our method reduces the queuing delay (at the edge router) of the worse path, by attempting to optimize the min-max fairness between the paths in terms of queuing delay. Numerical simulation showed that the method assigned the flows such that the queuing delay was reduced up to 40% compared with that when conventional path utilization based flow assignment was used. This means that taking the traffic characteristics of flows into account significantly improves the queuing delay performance when the flows have distinct characteristics.