ppxscal/embedding_network huggingface dataset:
Off-line cursive handwriting segmentation
Authors: Ke Han, I. K. Sethi
Venue: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2 (1995)

The segmentation of off-line cursive handwriting is an important step in cursive handwriting recognition. In this paper, a new approach is described for this task. The suggested approach uses a set of heuristic rules to determine possible letter boundaries in the image of a cursive word. The heuristic rules are based on associations that exist between certain geometric and topologic features and the English language characters. A segmentation system incorporating the proposed approach has been built to perform segmentation on postal address images. The system includes several preprocessing steps to extract cursive handwritten words from a postal envelope and normalization steps to allow variations in pen thickness and tilt in writing. The experimental results obtained thus far show that the proposed approach is capable of accurately locating the letter boundaries in cursive words.
The generative approach to software development
Authors: Gary L. Hill
Venue: Proceedings of the 1977 annual conference (1977)

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD/NIH) provided funding to DUALabs for the analysis of unique data processing problems posed by large statistical data files. One mechanism that resulted from this activity was the CENTS-AID II system, which reduces the cost of accessing large data files by as much as 80%. The generative programming techniques designed into the system are responsible for this significant cost reduction. CENTS-AID is currently being used in over 50 computer sites around the world including the Belgian Archives, University of Heidelberg, Prudential Insurance Company, Congressional Budget Office, Social Security Administration, National Institutes of Health, and the New York State Workmen's Compensation Board. The system is operational on the IBM 360/370 under OS and DOS. A Honeywell 6000 Series version will be available in the near future.
Predicting performance of programmer trainees in a post-high school setting
Authors: Jerry J. Mussio, Merlin W. Wahlstrom
Venue: Proceedings of the ninth annual SIGCPR conference (1971)

Determining what test or battery of tests will predict most accurately the successful completion of a course for computer programmers at a community college or other post-secondary schools is examined in this study. The rapid growth of post high school educational institutions offering programmer training together with the increased use of programmer aptitude tests requires that more be known about the widely used measurement instruments in a post-secondary setting. The best single predictor of academic performance in a programmer training course was the diagramming test of the Computer Programmer Aptitude Battery, correlating .49 with course grade. The best combination of predictors, using step-wise regression procedures, was the diagramming test, the programmer key and age-related interest scale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and Russell's test of motivation for school achievement, correlating .67 with course grade. As predicted, the programmer key of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank showed that students enrolled in programmer training obtained significantly higher (p<.001) scores than students at the same educational level but not enrolled in programmer training. Trainees with interests similar to successful programmers on-the-job (scores over 50 on the key) obtained significantly higher grades (p<.05) than other students with few interests similar to successful programmers (scores below 40). The programmer key is an appropriate instrument for selecting post-secondary candidates. The optimal prediction equation, containing scores from the diagramming test of the Computer Programmer Aptitude Battery, programmer key and age-related interest scale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and Russell's motivation test, is deemed sufficiently effective for use in predicting academic performance in a programmer training course.
Binary search trees of bounded balance
Authors: J. Nievergelt, E. M. Reingold
Venue: Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1972)

A new class of binary search trees, called trees of bounded balance, is introduced. These trees are easy to maintain in their form despite insertions and deletions of nodes, and the search time is only moderately longer than in completely balanced trees. Trees of bounded balance differ from other classes of binary search trees in that they contain a parameter which can be varied so the compromise between short search time and infrequent restructuring can be chosen arbitrarily.
A new incompleteness result for Hoare's system
Authors: Mitchell Wand
Venue: Proceedings of the eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1976)

A structure A is presented for which Hoare's formal system for partial correctness is incomplete, even if the entire first-order theory of A is included among the axioms. It follows that the language of first-order logic is insufficient to express all loop invariants. The implications of this result for program-proving are discussed.
Analysis of software experience data (Panel Discussion): Software reliability measurement during development
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2 (1978)

Failure ratio and failure rate are identified as significant measures of software reliability during development. Month-to-month variability is shown to be comparable to that for hardware reliability measures. Module-to-module variability for a given development environment is surprisingly small. Trend lines on failure ratio and failure rate yield a progress index of considerable interest to management. The data collection and analysis procedure will be described. Some surprising results were obtained when causes of failure were examined.
Software reliability measurement session
Venue: ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review (1981)

Many people think of reliability as a devoutly wished for but seldom present attribute of a program. This leads to the idea that one should make a program as reliable as one possibly can. Unfortunately, in the real world software reliability is usually achieved at the expense of some other characteristic of the product such as program size, run or response time, maintainability, etc. or the process of producing the product such as cost, resource requirements, scheduling, etc. One wishes to make explicit trade-offs among the software product and process rather than let them happen by chance. Such trade-offs imply the need for measurement. Because of mounting development and operational costs, pressures for obtaining better ways of measuring reliability, have been mounting. This session deals with this crucial area.
The establishment and use of measures to evaluate the quality of software designs
Authors: B. H. Yin, J. W. Winchester
Venue: ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (1978)

It has been recognized that success in producing designs that realize reliable software, even using Structured Design, is intimately dependent on the experience level of the designer. The gap in this methodology is the absence of easily applied quantitative measures of quality that ease the dependence of reliable systems on the rare availability of expert designers. Several metrics have been devised which, when applied to design structure charts, can pinpoint sections of a design that may cause problems during coding, debugging, integration, and modification. These metrics can help provide an independent, unbiased evaluation of design quality. These metrics have been validated against program error data of two recently completed software projects at Hughes. The results indicate that the metrics can provide a predictive measure of program errors experienced during program development. Guidelines for interpreting the design metric values are summarized and a brief description of an interactive structure chart graphics system to simplify metric value calculation is presented.
Educational Issues In Software Engineering
Authors: Richard E. Fairley
Venue: Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference (1978)

The term &ldquo;software engineering&rdquo; came into common usage as a result of the NATO Workshops on Software Engineering in 1968 and 1969 (1). At that time the term was intentionally chosen as a provocation rather than as an indication of actual practice. During the intervening decade software engineering has evolved from a wish into a major subdiscipline of computer science and engineering. Although much remains to be done, a body of knowledge and a set of methodological guidelines are emerging which embody the application of traditional engineering values to the production and maintenance of software systems.
Performance of a multiprocessor for Applicative programs
Authors: Dale H. Grit, Rex L. Page
Venue: Proceedings of the 1980 international symposium on Computer performance modelling, measurement and evaluation (1980)

Applicative programming Languages provide opportunities for parallel processing without requiring the programmer to be concerned with explicit synchronization of portions of the computation. We present a computational model of a multiprocessor which executes applicative programs, and we analyze the expected performance of the model via simulation. As the number of processors is doubled, elapsed execution time is nearly halved, until system bottlenecks occur. An alternative model is proposed which alleviates these bottlenecks. The basis of the second model is an interconnection switch which is characterized by log(n) access time and n log(n) cost.
A generalized medical information system (GEMISCH) for practicing physicians
Authors: Stephen C. Lloyd, B. Altan Brantley, W. E. Hammond, William W. Stead, Howard K. Thompson,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 1971 26th annual conference (1971)

Here is described an information system for the accumulation, storage, analysis, retrieval and output of medical data. Particular attention has been given to flexibility of input devices, and to readability of output. Primary emphasis has been on making the computer a more accessible tool to the physician.
A survey of the state-of-the-art of design automation an invited presentation
Authors: Melvin A. Breuer
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Design Automation Conference (1982)

This paper is a brief overview to an invited talk presented at the 9th Annual Conference on Design Automation. The work presented is based upon an extensive study of the status of industrial and government design automation systems applied to digital systems, with primary emphasis on digital cards and LSI circuits. A detailed summary of our finds can be found in [1]. The study covered 18 companies and government laboratories, including three in Japan and three in Europe.
The agony and promise of User Services
Authors: R. Brian Walsh
Venue: Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services (1978)

Is User Services a technocrat's approach to finding uses for an existing technology, or is there a desperate need for leadership to give a &ldquo;real&rdquo; direction to an era of creativity?
Using basis computation to determine pseudo-multiplicative independence
Authors: H. I. Epstein
Venue: Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation (1976)

This paper describes a procedure for determining when a set of rational functions are pseudo-multiplicatively independent, i.e. when no non-trivial power product of the rational functions can be a constant. The method used is to derive a multiplicative basis of factors of the numerators and denominators of the rational functions; the basis is then used to derive a system of homogeneous linear equations which will have a non-trivial solution if and only if the rational functions are pseudo-multiplicatively dependent. Algorithms which find a basis for a set of Gaussian rational functions and the corresponding linear equations are presented in detail and bounds on their theoretical computing times are derived.
Representations for enclosed arrays
Authors: Robert Bernecky
Venue: ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad (1981)

This paper defines coadunate representation, an organization of data used to represent recursive data structures in SHARP APL, and shows that it has desirable performance characteristics for several families of APL functions that apply to enclosed arrays. The effect on an implementation is to make it possible for those functions to operate on enclosed arrays at processor speeds and storage costs which are nearly independent of the contents or structure of the array elements.
Delay test generation
Authors: E. R. Hsieh, R. A. Rasmussen, L. J. Vidunas, W. T. Davis
Venue: Proceedings of the 14th Design Automation Conference (1977)

Conflicting needs complicate the task of testing LSI chips. As system designs come to require better and more predictable performance, it becomes increasingly difficult to develop tests for application at the product I/O pins to verify that each internal device has been manufactured correctly. Any of numerous kinds of random manufacturing defect, though allowing correct dc operation, can cause a device to perform at a speed below that specified for it. This type of defect has led to the development of several testing methods that have become conventional. For numerous reasons, however, the conventional methods cannot be extended to LSI without certain design constraints. For the LSSD&mdash;level-sensitive scan design&mdash;constraints, dc fault-oriented testing has been extended to delay faults. The strategy is to delay-test each block input and/or output in both its longest and its shortest sensitizable delay paths. An algorithm for automatic generation of such delay tests has been developed, and extended to generate delay tests for designer-specified critical paths.
An audio input-output computer system for medical information
Authors: Michael Otten, Scott I. Allen, Perry Plexico, William C. White
Venue: Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (1969)

An experimental telephone-based input-output system, using low-cost audio response equipment, was implemented on a medium-sized real-time computer. This system enables update of audio vocabulary files from a remote telephone terminal, which is a major feature simplifying program and data base modification. Speech signals are processed with an analog-to-digital converter at the rate of 10,000 samples per second, compressed by a delta modulation program to one bit per sample, and stored on a random access file. Pushbutton telephone input and voice response output are controlled with FORTRAN callable subroutines. Illustrative medical retrieval programs, executable from pushbutton telephones, are based on disease abstracts contained on the digital magnetic tape version of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Current Medical Terminology (CMT). Natural language output from selected paragraphs in the CMT and logical searches of machine-indexed phrases from the CMT are demonstrated. Potential uses and limits of audio response methods in medicine are discussed with an emphasis on time-shared facilities.
AUTO CARD automated printed circuit board design
Authors: F. B. Lavering
Venue: Proceedings of the SHARE design automation workshop (1964)

A system has been developed at The Boeing Company for the automation of electrical-electronic computer layout and interconnection on printed circuit cards. The system, called AUTOCARD, uses the computer and a numerically controlled drafting machine to generate actual size interconnection drawings which facilitate the concept of etching masks. This paper covers the growth and state of development of AUTOCARD.
Automated conversion of design data for building the IBM 3081
Authors: V. J. Freund, J. A. Guerin
Venue: Proceedings of the 19th Design Automation Conference (1982)

The Manufacturing Release Processing System for handling the dual design methodology employed by IBM in the design of the 3081 is described in this paper. This methodology consists of (Part 1) the design of basic building blocks, such as standard circuits and structured gate arrays, on which these standard circuits can be placed and interconnected during (Part 2), when numerous unique devices are designed to perform the various logical functions within the processor. This dual design methodology created some difficult challenges to IBM's CAD/CAM system designers. This paper focuses on the automated release process and how it meets the specific challenges of processing large volumes of design data in the minimum time demanded by fast, controlled implementation of engineering changes.
A control strategy for small computer systems
Authors: Harold W Lawson,  Jr.
Venue: Proceedings of the 8th annual workshop on Microprogramming (1975)

A general purpose hardware oriented control structure is presented. This outer control structure can be used to implement a variety of target languages. Further, the control structure can be adapted to a variety of Large Scale Integration components including general purpose ALU's microprogram storage medias and programmable logic arrays. The independence from specific components reduces the binding to specific component vendors and permits various versions with varying integration and performance levels to be constructed.
Hughes S CG custom LSI layouts - 'we did it our way'
Authors: R. R. Rath
Venue: Proceedings of the 16th Design Automation Conference (1979)

The following will describe a custom Large Scale Integration (LSI) microelectronic circuit layout software system written by the design engineers who use it. The key elements of the system are as follows: Layout is done with meaningful logical elements rather than at the geometrical mask level, thereby minimizing errors and requiring less skilled users to layout chips; computer generated check artwork and mask generation is produced direct]y from a logical layout rather than from digitized inputs; completion of the design loop is accomplished by automatic generation of an interconnection list from the actual graphical layout; programs are living, with new features and capabilities being added as requirements change; programs attempt first to solve the engineers problems and be user oriented, then to be elegant and efficient.
Symbolic Representation and Distributed Matching Strategies for Schematics
Authors: Masahiro Takatsuka, Terry M. Caelli, Geoff A. W. West, Svetha Venkatesh
Venue: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1999)

This paper describes object-centered symbolic representation and distributed matching strategies of 3-D objects in a schematic form which occur in engineering drawings and maps. The object-centered representation has a hierarchical structure and is constructed from symbolic representations of schematics. With this representation, two independent schematics representing the same object can be matched. We also consider matching strategies using distributed algorithms. The object recognition is carried out with two matching methods: (1)matching between an object model and observed data at the lowest level of the hierarchy, and (2) constraints propagation.The first is carried out with symbolic Hopfield-type neural networks and the second is achieved via hierarchical Winner-Takes-All algorithms.
Divide and concer: Data structuring in applicative multiprocessing systems
Authors: Robert M. Keller
Venue: Proceedings of the 1980 ACM conference on LISP and functional programming (1980)

The conc representation of lists in implementations of applicative languages is introduced. This representation is based on an operator conc which supplements the usual cons, the representation itself being able to coexist with the conventional nested-pair representation. Advantages of the conc representation are presented which relate to multiprocessing and conventional systems. Qualitative comparison with other compact list representations is made. The conc representation exploits demand-driven evaluation and provides further justification for the &ldquo;tagged data&rdquo; approach.
Simulation and statistical quality control for urban water management
Authors: Dhira Phantumvanit, Chia Shun Shih
Venue: Proceedings of the 7th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1974)

As a tool in appraising the regional reliability, a set of statistical quality control charts was developed to relate the waste water treatment operations to the overall regional water quality reliability. Computer simulation was utilized in the stochastic nature of the system analysis. Field data from the San Antonio River Basin was evaluated to demonstrate the practicality of the developed model.
On the verification of computer architectures using an architecture description language
Authors: Subrata Dasgupta
Venue: ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (1983)

In a previous paper [8], we had presented the notion of a family of languages for the multilevel design and description of computer architectures. Details of a particular language family, currently under development, was also described. One of the constituent members of this family is S@@@@, intended for the specifications of the outer (or exo-) and inner (or endo-) architectures of general purpose von Neumann style computers. In this paper we describe the formalization and application of S@@@@ to the formal proofs of correctness of architecture designs.
MICSIM&mdash;the simulation model of FDNY's computer-aided dispatch system
Authors: Michael Geller
Venue: Proceedings of the 10th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2 (1978)

Firefighting units in the borough of Brooklyn are currently dispatched with the aid of FDNY's new computer dispatch system, MICS. The system is designed around dual PDP 11/45s which are supported in a &ldquo;fallback&rdquo; (or back-up) mode by dual INTEL 8080 micro-processors. The computer processes alarms, recommends the assignment of available units, notifies assigned units by voice and hard copy terminals located in fire stations, monitors status changes of firefighting units and incidents, and dynamically adjusts the borough's firefighting coverage by recommending schemes for the relocation of units in order to minimize future (anticipated) response times. The system has been so successful in Brooklyn that it is being expanded to cover all five boroughs through a shared centralized PDP 11/70 computer system. The city-wide system will be called CMICS. Simulation techniques were employed during all phases of MICS system development to insure that the necessary system criteria would be met under the ever-increasing alarm rates experienced in New York. This paper describes the primary simulation tool, the GPSS simulation model, MICSIM, which was used to study the complex relationships between real-time system software, communication software, device handlers, and the application programs (components typically found in all multi-programming real-time systems). The end product of MICSIM is an explanation and quantification of the response times achieved by the system when responding to dispatchers' CRT requests. Even with the sophisticated performance monitors that were used to measure CPU utilization and perform I/O and CPU accounting on a task-by-task basis, it was not possible to determine the real limiting factors in the system when the rates of CRT operator actions and input messages from the field increased. The increased overhead required to extract this data internally from the operational system would cause substantial interference there-by invalidating the data. Only with the aid of MICSIM was it possible to &ldquo;profile&rdquo; a task and determine the nature of the events that take place within MICS as it responded to external actions. The basic understanding provided by the model made it possible to take the necessary steps to achieve the desired performance standards.