polyglot-tagger/wikipedia-language-snippets-filtered huggingface dataset:
Kule nkampani, uMandela waba nobungani noGaur Radebe okwakungumXhosa owayeyilunga le-ANC kanye nenhlangano yamabomvu amaKhomanisi, i-Communist Party, kanye no-Nat Bregman, owayengumJuda naye eyikhomanisi, owaba ngumngani wakhe wokuqala womuntu omhlophe.
Ngemuva kokubulawa kweningi labantu kwi-Bisho massacre, lapho khona okwabulawa abantu abasekeli be-ANC abangu 28 ANC kanye nesosha elilodwa, bebulawa ngokudutshulwa amasosha e-Ciskei Defence Force ngesikhathi sokumasha, uMandela wabona ukuthi imikhankaso kawonkewonke ibangela kudlame oluningi, wabuya waqhuba izingxoxo ngoSeptemba.
Izingxoxo zavumelana ngokuthi kumele kubanjwe ukhetho lukawonkewonke, ukuphetha ngokuthi kube nohulumeni weminyaka emihlanu, uhulumeni owaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni we-coalition government of national unity kanye nenkundla yomthethosisekelo kazwelonke, lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-National Party iqhubeke ukuba nomthelela kwezepoliltiki.
Ngoba uMandela wayesingathe izwe elalisaguquka ukusuka kwinqubo yombuso wedlanzana labamhlophe ukuba ngumbuso wenqubu yeningi yedimokhrasi, uMandela wabona ukuthi ukubuyisana kwesizwe kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe obalulekile emsebenzini wakhe wobungagmeli.
Ngisho noma uhulumeni wakhe wobumbano wawuneningi labantu be-ANC, wazama ukwakha ubumbano ngokuqoka uDe Klerk njengoSekela Mongameli wokuqala, kanye nokuqoka izikhulu ze-National Party ukuthi zibe ngoNgqongqoshe kwezolimo, Eze-Eneji, Ezesimo semvelo, ezaMaminerali ne-Eneji, kanye nokuqoka uButhelezi ukuthi abe nguNgqongqoshe weZangaphakathi .
Ezinye izikhundla kwikhabhinethi zanikezwa amalunga e-ANC – abanjengo-Joe Modise, uAlfred Nzo, uJoe Slovo, uMac Maharaj kanye noDullah Omar – okwakukudala bengamaqabane, kodwa wabuye wafakela nabanye abasha abanjengo-Tito Mboweni kanye noJeff Radebe, laba kwakungabantu abaseyintsha yangaleso sikhathi.
NgoJanuwari 1995, uMandela wagxeka kakhulu uDe Klerk ngokuthi anikeze amaphoyisa angu 3 500 ushwele ngaphambi koketho, kanti futhi kamuva wamgxeka ngokuthi avikele lowo owayenguNgqongqoshe wezamasosha, u-Magnus Malan ngesikhathi lona owayengungqongqoshe wamasosha ebekwa icala lokubulala.
Emavikini ayisithupha ngemuva kwalokho, isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli wombuso, sikaBotha, sathathwa ngu-de Klerk, lo mongameli omusha wayekholelwa ukuthiinqubo yobandlululo ayisasebenzeki, ngakho-ke iziboshwa eziningi zezepolitiki ze-ANC.
Ngisho noma uhulumeni kaMandela waqhubeka nenqubo yohulumeni wesikhathi esedlule inqubo ye-liberalism kwezomnotho, uhulumeni wakhe, wasungula izindlela zokukhuthaza izinguquko kwezomhlaba, ukulwa nenhlupheko, kanye nokunabisa amasevisi onakekelo lwezempilo.
Botha, uPik Botha kanye nooConstand Viljoen, ukuze abancenge ukusekela kanye nokusebenza ngaphansi kwenqubo yedimokhrasi, kanti futhi enoDe Klerk bahlangana noButhelezi neNkathi yakhe, ukumncenga ukuthi angenele ukhetho, kunokuthi aqale impi yokukraya izwe iziqeshana ngezinhlanga.
Njengabaholi bamaqembu amabili amakhulu, uDe Klerk noMandela, bavele kuthelevishini benengxoxo-mpikiswano, ngisho noma uDe Klerk wabonakala ekhuluma kangcono kuleyo ngxoxo, uMandela welula isandla waxhawula uDe Klerk, okwamumangaza, lokhu okwenza ukuthi abantu baphawule ngokuthi uMandela wuye ongqobile kwingxoxo-mpikiswano.
UMandela wavotela esikoleni sOhlange High School eDurban, kodwa ngisho noma ukuwina kwe-ANC kwaqinisekisa ukuthi uMandela abe nguMongameli, wakwemukela ukuthi ukhetho luye lwaphazanyiswa yinkwabaniso eyenzeka kwezinye izindawo kanye nokucikelwa phansi okwenzeka ngesikhkathi sokhetho.
Ngesikhathi esebenza njengommeli noma igqwetha, waboshwa kaningi-ningi, eboshelwa ukucikela phansi imithetho yobandlululo, kanti yena nabanye abaholi be-ANC, baquliswa icala lokufuna ukuwisa umbuso wobandlululo ecaleni lodumu elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Treason Trial, elaqulwa ukusuka ngo-1956 ukuya ku 1961.
Ngisho noma ekuqaleni wayezimisele ukuqhuba umzabalazo wokulwa nokubhikisha ngoxolo, yena ngokusebenzisana nabe-SACP basungula Umkhonto weSizwe ngo-1961, lapho khona abaqala umkhankaso wokucikela phansi izakhiwo zikahulumeni, umkhankaso owaziwa ngokuthi yi-sabotage campaign.
Ngokuqhubeka nento ayithokozelayo yemidlalo, uMandela wangenela umdanso we-ballroom, wangenela nemidlalo yamadrama, wadlala indima, emdlalweni wadlala indima ka-Abraham Lincoln, kanti futhi wangenela namaklasi eBhayiibheli kumphakahti wendawo njengelunga lonhlangano yabafundi, i-Students Christian Association.
Ngonyaka ka 1996, waqokwa uuba nguSihlalo wezizwe eziseningizimu ne-Afrika, ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Southern African Development Community kanti futhi wazama nokwenza izingxoxo zokubuyisana kwabantu baseCongo nomholi wakhona wangaleso sikhathi, lapho kuqala impi eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-First Congo War eZaire.
Wazama nokuxazulula inkinga yempi yobuhlanga phakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki ama-Tutsi nama-Hutu kwempi yokuvukelana ngobuhlanga eBurundi eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Burundian Civil War, wasiza ukuqala izingxoxo zokubonisana, okwenza ukuthi isimo sakhona siye ngokuzinza kodwa noma singaqedanga uvukelwano lodlame.
UMandela waba ngumholi wohulumeni wobumbano lesizwe i-Government of National Unity kanti kulohulumeni, iningi lamalunga kwakungaka-ANC – kanti futhi kwakuyiyo yodwa eyayingenaso isipiliyoni sokubusa – kulo hulumeni kwakukhona iqembu le-National Party kanye neNkatha.
UMandela wangena ehhovisi lobungameli e-Tuynhuys eCape Town, uMandela wavumela ukuthi uDe Klerk aqhubeke nokuhlala endlini yobungameli e-Groote Schuur estate, yena wayohlala eduzane e-Westbrooke manor, ayibiza ngokuthi yi-"Genadendal", okusho indawo noma isigodi somusa ngolimi lwe-Afrikaans.
Ngokufakelwa ugqozi zinyathelo zomkhankaso omkhulukazi owawuqhutshwa ngu-Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement ngomzabalazo we-Cuban Revolution, ngo-1961, uMandela, uSisulu noSlovo baqala ibutho lo- Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation", kanti uma leli gama lifingqwa libizwa i-MK).
Ngokuba ngusihlalo wequmbu lamasha-nhliziyo, uMandela wathola ulwazi ngokufunda imibhalo ye-Marxist nemizabalazo yokulwa ngomshoshaphansi ka-Mao no-Che Guevara kanye nezinye izinkakha zababhali ngethiyori yezempi zemishoshaphansi abafana no- Carl von Clausewitz.
Ngo-1952, i-ANC yaqala ukulungiselela umkhankaso we- Defiance Campaign wokulwisana nombuso wobandlululo, ngokusebenzisana namaNdiya kanye namaqembu amakhomanisi, kwasungulwa nebhodi elikhulukazi likazwelonke lamavolontiya elalibizwa ngokuthi yi-National Voluntary Board ukuqgugquzelala amavolontiya.
Umkhankaso wawuhlelwe ngokuthi wenziwe ngendlela engenalo negwema udlame, ngenqubo eyayibizwa i-nonviolent resistance eyathelelwa kakhulu umthethelwa ngu-Mahatma Gandhi; abanye basekela lenqubo yomzabalazo ongenadlame ngokubonelela izizathu zezobu ethic, kodwa uMandela wayebona lokhu kuyinqubo ebambekayo nesebenzisekayo .
Ngemuva kokungenela ubhikisho olungaphumelelanga, ukuvimbela ukususwa kwabo bonke abantu abamnyama eSophiatown, eJohannesburg ngoFebruwari ka-1955, uMandela wabona ukuthi impi yezikhali isifanele ukuqeda inqubo nombuso wobandlululo wedlanzana labamhlophe.
Wseluleka uSisulu ukucela izikhali kwiRiphabhuliki yeShayina i-People's Republic of China, ngisho noma umbuso waseShayina wawusekela umzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo, kodwa bababona ukuthi inhlangano ayikazimiseli kahle ukuthatha umzabalazo wezikhalli ngenqubo yomshoshaphansi eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-guerilla warfare.
UMandela ngokwakhe qobo wavakashela izikhulu zombuso wobandlululo, ezibandakanya umfelokazi ka-Hendrik Verwoerd uBetsie Schoombie kanye nommelil owamshushisa ngokuboshwa kwakhe uPercy Yutar, akanye nokuyobeka izimbali ethuneni leqhawe lama-Afrikaner u-Daniel Theron.
Wayehlala njalo eshintsha izimpahla ezigqokayo, ngemuva kokuba ebengumongameli, kanti enye yezinto ayethanda ukuzigqoka ngamayembe alula nalengayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-Batik shirts, agcina ngokwaziwa ngokuthi ama-"Madiba shirts", lokhu wayekugqoka ngisho eya nasemicimbini yosiko neyangokomthetho.
Ngokuba nomoya wokuzwana nesikhulu sekhomanda, uBrigadier Munro, wavumela uMandela ukuthi enze ingadi ophahleni , kanti ngalesi sikhathi, uMandela wayesefunda kakhulu, kanye nokubhala izincwadi ezibhalela abangaphandle, ngoba manje wayesevunyelwe ukubhala izincwadi ezingu 52 ngonyaka.
Waqokwa ukuba yi-patron yenhlangano eyayihlanganisa izinhlanga ezehlukene ye- United Democratic Front , eyayisungulelwe ukuphikisana namithetho emisha yobandlululo eyayenza inkohliso yokuqeda ubandlululo, imitheshwana eyasungulwa nguMongameli weNingizimu Afrika, u-P.
Ngenyanga ka Julayi ngo-1952, uMandela waboshwa ngaphansi komthetho omusha we-Suppression of Communism Act kanti futhi waquliswa icala nabanye abantu abangu 21, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uMoroka, uSisulu, kanye no-Yusuf Dadoo – eJohannesburg.
NgoDisemba, uMandela wavalwa umlomo izinyanga eziyisithupha, engavunyelwe ukuhambela imihlangano noma ukukhuluma nabantu ababili ngasikhathi sinye, lokhu kwenza ukuthi ubungameli bakhe beTransfali bongasebenzi, kanti futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uMkhankaso we-Defiance Campaign waphela amandla ngenxa yalezi zenzo zencindezelo nokuboshwa.
NgoSeptemba ka 1953, u-Andrew Kunene wafunda inkulumo kaMandela ethi, Indlela eya enkululekweni inzima noma i- "No Easy Walk to Freedom" emhlanganweni we-ANC eTransfali, isihloko sale nkulumo sasicashunwe kunkulumo yomholo waseNdiya, u-Jawaharlal Nehru, kanti futhi lomholi waba nomthelela omkhulu kwinqubo yomqondo kaMandela.
NgoMashi ka 1956, wabuye wavalwa umlomo futhi okwesithathu, nokunqatshelwa ukuthi angakhulumi nabantu abaningi, lokhu okwakumbophezela ukuthi angaphumi endaweni yase-Johannesburg iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa waweqa lo mthetho owawumvimbela ukuthi angaphumi eJohannesburgit.
Ngamua kwe-symposium, wahambela e-Cairo, Egypt, lapho abona khona izinguquko ezazenziwa nguMongameli uGamal Abdel Nasser, kanye wayesehambela izwe lase-Tunis, eTunisia, lapho khona uMongameli Habib Bourguiba owamnika isixa semali engu £5000 kanye nezikhali.
UMthethosisekelo omusha weNingizimu Afrika kwavunyelwana ngawo ephalamende ngoMeyi 1996, kanti wawubeka izikhungo eziningi ukuqikelela ukuthi kukhona izikhungo zezepolitiki nezokuphatha esisekelwe kwinqubo yedimokhrasi yomthethosisekelo.
UDe Klerk waphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwalo mthethosisekelo omsuha, kanti futhi yingakho yena neNational Party yakhe, baqoka ukuphuma kumbuso wobambiswano, ngoba bekhalazela lo mthethosisekelo omusha, kanti futhi uDe Klerk lona, wabika nokuthi abakuhulumeni abaku-ANC ababaphathi njengabalingani abalinganayo kumbuso.
Ngisho noma uMandela ezikhathini eziningi, wayethatha izinyathelo ezibambekayo ekubuseni kwakho eminyakeni emibili yokuqala njengoMongameli, ekugcineni wayesegunyaza uMbeki kwimisebenzi yakhe ekugcineni, ngemuva kwalokho, yena nje wayesebheka ezobunhloli kanye nezokuvikeleka.
Inkampani yabo, yayizondwa kakhulu yiziphathimandla zangaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke yaphoqelelwa ukuthi isuke kule ndawo eyayikuyo iye kude, ngoba bathathelwa imfume ngaphansi komthetho wokwehlukanisa izinhlangano ngokuhlala owawaziwa ngokuthi yi-Group Areas Act; ngenxa yalokho baya bebanamakhasimende ambalwa.
Ngokucasulwa yindlela yokuziphatha kwendodana yakhe, uNosekeni umama wakhe wabuyela eTranskei, kanti u-Evelyn wajoyina ibandla loFakazi bakaJehova elaziwa ngokuthi yi- Jehovah's Witnesses kanti futhi waphikisana nokukhahlela inqubo kaMandela yokuzinikela emzabalazweni wezepolitiki.
Ngisho noma engakwazanga ukubona umama wakhe iminyaka eminingi, uMandela wayezwa ukuthi uJongintaba kanye nonkosikazi wakhe uNoengland babemphethe kahle njengengane yabo, bamkhulisa njengendodana yabo kanye nendodana yabo uJustice kanye nendodakazi yabo uNomafu.
Waba nothando kakhulu nogqozi ngomlando wama-Afrika, elalela imilando yabantu abadala ababevakasha ekhaya, kanti futhi udaba lokulwa nenqubo yobukoloni ne-imperialism yabamhlophe yamufakela ugqozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwizindaba ezazixoxwa nguNkosi Joyi owayethanda ukuvakashela ebukhosini.
Ngokuzimisela ukuthola amakhono okuba yisobonda nomeluleki wendlu yobukhosi bamaThembu, uMandela waqala imfundo yesekondari esikoleni seClarkebury Methodist High School, Engcobo, okuyisikhungo semfundo yenqubo yabamhlophe, okwakuyisikole esikhulu sabantu abamnyama bama-Afrika, eThembuland.
Ngokwamukela ukuthi imboni yomkhiqizo wezikhali eNingizimu Afrika, ibaluleke kakhulu, umandela wavumela udaba lokuhwebelana ngezikhali, ngisho noma kwenziwa imithethe-nqubo eqinile maqondana ne- Armscor ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhali zaseNingizimu Afrika zingathengiselwa imibuso ecindezela izakhamuza zayo.
La madoda ohlangothi lombuso bamangazwa kakhulu ulwazi lukaMandela lomlando wama-Afrikaner, kanti izingxoxo zaholela kwimibhalo yengxoxo eyabizwa ngokuthi yi-Groot Schuur Minute, lapho uhulumeni avuma khona ukususa umthetho wesimo esibucayi i-state of emergency.
Ngo-Agasti, uMandela ngokubona ukuthi kwakungalinganwa ngamandle, ibutho le-ANC lalingaqinile kakhulu, uMandela wamemezela ukuthi kumiswe umzabalazo wezikhali, kule ngxoxo ye-Pretoria Minute, kanti kulesi senzo sakhe, wagxekwa kakhulu yizindlamlilo zezomzabalazo wezikhali, abe-MK .
Wachitha isikhathi esiningi ezama ukuhlanganisa kanye nokwakha inhlangano ye-ANC, lapho akhuluma khona kwikhonferense eJohannesburg ngoDisemba, eyayihanjelwe zithunywa ezingu 1600, kanti iningi lazo labona ukuthi uMandela akasesona isidlamlilo njengalokho ababekulindele H.
Ukuqula kwaleli cala kwaba nedumela kakhulu, kwaba neningi kumhlaba wonke elalimemezela ukuthi bakhululwe abammangalelwa Abanhlangano yezizwe ezihlangane i-United Nations kanye nenhlangano ye-World Peace Council, kanti futhi iyunivesithi ye-University of London Union yavoteoa uMandela ukuba nguMongameli wayo.
Ngomhla ka 12 Juni 1964, ujaji justice De Wet, wathola uMandela kanye nababili ayeshajwe nabo ukuba namacala kuwo womane amashaji; kodwa ngisho noma umshushiswi wayefuna kube nesigwebo sentambo ijaji labanikeza isigwebo sokudilikelwa yije noma isikwego sokuthi baphile impilo yabo yonke besejele .
Umama wakhe wamvakashela ngo-1968, kanti umama wakhe washona maduzane nje ngemuva kwalokho, kanti indodana yakhe yokuqala uThembi yashona engozini yemoto ngonyaka olandelayo, uMandela akavunyelwanga ukuya kuleyo mingcwabo yomibili kamama wakhe kanye nowendondana yakhe.
Kanti umkakhe wayengakwazi ukumvakashela njalo ngoba naye wayede eboshwa njalo eboshelwa ezepolitiki, kanti indodakazi yakhe, yamvakashela okokuqala ngoDisemba ka-1975; uWinnie yena ekuphumeni kwakhe ejele ngo-1977, wadingiselwa endaweni yase-Brandfort, kanti futhi nalapho uWinnie wayengakwazi ukuyobona umyeni wakhe ejele.
Wayehlala ethukwa kanye nokuhlukunyezwa emzimbeni ngonogada bejele abamhlophe, kanti futhi yena nayeboshwe nabo ecaleni le-Rivonia, babesetshenziswa ukuqhekeza amatshe nsuku zonke, kwaze kwathi ngo-1965 baqala ukusetshenziswa kwi-quarry ye-lime.
Kanti ebusuku wayefunda, efundela isiqu se-LLB, kanti futhi babenqatshelwa nokuthola amanyuziphepha, futhi yena wayekhiyelwa endaweni yakhe yedwa ekwi-solitary confinement izikhathi eziningi ngokutholakala eshushumbise izicashunywana ezinqanyulwe kumaphephandaba.
Ekuqaleni wayebekwe kwizinga eliphansi kakhulu lobuboshwa lika-Class D, lokhu okusho ukuthi wayevunyelwe ukuvakashelwa kanye kanye nokuthola incwadi kanye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, kanti futhi zonke ezinye izincwadi nemibhalo, wayengavunyelwe ukukuthola.
NgoDisemba ka 1994, uMandela washicilela incwadi yomlando wakhe, esihloko sithi, indlela ende eya enkululekweni okuyi-autobiography yemibhalo ayibhala esesejele, kodwa yafakelwa imibono emisha yezingxoxo azenza nombhali owaziwayo wejenalisti yaseMelika u-Richard Stengel.
Kodwa ngisho noma uWinnie abonisa umoya wokuthi ufuna babuyelane noMandela, uMandela waqhubeka nedivosi yabo ngo-Agast 1995. Ngo 1995, uMandela wayesenobudlelwane no-Graça Machel, unkosikazi wase-Mozambican owayekwezepolitiki futhi emncane kuye ngeminyaka engu 27, owayengumfelwa wawolo owayengumongameli waseMozambique u-Samora Machel.
Venkataraman waseNdiya, uMongameli u-Suharto wase-Indonesia, UNdunankulu u-Mahathir Mohamad eMalaysia, uNdunankulu uBob Hawke wase-Australia, wavakashela nezwe lasse-Japan; akazange esaya e-Soviet Union, izwekazi elalisekele i-ANC isikhathi eside.
Ngo-Agast ishaji eyodwa yasuswa, kanti ngo-Okthoba, abashushisi bahoxisa icala, balihlela kabusha, babuya ngoNovemba sebelihlele kabusha, ngokuthi abaholi be-ANC benze icala le-high treason, ngouthi bafune ukuqumba umbuso wabamhlophe phansi ngokumemezela ukuthi kusetshenziswe izikhali, kanti abamangalelwa baliphika leli cala.
I-MK yahlela ukutshala amabhomu kwizakhiwo zezobusosha zikahulumeni, ukutshala amabhomu kwizikhiwo zamaplanti kagesi, olayini bezingcingo, kanye nezixhumanisi zezokugibela, lokhu kwenziwa ebusuku, lapho kwakuhlelwe khona ukuthi abantu bazobe bengasekho kulezo zindawo.
Ngisho noma uhlolo zimvo eNingizimu Afrika, ukuthi abantu basebeqala ukungayisekeli kakkhulu i-ANC, kodwa uMandela ngokwakhe wahlala enedumela, kangangokuba wayesekelwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngabantu abalingana inali lama 80% futhi abantu bebonisa ukuneliseka ngokusebenza kwakhe njengomongameli wezwe.
UMandela wasingatha ukusungulwa kwekhomishana yamaqiniso nokubuyisana i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission ukuze iphenyisise ngezenzo zubugebengu ngaphansi kombuso wobandlululo, ezenziwa ngumbuso wobandlululo kwabamnyama kanye nezenzo ze-ANC, kanti futhi waqoka uDesmond Tutu ukuthi abe ngusihlalo wale khomishina.
Ukusukela ngoFebruwari 1996, ikhomishana yabamba izinkundla zokulalela iminyaka emibili, lapho khona okwalalelwa khona ubufakazi bobugebengu bokudlwengula, ukuhlukumeza ngokomzimba nengqondo, ukutshala amabhomu, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu ngomshoshaphansi, lokhu eyakwenza ngaphambi kokunikeza umbiko wayo wokugcina ngo 1998.
Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo, wahlala emzini ka-Desmond Tutu, uMandela kanye nabangani bakhe kanye namashanhliziyo, abezindaba, wanikeza inkulumo lapho okulinganiselwa khona ukuthi kwakunabantu abangu 100 000 eJohannesburg, esitediyamu se-Soccer City.
Ngisho noma uBotha wayebona uMandela eyikhomanisi elikhulukazi elilandela inqubo ye-Marxist kakhulu , ngoFebruwari ka-1985, uBotha wathembisa ukukhulula uMandela uma nje engathembisa nokuyeka inqubo yomzabalazo wezepolitiki wezikhali (on condition that he "unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon").
Lesi sehlakalo sabangela ukuthi amazwe omhlaba agxeke kakhulu umbuso wawamhlophe eNingizimu Afrika, kanti futhi lokhu kwabangela ukuthi kube nemibhikisho eminingi eNingizimu Afrika, lapho khona uMandela ashisa khona ipasi lakhe esidlangalaleni ukubonisa ukuzwelana nabantu abahlaselwa bebhikisha.
NgoMashi, kwabanjwa ingqungquthela enkulu eyayibizwa iDefend Free Speech Convention eJohannesburg, eyahlanganisa ama-Afrika, AmaNdiya, kanye nezishoshovu nezishukumi zamakhomanisi ukwenza isimemezelo sesiteleka sikaMeyi se-May Day ukubhikisha ukulwa nenqubo yobandlululo kanye nombuso wedlanzana labamhlophe.
Kwabezindaba namaphephendaba wethiwa igama lokuthi ngu-"Black Pimpernel" – igama elalivela kumbhali u-Emma Orczy wencwadi yenoveli ayibhala ngo-1905 yegama elithi-The Scarlet Pimpernel – kwakhishwa iwaranti yokuboshwa kwakhe ikhishwa ngamaphoyisa.
Wakholelwa ukuhti i-ANC kumele ibumbe iqembu elihlomile ukuze udlame lwenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulekayo, kanti futhi wabonisana nomholi we-ANC u- Albert Luthuli – yena ngokombono wakhe owayengavumelani nodlame kanti kwakungewuye yedwa owabona udlame lungafanele, nabanye abahambisana naye babebona kanjalo.
Kamuva ukuchaza ukuthi impilo yakhe esemuva yayigxila kumasiko nenkambiso yamaThembu kanye neziyila zakhona, UMandela wakhula nodadewabo ababili endlini kamamawakhe esigodini sakubo saseQunu, lapho khona owayengumelusi wezinkomo, echitha isikhathi esiningi nabanye abafana .
Wabhabhathiswa, wanikezwa igama lesiLungu elungu-"Nelson" alinikezwa nguthisha wakhe Lapho uMandela eseneminyaka ecishe ibe yisishagalolunye, ubaba wakhe weza wazohlala eQunu, lapho afela khona ebulawa yisifo esingaziwa, kodwa uMandela ukholelwa ukuthi wabulawa yisifo samaphaphu .
Iziboshwa zezepolitiki, zazenza umsebenzi kanye nesiteleka sokudikila ukudla – kanti ukudikila ukudla kwakungelona isu elisebenza kahle, ngokubona kukaMandela – lokhu babekwenzela ukuthuthukisa isimo sasejele, kanti futhi lokhu bekubona njengengxenye yomzabalazo wokulwa nombuso wobandlululo.
Iziboshwa ze-ANC, zamkhetha ukuba yingxenye yekomidi eliphezulu elaziwa ngokutyi yi-"High Organ" labesilisa abane, okwakungo-Sisulu, uGovan Mbeki, kanye no-Raymond Mhlaba, kanti futhi wazibandanya neqembu elalimele zonke iziboshwa zezepolitiki esiqiwini le-Ulundi, kanti lokhku kwenza ukuthi baxhumane ne-PAC, kanye namalunga eqembu le-Yu Chi Chan Club.
Ukuqeda konyaka wobu 70 kaMandela ngoJulayi ka 1988, kwahuha amehlo abantu bamazwe omhlaba kakhulu, okwaba nedumela kakhulu yinkhonsathi eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-tribute concert eyabanjelwa eLandani eWembley Stadium eyafakelwa kumathelevishini amazwe omhlaba futhi yabukelwa ngabantu abalinganiselwa kuma 200 million kuwo wonke umhlaba.
UMandela kamuva wavuma ukuthi akazange alunake kakhulu udaba lobhubhane lwe-HIV/AIDS, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi abantu abakuthandi ukukhuluma ngodaba lwezocansi eNingizimu Afrika, kanti futhi washo nokuthi lolu daba wayeluyekele uMbeki ukuthi abhekane nalo.
UMandela wasolwa ngokuthi akasebenzanga ngomdlandla ukulwisana nobugebengu, nokuthi iNingizimu Afrika, inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kunamanye amazwe lobugebengu, kanti futhi amagenge ezigelekeqe zezigebengu zamazwe omhlaba akhulu kakhulu ezweni, eminyakeni elishumi.
mænˈdɛlə/; wazalwa ngomhla ka 18 Julayi 1918 – washona ngomhla ka 5 Disemba 2013) wayengumlweli wenkululeko eNingizimu Afrika, owayelwa nembuso wobandlululo,usopolitiki, kanye nosiza abantu ngesihle ngezimali, owaba nguMongameli weNingizimu Afrika ukusukela ngo 1994 ukuya ku 1999.
Uhulumeni wakhe wagxila kakhulu ekuqedeni izinsalela zenqubo yombuso wobandlululo ngokususa izikhungo zobandlululo ngokwebala ezazenziwe ngokomthetho wobandlululo lwebala kanti futhi egxila nasekubangeni umoya wokubuyisana phakathi kwezinhlanga zabamhlophe nabamnyama.
Wayenethemba lokuthi Ramaphosa nguye ozothatha izintambo zobungameli ngemuva kwakhe, ngoba wayebona uMbeki enjengomuntu ongakwawzi uguquguquka ngokwesimo, kanti futhi wayembona engumuntu ongafuni neze ukuphikiswa, kodwa noma kunjaloi, i-ANC yakhetha uMbeki ukuba nguMongameli.
Ngo 1963 ngoJulayi, amaphoyisa ahlasela iPulazi leLilies, babopha labo abatholwa lapho, kanye nokushaqa amaphepha aye lapho, lapho abathola khona amaphepha ayebonisa imisebenziye-MK, kanti abanye ababebhalwe kulawo maphepha kwakungu-Mandela.
Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Rivonia Trial kwaqala eNkantolo ePhakeme ePitori ngo-Okthoba, lapho uMandela namaqabane akhe khona ashajwa khona ngamacala amane okucikela phansi kanye nozungu lokuwisa umbuso ngodlame, uMshushusi wabo omkhulu kwakungu-Percy Yutar.
Ijaji kwakungu-Quartus de Wet kanti futhi ngokushesha ijaji labonisa ukungeneli kobufakazi, kwasekuthi uYutar wahlela kabusha amashaji, lapho aqala khona icala elisha ukusukela ngoFebruwari ka 1964, lapho abiza khona ofakazi abangu 173, kanye nokuletha imiqulu yezinkulungwane kanye nezithombe ekuqulweni kwecala.
Abamsolayo ngasohlangothini lwesokudla noma ontamolukhuni babemgxeka bethi uyikhomanisi, kanti labo abangasohlangothini lwesinxele abazishoshovu zomzabalazo babemgxeka ngokuthi ongumuntu ofuna ukusheshe axoxisane nokuxolela abasekeli bombuso wobandlululo.
Kodwa waba ngumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu kumazwe omhlaba ngentshiseko yakhe emzabalazweni nasekubangeni uxolo, wathola izindlondlo zokuhlonishwa ezingu 250, ezibandakanya i-Nobel Peace Prize, kanye nendlondlo yePresidential Medal of Freedom yaseMelika, kanye nendlondlo ye-Lenin Peace Prize yaseSoviet.
Ngo-1975, uMandela wase eyisiboshwa esisezingeni le-Class, esasimvumela ukuthi avakashelwe zivakashi eziningana kanye nokuthola izincwadi eziningana, kanti futhi waxhumana nosopolitiki owayelwa nombuso wobandlululo uMangosuthu Buthelezi kanye noDesmond Tutu.
Ngalowo nyaka waqala ukubhala incwadi ngomlando wempilo yakhe, eyashushumbiswa yasiwa eLondon, kodwa ayezange ishicilelwe ngaleso sikkhathi, ngoba izikhulu zasejele zathola amakhasi ambalwa aleyo ncwadi, kanti wephucwa nelungalo lokuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, lokhu okwenziwa iminyaka emine.
Usokhaya ubikela abangasekho athi: "Nina bokhokho nangu usibanibani sesifikile naye. Simlande le ekudeni usezohlangana nomndeni. Sizomxhumanisa nani, sicela nimamukele emndenini naye aphile kanye nani."Uma konke kuhamabe kahle imbuzi ibe isihlatshwa, inyama idliwe ngabomndeni.